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Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -07001The Linux NTFS filesystem driver
2================================
3
4
5Table of contents
6=================
7
8- Overview
9- Web site
10- Features
11- Supported mount options
12- Known bugs and (mis-)features
13- Using NTFS volume and stripe sets
14 - The Device-Mapper driver
15 - The Software RAID / MD driver
Matt LaPlante2fe0ae72006-10-03 22:50:39 +020016 - Limitations when using the MD driver
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070017
18
19Overview
20========
21
22Linux-NTFS comes with a number of user-space programs known as ntfsprogs.
Anton Altaparmakovc002f422005-02-03 12:02:56 +000023These include mkntfs, a full-featured ntfs filesystem format utility,
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070024ntfsundelete used for recovering files that were unintentionally deleted
25from an NTFS volume and ntfsresize which is used to resize an NTFS partition.
26See the web site for more information.
27
28To mount an NTFS 1.2/3.x (Windows NT4/2000/XP/2003) volume, use the file
29system type 'ntfs'. The driver currently supports read-only mode (with no
30fault-tolerance, encryption or journalling) and very limited, but safe, write
31support.
32
33For fault tolerance and raid support (i.e. volume and stripe sets), you can
34use the kernel's Software RAID / MD driver. See section "Using Software RAID
35with NTFS" for details.
36
37
38Web site
39========
40
41There is plenty of additional information on the linux-ntfs web site
Adrian Bunk169ccbd2008-09-02 14:35:37 -070042at http://www.linux-ntfs.org/
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070043
44The web site has a lot of additional information, such as a comprehensive
Matt LaPlante2fe0ae72006-10-03 22:50:39 +020045FAQ, documentation on the NTFS on-disk format, information on the Linux-NTFS
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070046userspace utilities, etc.
47
48
49Features
50========
51
Anton Altaparmakov98b27032005-10-11 15:40:40 +010052- This is a complete rewrite of the NTFS driver that used to be in the 2.4 and
53 earlier kernels. This new driver implements NTFS read support and is
54 functionally equivalent to the old ntfs driver and it also implements limited
55 write support. The biggest limitation at present is that files/directories
56 cannot be created or deleted. See below for the list of write features that
57 are so far supported. Another limitation is that writing to compressed files
58 is not implemented at all. Also, neither read nor write access to encrypted
59 files is so far implemented.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070060- The new driver has full support for sparse files on NTFS 3.x volumes which
61 the old driver isn't happy with.
62- The new driver supports execution of binaries due to mmap() now being
63 supported.
64- The new driver supports loopback mounting of files on NTFS which is used by
65 some Linux distributions to enable the user to run Linux from an NTFS
66 partition by creating a large file while in Windows and then loopback
67 mounting the file while in Linux and creating a Linux filesystem on it that
68 is used to install Linux on it.
69- A comparison of the two drivers using:
70 time find . -type f -exec md5sum "{}" \;
71 run three times in sequence with each driver (after a reboot) on a 1.4GiB
72 NTFS partition, showed the new driver to be 20% faster in total time elapsed
73 (from 9:43 minutes on average down to 7:53). The time spent in user space
74 was unchanged but the time spent in the kernel was decreased by a factor of
75 2.5 (from 85 CPU seconds down to 33).
76- The driver does not support short file names in general. For backwards
77 compatibility, we implement access to files using their short file names if
78 they exist. The driver will not create short file names however, and a
79 rename will discard any existing short file name.
80- The new driver supports exporting of mounted NTFS volumes via NFS.
81- The new driver supports async io (aio).
82- The new driver supports fsync(2), fdatasync(2), and msync(2).
83- The new driver supports readv(2) and writev(2).
84- The new driver supports access time updates (including mtime and ctime).
Anton Altaparmakov98b27032005-10-11 15:40:40 +010085- The new driver supports truncate(2) and open(2) with O_TRUNC. But at present
86 only very limited support for highly fragmented files, i.e. ones which have
87 their data attribute split across multiple extents, is included. Another
88 limitation is that at present truncate(2) will never create sparse files,
89 since to mark a file sparse we need to modify the directory entry for the
90 file and we do not implement directory modifications yet.
