Documentation/SubmittingPatches - fp2-dev/kernel/msm - Gitiles


 	How to Get Your Change Into the Linux Kernel
 		or
 	Care And Operation Of Your Linus Torvalds


 For a person or company who wishes to submit a change to the Linux
 kernel, the process can sometimes be daunting if you're not familiar
 with "the system."  This text is a collection of suggestions which
 can greatly increase the chances of your change being accepted.

 Read Documentation/SubmitChecklist for a list of items to check
 before submitting code.  If you are submitting a driver, also read
 Documentation/SubmittingDrivers.


 --------------------------------------------
 SECTION 1 - CREATING AND SENDING YOUR CHANGE
 --------------------------------------------


 1) "diff -up"
 ------------

 Use "diff -up" or "diff -uprN" to create patches.

 All changes to the Linux kernel occur in the form of patches, as
 generated by diff(1).  When creating your patch, make sure to create it
 in "unified diff" format, as supplied by the '-u' argument to diff(1).
 Also, please use the '-p' argument which shows which C function each
 change is in - that makes the resultant diff a lot easier to read.
 Patches should be based in the root kernel source directory,
 not in any lower subdirectory.

 To create a patch for a single file, it is often sufficient to do:

 	SRCTREE= linux-2.6
 	MYFILE=  drivers/net/mydriver.c

 	cd $SRCTREE
 	cp $MYFILE $MYFILE.orig
 	vi $MYFILE	# make your change
 	cd ..
 	diff -up $SRCTREE/$MYFILE{.orig,} > /tmp/patch

 To create a patch for multiple files, you should unpack a "vanilla",
 or unmodified kernel source tree, and generate a diff against your
 own source tree.  For example:

 	MYSRC= /devel/linux-2.6

 	tar xvfz linux-2.6.12.tar.gz
 	mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.12-vanilla
 	diff -uprN -X linux-2.6.12-vanilla/Documentation/dontdiff \
 		linux-2.6.12-vanilla $MYSRC > /tmp/patch

 "dontdiff" is a list of files which are generated by the kernel during
 the build process, and should be ignored in any diff(1)-generated
 patch.  The "dontdiff" file is included in the kernel tree in
 2.6.12 and later.  For earlier kernel versions, you can get it
 from <http://www.xenotime.net/linux/doc/dontdiff>.

 Make sure your patch does not include any extra files which do not
 belong in a patch submission.  Make sure to review your patch -after-
 generated it with diff(1), to ensure accuracy.

 If your changes produce a lot of deltas, you may want to look into
 splitting them into individual patches which modify things in
 logical stages.  This will facilitate easier reviewing by other
 kernel developers, very important if you want your patch accepted.
 There are a number of scripts which can aid in this:

 Quilt:
 http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt

 Andrew Morton's patch scripts:
 http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/
 Instead of these scripts, quilt is the recommended patch management
 tool (see above).


 2) Describe your changes.

 Describe the technical detail of the change(s) your patch includes.

 Be as specific as possible.  The WORST descriptions possible include
 things like "update driver X", "bug fix for driver X", or "this patch
 includes updates for subsystem X.  Please apply."

 If your description starts to get long, that's a sign that you probably
 need to split up your patch.  See #3, next.


 3) Separate your changes.

 Separate _logical changes_ into a single patch file.

 For example, if your changes include both bug fixes and performance
 enhancements for a single driver, separate those changes into two
 or more patches.  If your changes include an API update, and a new
 driver which uses that new API, separate those into two patches.

 On the other hand, if you make a single change to numerous files,
 group those changes into a single patch.  Thus a single logical change
 is contained within a single patch.

 If one patch depends on another patch in order for a change to be
 complete, that is OK.  Simply note "this patch depends on patch X"
 in your patch description.

 If you cannot condense your patch set into a smaller set of patches,
 then only post say 15 or so at a time and wait for review and integration.


 4) Select e-mail destination.

