Overview of Linux kernel MHI support
====================================

Modem-Host Interface (MHI)
=========================
MHI used by the host to control and communicate with modem over high speed
peripheral bus. Even though MHI can be easily adapt to any peripheral buses,
primarily used with PCIe based devices. The host has one or more PCIe root
ports connected to modem device. The host has limited access to device memory
space, including register configuration and control the device operation.
Data transfers are invoked from the device.

All data structures used by MHI are in the host system memory. Using PCIe
interface, the device accesses those data structures. MHI data structures and
data buffers in the host system memory regions are mapped for device.

Memory spaces
-------------
PCIe Configurations : Used for enumeration and resource management, such as
interrupt and base addresses.  This is done by mhi control driver.

MMIO
----
MHI MMIO : Memory mapped IO consists of set of registers in the device hardware,
which are mapped to the host memory space through PCIe base address register
(BAR)

MHI control registers : Access to MHI configurations registers
(struct mhi_controller.regs).

MHI BHI register: Boot host interface registers (struct mhi_controller.bhi) used
for firmware download before MHI initialization.

Channel db array : Doorbell registers (struct mhi_chan.tre_ring.db_addr) used by
host to notify device there is new work to do.

Event db array : Associated with event context array
(struct mhi_event.ring.db_addr), host uses to notify device free events are
available.

Data structures
---------------
Host memory : Directly accessed by the host to manage the MHI data structures
and buffers. The device accesses the host memory over the PCIe interface.

Channel context array : All channel configurations are organized in channel
context data array.

struct __packed mhi_chan_ctxt;
struct mhi_ctxt.chan_ctxt;

Transfer rings : Used by host to schedule work items for a channel and organized
as a circular queue of transfer descriptors (TD).

struct __packed mhi_tre;
struct mhi_chan.tre_ring;

Event context array : All event configurations are organized in event context
data array.

struct mhi_ctxt.er_ctxt;
struct __packed mhi_event_ctxt;

Event rings: Used by device to send completion and state transition messages to
host

struct mhi_event.ring;
struct __packed mhi_tre;

Command context array: All command configurations are organized in command
context data array.

struct __packed mhi_cmd_ctxt;
struct mhi_ctxt.cmd_ctxt;

Command rings: Used by host to send MHI commands to device

struct __packed mhi_tre;
struct mhi_cmd.ring;

Transfer rings
--------------
MHI channels are logical, unidirectional data pipes between host and device.
Each channel associated with a single transfer ring.  The data direction can be
either inbound (device to host) or outbound (host to device).  Transfer
descriptors are managed by using transfer rings, which are defined for each
channel between device and host and resides in the host memory.

Transfer ring Pointer:	  	Transfer Ring Array
[Read Pointer (RP)] ----------->[Ring Element] } TD
[Write Pointer (WP)]-		[Ring Element]
                     -		[Ring Element]
		      --------->[Ring Element]
				[Ring Element]

1. Host allocate memory for transfer ring
2. Host sets base, read pointer, write pointer in corresponding channel context
3. Ring is considered empty when RP == WP
4. Ring is considered full when WP + 1 == RP
4. RP indicates the next element to be serviced by device
4. When host new buffer to send, host update the Ring element with buffer
   information
5. Host increment the WP to next element
6. Ring the associated channel DB.

Event rings
-----------
Events from the device to host are organized in event rings and defined in event
descriptors.  Event rings are array of EDs that resides in the host memory.

Transfer ring Pointer:	  	Event Ring Array
[Read Pointer (RP)] ----------->[Ring Element] } ED
[Write Pointer (WP)]-		[Ring Element]
                     -		[Ring Element]
		      --------->[Ring Element]
				[Ring Element]

1. Host allocate memory for event ring
2. Host sets base, read pointer, write pointer in corresponding channel context
3. Both host and device has local copy of RP, WP
3. Ring is considered empty (no events to service) when WP + 1 == RP
4. Ring is full of events when RP == WP
4. RP - 1 = last event device programmed
4. When there is a new event device need to send, device update ED pointed by RP
5. Device increment RP to next element
6. Device trigger and interrupt

Example Operation for data transfer:

1. Host prepare TD with buffer information
2. Host increment Chan[id].ctxt.WP
3. Host ring channel DB register
4. Device wakes up process the TD
5. Device generate a completion event for that TD by updating ED
6. Device increment Event[id].ctxt.RP
7. Device trigger MSI to wake host
8. Host wakes up and check event ring for completion event
9. Host update the Event[i].ctxt.WP to indicate processed of completion event.

