src/space.cc

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include "space.h"

#include "UniquePtr.h"
#include "dlmalloc.h"
#include "file.h"
#include "image.h"
#include "logging.h"
#include "os.h"
#include "space_bitmap.h"
#include "stl_util.h"
#include "utils.h"

namespace art {

#ifndef NDEBUG
#define DEBUG_SPACES 1
#endif

#define CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(call, args, what) \
  do { \
    int rc = call args; \
    if (UNLIKELY(rc != 0)) { \
      errno = rc; \
      PLOG(FATAL) << # call << " failed for " << what; \
    } \
  } while (false)

size_t AllocSpace::bitmap_index_ = 0;

AllocSpace::AllocSpace(const std::string& name, MemMap* mem_map, void* mspace, byte* begin, byte* end,
                       size_t growth_limit)
    : Space(name, mem_map, begin, end, GCRP_ALWAYS_COLLECT), mspace_(mspace), growth_limit_(growth_limit) {
  CHECK(mspace != NULL);

  size_t bitmap_index = bitmap_index_++;

  DCHECK(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(mem_map->Begin()) % static_cast<uintptr_t>GC_CARD_SIZE == 0);
  DCHECK(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(mem_map->End()) % static_cast<uintptr_t>GC_CARD_SIZE == 0);

  live_bitmap_.reset(SpaceBitmap::Create(
      StringPrintf("allocspace-%s-live-bitmap-%d", name.c_str(), static_cast<int>(bitmap_index)),
      Begin(), Capacity()));
  DCHECK(live_bitmap_.get() != NULL) << "could not create allocspace live bitmap #" << bitmap_index;

  mark_bitmap_.reset(SpaceBitmap::Create(
      StringPrintf("allocspace-%s-mark-bitmap-%d", name.c_str(), static_cast<int>(bitmap_index)),
      Begin(), Capacity()));
  DCHECK(live_bitmap_.get() != NULL) << "could not create allocspace mark bitmap #" << bitmap_index;
}

AllocSpace* Space::CreateAllocSpace(const std::string& name, size_t initial_size,
                                    size_t growth_limit, size_t capacity,
                                    byte* requested_begin) {
  // Memory we promise to dlmalloc before it asks for morecore.
  // Note: making this value large means that large allocations are unlikely to succeed as dlmalloc
  // will ask for this memory from sys_alloc which will fail as the footprint (this value plus the
  // size of the large allocation) will be greater than the footprint limit.
  size_t starting_size = kPageSize;
  uint64_t start_time = 0;
  if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) || VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
    start_time = NanoTime();
    VLOG(startup) << "Space::CreateAllocSpace entering " << name
                  << " initial_size=" << PrettySize(initial_size)
                  << " growth_limit=" << PrettySize(growth_limit)
                  << " capacity=" << PrettySize(capacity)
                  << " requested_begin=" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(requested_begin);
  }

  // Sanity check arguments
  if (starting_size > initial_size) {
    initial_size = starting_size;
  }
  if (initial_size > growth_limit) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create alloc space (" << name << ") where the initial size ("
        << PrettySize(initial_size) << ") is larger than its capacity ("
        << PrettySize(growth_limit) << ")";
    return NULL;
  }
  if (growth_limit > capacity) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create alloc space (" << name << ") where the growth limit capacity ("
        << PrettySize(growth_limit) << ") is larger than the capacity ("
        << PrettySize(capacity) << ")";
    return NULL;
  }

  // Page align growth limit and capacity which will be used to manage mmapped storage
  growth_limit = RoundUp(growth_limit, kPageSize);
  capacity = RoundUp(capacity, kPageSize);

  UniquePtr<MemMap> mem_map(MemMap::MapAnonymous(name.c_str(), requested_begin,
                                                 capacity, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE));
  if (mem_map.get() == NULL) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to allocate pages for alloc space (" << name << ") of size "
        << PrettySize(capacity);
    return NULL;
  }

  void* mspace = AllocSpace::CreateMallocSpace(mem_map->Begin(), starting_size, initial_size);
  if (mspace == NULL) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initialize mspace for alloc space (" << name << ")";
    return NULL;
  }

  // Protect memory beyond the initial size.
  byte* end = mem_map->Begin() + starting_size;
  if (capacity - initial_size > 0) {
    CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(mprotect, (end, capacity - initial_size, PROT_NONE), name);
  }