 Look through the MAINTAINERS file and the source code, and determine
 if your change applies to a specific subsystem of the kernel, with
 an assigned maintainer.  If so, e-mail that person.

 If no maintainer is listed, or the maintainer does not respond, send
 your patch to the primary Linux kernel developer's mailing list,
 linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org.  Most kernel developers monitor this
 e-mail list, and can comment on your changes.


 Do not send more than 15 patches at once to the vger mailing lists!!!


 Linus Torvalds is the final arbiter of all changes accepted into the
 Linux kernel.  His e-mail address is <torvalds@osdl.org>.  He gets
 a lot of e-mail, so typically you should do your best to -avoid- sending
 him e-mail.

 Patches which are bug fixes, are "obvious" changes, or similarly
 require little discussion should be sent or CC'd to Linus.  Patches
 which require discussion or do not have a clear advantage should
 usually be sent first to linux-kernel.  Only after the patch is
 discussed should the patch then be submitted to Linus.


 5) Select your CC (e-mail carbon copy) list.

 Unless you have a reason NOT to do so, CC linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org.

 Other kernel developers besides Linus need to be aware of your change,
 so that they may comment on it and offer code review and suggestions.
 linux-kernel is the primary Linux kernel developer mailing list.
 Other mailing lists are available for specific subsystems, such as
 USB, framebuffer devices, the VFS, the SCSI subsystem, etc.  See the
 MAINTAINERS file for a mailing list that relates specifically to
 your change.

 Majordomo lists of VGER.KERNEL.ORG at:
 	<http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html>

 If changes affect userland-kernel interfaces, please send
 the MAN-PAGES maintainer (as listed in the MAINTAINERS file)
 a man-pages patch, or at least a notification of the change,
 so that some information makes its way into the manual pages.

 Even if the maintainer did not respond in step #4, make sure to ALWAYS
 copy the maintainer when you change their code.

 For small patches you may want to CC the Trivial Patch Monkey
 trivial@kernel.org managed by Adrian Bunk; which collects "trivial"
 patches. Trivial patches must qualify for one of the following rules:
  Spelling fixes in documentation
  Spelling fixes which could break grep(1).
  Warning fixes (cluttering with useless warnings is bad)
  Compilation fixes (only if they are actually correct)
  Runtime fixes (only if they actually fix things)
  Removing use of deprecated functions/macros (eg. check_region).
  Contact detail and documentation fixes
  Non-portable code replaced by portable code (even in arch-specific,
  since people copy, as long as it's trivial)
  Any fix by the author/maintainer of the file. (ie. patch monkey
  in re-transmission mode)
 URL: <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/bunk/trivial/>


 6) No MIME, no links, no compression, no attachments.  Just plain text.

 Linus and other kernel developers need to be able to read and comment
 on the changes you are submitting.  It is important for a kernel
 developer to be able to "quote" your changes, using standard e-mail
 tools, so that they may comment on specific portions of your code.

 For this reason, all patches should be submitting e-mail "inline".
 WARNING:  Be wary of your editor's word-wrap corrupting your patch,
 if you choose to cut-n-paste your patch.

 Do not attach the patch as a MIME attachment, compressed or not.
 Many popular e-mail applications will not always transmit a MIME
 attachment as plain text, making it impossible to comment on your
 code.  A MIME attachment also takes Linus a bit more time to process,
 decreasing the likelihood of your MIME-attached change being accepted.

 Exception:  If your mailer is mangling patches then someone may ask
 you to re-send them using MIME.


 7) E-mail size.

 When sending patches to Linus, always follow step #6.

 Large changes are not appropriate for mailing lists, and some
 maintainers.  If your patch, uncompressed, exceeds 40 kB in size,
 it is preferred that you store your patch on an Internet-accessible
 server, and provide instead a URL (link) pointing to your patch.


 8) Name your kernel version.

