lib/ExecutionEngine/ExecutionEngine.cpp

//===-- ExecutionEngine.cpp - Common Implementation shared by EEs ---------===//
//
//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file defines the common interface used by the various execution engine
// subclasses.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#define DEBUG_TYPE "jit"
#include "llvm/Constants.h"
#include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
#include "llvm/Module.h"
#include "llvm/ModuleProvider.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Statistic.h"
#include "llvm/Config/alloca.h"
#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/ExecutionEngine.h"
#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/GenericValue.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
#include "llvm/Support/MutexGuard.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include "llvm/System/DynamicLibrary.h"
#include "llvm/System/Host.h"
#include "llvm/Target/TargetData.h"
#include <cmath>
#include <cstring>
using namespace llvm;

STATISTIC(NumInitBytes, "Number of bytes of global vars initialized");
STATISTIC(NumGlobals  , "Number of global vars initialized");

ExecutionEngine *(*ExecutionEngine::JITCtor)(ModuleProvider *MP,
                                             std::string *ErrorStr,
                                             JITMemoryManager *JMM,
                                             CodeGenOpt::Level OptLevel,
                                             bool GVsWithCode) = 0;
ExecutionEngine *(*ExecutionEngine::InterpCtor)(ModuleProvider *MP,
                                                std::string *ErrorStr) = 0;
ExecutionEngine::EERegisterFn ExecutionEngine::ExceptionTableRegister = 0;


ExecutionEngine::ExecutionEngine(ModuleProvider *P) : LazyFunctionCreator(0) {
  LazyCompilationDisabled = false;
  GVCompilationDisabled   = false;
  SymbolSearchingDisabled = false;
  DlsymStubsEnabled       = false;
  Modules.push_back(P);
  assert(P && "ModuleProvider is null?");
}

ExecutionEngine::~ExecutionEngine() {
  clearAllGlobalMappings();
  for (unsigned i = 0, e = Modules.size(); i != e; ++i)
    delete Modules[i];
}

char* ExecutionEngine::getMemoryForGV(const GlobalVariable* GV) {
  const Type *ElTy = GV->getType()->getElementType();
  size_t GVSize = (size_t)getTargetData()->getTypeAllocSize(ElTy);
  return new char[GVSize];
}

/// removeModuleProvider - Remove a ModuleProvider from the list of modules.
/// Relases the Module from the ModuleProvider, materializing it in the
/// process, and returns the materialized Module.
Module* ExecutionEngine::removeModuleProvider(ModuleProvider *P, 
                                              std::string *ErrInfo) {
  for(SmallVector<ModuleProvider *, 1>::iterator I = Modules.begin(), 
        E = Modules.end(); I != E; ++I) {
    ModuleProvider *MP = *I;
    if (MP == P) {
      Modules.erase(I);
      clearGlobalMappingsFromModule(MP->getModule());
      return MP->releaseModule(ErrInfo);
    }
  }
  return NULL;
}

/// deleteModuleProvider - Remove a ModuleProvider from the list of modules,
/// and deletes the ModuleProvider and owned Module.  Avoids materializing 
/// the underlying module.
void ExecutionEngine::deleteModuleProvider(ModuleProvider *P, 
                                           std::string *ErrInfo) {
  for(SmallVector<ModuleProvider *, 1>::iterator I = Modules.begin(), 
      E = Modules.end(); I != E; ++I) {
    ModuleProvider *MP = *I;
    if (MP == P) {
      Modules.erase(I);
      clearGlobalMappingsFromModule(MP->getModule());
      delete MP;
      return;
    }
  }
}

/// FindFunctionNamed - Search all of the active modules to find the one that
/// defines FnName.  This is very slow operation and shouldn't be used for
/// general code.
Function *ExecutionEngine::FindFunctionNamed(const char *FnName) {
  for (unsigned i = 0, e = Modules.size(); i != e; ++i) {
    if (Function *F = Modules[i]->getModule()->getFunction(FnName))
      return F;
  }
  return 0;
}


/// addGlobalMapping - Tell the execution engine that the specified global is
/// at the specified location.  This is used internally as functions are JIT'd
/// and as global variables are laid out in memory.  It can and should also be
/// used by clients of the EE that want to have an LLVM global overlay
/// existing data in memory.
void ExecutionEngine::addGlobalMapping(const GlobalValue *GV, void *Addr) {
  MutexGuard locked(lock);

  DOUT << "JIT: Map \'" << GV->getNameStart() << "\' to [" << Addr << "]\n";  
  void *&CurVal = state.getGlobalAddressMap(locked)[GV];
  assert((CurVal == 0 || Addr == 0) && "GlobalMapping already established!");
  CurVal = Addr;
  
  // If we are using the reverse mapping, add it too
  if (!state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked).empty()) {
    const GlobalValue *&V = state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked)[Addr];
    assert((V == 0 || GV == 0) && "GlobalMapping already established!");
    V = GV;
  }
}

/// clearAllGlobalMappings - Clear all global mappings and start over again
/// use in dynamic compilation scenarios when you want to move globals
void ExecutionEngine::clearAllGlobalMappings() {
  MutexGuard locked(lock);
  
  state.getGlobalAddressMap(locked).clear();
  state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked).clear();
}