Time sync
---------
To synchronize two applications between host and external modem, MHI provide
native support to get external modems free running timer value in a fast
reliable method. MHI clients do not need to create client specific methods to
get modem time.

When client requests modem time, MHI host will automatically capture host time
at that moment so clients are able to do accurate drift adjustment.

Example:

Client request time @ time T1

Host Time: Tx
Modem Time: Ty

Client request time @ time T2
Host Time: Txx
Modem Time: Tyy

Then drift is:
Tyy - Ty + <drift> == Txx - Tx

Clients are free to implement their own drift algorithms, what MHI host provide
is a way to accurately correlate host time with external modem time.

To avoid link level latencies, controller must support capabilities to disable
any link level latency.

During Time capture host will:
	1. Capture host time
	2. Trigger doorbell to capture modem time

It's important time between Step 2 to Step 1 is deterministic as possible.
Therefore, MHI host will:
	1. Disable any MHI related to low power modes.
	2. Disable preemption
	3. Request bus master to disable any link level latencies. Controller
	should disable all low power modes such as L0s, L1, L1ss.

MHI States
----------

enum MHI_STATE {
MHI_STATE_RESET : MHI is in reset state, POR state. Host is not allowed to
		  access device MMIO register space.
MHI_STATE_READY : Device is ready for initialization. Host can start MHI
		  initialization by programming MMIO
MHI_STATE_M0 : MHI is in fully active state, data transfer is active
MHI_STATE_M1 : Device in a suspended state
MHI_STATE_M2 : MHI in low power mode, device may enter lower power mode.
MHI_STATE_M3 : Both host and device in suspended state.  PCIe link is not
	       accessible to device.

MHI Initialization
------------------

1. After system boots, the device is enumerated over PCIe interface
2. Host allocate MHI context for event, channel and command arrays
3. Initialize context array, and prepare interrupts
3. Host waits until device enter READY state
4. Program MHI MMIO registers and set device into MHI_M0 state
5. Wait for device to enter M0 state

Linux Software Architecture
===========================

MHI Controller
--------------
MHI controller is also the MHI bus master. In charge of managing the physical
link between host and device.  Not involved in actual data transfer.  At least
for PCIe based buses, for other type of bus, we can expand to add support.

Roles:
1. Turn on PCIe bus and configure the link
2. Configure MSI, SMMU, and IOMEM
3. Allocate struct mhi_controller and register with MHI bus framework
2. Initiate power on and shutdown sequence
3. Initiate suspend and resume

Usage
-----

1. Allocate control data structure by calling mhi_alloc_controller()
2. Initialize mhi_controller with all the known information such as:
   - Device Topology
   - IOMMU window
   - IOMEM mapping
   - Device to use for memory allocation, and of_node with DT configuration
   - Configure asynchronous callback functions
3. Register MHI controller with MHI bus framework by calling
   of_register_mhi_controller()

After successfully registering controller can initiate any of these power modes:

1. Power up sequence
   - mhi_prepare_for_power_up()
   - mhi_async_power_up()
   - mhi_sync_power_up()
2. Power down sequence
   - mhi_power_down()
   - mhi_unprepare_after_power_down()
3. Initiate suspend
   - mhi_pm_suspend()
4. Initiate resume
   - mhi_pm_resume()

MHI Devices
-----------
Logical device that bind to maximum of two physical MHI channels. Once MHI is in
powered on state, each supported channel by controller will be allocated as a
mhi_device.

Each supported device would be enumerated under
/sys/bus/mhi/devices/

struct mhi_device;

MHI Driver
----------
Each MHI driver can bind to one or more MHI devices. MHI host driver will bind
mhi_device to mhi_driver.

All registered drivers are visible under
/sys/bus/mhi/drivers/

struct mhi_driver;

Usage
-----

1. Register driver using mhi_driver_register
2. Before sending data, prepare device for transfer by calling
   mhi_prepare_for_transfer
3. Initiate data transfer by calling mhi_queue_transfer
4. After finish, call mhi_unprepare_from_transfer to end data transfer