License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
diff --git a/samples/auxdisplay/Makefile b/samples/auxdisplay/Makefile
index 05e471f..0273bab 100644
--- a/samples/auxdisplay/Makefile
+++ b/samples/auxdisplay/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
CC := $(CROSS_COMPILE)gcc
CFLAGS := -I../../usr/include
diff --git a/samples/bpf/Makefile b/samples/bpf/Makefile
index cf17c79..9b4a66e 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/Makefile
+++ b/samples/bpf/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
# kbuild trick to avoid linker error. Can be omitted if a module is built.
obj- := dummy.o
diff --git a/samples/bpf/bpf_load.c b/samples/bpf/bpf_load.c
index 6aa5009..2325d7a 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/bpf_load.c
+++ b/samples/bpf/bpf_load.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
diff --git a/samples/bpf/bpf_load.h b/samples/bpf/bpf_load.h
index 453e322..7d57a42 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/bpf_load.h
+++ b/samples/bpf/bpf_load.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef __BPF_LOAD_H
#define __BPF_LOAD_H
diff --git a/samples/bpf/cgroup_helpers.c b/samples/bpf/cgroup_helpers.c
index 9d1be94..09afadd 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/cgroup_helpers.c
+++ b/samples/bpf/cgroup_helpers.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <sched.h>
#include <sys/mount.h>
diff --git a/samples/bpf/cgroup_helpers.h b/samples/bpf/cgroup_helpers.h
index 78c5520..06485e0 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/cgroup_helpers.h
+++ b/samples/bpf/cgroup_helpers.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef __CGROUP_HELPERS_H
#define __CGROUP_HELPERS_H
#include <errno.h>
diff --git a/samples/bpf/libbpf.h b/samples/bpf/libbpf.h
index 8ab36a0..18bfee5 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/libbpf.h
+++ b/samples/bpf/libbpf.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/* eBPF mini library */
#ifndef __LIBBPF_H
#define __LIBBPF_H
diff --git a/samples/bpf/lwt_len_hist.sh b/samples/bpf/lwt_len_hist.sh
index 7d56774..090b96e 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/lwt_len_hist.sh
+++ b/samples/bpf/lwt_len_hist.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
NS1=lwt_ns1
VETH0=tst_lwt1a
diff --git a/samples/bpf/lwt_len_hist_user.c b/samples/bpf/lwt_len_hist_user.c
index ec8f3bbc..7fcb94c 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/lwt_len_hist_user.c
+++ b/samples/bpf/lwt_len_hist_user.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/unistd.h>
#include <linux/bpf.h>
diff --git a/samples/bpf/run_cookie_uid_helper_example.sh b/samples/bpf/run_cookie_uid_helper_example.sh
index f898cfa..fc6bc04 100755
--- a/samples/bpf/run_cookie_uid_helper_example.sh
+++ b/samples/bpf/run_cookie_uid_helper_example.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
local_dir="$(pwd)"
root_dir=$local_dir/../..
mnt_dir=$(mktemp -d --tmp)
diff --git a/samples/bpf/sock_example.h b/samples/bpf/sock_example.h
index d801406..772d5da 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/sock_example.h
+++ b/samples/bpf/sock_example.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <linux/unistd.h>
diff --git a/samples/bpf/sockex1_user.c b/samples/bpf/sockex1_user.c
index 6cd2feb..2be935c 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/sockex1_user.c
+++ b/samples/bpf/sockex1_user.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <linux/bpf.h>
diff --git a/samples/bpf/sockex2_user.c b/samples/bpf/sockex2_user.c
index 0e0207c..44fe080 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/sockex2_user.c
+++ b/samples/bpf/sockex2_user.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <linux/bpf.h>
diff --git a/samples/bpf/sockex3_user.c b/samples/bpf/sockex3_user.c
index 877ecf8..495ee02 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/sockex3_user.c
+++ b/samples/bpf/sockex3_user.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <linux/bpf.h>
diff --git a/samples/bpf/spintest_user.c b/samples/bpf/spintest_user.c
index 80676c2..3d73621 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/spintest_user.c
+++ b/samples/bpf/spintest_user.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <linux/bpf.h>
diff --git a/samples/bpf/syscall_nrs.c b/samples/bpf/syscall_nrs.c
index ce2a30b..516e255 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/syscall_nrs.c
+++ b/samples/bpf/syscall_nrs.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <uapi/linux/unistd.h>
#include <linux/kbuild.h>
diff --git a/samples/bpf/tc_l2_redirect.sh b/samples/bpf/tc_l2_redirect.sh
index 80a05591..37d95ef 100755
--- a/samples/bpf/tc_l2_redirect.sh
+++ b/samples/bpf/tc_l2_redirect.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
[[ -z $TC ]] && TC='tc'
[[ -z $IP ]] && IP='ip'
diff --git a/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_sock.sh b/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_sock.sh
index a81f38e..8ee0371a 100755
--- a/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_sock.sh
+++ b/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_sock.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