/// clearGlobalMappingsFromModule - Clear all global mappings that came from a
/// particular module, because it has been removed from the JIT.
void ExecutionEngine::clearGlobalMappingsFromModule(Module *M) {
  MutexGuard locked(lock);
  
  for (Module::iterator FI = M->begin(), FE = M->end(); FI != FE; ++FI) {
    state.getGlobalAddressMap(locked).erase(FI);
    state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked).erase(FI);
  }
  for (Module::global_iterator GI = M->global_begin(), GE = M->global_end(); 
       GI != GE; ++GI) {
    state.getGlobalAddressMap(locked).erase(GI);
    state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked).erase(GI);
  }
}

/// updateGlobalMapping - Replace an existing mapping for GV with a new
/// address.  This updates both maps as required.  If "Addr" is null, the
/// entry for the global is removed from the mappings.
void *ExecutionEngine::updateGlobalMapping(const GlobalValue *GV, void *Addr) {
  MutexGuard locked(lock);

  std::map<const GlobalValue*, void *> &Map = state.getGlobalAddressMap(locked);

  // Deleting from the mapping?
  if (Addr == 0) {
    std::map<const GlobalValue*, void *>::iterator I = Map.find(GV);
    void *OldVal;
    if (I == Map.end())
      OldVal = 0;
    else {
      OldVal = I->second;
      Map.erase(I); 
    }
    
    if (!state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked).empty())
      state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked).erase(Addr);
    return OldVal;
  }
  
  void *&CurVal = Map[GV];
  void *OldVal = CurVal;

  if (CurVal && !state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked).empty())
    state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked).erase(CurVal);
  CurVal = Addr;
  
  // If we are using the reverse mapping, add it too
  if (!state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked).empty()) {
    const GlobalValue *&V = state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked)[Addr];
    assert((V == 0 || GV == 0) && "GlobalMapping already established!");
    V = GV;
  }
  return OldVal;
}

/// getPointerToGlobalIfAvailable - This returns the address of the specified
/// global value if it is has already been codegen'd, otherwise it returns null.
///
void *ExecutionEngine::getPointerToGlobalIfAvailable(const GlobalValue *GV) {
  MutexGuard locked(lock);
  
  std::map<const GlobalValue*, void*>::iterator I =
  state.getGlobalAddressMap(locked).find(GV);
  return I != state.getGlobalAddressMap(locked).end() ? I->second : 0;
}

/// getGlobalValueAtAddress - Return the LLVM global value object that starts
/// at the specified address.
///
const GlobalValue *ExecutionEngine::getGlobalValueAtAddress(void *Addr) {
  MutexGuard locked(lock);

  // If we haven't computed the reverse mapping yet, do so first.
  if (state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked).empty()) {
    for (std::map<const GlobalValue*, void *>::iterator
         I = state.getGlobalAddressMap(locked).begin(),
         E = state.getGlobalAddressMap(locked).end(); I != E; ++I)
      state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked).insert(std::make_pair(I->second,
                                                                     I->first));
  }

  std::map<void *, const GlobalValue*>::iterator I =
    state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked).find(Addr);
  return I != state.getGlobalAddressReverseMap(locked).end() ? I->second : 0;
}

// CreateArgv - Turn a vector of strings into a nice argv style array of
// pointers to null terminated strings.
//
static void *CreateArgv(ExecutionEngine *EE,
                        const std::vector<std::string> &InputArgv) {
  unsigned PtrSize = EE->getTargetData()->getPointerSize();
  char *Result = new char[(InputArgv.size()+1)*PtrSize];

  DOUT << "JIT: ARGV = " << (void*)Result << "\n";
  const Type *SBytePtr = PointerType::getUnqual(Type::Int8Ty);

  for (unsigned i = 0; i != InputArgv.size(); ++i) {
    unsigned Size = InputArgv[i].size()+1;
    char *Dest = new char[Size];
    DOUT << "JIT: ARGV[" << i << "] = " << (void*)Dest << "\n";

    std::copy(InputArgv[i].begin(), InputArgv[i].end(), Dest);
    Dest[Size-1] = 0;

    // Endian safe: Result[i] = (PointerTy)Dest;
    EE->StoreValueToMemory(PTOGV(Dest), (GenericValue*)(Result+i*PtrSize),
                           SBytePtr);
  }

  // Null terminate it
  EE->StoreValueToMemory(PTOGV(0),
                         (GenericValue*)(Result+InputArgv.size()*PtrSize),
                         SBytePtr);
  return Result;
}


/// runStaticConstructorsDestructors - This method is used to execute all of
/// the static constructors or destructors for a module, depending on the
/// value of isDtors.
void ExecutionEngine::runStaticConstructorsDestructors(Module *module, bool isDtors) {
  const char *Name = isDtors ? "llvm.global_dtors" : "llvm.global_ctors";
  
  // Execute global ctors/dtors for each module in the program.
  
 GlobalVariable *GV = module->getNamedGlobal(Name);

 // If this global has internal linkage, or if it has a use, then it must be
 // an old-style (llvmgcc3) static ctor with __main linked in and in use.  If
 // this is the case, don't execute any of the global ctors, __main will do
 // it.
 if (!GV || GV->isDeclaration() || GV->hasLocalLinkage()) return;
 
 // Should be an array of '{ int, void ()* }' structs.  The first value is
 // the init priority, which we ignore.
 ConstantArray *InitList = dyn_cast<ConstantArray>(GV->getInitializer());
 if (!InitList) return;
 for (unsigned i = 0, e = InitList->getNumOperands(); i != e; ++i)
   if (ConstantStruct *CS = 
       dyn_cast<ConstantStruct>(InitList->getOperand(i))) {
     if (CS->getNumOperands() != 2) return; // Not array of 2-element structs.
   