 It is important to note, either in the subject line or in the patch
 description, the kernel version to which this patch applies.

 If the patch does not apply cleanly to the latest kernel version,
 Linus will not apply it.


 9) Don't get discouraged.  Re-submit.

 After you have submitted your change, be patient and wait.  If Linus
 likes your change and applies it, it will appear in the next version
 of the kernel that he releases.

 However, if your change doesn't appear in the next version of the
 kernel, there could be any number of reasons.  It's YOUR job to
 narrow down those reasons, correct what was wrong, and submit your
 updated change.

 It is quite common for Linus to "drop" your patch without comment.
 That's the nature of the system.  If he drops your patch, it could be
 due to
 * Your patch did not apply cleanly to the latest kernel version
 * Your patch was not sufficiently discussed on linux-kernel.
 * A style issue (see section 2),
 * An e-mail formatting issue (re-read this section)
 * A technical problem with your change
 * He gets tons of e-mail, and yours got lost in the shuffle
 * You are being annoying (See Figure 1)

 When in doubt, solicit comments on linux-kernel mailing list.


 10) Include PATCH in the subject

 Due to high e-mail traffic to Linus, and to linux-kernel, it is common
 convention to prefix your subject line with [PATCH].  This lets Linus
 and other kernel developers more easily distinguish patches from other
 e-mail discussions.


 11) Sign your work

 To improve tracking of who did what, especially with patches that can
 percolate to their final resting place in the kernel through several
 layers of maintainers, we've introduced a "sign-off" procedure on
 patches that are being emailed around.

 The sign-off is a simple line at the end of the explanation for the
 patch, which certifies that you wrote it or otherwise have the right to
 pass it on as a open-source patch.  The rules are pretty simple: if you
 can certify the below:

         Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1

         By making a contribution to this project, I certify that:

         (a) The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I
             have the right to submit it under the open source license
             indicated in the file; or

         (b) The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best
             of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source
             license and I have the right under that license to submit that
             work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part
             by me, under the same open source license (unless I am
             permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated
             in the file; or

         (c) The contribution was provided directly to me by some other
             person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified
             it.

 	(d) I understand and agree that this project and the contribution
 	    are public and that a record of the contribution (including all
 	    personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is
 	    maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with
 	    this project or the open source license(s) involved.

 then you just add a line saying

 	Signed-off-by: Random J Developer <random@developer.example.org>

 Some people also put extra tags at the end.  They'll just be ignored for
 now, but you can do this to mark internal company procedures or just
 point out some special detail about the sign-off.


 12) The canonical patch format

 The canonical patch subject line is:

     Subject: [PATCH 001/123] subsystem: summary phrase

 The canonical patch message body contains the following:

   - A "from" line specifying the patch author.

   - An empty line.

   - The body of the explanation, which will be copied to the
     permanent changelog to describe this patch.

   - The "Signed-off-by:" lines, described above, which will
     also go in the changelog.

   - A marker line containing simply "---".

   - Any additional comments not suitable for the changelog.

   - The actual patch (diff output).

 The Subject line format makes it very easy to sort the emails
 alphabetically by subject line - pretty much any email reader will
 support that - since because the sequence number is zero-padded,
 the numerical and alphabetic sort is the same.

 The "subsystem" in the email's Subject should identify which
 area or subsystem of the kernel is being patched.

 The "summary phrase" in the email's Subject should concisely
 describe the patch which that email contains.  The "summary
 phrase" should not be a filename.  Do not use the same "summary
 phrase" for every patch in a whole patch series.

 Bear in mind that the "summary phrase" of your email becomes
 a globally-unique identifier for that patch.  It propagates
 all the way into the git changelog.  The "summary phrase" may
 later be used in developer discussions which refer to the patch.
 People will want to google for the "summary phrase" to read
 discussion regarding that patch.