# Test various socket options that can be set by attaching programs to cgroups.
diff --git a/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_sock2.c b/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_sock2.c
index db03607..e53f1f6 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_sock2.c
+++ b/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_sock2.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/* eBPF example program:
*
* - Loads eBPF program
diff --git a/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_sock2.sh b/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_sock2.sh
index 891f12a..fc4e64d 100755
--- a/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_sock2.sh
+++ b/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_sock2.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
function config_device {
ip netns add at_ns0
diff --git a/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_tc.sh b/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_tc.sh
index 0b119ee..12faf58 100755
--- a/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_tc.sh
+++ b/samples/bpf/test_cgrp2_tc.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
MY_DIR=$(dirname $0)
# Details on the bpf prog
diff --git a/samples/bpf/test_cls_bpf.sh b/samples/bpf/test_cls_bpf.sh
index 0365d5e..aaddd67 100755
--- a/samples/bpf/test_cls_bpf.sh
+++ b/samples/bpf/test_cls_bpf.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
function pktgen {
../pktgen/pktgen_bench_xmit_mode_netif_receive.sh -i $IFC -s 64 \
diff --git a/samples/bpf/test_ipip.sh b/samples/bpf/test_ipip.sh
index 1969254..9e507c3 100755
--- a/samples/bpf/test_ipip.sh
+++ b/samples/bpf/test_ipip.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
function config_device {
ip netns add at_ns0
diff --git a/samples/bpf/test_lwt_bpf.sh b/samples/bpf/test_lwt_bpf.sh
index a695ae2..65a9760 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/test_lwt_bpf.sh
+++ b/samples/bpf/test_lwt_bpf.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
# Uncomment to see generated bytecode
#VERBOSE=verbose
diff --git a/samples/bpf/test_probe_write_user_user.c b/samples/bpf/test_probe_write_user_user.c
index b5bf178..bf8e3a9 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/test_probe_write_user_user.c
+++ b/samples/bpf/test_probe_write_user_user.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <linux/bpf.h>
diff --git a/samples/bpf/test_tunnel_bpf.sh b/samples/bpf/test_tunnel_bpf.sh
index 410052d..312e172 100755
--- a/samples/bpf/test_tunnel_bpf.sh
+++ b/samples/bpf/test_tunnel_bpf.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
# In Namespace 0 (at_ns0) using native tunnel
# Overlay IP: 10.1.1.100
# local 192.16.1.100 remote 192.16.1.200
diff --git a/samples/bpf/tracex1_user.c b/samples/bpf/tracex1_user.c
index 31a4818..3dcb475 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/tracex1_user.c
+++ b/samples/bpf/tracex1_user.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <stdio.h>
#include <linux/bpf.h>
#include <unistd.h>
diff --git a/samples/bpf/tracex2_user.c b/samples/bpf/tracex2_user.c
index 7321a3f..efb5e61 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/tracex2_user.c
+++ b/samples/bpf/tracex2_user.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
diff --git a/samples/bpf/tracex5_user.c b/samples/bpf/tracex5_user.c
index 36b5925..4e2774b 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/tracex5_user.c
+++ b/samples/bpf/tracex5_user.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <stdio.h>
#include <linux/bpf.h>
#include <unistd.h>
diff --git a/samples/bpf/tracex6_user.c b/samples/bpf/tracex6_user.c
index a05a99a..a8c22dc 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/tracex6_user.c
+++ b/samples/bpf/tracex6_user.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <assert.h>