     Constant *FP = CS->getOperand(1);
     if (FP->isNullValue())
       break;  // Found a null terminator, exit.
   
     if (ConstantExpr *CE = dyn_cast<ConstantExpr>(FP))
       if (CE->isCast())
         FP = CE->getOperand(0);
     if (Function *F = dyn_cast<Function>(FP)) {
       // Execute the ctor/dtor function!
       runFunction(F, std::vector<GenericValue>());
     }
   }
}

/// runStaticConstructorsDestructors - This method is used to execute all of
/// the static constructors or destructors for a program, depending on the
/// value of isDtors.
void ExecutionEngine::runStaticConstructorsDestructors(bool isDtors) {
  // Execute global ctors/dtors for each module in the program.
  for (unsigned m = 0, e = Modules.size(); m != e; ++m)
    runStaticConstructorsDestructors(Modules[m]->getModule(), isDtors);
}

#ifndef NDEBUG
/// isTargetNullPtr - Return whether the target pointer stored at Loc is null.
static bool isTargetNullPtr(ExecutionEngine *EE, void *Loc) {
  unsigned PtrSize = EE->getTargetData()->getPointerSize();
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < PtrSize; ++i)
    if (*(i + (uint8_t*)Loc))
      return false;
  return true;
}
#endif

/// runFunctionAsMain - This is a helper function which wraps runFunction to
/// handle the common task of starting up main with the specified argc, argv,
/// and envp parameters.
int ExecutionEngine::runFunctionAsMain(Function *Fn,
                                       const std::vector<std::string> &argv,
                                       const char * const * envp) {
  std::vector<GenericValue> GVArgs;
  GenericValue GVArgc;
  GVArgc.IntVal = APInt(32, argv.size());

  // Check main() type
  unsigned NumArgs = Fn->getFunctionType()->getNumParams();
  const FunctionType *FTy = Fn->getFunctionType();
  const Type* PPInt8Ty = 
    PointerType::getUnqual(PointerType::getUnqual(Type::Int8Ty));
  switch (NumArgs) {
  case 3:
   if (FTy->getParamType(2) != PPInt8Ty) {
     llvm_report_error("Invalid type for third argument of main() supplied");
   }
   // FALLS THROUGH
  case 2:
   if (FTy->getParamType(1) != PPInt8Ty) {
     llvm_report_error("Invalid type for second argument of main() supplied");
   }
   // FALLS THROUGH
  case 1:
   if (FTy->getParamType(0) != Type::Int32Ty) {
     llvm_report_error("Invalid type for first argument of main() supplied");
   }
   // FALLS THROUGH
  case 0:
   if (!isa<IntegerType>(FTy->getReturnType()) &&
       FTy->getReturnType() != Type::VoidTy) {
     llvm_report_error("Invalid return type of main() supplied");
   }
   break;
  default:
   llvm_report_error("Invalid number of arguments of main() supplied");
  }
  
  if (NumArgs) {
    GVArgs.push_back(GVArgc); // Arg #0 = argc.
    if (NumArgs > 1) {
      GVArgs.push_back(PTOGV(CreateArgv(this, argv))); // Arg #1 = argv.
      assert(!isTargetNullPtr(this, GVTOP(GVArgs[1])) &&
             "argv[0] was null after CreateArgv");
      if (NumArgs > 2) {
        std::vector<std::string> EnvVars;
        for (unsigned i = 0; envp[i]; ++i)
          EnvVars.push_back(envp[i]);
        GVArgs.push_back(PTOGV(CreateArgv(this, EnvVars))); // Arg #2 = envp.
      }
    }
  }
  return runFunction(Fn, GVArgs).IntVal.getZExtValue();
}

/// If possible, create a JIT, unless the caller specifically requests an
/// Interpreter or there's an error. If even an Interpreter cannot be created,
/// NULL is returned.
///
ExecutionEngine *ExecutionEngine::create(ModuleProvider *MP,
                                         bool ForceInterpreter,
                                         std::string *ErrorStr,
                                         CodeGenOpt::Level OptLevel,
                                         bool GVsWithCode) {
  return EngineBuilder(MP)
      .setEngineKind(ForceInterpreter
                     ? EngineKind::Interpreter
                     : EngineKind::JIT)
      .setErrorStr(ErrorStr)
      .setOptLevel(OptLevel)
      .setAllocateGVsWithCode(GVsWithCode)
      .create();
}

ExecutionEngine *ExecutionEngine::create(Module *M) {
  return EngineBuilder(M).create();
}

/// EngineBuilder - Overloaded constructor that automatically creates an
/// ExistingModuleProvider for an existing module.
EngineBuilder::EngineBuilder(Module *m) : MP(new ExistingModuleProvider(m)) {
  InitEngine();
}

ExecutionEngine *EngineBuilder::create() {
  // Make sure we can resolve symbols in the program as well. The zero arg
  // to the function tells DynamicLibrary to load the program, not a library.
  if (sys::DynamicLibrary::LoadLibraryPermanently(0, ErrorStr))
    return 0;

  // If the user specified a memory manager but didn't specify which engine to
  // create, we assume they only want the JIT, and we fail if they only want
  // the interpreter.
  if (JMM) {
    if (WhichEngine & EngineKind::JIT) {
      WhichEngine = EngineKind::JIT;
    } else {
      *ErrorStr = "Cannot create an interpreter with a memory manager.";
    }
  }

  ExecutionEngine *EE = 0;