  // Everything is set so record in immutable structure and leave
  MemMap* mem_map_ptr = mem_map.release();
  AllocSpace* space = new AllocSpace(name, mem_map_ptr, mspace, mem_map_ptr->Begin(), end, growth_limit);
  if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) || VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
    LOG(INFO) << "Space::CreateAllocSpace exiting (" << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_time)
        << " ) " << *space;
  }
  return space;
}

void* AllocSpace::CreateMallocSpace(void* begin, size_t morecore_start, size_t initial_size) {
  // clear errno to allow PLOG on error
  errno = 0;
  // create mspace using our backing storage starting at begin and with a footprint of
  // morecore_start. Don't use an internal dlmalloc lock (as we already hold heap lock). When
  // morecore_start bytes of memory is exhaused morecore will be called.
  void* msp = create_mspace_with_base(begin, morecore_start, false /*locked*/);
  if (msp != NULL) {
    // Do not allow morecore requests to succeed beyond the initial size of the heap
    mspace_set_footprint_limit(msp, initial_size);
  } else {
    PLOG(ERROR) << "create_mspace_with_base failed";
  }
  return msp;
}

void AllocSpace::SwapBitmaps() {
  SpaceBitmap* temp_live_bitmap = live_bitmap_.release();
  live_bitmap_.reset(mark_bitmap_.release());
  mark_bitmap_.reset(temp_live_bitmap);
}

Object* AllocSpace::AllocWithoutGrowth(size_t num_bytes) {
  Object* result = reinterpret_cast<Object*>(mspace_calloc(mspace_, 1, num_bytes));
#if DEBUG_SPACES
  if (result != NULL) {
    CHECK(Contains(result)) << "Allocation (" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(result)
        << ") not in bounds of heap " << *this;
  }
#endif
  return result;
}

Object* AllocSpace::AllocWithGrowth(size_t num_bytes) {
  // Grow as much as possible within the mspace.
  size_t max_allowed = Capacity();
  mspace_set_footprint_limit(mspace_, max_allowed);
  // Try the allocation.
  void* ptr = AllocWithoutGrowth(num_bytes);
  // Shrink back down as small as possible.
  size_t footprint = mspace_footprint(mspace_);
  mspace_set_footprint_limit(mspace_, footprint);
  // Return the new allocation or NULL.
  Object* result = reinterpret_cast<Object*>(ptr);
  CHECK(result == NULL || Contains(result));
  return result;
}

AllocSpace* AllocSpace::CreateZygoteSpace() {
  end_ = reinterpret_cast<byte*>(RoundUp(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(end_), kPageSize));
  DCHECK(IsAligned<GC_CARD_SIZE>(begin_));
  DCHECK(IsAligned<GC_CARD_SIZE>(end_));
  DCHECK(IsAligned<kPageSize>(begin_));
  DCHECK(IsAligned<kPageSize>(end_));
  size_t size = RoundUp(Size(), kPageSize);
  // Trim the heap so that we minimize the size of the Zygote space.
  Trim();
  // Trim our mem-map to free unused pages.
  mem_map_->UnMapAtEnd(end_);
  // TODO: Not hardcode these in?
  const size_t starting_size = kPageSize;
  const size_t initial_size = 2 * MB;
  // Remaining size is for the new alloc space.
  const size_t growth_limit = growth_limit_ - size;
  const size_t capacity = Capacity() - size;
  VLOG(heap) << "Begin " << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(begin_);
  VLOG(heap) << "End " << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(end_);
  VLOG(heap) << "Size " << size;
  VLOG(heap) << "GrowthLimit " << growth_limit_;
  VLOG(heap) << "Capacity " << Capacity();
  growth_limit_ = RoundUp(size, kPageSize);
  // FIXME: Do we need reference counted pointers here?
  // Make the two spaces share the same mark bitmaps since the bitmaps span both of the spaces.
  VLOG(heap) << "Creating new alloc space: ";
  VLOG(heap) << "Size " << mem_map_->Size();
  VLOG(heap) << "GrowthLimit " << PrettySize(growth_limit);
  VLOG(heap) << "Capacity " << PrettySize(capacity);
  UniquePtr<MemMap> mem_map(MemMap::MapAnonymous(name_.c_str(), end_, capacity, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE));
  void* mspace = CreateMallocSpace(end_, starting_size, initial_size);
  // Protect memory beyond the initial size.
  byte* end = mem_map->Begin() + starting_size;
  if (capacity - initial_size > 0) {
    CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(mprotect, (end, capacity - initial_size, PROT_NONE), name_.c_str());
  }
  AllocSpace* alloc_space = new AllocSpace(name_, mem_map.release(), mspace, end_, end, growth_limit);
  live_bitmap_->Trim(Capacity()); // TODO - kPageSize?
  mark_bitmap_->Trim(Capacity()); // TODO - kPageSize?
  name_ += "-zygote-transformed";
  VLOG(heap) << "zygote space creation done";
  return alloc_space;
}

void AllocSpace::Free(Object* ptr) {
#if DEBUG_SPACES
  CHECK(ptr != NULL);
  CHECK(Contains(ptr)) << "Free (" << ptr << ") not in bounds of heap " << *this;
#endif
  mspace_free(mspace_, ptr);
}

void AllocSpace::FreeList(size_t num_ptrs, Object** ptrs) {
#if DEBUG_SPACES
  CHECK(ptrs != NULL);
  size_t num_broken_ptrs = 0;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_ptrs; i++) {
    if (!Contains(ptrs[i])) {
      num_broken_ptrs++;
      LOG(ERROR) << "FreeList[" << i << "] (" << ptrs[i] << ") not in bounds of heap " << *this;
    }
  }
  CHECK_EQ(num_broken_ptrs, 0u);
#endif
  mspace_bulk_free(mspace_, reinterpret_cast<void**>(ptrs), num_ptrs);
}