91- The new driver supports write(2) which can both overwrite existing data and
92 extend the file size so that you can write beyond the existing data. Also,
93 writing into sparse regions is supported and the holes are filled in with
94 clusters. But at present only limited support for highly fragmented files,
95 i.e. ones which have their data attribute split across multiple extents, is
96 included. Another limitation is that write(2) will never create sparse
97 files, since to mark a file sparse we need to modify the directory entry for
98 the file and we do not implement directory modifications yet.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070099
100Supported mount options
101=======================
102
103In addition to the generic mount options described by the manual page for the
104mount command (man 8 mount, also see man 5 fstab), the NTFS driver supports the
105following mount options:
106
107iocharset=name Deprecated option. Still supported but please use
108 nls=name in the future. See description for nls=name.
109
110nls=name Character set to use when returning file names.
111 Unlike VFAT, NTFS suppresses names that contain
112 unconvertible characters. Note that most character
113 sets contain insufficient characters to represent all
114 possible Unicode characters that can exist on NTFS.
115 To be sure you are not missing any files, you are
116 advised to use nls=utf8 which is capable of
117 representing all Unicode characters.
118
119utf8=<bool> Option no longer supported. Currently mapped to
120 nls=utf8 but please use nls=utf8 in the future and
121 make sure utf8 is compiled either as module or into
122 the kernel. See description for nls=name.
123
124uid=
125gid=
126umask= Provide default owner, group, and access mode mask.
127 These options work as documented in mount(8). By
128 default, the files/directories are owned by root and
129 he/she has read and write permissions, as well as
130 browse permission for directories. No one else has any
131 access permissions. I.e. the mode on all files is by
132 default rw------- and for directories rwx------, a
133 consequence of the default fmask=0177 and dmask=0077.
134 Using a umask of zero will grant all permissions to
135 everyone, i.e. all files and directories will have mode
136 rwxrwxrwx.
137
138fmask=
139dmask= Instead of specifying umask which applies both to
140 files and directories, fmask applies only to files and
141 dmask only to directories.
142
143sloppy=<BOOL> If sloppy is specified, ignore unknown mount options.
144 Otherwise the default behaviour is to abort mount if
145 any unknown options are found.
146
147show_sys_files=<BOOL> If show_sys_files is specified, show the system files
148 in directory listings. Otherwise the default behaviour
149 is to hide the system files.
150 Note that even when show_sys_files is specified, "$MFT"
151 will not be visible due to bugs/mis-features in glibc.
152 Further, note that irrespective of show_sys_files, all
153 files are accessible by name, i.e. you can always do
154 "ls -l \$UpCase" for example to specifically show the
155 system file containing the Unicode upcase table.
156
157case_sensitive=<BOOL> If case_sensitive is specified, treat all file names as
158 case sensitive and create file names in the POSIX
159 namespace. Otherwise the default behaviour is to treat
160 file names as case insensitive and to create file names
161 in the WIN32/LONG name space. Note, the Linux NTFS
162 driver will never create short file names and will
163 remove them on rename/delete of the corresponding long
164 file name.
165 Note that files remain accessible via their short file
166 name, if it exists. If case_sensitive, you will need
167 to provide the correct case of the short file name.
168
Anton Altaparmakovc002f422005-02-03 12:02:56 +0000169disable_sparse=<BOOL> If disable_sparse is specified, creation of sparse
170 regions, i.e. holes, inside files is disabled for the
171 volume (for the duration of this mount only). By
172 default, creation of sparse regions is enabled, which
173 is consistent with the behaviour of traditional Unix
174 filesystems.
175
176errors=opt What to do when critical filesystem errors are found.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700177 Following values can be used for "opt":
178 continue: DEFAULT, try to clean-up as much as
179 possible, e.g. marking a corrupt inode as
180 bad so it is no longer accessed, and then
181 continue.