 A couple of example Subjects:

     Subject: [patch 2/5] ext2: improve scalability of bitmap searching
     Subject: [PATCHv2 001/207] x86: fix eflags tracking

 The "from" line must be the very first line in the message body,
 and has the form:

         From: Original Author <author@example.com>

 The "from" line specifies who will be credited as the author of the
 patch in the permanent changelog.  If the "from" line is missing,
 then the "From:" line from the email header will be used to determine
 the patch author in the changelog.

 The explanation body will be committed to the permanent source
 changelog, so should make sense to a competent reader who has long
 since forgotten the immediate details of the discussion that might
 have led to this patch.

 The "---" marker line serves the essential purpose of marking for patch
 handling tools where the changelog message ends.

 One good use for the additional comments after the "---" marker is for
 a diffstat, to show what files have changed, and the number of inserted
 and deleted lines per file.  A diffstat is especially useful on bigger
 patches.  Other comments relevant only to the moment or the maintainer,
 not suitable for the permanent changelog, should also go here.
 Use diffstat options "-p 1 -w 70" so that filenames are listed from the
 top of the kernel source tree and don't use too much horizontal space
 (easily fit in 80 columns, maybe with some indentation).

 See more details on the proper patch format in the following
 references.


 -----------------------------------
 SECTION 2 - HINTS, TIPS, AND TRICKS
 -----------------------------------

 This section lists many of the common "rules" associated with code
 submitted to the kernel.  There are always exceptions... but you must
 have a really good reason for doing so.  You could probably call this
 section Linus Computer Science 101.


 1) Read Documentation/CodingStyle

 Nuff said.  If your code deviates too much from this, it is likely
 to be rejected without further review, and without comment.


 2) #ifdefs are ugly

 Code cluttered with ifdefs is difficult to read and maintain.  Don't do
 it.  Instead, put your ifdefs in a header, and conditionally define
 'static inline' functions, or macros, which are used in the code.
 Let the compiler optimize away the "no-op" case.

 Simple example, of poor code:

 	dev = alloc_etherdev (sizeof(struct funky_private));
 	if (!dev)
 		return -ENODEV;
 	#ifdef CONFIG_NET_FUNKINESS
 	init_funky_net(dev);
 	#endif

 Cleaned-up example:

 (in header)
 	#ifndef CONFIG_NET_FUNKINESS
 	static inline void init_funky_net (struct net_device *d) {}
 	#endif

 (in the code itself)
 	dev = alloc_etherdev (sizeof(struct funky_private));
 	if (!dev)
 		return -ENODEV;
 	init_funky_net(dev);


 3) 'static inline' is better than a macro

 Static inline functions are greatly preferred over macros.
 They provide type safety, have no length limitations, no formatting
 limitations, and under gcc they are as cheap as macros.

 Macros should only be used for cases where a static inline is clearly
 suboptimal [there a few, isolated cases of this in fast paths],
 or where it is impossible to use a static inline function [such as
 string-izing].

 'static inline' is preferred over 'static __inline__', 'extern inline',
 and 'extern __inline__'.


 4) Don't over-design.

 Don't try to anticipate nebulous future cases which may or may not
 be useful:  "Make it as simple as you can, and no simpler."


 ----------------------
 SECTION 3 - REFERENCES
 ----------------------

 Andrew Morton, "The perfect patch" (tpp).
   <http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/tpp.txt>

 Jeff Garzik, "Linux kernel patch submission format."
   <http://linux.yyz.us/patch-format.html>

 Greg Kroah-Hartman "How to piss off a kernel subsystem maintainer".
   <http://www.kroah.com/log/2005/03/31/>
   <http://www.kroah.com/log/2005/07/08/>
   <http://www.kroah.com/log/2005/10/19/>
   <http://www.kroah.com/log/2006/01/11/>

 NO!!!! No more huge patch bombs to linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org people!
   <http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=112112749912944&w=2>

 Kernel Documentation/CodingStyle
   <http://sosdg.org/~coywolf/lxr/source/Documentation/CodingStyle>

 Linus Torvald's mail on the canonical patch format:
   <http://lkml.org/lkml/2005/4/7/183>
 --

	How to Get Your Change Into the Linux Kernel
	or
	Care And Operation Of Your Linus Torvalds



	For a person or company who wishes to submit a change to the Linux
	kernel, the process can sometimes be daunting if you're not familiar
	with "the system." This text is a collection of suggestions which
	can greatly increase the chances of your change being accepted.