  // Unless the interpreter was explicitly selected or the JIT is not linked,
  // try making a JIT.
  if (WhichEngine & EngineKind::JIT && ExecutionEngine::JITCtor) {
    EE = ExecutionEngine::JITCtor(MP, ErrorStr, JMM, OptLevel,
                                  AllocateGVsWithCode);
  }

  // If we can't make a JIT and we didn't request one specifically, try making
  // an interpreter instead.
  if (WhichEngine & EngineKind::Interpreter && EE == 0 &&
      ExecutionEngine::InterpCtor) {
    EE = ExecutionEngine::InterpCtor(MP, ErrorStr);
  }

  return EE;
}

/// getPointerToGlobal - This returns the address of the specified global
/// value.  This may involve code generation if it's a function.
///
void *ExecutionEngine::getPointerToGlobal(const GlobalValue *GV) {
  if (Function *F = const_cast<Function*>(dyn_cast<Function>(GV)))
    return getPointerToFunction(F);

  MutexGuard locked(lock);
  void *p = state.getGlobalAddressMap(locked)[GV];
  if (p)
    return p;

  // Global variable might have been added since interpreter started.
  if (GlobalVariable *GVar =
          const_cast<GlobalVariable *>(dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(GV)))
    EmitGlobalVariable(GVar);
  else
    llvm_unreachable("Global hasn't had an address allocated yet!");
  return state.getGlobalAddressMap(locked)[GV];
}

/// This function converts a Constant* into a GenericValue. The interesting 
/// part is if C is a ConstantExpr.
/// @brief Get a GenericValue for a Constant*
GenericValue ExecutionEngine::getConstantValue(const Constant *C) {
  // If its undefined, return the garbage.
  if (isa<UndefValue>(C)) 
    return GenericValue();

  // If the value is a ConstantExpr
  if (const ConstantExpr *CE = dyn_cast<ConstantExpr>(C)) {
    Constant *Op0 = CE->getOperand(0);
    switch (CE->getOpcode()) {
    case Instruction::GetElementPtr: {
      // Compute the index 
      GenericValue Result = getConstantValue(Op0);
      SmallVector<Value*, 8> Indices(CE->op_begin()+1, CE->op_end());
      uint64_t Offset =
        TD->getIndexedOffset(Op0->getType(), &Indices[0], Indices.size());