182 recover: At present only supported is recovery of
183 the boot sector from the backup copy.
184 If read-only mount, the recovery is done
185 in memory only and not written to disk.
186 Note that the options are additive, i.e. specifying:
187 errors=continue,errors=recover
188 means the driver will attempt to recover and if that
189 fails it will clean-up as much as possible and
190 continue.
191
192mft_zone_multiplier= Set the MFT zone multiplier for the volume (this
193 setting is not persistent across mounts and can be
194 changed from mount to mount but cannot be changed on
195 remount). Values of 1 to 4 are allowed, 1 being the
196 default. The MFT zone multiplier determines how much
197 space is reserved for the MFT on the volume. If all
198 other space is used up, then the MFT zone will be
199 shrunk dynamically, so this has no impact on the
200 amount of free space. However, it can have an impact
201 on performance by affecting fragmentation of the MFT.
202 In general use the default. If you have a lot of small
203 files then use a higher value. The values have the
204 following meaning:
205 Value MFT zone size (% of volume size)
206 1 12.5%
207 2 25%
208 3 37.5%
209 4 50%
210 Note this option is irrelevant for read-only mounts.
211
212
213Known bugs and (mis-)features
214=============================
215
216- The link count on each directory inode entry is set to 1, due to Linux not
217 supporting directory hard links. This may well confuse some user space
218 applications, since the directory names will have the same inode numbers.
219 This also speeds up ntfs_read_inode() immensely. And we haven't found any
220 problems with this approach so far. If you find a problem with this, please
221 let us know.
222
223
224Please send bug reports/comments/feedback/abuse to the Linux-NTFS development
225list at sourceforge: linux-ntfs-dev@lists.sourceforge.net
226
227
228Using NTFS volume and stripe sets
229=================================
230
231For support of volume and stripe sets, you can either use the kernel's
232Device-Mapper driver or the kernel's Software RAID / MD driver. The former is
233the recommended one to use for linear raid. But the latter is required for
234raid level 5. For striping and mirroring, either driver should work fine.
235
236
237The Device-Mapper driver
238------------------------
239
240You will need to create a table of the components of the volume/stripe set and
241how they fit together and load this into the kernel using the dmsetup utility
242(see man 8 dmsetup).
243
244Linear volume sets, i.e. linear raid, has been tested and works fine. Even
245though untested, there is no reason why stripe sets, i.e. raid level 0, and
246mirrors, i.e. raid level 1 should not work, too. Stripes with parity, i.e.
247raid level 5, unfortunately cannot work yet because the current version of the
248Device-Mapper driver does not support raid level 5. You may be able to use the
249Software RAID / MD driver for raid level 5, see the next section for details.
250
251To create the table describing your volume you will need to know each of its
252components and their sizes in sectors, i.e. multiples of 512-byte blocks.
253
254For NT4 fault tolerant volumes you can obtain the sizes using fdisk. So for
255example if one of your partitions is /dev/hda2 you would do:
256
257$ fdisk -ul /dev/hda
258
259Disk /dev/hda: 81.9 GB, 81964302336 bytes
260255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9964 cylinders, total 160086528 sectors
261Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
262
263 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
264 /dev/hda1 * 63 4209029 2104483+ 83 Linux
265 /dev/hda2 4209030 37768814 16779892+ 86 NTFS
266 /dev/hda3 37768815 46170809 4200997+ 83 Linux
267
268And you would know that /dev/hda2 has a size of 37768814 - 4209030 + 1 =
26933559785 sectors.
270
271For Win2k and later dynamic disks, you can for example use the ldminfo utility
272which is part of the Linux LDM tools (the latest version at the time of
273writing is linux-ldm-0.0.8.tar.bz2). You can download it from:
Adrian Bunk169ccbd2008-09-02 14:35:37 -0700274 http://www.linux-ntfs.org/
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700275Simply extract the downloaded archive (tar xvjf linux-ldm-0.0.8.tar.bz2), go
276into it (cd linux-ldm-0.0.8) and change to the test directory (cd test). You
277will find the precompiled (i386) ldminfo utility there. NOTE: You will not be
278able to compile this yourself easily so use the binary version!
