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Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -07001Intro
2=====
3
4This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
Linus Torvalds5adaf852011-07-11 16:48:38 -07005software necessary to run the 3.0 kernels.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -07006
7This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
8and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
9Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
10'net).
11
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070012Current Minimal Requirements
13============================
14
15Upgrade to at *least* these software revisions before thinking you've
16encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
17running, the suggested command should tell you.
18
Linus Torvalds5adaf852011-07-11 16:48:38 -070019Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
20running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
21systems; obviously, if you don't have any ISDN hardware, for example,
22you probably needn't concern yourself with isdn4k-utils.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070023
Kevinbf5777b2014-12-22 20:00:36 -050024o GNU C 3.2 # gcc --version
25o GNU make 3.80 # make --version
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070026o binutils 2.12 # ld -v
27o util-linux 2.10o # fdformat --version
28o module-init-tools 0.9.10 # depmod -V
Bill Nottingham242f45d2009-01-29 16:28:40 -080029o e2fsprogs 1.41.4 # e2fsck -V
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070030o jfsutils 1.1.3 # fsck.jfs -V
Christian Kujaue06c3742011-03-22 16:35:02 -070031o reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 # reiserfsck -V
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070032o xfsprogs 2.6.0 # xfs_db -V
Bill Nottingham242f45d2009-01-29 16:28:40 -080033o squashfs-tools 4.0 # mksquashfs -version
34o btrfs-progs 0.18 # btrfsck
Robert P. J. Daye4121712006-09-11 12:39:19 -040035o pcmciautils 004 # pccardctl -V
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070036o quota-tools 3.09 # quota -V
37o PPP 2.4.0 # pppd --version
38o isdn4k-utils 3.1pre1 # isdnctrl 2>&1|grep version
39o nfs-utils 1.0.5 # showmount --version
40o procps 3.2.0 # ps --version
John Levon0c0a4002005-06-23 22:02:47 -070041o oprofile 0.9 # oprofiled --version
Christian Kujaue06c3742011-03-22 16:35:02 -070042o udev 081 # udevd --version
43o grub 0.93 # grub --version || grub-install --version
44o mcelog 0.6 # mcelog --version
Jan Engelhardtd879e192010-03-22 19:39:04 +010045o iptables 1.4.2 # iptables -V
David Howells283e8ba2015-09-25 16:31:46 +010046o openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 # openssl version
Benoit Lemarchand1c3a54e2015-09-29 18:57:11 +020047o bc 1.06.95 # bc --version
Jan Engelhardt7a922632009-12-14 14:52:10 +010048
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070049
50Kernel compilation
51==================
52
53GCC
54---
55
56The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
Andrew Mortona1365642006-01-08 01:04:09 -080057computer.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070058
59Make
60----
61
Kevinbf5777b2014-12-22 20:00:36 -050062You will need GNU make 3.80 or later to build the kernel.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070063
64Binutils
65--------
66
67Linux on IA-32 has recently switched from using as86 to using gas for
68assembling the 16-bit boot code, removing the need for as86 to compile
69your kernel. This change does, however, mean that you need a recent
70release of binutils.
71
Jose Luis Perez Diez08219622009-06-17 16:26:30 -070072Perl
73----
74
75You will need perl 5 and the following modules: Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std,
76File::Basename, and File::Find to build the kernel.
77
Alan221069b2014-05-19 14:02:17 +010078BC
79--
80
81You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
82
Jose Luis Perez Diez08219622009-06-17 16:26:30 -070083
David Howells3f1d44a2015-08-27 11:13:36 +010084OpenSSL
85-------
86
87Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
88crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
89
90You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
91enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
92and higher.
93
94
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070095System utilities
96================
97
98Architectural changes
99---------------------
100
101DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
102(http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
103
10432-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
105
106Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
107documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
108definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with the
109SGML templates in the Documentation/DocBook directory to make DocBook
110files, which can then be converted by DocBook stylesheets to PostScript,
111HTML, PDF files, and several other formats. In order to convert from
112DocBook format to a format of your choice, you'll need to install Jade as
113well as the desired DocBook stylesheets.