// Callback from dlmalloc when it needs to increase the footprint
extern "C" void* art_heap_morecore(void* mspace, intptr_t increment) {
  Heap* heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
  if (heap->GetAllocSpace()->GetMspace() == mspace) {
    return heap->GetAllocSpace()->MoreCore(increment);
  } else {
    // Exhaustively search alloc spaces.
    const Spaces& spaces = heap->GetSpaces();
    // TODO: C++0x auto
    for (Spaces::const_iterator cur = spaces.begin(); cur != spaces.end(); ++cur) {
      if ((*cur)->IsAllocSpace()) {
        AllocSpace* space = (*cur)->AsAllocSpace();
        if (mspace == space->GetMspace()) {
          return space->MoreCore(increment);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  LOG(FATAL) << "Unexpected call to art_heap_morecore. mspace: " << mspace
             << " increment: " << increment;
  return NULL;
}

void* AllocSpace::MoreCore(intptr_t increment) {
  byte* original_end = end_;
  if (increment != 0) {
    VLOG(heap) << "AllocSpace::MoreCore " << PrettySize(increment);
    byte* new_end = original_end + increment;
    if (increment > 0) {
#if DEBUG_SPACES
      // Should never be asked to increase the allocation beyond the capacity of the space. Enforced
      // by mspace_set_footprint_limit.
      CHECK_LE(new_end, Begin() + Capacity());
#endif
      CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(mprotect, (original_end, increment, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE), GetSpaceName());
    } else {
#if DEBUG_SPACES
      // Should never be asked for negative footprint (ie before begin)
      CHECK_GT(original_end + increment, Begin());
#endif
      // Advise we don't need the pages and protect them
      // TODO: by removing permissions to the pages we may be causing TLB shoot-down which can be
      // expensive (note the same isn't true for giving permissions to a page as the protected
      // page shouldn't be in a TLB). We should investigate performance impact of just
      // removing ignoring the memory protection change here and in Space::CreateAllocSpace. It's
      // likely just a useful debug feature.
      size_t size = -increment;
      CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(madvise, (new_end, size, MADV_DONTNEED), GetSpaceName());
      CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(mprotect, (new_end, size, PROT_NONE), GetSpaceName());
    }
    // Update end_
    end_ = new_end;
  }
  return original_end;
}

size_t AllocSpace::AllocationSize(const Object* obj) {
  return mspace_usable_size(const_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(obj))) + kChunkOverhead;
}

void MspaceMadviseCallback(void* start, void* end, void* /*arg*/) {
  // Do we have any whole pages to give back?
  start = reinterpret_cast<void*>(RoundUp(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(start), kPageSize));
  end = reinterpret_cast<void*>(RoundDown(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(end), kPageSize));
  if (end > start) {
    size_t length = reinterpret_cast<byte*>(end) - reinterpret_cast<byte*>(start);
    CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(madvise, (start, length, MADV_DONTNEED), "trim");
  }
}

void MspaceMadviseCallback(void* start, void* end, size_t used_bytes, void* arg) {
  // Is this chunk in use?
  if (used_bytes != 0) {
    return;
  }
  return MspaceMadviseCallback(start, end, arg);
}

void AllocSpace::Trim() {
  // Trim to release memory at the end of the space.
  mspace_trim(mspace_, 0);
  // Visit space looking for page-sized holes to advise the kernel we don't need.
  mspace_inspect_all(mspace_, MspaceMadviseCallback, NULL);
}

void AllocSpace::Walk(void(*callback)(void *start, void *end, size_t num_bytes, void* callback_arg),
                      void* arg) {
  mspace_inspect_all(mspace_, callback, arg);
}

size_t AllocSpace::GetFootprintLimit() {
  return mspace_footprint_limit(mspace_);
}

void AllocSpace::SetFootprintLimit(size_t new_size) {
  VLOG(heap) << "AllocSpace::SetFootprintLimit " << PrettySize(new_size);
  // Compare against the actual footprint, rather than the Size(), because the heap may not have
  // grown all the way to the allowed size yet.
  size_t current_space_size = mspace_footprint(mspace_);
  if (new_size < current_space_size) {
    // Don't let the space grow any more.
    new_size = current_space_size;
  }
  mspace_set_footprint_limit(mspace_, new_size);
}

size_t ImageSpace::bitmap_index_ = 0;