      char* tmp = (char*) Result.PointerVal;
      Result = PTOGV(tmp + Offset);
      return Result;
    }
    case Instruction::Trunc: {
      GenericValue GV = getConstantValue(Op0);
      uint32_t BitWidth = cast<IntegerType>(CE->getType())->getBitWidth();
      GV.IntVal = GV.IntVal.trunc(BitWidth);
      return GV;
    }
    case Instruction::ZExt: {
      GenericValue GV = getConstantValue(Op0);
      uint32_t BitWidth = cast<IntegerType>(CE->getType())->getBitWidth();
      GV.IntVal = GV.IntVal.zext(BitWidth);
      return GV;
    }
    case Instruction::SExt: {
      GenericValue GV = getConstantValue(Op0);
      uint32_t BitWidth = cast<IntegerType>(CE->getType())->getBitWidth();
      GV.IntVal = GV.IntVal.sext(BitWidth);
      return GV;
    }
    case Instruction::FPTrunc: {
      // FIXME long double
      GenericValue GV = getConstantValue(Op0);
      GV.FloatVal = float(GV.DoubleVal);
      return GV;
    }
    case Instruction::FPExt:{
      // FIXME long double
      GenericValue GV = getConstantValue(Op0);
      GV.DoubleVal = double(GV.FloatVal);
      return GV;
    }
    case Instruction::UIToFP: {
      GenericValue GV = getConstantValue(Op0);
      if (CE->getType() == Type::FloatTy)
        GV.FloatVal = float(GV.IntVal.roundToDouble());
      else if (CE->getType() == Type::DoubleTy)
        GV.DoubleVal = GV.IntVal.roundToDouble();
      else if (CE->getType() == Type::X86_FP80Ty) {
        const uint64_t zero[] = {0, 0};
        APFloat apf = APFloat(APInt(80, 2, zero));
        (void)apf.convertFromAPInt(GV.IntVal, 
                                   false,
                                   APFloat::rmNearestTiesToEven);
        GV.IntVal = apf.bitcastToAPInt();
      }
      return GV;
    }
    case Instruction::SIToFP: {
      GenericValue GV = getConstantValue(Op0);
      if (CE->getType() == Type::FloatTy)
        GV.FloatVal = float(GV.IntVal.signedRoundToDouble());
      else if (CE->getType() == Type::DoubleTy)
        GV.DoubleVal = GV.IntVal.signedRoundToDouble();
      else if (CE->getType() == Type::X86_FP80Ty) {
        const uint64_t zero[] = { 0, 0};
        APFloat apf = APFloat(APInt(80, 2, zero));
        (void)apf.convertFromAPInt(GV.IntVal, 
                                   true,
                                   APFloat::rmNearestTiesToEven);
        GV.IntVal = apf.bitcastToAPInt();
      }
      return GV;
    }
    case Instruction::FPToUI: // double->APInt conversion handles sign
    case Instruction::FPToSI: {
      GenericValue GV = getConstantValue(Op0);
      uint32_t BitWidth = cast<IntegerType>(CE->getType())->getBitWidth();
      if (Op0->getType() == Type::FloatTy)
        GV.IntVal = APIntOps::RoundFloatToAPInt(GV.FloatVal, BitWidth);
      else if (Op0->getType() == Type::DoubleTy)
        GV.IntVal = APIntOps::RoundDoubleToAPInt(GV.DoubleVal, BitWidth);
      else if (Op0->getType() == Type::X86_FP80Ty) {
        APFloat apf = APFloat(GV.IntVal);
        uint64_t v;
        bool ignored;
        (void)apf.convertToInteger(&v, BitWidth,
                                   CE->getOpcode()==Instruction::FPToSI, 
                                   APFloat::rmTowardZero, &ignored);
        GV.IntVal = v; // endian?
      }
      return GV;
    }
    case Instruction::PtrToInt: {
      GenericValue GV = getConstantValue(Op0);
      uint32_t PtrWidth = TD->getPointerSizeInBits();
      GV.IntVal = APInt(PtrWidth, uintptr_t(GV.PointerVal));
      return GV;
    }
    case Instruction::IntToPtr: {
      GenericValue GV = getConstantValue(Op0);
      uint32_t PtrWidth = TD->getPointerSizeInBits();
      if (PtrWidth != GV.IntVal.getBitWidth())
        GV.IntVal = GV.IntVal.zextOrTrunc(PtrWidth);
      assert(GV.IntVal.getBitWidth() <= 64 && "Bad pointer width");
      GV.PointerVal = PointerTy(uintptr_t(GV.IntVal.getZExtValue()));
      return GV;
    }
    case Instruction::BitCast: {
      GenericValue GV = getConstantValue(Op0);
      const Type* DestTy = CE->getType();
      switch (Op0->getType()->getTypeID()) {
        default: llvm_unreachable("Invalid bitcast operand");
        case Type::IntegerTyID:
          assert(DestTy->isFloatingPoint() && "invalid bitcast");
          if (DestTy == Type::FloatTy)
            GV.FloatVal = GV.IntVal.bitsToFloat();
          else if (DestTy == Type::DoubleTy)
            GV.DoubleVal = GV.IntVal.bitsToDouble();
          break;
        case Type::FloatTyID: 
          assert(DestTy == Type::Int32Ty && "Invalid bitcast");
          GV.IntVal.floatToBits(GV.FloatVal);
          break;
        case Type::DoubleTyID:
          assert(DestTy == Type::Int64Ty && "Invalid bitcast");
          GV.IntVal.doubleToBits(GV.DoubleVal);
          break;
        case Type::PointerTyID:
          assert(isa<PointerType>(DestTy) && "Invalid bitcast");
          break; // getConstantValue(Op0)  above already converted it
      }
      return GV;
    }
    case Instruction::Add:
    case Instruction::FAdd:
    case Instruction::Sub:
    case Instruction::FSub:
    case Instruction::Mul:
    case Instruction::FMul:
    case Instruction::UDiv:
    case Instruction::SDiv:
    case Instruction::URem:
    case Instruction::SRem:
    case Instruction::And:
    case Instruction::Or:
    case Instruction::Xor: {
      GenericValue LHS = getConstantValue(Op0);
      GenericValue RHS = getConstantValue(CE->getOperand(1));
      GenericValue GV;
      switch (CE->getOperand(0)->getType()->getTypeID()) {
      default: llvm_unreachable("Bad add type!");
      case Type::IntegerTyID:
        switch (CE->getOpcode()) {
          default: llvm_unreachable("Invalid integer opcode");
          case Instruction::Add: GV.IntVal = LHS.IntVal + RHS.IntVal; break;
          case Instruction::Sub: GV.IntVal = LHS.IntVal - RHS.IntVal; break;
          case Instruction::Mul: GV.IntVal = LHS.IntVal * RHS.IntVal; break;
          case Instruction::UDiv:GV.IntVal = LHS.IntVal.udiv(RHS.IntVal); break;
          case Instruction::SDiv:GV.IntVal = LHS.IntVal.sdiv(RHS.IntVal); break;
          case Instruction::URem:GV.IntVal = LHS.IntVal.urem(RHS.IntVal); break;
          case Instruction::SRem:GV.IntVal = LHS.IntVal.srem(RHS.IntVal); break;
          case Instruction::And: GV.IntVal = LHS.IntVal & RHS.IntVal; break;
          case Instruction::Or:  GV.IntVal = LHS.IntVal | RHS.IntVal; break;
          case Instruction::Xor: GV.IntVal = LHS.IntVal ^ RHS.IntVal; break;
        }
        break;
      case Type::FloatTyID:
        switch (CE->getOpcode()) {
          default: llvm_unreachable("Invalid float opcode");
          case Instruction::FAdd:
            GV.FloatVal = LHS.FloatVal + RHS.FloatVal; break;
          case Instruction::FSub:
            GV.FloatVal = LHS.FloatVal - RHS.FloatVal; break;
          case Instruction::FMul:
            GV.FloatVal = LHS.FloatVal * RHS.FloatVal; break;
          case Instruction::FDiv: 
            GV.FloatVal = LHS.FloatVal / RHS.FloatVal; break;
          case Instruction::FRem: 
            GV.FloatVal = ::fmodf(LHS.FloatVal,RHS.FloatVal); break;
        }
        break;
      case Type::DoubleTyID:
        switch (CE->getOpcode()) {
          default: llvm_unreachable("Invalid double opcode");
          case Instruction::FAdd:
            GV.DoubleVal = LHS.DoubleVal + RHS.DoubleVal; break;
          case Instruction::FSub:
            GV.DoubleVal = LHS.DoubleVal - RHS.DoubleVal; break;
          case Instruction::FMul:
            GV.DoubleVal = LHS.DoubleVal * RHS.DoubleVal; break;
          case Instruction::FDiv: 
            GV.DoubleVal = LHS.DoubleVal / RHS.DoubleVal; break;
          case Instruction::FRem: 
            GV.DoubleVal = ::fmod(LHS.DoubleVal,RHS.DoubleVal); break;
        }
        break;
      case Type::X86_FP80TyID:
      case Type::PPC_FP128TyID:
      case Type::FP128TyID: {
        APFloat apfLHS = APFloat(LHS.IntVal);
        switch (CE->getOpcode()) {
          default: llvm_unreachable("Invalid long double opcode");llvm_unreachable(0);
          case Instruction::FAdd:
            apfLHS.add(APFloat(RHS.IntVal), APFloat::rmNearestTiesToEven);
            GV.IntVal = apfLHS.bitcastToAPInt();
            break;
          case Instruction::FSub:
            apfLHS.subtract(APFloat(RHS.IntVal), APFloat::rmNearestTiesToEven);
            GV.IntVal = apfLHS.bitcastToAPInt();
            break;
          case Instruction::FMul:
            apfLHS.multiply(APFloat(RHS.IntVal), APFloat::rmNearestTiesToEven);
            GV.IntVal = apfLHS.bitcastToAPInt();
            break;
          case Instruction::FDiv: 
            apfLHS.divide(APFloat(RHS.IntVal), APFloat::rmNearestTiesToEven);
            GV.IntVal = apfLHS.bitcastToAPInt();
            break;
          case Instruction::FRem: 
            apfLHS.mod(APFloat(RHS.IntVal), APFloat::rmNearestTiesToEven);
            GV.IntVal = apfLHS.bitcastToAPInt();
            break;
          }
        }
        break;
      }
      return GV;
    }
    default:
      break;
    }
    std::string msg;
    raw_string_ostream Msg(msg);
    Msg << "ConstantExpr not handled: " << *CE;
    llvm_report_error(Msg.str());
  }

