diff --git a/arch/s390/mm/gup.c b/arch/s390/mm/gup.c
index 97fc449..cf045f5 100644
--- a/arch/s390/mm/gup.c
+++ b/arch/s390/mm/gup.c
@@ -38,7 +38,8 @@
 		VM_BUG_ON(!pfn_valid(pte_pfn(pte)));
 		page = pte_page(pte);
 		head = compound_head(page);
-		if (!page_cache_get_speculative(head))
+		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(page_ref_count(head) < 0)
+		    || !page_cache_get_speculative(head))
 			return 0;
 		if (unlikely(pte_val(pte) != pte_val(*ptep))) {
 			put_page(head);
@@ -76,7 +77,8 @@
 		refs++;
 	} while (addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
 
-	if (!page_cache_add_speculative(head, refs)) {
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(page_ref_count(head) < 0)
+	    || !page_cache_add_speculative(head, refs)) {
 		*nr -= refs;
 		return 0;
 	}
@@ -150,7 +152,8 @@
 		refs++;
 	} while (addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
 
-	if (!page_cache_add_speculative(head, refs)) {
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(page_ref_count(head) < 0)
+	    || !page_cache_add_speculative(head, refs)) {
 		*nr -= refs;
 		return 0;
 	}