ImageSpace::ImageSpace(const std::string& name, MemMap* mem_map)
    : Space(name, mem_map, mem_map->Begin(), mem_map->End(), GCRP_NEVER_COLLECT) {
  const size_t bitmap_index = bitmap_index_++;
  live_bitmap_.reset(SpaceBitmap::Create(
      StringPrintf("imagespace-%s-live-bitmap-%d", name.c_str(), static_cast<int>(bitmap_index)),
      Begin(), Capacity()));
  DCHECK(live_bitmap_.get() != NULL) << "could not create imagespace live bitmap #" << bitmap_index;
}

ImageSpace* Space::CreateImageSpace(const std::string& image_file_name) {
  CHECK(!image_file_name.empty());

  uint64_t start_time = 0;
  if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) || VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
    start_time = NanoTime();
    LOG(INFO) << "Space::CreateImageSpace entering" << " image_file_name=" << image_file_name;
  }

  UniquePtr<File> file(OS::OpenFile(image_file_name.c_str(), false));
  if (file.get() == NULL) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << image_file_name;
    return NULL;
  }
  ImageHeader image_header;
  bool success = file->ReadFully(&image_header, sizeof(image_header));
  if (!success || !image_header.IsValid()) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid image header " << image_file_name;
    return NULL;
  }
  UniquePtr<MemMap> map(MemMap::MapFileAtAddress(image_header.GetImageBegin(),
                                                 file->Length(),
                                                 // TODO: selectively PROT_EXEC stubs
                                                 PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC,
                                                 MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_FIXED,
                                                 file->Fd(),
                                                 0));
  if (map.get() == NULL) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to map " << image_file_name;
    return NULL;
  }
  CHECK_EQ(image_header.GetImageBegin(), map->Begin());
  DCHECK_EQ(0, memcmp(&image_header, map->Begin(), sizeof(ImageHeader)));

  Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
  Object* jni_stub_array = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kJniStubArray);
  runtime->SetJniDlsymLookupStub(down_cast<ByteArray*>(jni_stub_array));

  Object* ame_stub_array = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kAbstractMethodErrorStubArray);
  runtime->SetAbstractMethodErrorStubArray(down_cast<ByteArray*>(ame_stub_array));

  Object* resolution_stub_array =
      image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kStaticResolutionStubArray);
  runtime->SetResolutionStubArray(
      down_cast<ByteArray*>(resolution_stub_array), Runtime::kStaticMethod);
  resolution_stub_array = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kUnknownMethodResolutionStubArray);
  runtime->SetResolutionStubArray(
      down_cast<ByteArray*>(resolution_stub_array), Runtime::kUnknownMethod);

  Object* resolution_method = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kResolutionMethod);
  runtime->SetResolutionMethod(down_cast<Method*>(resolution_method));

  Object* callee_save_method = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kCalleeSaveMethod);
  runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(down_cast<Method*>(callee_save_method), Runtime::kSaveAll);
  callee_save_method = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kRefsOnlySaveMethod);
  runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(down_cast<Method*>(callee_save_method), Runtime::kRefsOnly);
  callee_save_method = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kRefsAndArgsSaveMethod);
  runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(down_cast<Method*>(callee_save_method), Runtime::kRefsAndArgs);

  ImageSpace* space = new ImageSpace(image_file_name, map.release());
  if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) || VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
    LOG(INFO) << "Space::CreateImageSpace exiting (" << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_time)
        << ") " << *space;
  }
  return space;
}

void ImageSpace::RecordImageAllocations(SpaceBitmap* live_bitmap) const {
  uint64_t start_time = 0;
  if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) || VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
    LOG(INFO) << "ImageSpace::RecordImageAllocations entering";
    start_time = NanoTime();
  }
  DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->IsStarted());
  CHECK(live_bitmap != NULL);
  byte* current = Begin() + RoundUp(sizeof(ImageHeader), kObjectAlignment);
  byte* end = End();
  while (current < end) {
    DCHECK_ALIGNED(current, kObjectAlignment);
    const Object* obj = reinterpret_cast<const Object*>(current);
    live_bitmap->Set(obj);
    current += RoundUp(obj->SizeOf(), kObjectAlignment);
  }
  if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) || VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
    LOG(INFO) << "ImageSpace::RecordImageAllocations exiting ("
        << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_time) << ")";
  }
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Space& space) {
  os << (space.IsImageSpace() ? "Image" : "Alloc") << "Space["
      << "begin=" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(space.Begin())
      << ",end=" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(space.End())
      << ",size=" << PrettySize(space.Size()) << ",capacity=" << PrettySize(space.Capacity())
      << ",name=\"" << space.GetSpaceName() << "\"]";
  return os;
}

}  // namespace art