114
115Util-linux
116----------
117
118New versions of util-linux provide *fdisk support for larger disks,
119support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
120types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
121You'll probably want to upgrade.
122
123Ksymoops
124--------
125
Jesper Juhl62a07e62005-11-07 01:01:03 -0800126If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
127ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
Linus Torvalds5adaf852011-07-11 16:48:38 -0700128It is generally preferred to build the kernel with CONFIG_KALLSYMS so
129that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
130produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
131is not build with CONFIG_KALLSYMS and you have no way to rebuild and
132reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
133with ksymoops.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700134
135Module-Init-Tools
136-----------------
137
138A new module loader is now in the kernel that requires module-init-tools
139to use. It is backward compatible with the 2.4.x series kernels.
140
141Mkinitrd
142--------
143
144These changes to the /lib/modules file tree layout also require that
145mkinitrd be upgraded.
146
147E2fsprogs
148---------
149
150The latest version of e2fsprogs fixes several bugs in fsck and
151debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
152
153JFSutils
154--------
155
156The jfsutils package contains the utilities for the file system.
157The following utilities are available:
158o fsck.jfs - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
159 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
160o mkfs.jfs - create a JFS formatted partition.
161o other file system utilities are also available in this package.
162
163Reiserfsprogs
164-------------
165
166The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
167(Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
168versions of mkreiserfs, resize_reiserfs, debugreiserfs and
169reiserfsck. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
170
171Xfsprogs
172--------
173
174The latest version of xfsprogs contains mkfs.xfs, xfs_db, and the
175xfs_repair utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
176architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
177work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
178later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
179
Dominik Brodowski5085cb22005-06-27 16:28:45 -0700180PCMCIAutils
181-----------
182
Simon Danner00703e02014-09-06 15:44:06 +0200183PCMCIAutils replaces pcmcia-cs. It properly sets up
Dominik Brodowski5085cb22005-06-27 16:28:45 -0700184PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
185for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
186subsystem is used.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700187
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700188Quota-tools
189-----------
190
191Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
192the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
193newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
194from the table above.
195
196Intel IA32 microcode
197--------------------
198
199A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
Greg Kroah-Hartman890fbae2005-06-20 21:15:16 -0700200accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
201udev you may need to:
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700202
203mkdir /dev/cpu
204mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
205chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
206
207as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
208get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
209
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700210udev
211----
212udev is a userspace application for populating /dev dynamically with
Greg Kroah-Hartman890fbae2005-06-20 21:15:16 -0700213only entries for devices actually present. udev replaces the basic
Jan Engelhardt03a67a42006-11-30 05:32:19 +0100214functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
Greg Kroah-Hartman890fbae2005-06-20 21:15:16 -0700215devices.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700216
Miklos Szeredi909021e2005-09-27 21:45:20 -0700217FUSE
218----
219
220Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
221options 'direct_io' and 'kernel_cache' won't work.
222
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700223Networking
224==========
225
226General changes
227---------------
228
229If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
230consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
231
232Packet Filter / NAT
233-------------------
234The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
235kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
236for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
237
238PPP
239---
240
241The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
242enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
243upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
244
Greg Kroah-Hartman890fbae2005-06-20 21:15:16 -0700245If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700246which can be made by:
247
248mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
249
250as root.
251
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700252Isdn4k-utils
253------------
254
255Due to changes in the length of the phone number field, isdn4k-utils
256needs to be recompiled or (preferably) upgraded.
257
258NFS-utils
259---------
260
Linus Torvalds5adaf852011-07-11 16:48:38 -0700261In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
262about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700263information would be given to the kernel by "mountd" when the client
264mounted the filesystem, or by "exportfs" at system startup. exportfs
265would take information about active clients from /var/lib/nfs/rmtab.