  GenericValue Result;
  switch (C->getType()->getTypeID()) {
  case Type::FloatTyID: 
    Result.FloatVal = cast<ConstantFP>(C)->getValueAPF().convertToFloat(); 
    break;
  case Type::DoubleTyID:
    Result.DoubleVal = cast<ConstantFP>(C)->getValueAPF().convertToDouble();
    break;
  case Type::X86_FP80TyID:
  case Type::FP128TyID:
  case Type::PPC_FP128TyID:
    Result.IntVal = cast <ConstantFP>(C)->getValueAPF().bitcastToAPInt();
    break;
  case Type::IntegerTyID:
    Result.IntVal = cast<ConstantInt>(C)->getValue();
    break;
  case Type::PointerTyID:
    if (isa<ConstantPointerNull>(C))
      Result.PointerVal = 0;
    else if (const Function *F = dyn_cast<Function>(C))
      Result = PTOGV(getPointerToFunctionOrStub(const_cast<Function*>(F)));
    else if (const GlobalVariable* GV = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(C))
      Result = PTOGV(getOrEmitGlobalVariable(const_cast<GlobalVariable*>(GV)));
    else
      llvm_unreachable("Unknown constant pointer type!");
    break;
  default:
    std::string msg;
    raw_string_ostream Msg(msg);
    Msg << "ERROR: Constant unimplemented for type: " << *C->getType();
    llvm_report_error(Msg.str());
  }
  return Result;
}

/// StoreIntToMemory - Fills the StoreBytes bytes of memory starting from Dst
/// with the integer held in IntVal.
static void StoreIntToMemory(const APInt &IntVal, uint8_t *Dst,
                             unsigned StoreBytes) {
  assert((IntVal.getBitWidth()+7)/8 >= StoreBytes && "Integer too small!");
  uint8_t *Src = (uint8_t *)IntVal.getRawData();

  if (sys::isLittleEndianHost())
    // Little-endian host - the source is ordered from LSB to MSB.  Order the
    // destination from LSB to MSB: Do a straight copy.
    memcpy(Dst, Src, StoreBytes);
  else {
    // Big-endian host - the source is an array of 64 bit words ordered from
    // LSW to MSW.  Each word is ordered from MSB to LSB.  Order the destination
    // from MSB to LSB: Reverse the word order, but not the bytes in a word.
    while (StoreBytes > sizeof(uint64_t)) {
      StoreBytes -= sizeof(uint64_t);
      // May not be aligned so use memcpy.
      memcpy(Dst + StoreBytes, Src, sizeof(uint64_t));
      Src += sizeof(uint64_t);
    }

    memcpy(Dst, Src + sizeof(uint64_t) - StoreBytes, StoreBytes);
  }
}

/// StoreValueToMemory - Stores the data in Val of type Ty at address Ptr.  Ptr
/// is the address of the memory at which to store Val, cast to GenericValue *.
/// It is not a pointer to a GenericValue containing the address at which to
/// store Val.
void ExecutionEngine::StoreValueToMemory(const GenericValue &Val,
                                         GenericValue *Ptr, const Type *Ty) {
  const unsigned StoreBytes = getTargetData()->getTypeStoreSize(Ty);

  switch (Ty->getTypeID()) {
  case Type::IntegerTyID:
    StoreIntToMemory(Val.IntVal, (uint8_t*)Ptr, StoreBytes);
    break;
  case Type::FloatTyID:
    *((float*)Ptr) = Val.FloatVal;
    break;
  case Type::DoubleTyID:
    *((double*)Ptr) = Val.DoubleVal;
    break;
  case Type::X86_FP80TyID:
    memcpy(Ptr, Val.IntVal.getRawData(), 10);
    break;
  case Type::PointerTyID:
    // Ensure 64 bit target pointers are fully initialized on 32 bit hosts.
    if (StoreBytes != sizeof(PointerTy))
      memset(Ptr, 0, StoreBytes);