	Read Documentation/SubmitChecklist for a list of items to check
	before submitting code. If you are submitting a driver, also read
	Documentation/SubmittingDrivers.



	--------------------------------------------
	SECTION 1 - CREATING AND SENDING YOUR CHANGE
	--------------------------------------------



	1) "diff -up"
	------------

	Use "diff -up" or "diff -uprN" to create patches.

	All changes to the Linux kernel occur in the form of patches, as
	generated by diff(1). When creating your patch, make sure to create it
	in "unified diff" format, as supplied by the '-u' argument to diff(1).
	Also, please use the '-p' argument which shows which C function each
	change is in - that makes the resultant diff a lot easier to read.
	Patches should be based in the root kernel source directory,
	not in any lower subdirectory.

	To create a patch for a single file, it is often sufficient to do:

	SRCTREE= linux-2.6
	MYFILE= drivers/net/mydriver.c

	cd $SRCTREE
	cp $MYFILE $MYFILE.orig
	vi $MYFILE # make your change
	cd ..
	diff -up $SRCTREE/$MYFILE{.orig,} > /tmp/patch

	To create a patch for multiple files, you should unpack a "vanilla",
	or unmodified kernel source tree, and generate a diff against your
	own source tree. For example:

	MYSRC= /devel/linux-2.6

	tar xvfz linux-2.6.12.tar.gz
	mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.12-vanilla
	diff -uprN -X linux-2.6.12-vanilla/Documentation/dontdiff \
	linux-2.6.12-vanilla $MYSRC > /tmp/patch

	"dontdiff" is a list of files which are generated by the kernel during
	the build process, and should be ignored in any diff(1)-generated
	patch. The "dontdiff" file is included in the kernel tree in
	2.6.12 and later. For earlier kernel versions, you can get it
	from <http://www.xenotime.net/linux/doc/dontdiff>.

	Make sure your patch does not include any extra files which do not
	belong in a patch submission. Make sure to review your patch -after-
	generated it with diff(1), to ensure accuracy.

	If your changes produce a lot of deltas, you may want to look into
	splitting them into individual patches which modify things in
	logical stages. This will facilitate easier reviewing by other
	kernel developers, very important if you want your patch accepted.
	There are a number of scripts which can aid in this:

	Quilt:
	http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt

	Andrew Morton's patch scripts:
	http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/
	Instead of these scripts, quilt is the recommended patch management
	tool (see above).



	2) Describe your changes.

	Describe the technical detail of the change(s) your patch includes.

	Be as specific as possible. The WORST descriptions possible include
	things like "update driver X", "bug fix for driver X", or "this patch
	includes updates for subsystem X. Please apply."

	If your description starts to get long, that's a sign that you probably
	need to split up your patch. See #3, next.



	3) Separate your changes.

	Separate _logical changes_ into a single patch file.

	For example, if your changes include both bug fixes and performance
	enhancements for a single driver, separate those changes into two
	or more patches. If your changes include an API update, and a new
	driver which uses that new API, separate those into two patches.

	On the other hand, if you make a single change to numerous files,
	group those changes into a single patch. Thus a single logical change
	is contained within a single patch.

	If one patch depends on another patch in order for a change to be
	complete, that is OK. Simply note "this patch depends on patch X"
	in your patch description.

	If you cannot condense your patch set into a smaller set of patches,
	then only post say 15 or so at a time and wait for review and integration.



	4) Select e-mail destination.