279
280Then you would use ldminfo in dump mode to obtain the necessary information:
281
282$ ./ldminfo --dump /dev/hda
283
284This would dump the LDM database found on /dev/hda which describes all of your
285dynamic disks and all the volumes on them. At the bottom you will see the
286VOLUME DEFINITIONS section which is all you really need. You may need to look
287further above to determine which of the disks in the volume definitions is
288which device in Linux. Hint: Run ldminfo on each of your dynamic disks and
289look at the Disk Id close to the top of the output for each (the PRIVATE HEADER
290section). You can then find these Disk Ids in the VBLK DATABASE section in the
291<Disk> components where you will get the LDM Name for the disk that is found in
292the VOLUME DEFINITIONS section.
293
294Note you will also need to enable the LDM driver in the Linux kernel. If your
295distribution did not enable it, you will need to recompile the kernel with it
296enabled. This will create the LDM partitions on each device at boot time. You
297would then use those devices (for /dev/hda they would be /dev/hda1, 2, 3, etc)
298in the Device-Mapper table.
299
300You can also bypass using the LDM driver by using the main device (e.g.
301/dev/hda) and then using the offsets of the LDM partitions into this device as
302the "Start sector of device" when creating the table. Once again ldminfo would
303give you the correct information to do this.
304
305Assuming you know all your devices and their sizes things are easy.
306
307For a linear raid the table would look like this (note all values are in
308512-byte sectors):
309
310--- cut here ---
311# Offset into Size of this Raid type Device Start sector
312# volume device of device
3130 1028161 linear /dev/hda1 0
3141028161 3903762 linear /dev/hdb2 0
3154931923 2103211 linear /dev/hdc1 0
316--- cut here ---
317
318For a striped volume, i.e. raid level 0, you will need to know the chunk size
319you used when creating the volume. Windows uses 64kiB as the default, so it
320will probably be this unless you changes the defaults when creating the array.
321
322For a raid level 0 the table would look like this (note all values are in
323512-byte sectors):
324
325--- cut here ---
326# Offset Size Raid Number Chunk 1st Start 2nd Start
327# into of the type of size Device in Device in
328# volume volume stripes device device
3290 2056320 striped 2 128 /dev/hda1 0 /dev/hdb1 0
330--- cut here ---
331
332If there are more than two devices, just add each of them to the end of the
333line.
334
335Finally, for a mirrored volume, i.e. raid level 1, the table would look like
336this (note all values are in 512-byte sectors):
337
338--- cut here ---
Matt LaPlantefa00e7e2006-11-30 04:55:36 +0100339# Ofs Size Raid Log Number Region Should Number Source Start Target Start
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700340# in of the type type of log size sync? of Device in Device in
341# vol volume params mirrors Device Device
3420 2056320 mirror core 2 16 nosync 2 /dev/hda1 0 /dev/hdb1 0
343--- cut here ---
344
345If you are mirroring to multiple devices you can specify further targets at the
346end of the line.
347
348Note the "Should sync?" parameter "nosync" means that the two mirrors are
349already in sync which will be the case on a clean shutdown of Windows. If the
350mirrors are not clean, you can specify the "sync" option instead of "nosync"
Matt LaPlantea982ac02007-05-09 07:35:06 +0200351and the Device-Mapper driver will then copy the entirety of the "Source Device"
Lucas De Marchi25985ed2011-03-30 22:57:33 -0300352to the "Target Device" or if you specified multiple target devices to all of
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700353them.
354
355Once you have your table, save it in a file somewhere (e.g. /etc/ntfsvolume1),
356and hand it over to dmsetup to work with, like so:
357
358$ dmsetup create myvolume1 /etc/ntfsvolume1
359
360You can obviously replace "myvolume1" with whatever name you like.