diff --git a/samples/connector/Makefile b/samples/connector/Makefile
index 91762d9..fe3c854 100644
--- a/samples/connector/Makefile
+++ b/samples/connector/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
obj-$(CONFIG_SAMPLE_CONNECTOR) += cn_test.o
# List of programs to build
diff --git a/samples/hidraw/Makefile b/samples/hidraw/Makefile
index a9ab961..f5c3012 100644
--- a/samples/hidraw/Makefile
+++ b/samples/hidraw/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
# kbuild trick to avoid linker error. Can be omitted if a module is built.
obj- := dummy.o
diff --git a/samples/hidraw/hid-example.c b/samples/hidraw/hid-example.c
index 92e6c15..9bfd8ff 100644
--- a/samples/hidraw/hid-example.c
+++ b/samples/hidraw/hid-example.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Hidraw Userspace Example
*
diff --git a/samples/mei/Makefile b/samples/mei/Makefile
index 7aac216..c7e52e9 100644
--- a/samples/mei/Makefile
+++ b/samples/mei/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
CC := $(CROSS_COMPILE)gcc
CFLAGS := -I../../usr/include
diff --git a/samples/mic/mpssd/Makefile b/samples/mic/mpssd/Makefile
index 3e3ef91..a7a6e0c7 100644
--- a/samples/mic/mpssd/Makefile
+++ b/samples/mic/mpssd/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
ifndef CROSS_COMPILE
uname_M := $(shell uname -m 2>/dev/null || echo not)
ARCH ?= $(shell echo $(uname_M) | sed -e s/i.86/x86/ -e s/x86_64/x86/)
diff --git a/samples/pktgen/parameters.sh b/samples/pktgen/parameters.sh
index 3a6244d..72fc562 100644
--- a/samples/pktgen/parameters.sh
+++ b/samples/pktgen/parameters.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
# Common parameter parsing for pktgen scripts
#
diff --git a/samples/pktgen/pktgen.conf-1-1-ip6 b/samples/pktgen/pktgen.conf-1-1-ip6
index 0b9ffd4..62426af 100755
--- a/samples/pktgen/pktgen.conf-1-1-ip6
+++ b/samples/pktgen/pktgen.conf-1-1-ip6
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#modprobe pktgen
diff --git a/samples/pktgen/pktgen.conf-1-1-ip6-rdos b/samples/pktgen/pktgen.conf-1-1-ip6-rdos
index ad98e5f..3ac3eb1 100755
--- a/samples/pktgen/pktgen.conf-1-1-ip6-rdos
+++ b/samples/pktgen/pktgen.conf-1-1-ip6-rdos
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#modprobe pktgen
diff --git a/samples/pktgen/pktgen.conf-1-2 b/samples/pktgen/pktgen.conf-1-2
index ba4eb26..a855527 100755
--- a/samples/pktgen/pktgen.conf-1-2
+++ b/samples/pktgen/pktgen.conf-1-2
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#modprobe pktgen
diff --git a/samples/pktgen/pktgen_bench_xmit_mode_netif_receive.sh b/samples/pktgen/pktgen_bench_xmit_mode_netif_receive.sh
index e5bfe75..2839f7d 100755
--- a/samples/pktgen/pktgen_bench_xmit_mode_netif_receive.sh
+++ b/samples/pktgen/pktgen_bench_xmit_mode_netif_receive.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Benchmark script:
# - developed for benchmarking ingress qdisc path
diff --git a/samples/pktgen/pktgen_bench_xmit_mode_queue_xmit.sh b/samples/pktgen/pktgen_bench_xmit_mode_queue_xmit.sh
index 1ad878e..e1ee544 100755
--- a/samples/pktgen/pktgen_bench_xmit_mode_queue_xmit.sh
+++ b/samples/pktgen/pktgen_bench_xmit_mode_queue_xmit.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Benchmark script:
# - developed for benchmarking egress qdisc path, derived (more
diff --git a/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample01_simple.sh b/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample01_simple.sh
index 35b7fe3..e9ab4ed 100755
--- a/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample01_simple.sh
+++ b/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample01_simple.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Simple example:
# * pktgen sending with single thread and single interface
diff --git a/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample02_multiqueue.sh b/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample02_multiqueue.sh
index cbdd3e2..99f740a 100755
--- a/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample02_multiqueue.sh
+++ b/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample02_multiqueue.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Multiqueue: Using pktgen threads for sending on multiple CPUs
# * adding devices to kernel threads
diff --git a/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample03_burst_single_flow.sh b/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample03_burst_single_flow.sh
index 8d26e0c..4c2e421 100755
--- a/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample03_burst_single_flow.sh
+++ b/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample03_burst_single_flow.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Script for max single flow performance
# - If correctly tuned[1], single CPU 10G wirespeed small pkts is possible[2]
diff --git a/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample04_many_flows.sh b/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample04_many_flows.sh
index 497fb75..4df92b7 100755
--- a/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample04_many_flows.sh
+++ b/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample04_many_flows.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Script example for many flows testing
#
diff --git a/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample05_flow_per_thread.sh b/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample05_flow_per_thread.sh
index ac9cfd6..7f8b5e5 100755
--- a/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample05_flow_per_thread.sh
+++ b/samples/pktgen/pktgen_sample05_flow_per_thread.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Script will generate one flow per thread (-t N)