	Look through the MAINTAINERS file and the source code, and determine
	if your change applies to a specific subsystem of the kernel, with
	an assigned maintainer. If so, e-mail that person.

	If no maintainer is listed, or the maintainer does not respond, send
	your patch to the primary Linux kernel developer's mailing list,
	linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org. Most kernel developers monitor this
	e-mail list, and can comment on your changes.


	Do not send more than 15 patches at once to the vger mailing lists!!!


	Linus Torvalds is the final arbiter of all changes accepted into the
	Linux kernel. His e-mail address is <torvalds@osdl.org>. He gets
	a lot of e-mail, so typically you should do your best to -avoid- sending
	him e-mail.

	Patches which are bug fixes, are "obvious" changes, or similarly
	require little discussion should be sent or CC'd to Linus. Patches
	which require discussion or do not have a clear advantage should
	usually be sent first to linux-kernel. Only after the patch is
	discussed should the patch then be submitted to Linus.



	5) Select your CC (e-mail carbon copy) list.

	Unless you have a reason NOT to do so, CC linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org.

	Other kernel developers besides Linus need to be aware of your change,
	so that they may comment on it and offer code review and suggestions.
	linux-kernel is the primary Linux kernel developer mailing list.
	Other mailing lists are available for specific subsystems, such as
	USB, framebuffer devices, the VFS, the SCSI subsystem, etc. See the
	MAINTAINERS file for a mailing list that relates specifically to
	your change.

	Majordomo lists of VGER.KERNEL.ORG at:
	<http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html>

	If changes affect userland-kernel interfaces, please send
	the MAN-PAGES maintainer (as listed in the MAINTAINERS file)
	a man-pages patch, or at least a notification of the change,
	so that some information makes its way into the manual pages.

	Even if the maintainer did not respond in step #4, make sure to ALWAYS
	copy the maintainer when you change their code.

	For small patches you may want to CC the Trivial Patch Monkey
	trivial@kernel.org managed by Adrian Bunk; which collects "trivial"
	patches. Trivial patches must qualify for one of the following rules:
	Spelling fixes in documentation
	Spelling fixes which could break grep(1).
	Warning fixes (cluttering with useless warnings is bad)
	Compilation fixes (only if they are actually correct)
	Runtime fixes (only if they actually fix things)
	Removing use of deprecated functions/macros (eg. check_region).
	Contact detail and documentation fixes
	Non-portable code replaced by portable code (even in arch-specific,
	since people copy, as long as it's trivial)
	Any fix by the author/maintainer of the file. (ie. patch monkey
	in re-transmission mode)
	URL: <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/bunk/trivial/>




	6) No MIME, no links, no compression, no attachments. Just plain text.

	Linus and other kernel developers need to be able to read and comment
	on the changes you are submitting. It is important for a kernel
	developer to be able to "quote" your changes, using standard e-mail
	tools, so that they may comment on specific portions of your code.

	For this reason, all patches should be submitting e-mail "inline".
	WARNING: Be wary of your editor's word-wrap corrupting your patch,
	if you choose to cut-n-paste your patch.

	Do not attach the patch as a MIME attachment, compressed or not.
	Many popular e-mail applications will not always transmit a MIME
	attachment as plain text, making it impossible to comment on your
	code. A MIME attachment also takes Linus a bit more time to process,
	decreasing the likelihood of your MIME-attached change being accepted.

	Exception: If your mailer is mangling patches then someone may ask
	you to re-send them using MIME.



	7) E-mail size.

	When sending patches to Linus, always follow step #6.

	Large changes are not appropriate for mailing lists, and some
	maintainers. If your patch, uncompressed, exceeds 40 kB in size,
	it is preferred that you store your patch on an Internet-accessible
	server, and provide instead a URL (link) pointing to your patch.



	8) Name your kernel version.

	It is important to note, either in the subject line or in the patch
	description, the kernel version to which this patch applies.