361
362If it all worked, you will now have the device /dev/device-mapper/myvolume1
363which you can then just use as an argument to the mount command as usual to
364mount the ntfs volume. For example:
365
366$ mount -t ntfs -o ro /dev/device-mapper/myvolume1 /mnt/myvol1
367
368(You need to create the directory /mnt/myvol1 first and of course you can use
369anything you like instead of /mnt/myvol1 as long as it is an existing
370directory.)
371
372It is advisable to do the mount read-only to see if the volume has been setup
373correctly to avoid the possibility of causing damage to the data on the ntfs
374volume.
375
376
377The Software RAID / MD driver
378-----------------------------
379
380An alternative to using the Device-Mapper driver is to use the kernel's
381Software RAID / MD driver. For which you need to set up your /etc/raidtab
382appropriately (see man 5 raidtab).
383
384Linear volume sets, i.e. linear raid, as well as stripe sets, i.e. raid level
Matt LaPlante2fe0ae72006-10-03 22:50:39 +02003850, have been tested and work fine (though see section "Limitations when using
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700386the MD driver with NTFS volumes" especially if you want to use linear raid).
387Even though untested, there is no reason why mirrors, i.e. raid level 1, and
388stripes with parity, i.e. raid level 5, should not work, too.
389
390You have to use the "persistent-superblock 0" option for each raid-disk in the
391NTFS volume/stripe you are configuring in /etc/raidtab as the persistent
Matt LaPlantefff92892006-10-03 22:47:42 +0200392superblock used by the MD driver would damage the NTFS volume.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700393
394Windows by default uses a stripe chunk size of 64k, so you probably want the
395"chunk-size 64k" option for each raid-disk, too.
396
397For example, if you have a stripe set consisting of two partitions /dev/hda5
398and /dev/hdb1 your /etc/raidtab would look like this:
399
400raiddev /dev/md0
401 raid-level 0
402 nr-raid-disks 2
403 nr-spare-disks 0
404 persistent-superblock 0
405 chunk-size 64k
406 device /dev/hda5
407 raid-disk 0
408 device /dev/hdb1
Anton Altaparmakovbfab36e2007-10-12 09:37:15 +0100409 raid-disk 1
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700410
411For linear raid, just change the raid-level above to "raid-level linear", for
412mirrors, change it to "raid-level 1", and for stripe sets with parity, change
413it to "raid-level 5".
414
415Note for stripe sets with parity you will also need to tell the MD driver
416which parity algorithm to use by specifying the option "parity-algorithm
417which", where you need to replace "which" with the name of the algorithm to
418use (see man 5 raidtab for available algorithms) and you will have to try the
419different available algorithms until you find one that works. Make sure you
420are working read-only when playing with this as you may damage your data
421otherwise. If you find which algorithm works please let us know (email the
422linux-ntfs developers list linux-ntfs-dev@lists.sourceforge.net or drop in on
423IRC in channel #ntfs on the irc.freenode.net network) so we can update this
424documentation.
425
426Once the raidtab is setup, run for example raid0run -a to start all devices or
427raid0run /dev/md0 to start a particular md device, in this case /dev/md0.
428
429Then just use the mount command as usual to mount the ntfs volume using for
430example: mount -t ntfs -o ro /dev/md0 /mnt/myntfsvolume
431
432It is advisable to do the mount read-only to see if the md volume has been
433setup correctly to avoid the possibility of causing damage to the data on the
434ntfs volume.
435
436
Matt LaPlante2fe0ae72006-10-03 22:50:39 +0200437Limitations when using the Software RAID / MD driver
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700438-----------------------------------------------------
439
440Using the md driver will not work properly if any of your NTFS partitions have
441an odd number of sectors. This is especially important for linear raid as all
442data after the first partition with an odd number of sectors will be offset by
443one or more sectors so if you mount such a partition with write support you
444will cause massive damage to the data on the volume which will only become
445apparent when you try to use the volume again under Windows.
446
447So when using linear raid, make sure that all your partitions have an even
448number of sectors BEFORE attempting to use it. You have been warned!
449
450Even better is to simply use the Device-Mapper for linear raid and then you do
451not have this problem with odd numbers of sectors.