266
267This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
268which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
269fail-over. Even when the system is working well, rmtab suffers from
270getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
271
Linus Torvalds5adaf852011-07-11 16:48:38 -0700272With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
273when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
274appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
275dependency on rmtab and means that the kernel only needs to know about
276currently active clients.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700277
278To enable this new functionality, you need to:
279
Robert P. J. Daye4121712006-09-11 12:39:19 -0400280 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700281
282before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
283services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
284that is possible.
285
Andi Kleen172d8992009-04-28 23:37:02 +0200286mcelog
287------
288
Paul Bollec8c3f7d2014-07-12 09:54:52 -0700289On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
290events when CONFIG_X86_MCE is enabled. Machine check events are errors reported
291by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
Andi Kleen172d8992009-04-28 23:37:02 +0200292
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700293Getting updated software
294========================
295
296Kernel compilation
297******************
298
Andrew Mortona1365642006-01-08 01:04:09 -0800299gcc
300---
301o <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700302
303Make
304----
305o <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
306
307Binutils
308--------
309o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
310
David Howells3f1d44a2015-08-27 11:13:36 +0100311OpenSSL
312-------
313o <https://www.openssl.org/>
314
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700315System utilities
316****************
317
318Util-linux
319----------
320o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
321
322Ksymoops
323--------
324o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
325
326Module-Init-Tools
327-----------------
328o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/rusty/modules/>
329
330Mkinitrd
331--------
Justin P. Mattocka6557732010-07-03 15:46:13 -0700332o <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700333
334E2fsprogs
335---------
336o <http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.29.tar.gz>
337
338JFSutils
339--------
340o <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
341
342Reiserfsprogs
343-------------
Justin P. Mattocka6557732010-07-03 15:46:13 -0700344o <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/reiserfs/>
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700345
346Xfsprogs
347--------
Justin P. Mattocka6557732010-07-03 15:46:13 -0700348o <ftp://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/>
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700349
Dominik Brodowski5085cb22005-06-27 16:28:45 -0700350Pcmciautils
351-----------
352o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
353
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700354Quota-tools
355----------
356o <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
357
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700358DocBook Stylesheets
359-------------------
Simon Danner03ebb7d2014-09-06 15:42:48 +0200360o <http://sourceforge.net/projects/docbook/files/docbook-dsssl/>
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700361
Martin Waitz8b0c2d92005-05-01 08:59:27 -0700362XMLTO XSLT Frontend
363-------------------
364o <http://cyberelk.net/tim/xmlto/>
365
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700366Intel P6 microcode
367------------------
Simon Danner03ebb7d2014-09-06 15:42:48 +0200368o <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700369
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700370udev
371----
Simon Danner03ebb7d2014-09-06 15:42:48 +0200372o <http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700373
Miklos Szeredi909021e2005-09-27 21:45:20 -0700374FUSE
375----
376o <http://sourceforge.net/projects/fuse>
377
Andi Kleen172d8992009-04-28 23:37:02 +0200378mcelog
379------
Simon Danner03ebb7d2014-09-06 15:42:48 +0200380o <http://www.mcelog.org/>
Andi Kleen172d8992009-04-28 23:37:02 +0200381
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700382Networking
383**********
384
385PPP
386---
Justin P. Mattocka6557732010-07-03 15:46:13 -0700387o <ftp://ftp.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700388
389Isdn4k-utils
390------------
Justin P. Mattocka6557732010-07-03 15:46:13 -0700391o <ftp://ftp.isdn4linux.de/pub/isdn4linux/utils/>
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700392
393NFS-utils
394---------
395o <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
396
397Iptables
398--------
399o <http://www.iptables.org/downloads.html>
400
401Ip-route2
402---------
Andrew Shewmaker5d330cd2014-12-03 14:07:31 -0800403o <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700404
405OProfile
406--------
407o <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
408
409NFS-Utils
410---------
411o <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>