	If the patch does not apply cleanly to the latest kernel version,
	Linus will not apply it.



	9) Don't get discouraged. Re-submit.

	After you have submitted your change, be patient and wait. If Linus
	likes your change and applies it, it will appear in the next version
	of the kernel that he releases.

	However, if your change doesn't appear in the next version of the
	kernel, there could be any number of reasons. It's YOUR job to
	narrow down those reasons, correct what was wrong, and submit your
	updated change.

	It is quite common for Linus to "drop" your patch without comment.
	That's the nature of the system. If he drops your patch, it could be
	due to
	* Your patch did not apply cleanly to the latest kernel version
	* Your patch was not sufficiently discussed on linux-kernel.
	* A style issue (see section 2),
	* An e-mail formatting issue (re-read this section)
	* A technical problem with your change
	* He gets tons of e-mail, and yours got lost in the shuffle
	* You are being annoying (See Figure 1)

	When in doubt, solicit comments on linux-kernel mailing list.



	10) Include PATCH in the subject

	Due to high e-mail traffic to Linus, and to linux-kernel, it is common
	convention to prefix your subject line with [PATCH]. This lets Linus
	and other kernel developers more easily distinguish patches from other
	e-mail discussions.



	11) Sign your work

	To improve tracking of who did what, especially with patches that can
	percolate to their final resting place in the kernel through several
	layers of maintainers, we've introduced a "sign-off" procedure on
	patches that are being emailed around.

	The sign-off is a simple line at the end of the explanation for the
	patch, which certifies that you wrote it or otherwise have the right to
	pass it on as a open-source patch. The rules are pretty simple: if you
	can certify the below:

	Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1

	By making a contribution to this project, I certify that:

	(a) The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I
	have the right to submit it under the open source license
	indicated in the file; or

	(b) The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best
	of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source
	license and I have the right under that license to submit that
	work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part
	by me, under the same open source license (unless I am
	permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated
	in the file; or

	(c) The contribution was provided directly to me by some other
	person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified
	it.

	(d) I understand and agree that this project and the contribution
	are public and that a record of the contribution (including all
	personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is
	maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with
	this project or the open source license(s) involved.

	then you just add a line saying

	Signed-off-by: Random J Developer <random@developer.example.org>

	Some people also put extra tags at the end. They'll just be ignored for
	now, but you can do this to mark internal company procedures or just
	point out some special detail about the sign-off.


	12) The canonical patch format

	The canonical patch subject line is:

	Subject: [PATCH 001/123] subsystem: summary phrase

	The canonical patch message body contains the following:

	- A "from" line specifying the patch author.

	- An empty line.

	- The body of the explanation, which will be copied to the
	permanent changelog to describe this patch.

	- The "Signed-off-by:" lines, described above, which will
	also go in the changelog.

	- A marker line containing simply "---".

	- Any additional comments not suitable for the changelog.

	- The actual patch (diff output).

	The Subject line format makes it very easy to sort the emails
	alphabetically by subject line - pretty much any email reader will
	support that - since because the sequence number is zero-padded,
	the numerical and alphabetic sort is the same.

	The "subsystem" in the email's Subject should identify which
	area or subsystem of the kernel is being patched.

	The "summary phrase" in the email's Subject should concisely
	describe the patch which that email contains. The "summary
	phrase" should not be a filename. Do not use the same "summary
	phrase" for every patch in a whole patch series.

	Bear in mind that the "summary phrase" of your email becomes
	a globally-unique identifier for that patch. It propagates
	all the way into the git changelog. The "summary phrase" may
	later be used in developer discussions which refer to the patch.
	People will want to google for the "summary phrase" to read
	discussion regarding that patch.