    *((PointerTy*)Ptr) = Val.PointerVal;
    break;
  default:
    cerr << "Cannot store value of type " << *Ty << "!\n";
  }

  if (sys::isLittleEndianHost() != getTargetData()->isLittleEndian())
    // Host and target are different endian - reverse the stored bytes.
    std::reverse((uint8_t*)Ptr, StoreBytes + (uint8_t*)Ptr);
}

/// LoadIntFromMemory - Loads the integer stored in the LoadBytes bytes starting
/// from Src into IntVal, which is assumed to be wide enough and to hold zero.
static void LoadIntFromMemory(APInt &IntVal, uint8_t *Src, unsigned LoadBytes) {
  assert((IntVal.getBitWidth()+7)/8 >= LoadBytes && "Integer too small!");
  uint8_t *Dst = (uint8_t *)IntVal.getRawData();

  if (sys::isLittleEndianHost())
    // Little-endian host - the destination must be ordered from LSB to MSB.
    // The source is ordered from LSB to MSB: Do a straight copy.
    memcpy(Dst, Src, LoadBytes);
  else {
    // Big-endian - the destination is an array of 64 bit words ordered from
    // LSW to MSW.  Each word must be ordered from MSB to LSB.  The source is
    // ordered from MSB to LSB: Reverse the word order, but not the bytes in
    // a word.
    while (LoadBytes > sizeof(uint64_t)) {
      LoadBytes -= sizeof(uint64_t);
      // May not be aligned so use memcpy.
      memcpy(Dst, Src + LoadBytes, sizeof(uint64_t));
      Dst += sizeof(uint64_t);
    }

    memcpy(Dst + sizeof(uint64_t) - LoadBytes, Src, LoadBytes);
  }
}

/// FIXME: document
///
void ExecutionEngine::LoadValueFromMemory(GenericValue &Result,
                                          GenericValue *Ptr,
                                          const Type *Ty) {
  const unsigned LoadBytes = getTargetData()->getTypeStoreSize(Ty);

  if (sys::isLittleEndianHost() != getTargetData()->isLittleEndian()) {
    // Host and target are different endian - reverse copy the stored
    // bytes into a buffer, and load from that.
    uint8_t *Src = (uint8_t*)Ptr;
    uint8_t *Buf = (uint8_t*)alloca(LoadBytes);
    std::reverse_copy(Src, Src + LoadBytes, Buf);
    Ptr = (GenericValue*)Buf;
  }

  switch (Ty->getTypeID()) {
  case Type::IntegerTyID:
    // An APInt with all words initially zero.
    Result.IntVal = APInt(cast<IntegerType>(Ty)->getBitWidth(), 0);
    LoadIntFromMemory(Result.IntVal, (uint8_t*)Ptr, LoadBytes);
    break;
  case Type::FloatTyID:
    Result.FloatVal = *((float*)Ptr);
    break;
  case Type::DoubleTyID:
    Result.DoubleVal = *((double*)Ptr);
    break;
  case Type::PointerTyID:
    Result.PointerVal = *((PointerTy*)Ptr);
    break;
  case Type::X86_FP80TyID: {
    // This is endian dependent, but it will only work on x86 anyway.
    // FIXME: Will not trap if loading a signaling NaN.
    uint64_t y[2];
    memcpy(y, Ptr, 10);
    Result.IntVal = APInt(80, 2, y);
    break;
  }
  default:
    std::string msg;
    raw_string_ostream Msg(msg);
    Msg << "Cannot load value of type " << *Ty << "!";
    llvm_report_error(Msg.str());
  }
}

// InitializeMemory - Recursive function to apply a Constant value into the
// specified memory location...
//
void ExecutionEngine::InitializeMemory(const Constant *Init, void *Addr) {
  DOUT << "JIT: Initializing " << Addr << " ";
  DEBUG(Init->dump());
  if (isa<UndefValue>(Init)) {
    return;
  } else if (const ConstantVector *CP = dyn_cast<ConstantVector>(Init)) {
    unsigned ElementSize =
      getTargetData()->getTypeAllocSize(CP->getType()->getElementType());
    for (unsigned i = 0, e = CP->getNumOperands(); i != e; ++i)
      InitializeMemory(CP->getOperand(i), (char*)Addr+i*ElementSize);
    return;
  } else if (isa<ConstantAggregateZero>(Init)) {
    memset(Addr, 0, (size_t)getTargetData()->getTypeAllocSize(Init->getType()));
    return;
  } else if (const ConstantArray *CPA = dyn_cast<ConstantArray>(Init)) {
    unsigned ElementSize =
      getTargetData()->getTypeAllocSize(CPA->getType()->getElementType());
    for (unsigned i = 0, e = CPA->getNumOperands(); i != e; ++i)
      InitializeMemory(CPA->getOperand(i), (char*)Addr+i*ElementSize);
    return;
  } else if (const ConstantStruct *CPS = dyn_cast<ConstantStruct>(Init)) {
    const StructLayout *SL =
      getTargetData()->getStructLayout(cast<StructType>(CPS->getType()));
    for (unsigned i = 0, e = CPS->getNumOperands(); i != e; ++i)
      InitializeMemory(CPS->getOperand(i), (char*)Addr+SL->getElementOffset(i));
    return;
  } else if (Init->getType()->isFirstClassType()) {
    GenericValue Val = getConstantValue(Init);
    StoreValueToMemory(Val, (GenericValue*)Addr, Init->getType());
    return;
  }

  cerr << "Bad Type: " << *Init->getType() << "\n";
  llvm_unreachable("Unknown constant type to initialize memory with!");
}