# - Same destination IP
diff --git a/samples/seccomp/Makefile b/samples/seccomp/Makefile
index bf7cc6b..19a870e 100644
--- a/samples/seccomp/Makefile
+++ b/samples/seccomp/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
# kbuild trick to avoid linker error. Can be omitted if a module is built.
obj- := dummy.o
diff --git a/samples/seccomp/bpf-direct.c b/samples/seccomp/bpf-direct.c
index 151ec3f..c09e4a1 100644
--- a/samples/seccomp/bpf-direct.c
+++ b/samples/seccomp/bpf-direct.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Seccomp filter example for x86 (32-bit and 64-bit) with BPF macros
*
diff --git a/samples/seccomp/bpf-fancy.c b/samples/seccomp/bpf-fancy.c
index e8b24f4..1ccb435 100644
--- a/samples/seccomp/bpf-fancy.c
+++ b/samples/seccomp/bpf-fancy.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Seccomp BPF example using a macro-based generator.
*
diff --git a/samples/seccomp/bpf-helper.c b/samples/seccomp/bpf-helper.c
index 1ef0f4d..ae260d7 100644
--- a/samples/seccomp/bpf-helper.c
+++ b/samples/seccomp/bpf-helper.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Seccomp BPF helper functions
*
diff --git a/samples/seccomp/bpf-helper.h b/samples/seccomp/bpf-helper.h
index 1d8de9e..0cc9816 100644
--- a/samples/seccomp/bpf-helper.h
+++ b/samples/seccomp/bpf-helper.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* Example wrapper around BPF macros.
*
diff --git a/samples/seccomp/dropper.c b/samples/seccomp/dropper.c
index 68325ca..cc0648e 100644
--- a/samples/seccomp/dropper.c
+++ b/samples/seccomp/dropper.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Naive system call dropper built on seccomp_filter.
*
diff --git a/samples/timers/Makefile b/samples/timers/Makefile
index a5c3c4a..f9fa074 100644
--- a/samples/timers/Makefile
+++ b/samples/timers/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
ifndef CROSS_COMPILE
uname_M := $(shell uname -m 2>/dev/null || echo not)
ARCH ?= $(shell echo $(uname_M) | sed -e s/i.86/x86/ -e s/x86_64/x86/)
diff --git a/samples/timers/hpet_example.c b/samples/timers/hpet_example.c
index 3ab4993..f1cb622 100644
--- a/samples/timers/hpet_example.c
+++ b/samples/timers/hpet_example.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
diff --git a/samples/trace_events/trace-events-sample.h b/samples/trace_events/trace-events-sample.h
index 76a75ab..5bcd914 100644
--- a/samples/trace_events/trace-events-sample.h
+++ b/samples/trace_events/trace-events-sample.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* If TRACE_SYSTEM is defined, that will be the directory created
* in the ftrace directory under /sys/kernel/tracing/events/<system>
diff --git a/samples/uhid/uhid-example.c b/samples/uhid/uhid-example.c
index 7d58a4b..b72d645 100644
--- a/samples/uhid/uhid-example.c
+++ b/samples/uhid/uhid-example.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* UHID Example
*
diff --git a/samples/watchdog/Makefile b/samples/watchdog/Makefile
index 9b53d89..a9430fa 100644
--- a/samples/watchdog/Makefile
+++ b/samples/watchdog/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
CC := $(CROSS_COMPILE)gcc
PROGS := watchdog-simple
diff --git a/samples/watchdog/watchdog-simple.c b/samples/watchdog/watchdog-simple.c
index ba45803..9ce66d2 100644
--- a/samples/watchdog/watchdog-simple.c
+++ b/samples/watchdog/watchdog-simple.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>