	A couple of example Subjects:

	Subject: [patch 2/5] ext2: improve scalability of bitmap searching
	Subject: [PATCHv2 001/207] x86: fix eflags tracking

	The "from" line must be the very first line in the message body,
	and has the form:

	From: Original Author <author@example.com>

	The "from" line specifies who will be credited as the author of the
	patch in the permanent changelog. If the "from" line is missing,
	then the "From:" line from the email header will be used to determine
	the patch author in the changelog.

	The explanation body will be committed to the permanent source
	changelog, so should make sense to a competent reader who has long
	since forgotten the immediate details of the discussion that might
	have led to this patch.

	The "---" marker line serves the essential purpose of marking for patch
	handling tools where the changelog message ends.

	One good use for the additional comments after the "---" marker is for
	a diffstat, to show what files have changed, and the number of inserted
	and deleted lines per file. A diffstat is especially useful on bigger
	patches. Other comments relevant only to the moment or the maintainer,
	not suitable for the permanent changelog, should also go here.
	Use diffstat options "-p 1 -w 70" so that filenames are listed from the
	top of the kernel source tree and don't use too much horizontal space
	(easily fit in 80 columns, maybe with some indentation).

	See more details on the proper patch format in the following
	references.




	-----------------------------------
	SECTION 2 - HINTS, TIPS, AND TRICKS
	-----------------------------------

	This section lists many of the common "rules" associated with code
	submitted to the kernel. There are always exceptions... but you must
	have a really good reason for doing so. You could probably call this
	section Linus Computer Science 101.



	1) Read Documentation/CodingStyle

	Nuff said. If your code deviates too much from this, it is likely
	to be rejected without further review, and without comment.



	2) #ifdefs are ugly

	Code cluttered with ifdefs is difficult to read and maintain. Don't do
	it. Instead, put your ifdefs in a header, and conditionally define
	'static inline' functions, or macros, which are used in the code.
	Let the compiler optimize away the "no-op" case.

	Simple example, of poor code:

	dev = alloc_etherdev (sizeof(struct funky_private));
	if (!dev)
	return -ENODEV;
	#ifdef CONFIG_NET_FUNKINESS
	init_funky_net(dev);
	#endif

	Cleaned-up example:

	(in header)
	#ifndef CONFIG_NET_FUNKINESS
	static inline void init_funky_net (struct net_device *d) {}
	#endif

	(in the code itself)
	dev = alloc_etherdev (sizeof(struct funky_private));
	if (!dev)
	return -ENODEV;
	init_funky_net(dev);



	3) 'static inline' is better than a macro

	Static inline functions are greatly preferred over macros.
	They provide type safety, have no length limitations, no formatting
	limitations, and under gcc they are as cheap as macros.

	Macros should only be used for cases where a static inline is clearly
	suboptimal [there a few, isolated cases of this in fast paths],
	or where it is impossible to use a static inline function [such as
	string-izing].

	'static inline' is preferred over 'static __inline__', 'extern inline',
	and 'extern __inline__'.



	4) Don't over-design.

	Don't try to anticipate nebulous future cases which may or may not
	be useful: "Make it as simple as you can, and no simpler."



	----------------------
	SECTION 3 - REFERENCES
	----------------------

	Andrew Morton, "The perfect patch" (tpp).
	<http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/tpp.txt>

	Jeff Garzik, "Linux kernel patch submission format."
	<http://linux.yyz.us/patch-format.html>

	Greg Kroah-Hartman "How to piss off a kernel subsystem maintainer".
	<http://www.kroah.com/log/2005/03/31/>
	<http://www.kroah.com/log/2005/07/08/>
	<http://www.kroah.com/log/2005/10/19/>
	<http://www.kroah.com/log/2006/01/11/>

	NO!!!! No more huge patch bombs to linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org people!
	<http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=112112749912944&w=2>

	Kernel Documentation/CodingStyle
	<http://sosdg.org/~coywolf/lxr/source/Documentation/CodingStyle>

	Linus Torvald's mail on the canonical patch format:
	<http://lkml.org/lkml/2005/4/7/183>
	--