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+Segmentation Offloads in the Linux Networking Stack
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+This document describes a set of techniques in the Linux networking stack
+to take advantage of segmentation offload capabilities of various NICs.
+
+The following technologies are described:
+ * TCP Segmentation Offload - TSO
+ * UDP Fragmentation Offload - UFO
+ * IPIP, SIT, GRE, and UDP Tunnel Offloads
+ * Generic Segmentation Offload - GSO
+ * Generic Receive Offload - GRO
+ * Partial Generic Segmentation Offload - GSO_PARTIAL
+
+TCP Segmentation Offload
+========================
+
+TCP segmentation allows a device to segment a single frame into multiple
+frames with a data payload size specified in skb_shinfo()->gso_size.
+When TCP segmentation requested the bit for either SKB_GSO_TCP or
+SKB_GSO_TCP6 should be set in skb_shinfo()->gso_type and
+skb_shinfo()->gso_size should be set to a non-zero value.
+
+TCP segmentation is dependent on support for the use of partial checksum
+offload.  For this reason TSO is normally disabled if the Tx checksum
+offload for a given device is disabled.
+
+In order to support TCP segmentation offload it is necessary to populate
+the network and transport header offsets of the skbuff so that the device
+drivers will be able determine the offsets of the IP or IPv6 header and the
+TCP header.  In addition as CHECKSUM_PARTIAL is required csum_start should
+also point to the TCP header of the packet.
+
+For IPv4 segmentation we support one of two types in terms of the IP ID.
+The default behavior is to increment the IP ID with every segment.  If the
+GSO type SKB_GSO_TCP_FIXEDID is specified then we will not increment the IP
+ID and all segments will use the same IP ID.  If a device has
+NETIF_F_TSO_MANGLEID set then the IP ID can be ignored when performing TSO
+and we will either increment the IP ID for all frames, or leave it at a
+static value based on driver preference.
+
+UDP Fragmentation Offload
+=========================
+
+UDP fragmentation offload allows a device to fragment an oversized UDP
+datagram into multiple IPv4 fragments.  Many of the requirements for UDP
+fragmentation offload are the same as TSO.  However the IPv4 ID for
+fragments should not increment as a single IPv4 datagram is fragmented.
+
+IPIP, SIT, GRE, UDP Tunnel, and Remote Checksum Offloads
+========================================================
+
+In addition to the offloads described above it is possible for a frame to
+contain additional headers such as an outer tunnel.  In order to account
+for such instances an additional set of segmentation offload types were
+introduced including SKB_GSO_IPIP, SKB_GSO_SIT, SKB_GSO_GRE, and
+SKB_GSO_UDP_TUNNEL.  These extra segmentation types are used to identify
+cases where there are more than just 1 set of headers.  For example in the
+case of IPIP and SIT we should have the network and transport headers moved
+from the standard list of headers to "inner" header offsets.
+
+Currently only two levels of headers are supported.  The convention is to
+refer to the tunnel headers as the outer headers, while the encapsulated
+data is normally referred to as the inner headers.  Below is the list of
+calls to access the given headers:
+
+IPIP/SIT Tunnel:
+		Outer			Inner
+MAC		skb_mac_header
+Network		skb_network_header	skb_inner_network_header
+Transport	skb_transport_header
+
+UDP/GRE Tunnel:
+		Outer			Inner
+MAC		skb_mac_header		skb_inner_mac_header
+Network		skb_network_header	skb_inner_network_header
+Transport	skb_transport_header	skb_inner_transport_header
+
+In addition to the above tunnel types there are also SKB_GSO_GRE_CSUM and
+SKB_GSO_UDP_TUNNEL_CSUM.  These two additional tunnel types reflect the
+fact that the outer header also requests to have a non-zero checksum
+included in the outer header.
+
+Finally there is SKB_GSO_REMCSUM which indicates that a given tunnel header
+has requested a remote checksum offload.  In this case the inner headers
+will be left with a partial checksum and only the outer header checksum
+will be computed.
+
+Generic Segmentation Offload
+============================
+
+Generic segmentation offload is a pure software offload that is meant to
+deal with cases where device drivers cannot perform the offloads described
+above.  What occurs in GSO is that a given skbuff will have its data broken
+out over multiple skbuffs that have been resized to match the MSS provided
+via skb_shinfo()->gso_size.
+
+Before enabling any hardware segmentation offload a corresponding software
+offload is required in GSO.  Otherwise it becomes possible for a frame to
+be re-routed between devices and end up being unable to be transmitted.
+
+Generic Receive Offload
+=======================
+
+Generic receive offload is the complement to GSO.  Ideally any frame
+assembled by GRO should be segmented to create an identical sequence of
+frames using GSO, and any sequence of frames segmented by GSO should be
+able to be reassembled back to the original by GRO.  The only exception to
+this is IPv4 ID in the case that the DF bit is set for a given IP header.
+If the value of the IPv4 ID is not sequentially incrementing it will be
+altered so that it is when a frame assembled via GRO is segmented via GSO.
+
+Partial Generic Segmentation Offload
+====================================
+
+Partial generic segmentation offload is a hybrid between TSO and GSO.  What
+it effectively does is take advantage of certain traits of TCP and tunnels
+so that instead of having to rewrite the packet headers for each segment
+only the inner-most transport header and possibly the outer-most network
+header need to be updated.  This allows devices that do not support tunnel
+offloads or tunnel offloads with checksum to still make use of segmentation.
+
+With the partial offload what occurs is that all headers excluding the
+inner transport header are updated such that they will contain the correct
+values for if the header was simply duplicated.  The one exception to this
+is the outer IPv4 ID field.  It is up to the device drivers to guarantee
+that the IPv4 ID field is incremented in the case that a given header does
+not have the DF bit set.