diff --git a/arch/s390/mm/gup.c b/arch/s390/mm/gup.c
index 2809d11..9b5b866 100644
--- a/arch/s390/mm/gup.c
+++ b/arch/s390/mm/gup.c
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@
 		VM_BUG_ON(!pfn_valid(pte_pfn(pte)));
 		page = pte_page(pte);
 		head = compound_head(page);
-		if (!page_cache_get_speculative(head))
+		if (unlikely(WARN_ON_ONCE(page_ref_count(head) < 0)
+		    || !page_cache_get_speculative(head)))
 			return 0;
 		if (unlikely(pte_val(pte) != pte_val(*ptep))) {
 			put_page(head);
@@ -77,7 +78,8 @@
 		refs++;
 	} while (addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
 
-	if (!page_cache_add_speculative(head, refs)) {
+	if (unlikely(WARN_ON_ONCE(page_ref_count(head) < 0)
+	    || !page_cache_add_speculative(head, refs))) {
 		*nr -= refs;
 		return 0;
 	}
@@ -151,7 +153,8 @@
 		refs++;
 	} while (addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
 
-	if (!page_cache_add_speculative(head, refs)) {
+	if (unlikely(WARN_ON_ONCE(page_ref_count(head) < 0)
+	    || !page_cache_add_speculative(head, refs))) {
 		*nr -= refs;
 		return 0;
 	}