/// EmitGlobals - Emit all of the global variables to memory, storing their
/// addresses into GlobalAddress.  This must make sure to copy the contents of
/// their initializers into the memory.
///
void ExecutionEngine::emitGlobals() {

  // Loop over all of the global variables in the program, allocating the memory
  // to hold them.  If there is more than one module, do a prepass over globals
  // to figure out how the different modules should link together.
  //
  std::map<std::pair<std::string, const Type*>,
           const GlobalValue*> LinkedGlobalsMap;

  if (Modules.size() != 1) {
    for (unsigned m = 0, e = Modules.size(); m != e; ++m) {
      Module &M = *Modules[m]->getModule();
      for (Module::const_global_iterator I = M.global_begin(),
           E = M.global_end(); I != E; ++I) {
        const GlobalValue *GV = I;
        if (GV->hasLocalLinkage() || GV->isDeclaration() ||
            GV->hasAppendingLinkage() || !GV->hasName())
          continue;// Ignore external globals and globals with internal linkage.
          
        const GlobalValue *&GVEntry = 
          LinkedGlobalsMap[std::make_pair(GV->getName(), GV->getType())];

        // If this is the first time we've seen this global, it is the canonical
        // version.
        if (!GVEntry) {
          GVEntry = GV;
          continue;
        }
        
        // If the existing global is strong, never replace it.
        if (GVEntry->hasExternalLinkage() ||
            GVEntry->hasDLLImportLinkage() ||
            GVEntry->hasDLLExportLinkage())
          continue;
        
        // Otherwise, we know it's linkonce/weak, replace it if this is a strong
        // symbol.  FIXME is this right for common?
        if (GV->hasExternalLinkage() || GVEntry->hasExternalWeakLinkage())
          GVEntry = GV;
      }
    }
  }
  
  std::vector<const GlobalValue*> NonCanonicalGlobals;
  for (unsigned m = 0, e = Modules.size(); m != e; ++m) {
    Module &M = *Modules[m]->getModule();
    for (Module::const_global_iterator I = M.global_begin(), E = M.global_end();
         I != E; ++I) {
      // In the multi-module case, see what this global maps to.
      if (!LinkedGlobalsMap.empty()) {
        if (const GlobalValue *GVEntry = 
              LinkedGlobalsMap[std::make_pair(I->getName(), I->getType())]) {
          // If something else is the canonical global, ignore this one.
          if (GVEntry != &*I) {
            NonCanonicalGlobals.push_back(I);
            continue;
          }
        }
      }
      
      if (!I->isDeclaration()) {
        addGlobalMapping(I, getMemoryForGV(I));
      } else {
        // External variable reference. Try to use the dynamic loader to
        // get a pointer to it.
        if (void *SymAddr =
            sys::DynamicLibrary::SearchForAddressOfSymbol(I->getName()))
          addGlobalMapping(I, SymAddr);
        else {
          llvm_report_error("Could not resolve external global address: "
                            +I->getName());
        }
      }
    }
    
    // If there are multiple modules, map the non-canonical globals to their
    // canonical location.
    if (!NonCanonicalGlobals.empty()) {
      for (unsigned i = 0, e = NonCanonicalGlobals.size(); i != e; ++i) {
        const GlobalValue *GV = NonCanonicalGlobals[i];
        const GlobalValue *CGV =
          LinkedGlobalsMap[std::make_pair(GV->getName(), GV->getType())];
        void *Ptr = getPointerToGlobalIfAvailable(CGV);
        assert(Ptr && "Canonical global wasn't codegen'd!");
        addGlobalMapping(GV, Ptr);
      }
    }
    
    // Now that all of the globals are set up in memory, loop through them all 
    // and initialize their contents.
    for (Module::const_global_iterator I = M.global_begin(), E = M.global_end();
         I != E; ++I) {
      if (!I->isDeclaration()) {
        if (!LinkedGlobalsMap.empty()) {
          if (const GlobalValue *GVEntry = 
                LinkedGlobalsMap[std::make_pair(I->getName(), I->getType())])
            if (GVEntry != &*I)  // Not the canonical variable.
              continue;
        }
        EmitGlobalVariable(I);
      }
    }
  }
}

// EmitGlobalVariable - This method emits the specified global variable to the
// address specified in GlobalAddresses, or allocates new memory if it's not
// already in the map.
void ExecutionEngine::EmitGlobalVariable(const GlobalVariable *GV) {
  void *GA = getPointerToGlobalIfAvailable(GV);

  if (GA == 0) {
    // If it's not already specified, allocate memory for the global.
    GA = getMemoryForGV(GV);
    addGlobalMapping(GV, GA);
  }
  
  // Don't initialize if it's thread local, let the client do it.
  if (!GV->isThreadLocal())
    InitializeMemory(GV->getInitializer(), GA);
  
  const Type *ElTy = GV->getType()->getElementType();
  size_t GVSize = (size_t)getTargetData()->getTypeAllocSize(ElTy);
  NumInitBytes += (unsigned)GVSize;
  ++NumGlobals;
}