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Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001 ftrace - Function Tracer
2 ========================
3
4Copyright 2008 Red Hat Inc.
Steven Rostedta41eeba2008-07-14 16:41:12 -04005 Author: Steven Rostedt <srostedt@redhat.com>
6 License: The GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
Steven Rostedta97762a2008-07-31 12:40:52 -04007 (dual licensed under the GPL v2)
Steven Rostedtf2d9c742008-07-15 10:57:33 -04008Reviewers: Elias Oltmanns, Randy Dunlap, Andrew Morton,
9 John Kacur, and David Teigland.
Steven Rostedt42ec6322008-11-03 15:18:56 -050010Written for: 2.6.28-rc2
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -040011Updated for: 3.10
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040012
13Introduction
14------------
15
16Ftrace is an internal tracer designed to help out developers and
17designers of systems to find what is going on inside the kernel.
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +010018It can be used for debugging or analyzing latencies and
19performance issues that take place outside of user-space.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040020
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -040021Although ftrace is typically considered the function tracer, it
22is really a frame work of several assorted tracing utilities.
23There's latency tracing to examine what occurs between interrupts
24disabled and enabled, as well as for preemption and from a time
25a task is woken to the task is actually scheduled in.
26
27One of the most common uses of ftrace is the event tracing.
28Through out the kernel is hundreds of static event points that
29can be enabled via the debugfs file system to see what is
30going on in certain parts of the kernel.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040031
32
Mike Frysinger555f3862009-09-14 20:10:15 -040033Implementation Details
34----------------------
35
36See ftrace-design.txt for details for arch porters and such.
37
38
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040039The File System
40---------------
41
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +010042Ftrace uses the debugfs file system to hold the control files as
43well as the files to display output.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040044
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +090045When debugfs is configured into the kernel (which selecting any ftrace
46option will do) the directory /sys/kernel/debug will be created. To mount
47this directory, you can add to your /etc/fstab file:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040048
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +090049 debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs defaults 0 0
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040050
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +090051Or you can mount it at run time with:
52
53 mount -t debugfs nodev /sys/kernel/debug
54
55For quicker access to that directory you may want to make a soft link to
56it:
57
58 ln -s /sys/kernel/debug /debug
59
60Any selected ftrace option will also create a directory called tracing
61within the debugfs. The rest of the document will assume that you are in
62the ftrace directory (cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing) and will only concentrate
63on the files within that directory and not distract from the content with
64the extended "/sys/kernel/debug/tracing" path name.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040065
66That's it! (assuming that you have ftrace configured into your kernel)
67
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -040068After mounting debugfs, you can see a directory called
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040069"tracing". This directory contains the control and output files
70of ftrace. Here is a list of some of the key files:
71
72
73 Note: all time values are in microseconds.
74
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +010075 current_tracer:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040076
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +010077 This is used to set or display the current tracer
78 that is configured.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040079
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +010080 available_tracers:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040081
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +010082 This holds the different types of tracers that
83 have been compiled into the kernel. The
84 tracers listed here can be configured by
85 echoing their name into current_tracer.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040086
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -050087 tracing_on:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040088
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -050089 This sets or displays whether writing to the trace
90 ring buffer is enabled. Echo 0 into this file to disable
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -040091 the tracer or 1 to enable it. Note, this only disables
92 writing to the ring buffer, the tracing overhead may
93 still be occurring.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040094
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +010095 trace:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040096
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +010097 This file holds the output of the trace in a human
98 readable format (described below).
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -040099
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100100 trace_pipe:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400101
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100102 The output is the same as the "trace" file but this
103 file is meant to be streamed with live tracing.
Albin Tonnerre4a88d442009-08-31 22:40:08 +0200104 Reads from this file will block until new data is
105 retrieved. Unlike the "trace" file, this file is a
106 consumer. This means reading from this file causes
107 sequential reads to display more current data. Once
108 data is read from this file, it is consumed, and
109 will not be read again with a sequential read. The
110 "trace" file is static, and if the tracer is not
Rabin Vincent8547aa12015-05-04 19:48:54 +0200111 adding more data, it will display the same
112 information every time it is read.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400113
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100114 trace_options:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400115
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100116 This file lets the user control the amount of data
117 that is displayed in one of the above output
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400118 files. Options also exist to modify how a tracer
119 or events work (stack traces, timestamps, etc).
120
121 options:
122
123 This is a directory that has a file for every available
124 trace option (also in trace_options). Options may also be set
125 or cleared by writing a "1" or "0" respectively into the
126 corresponding file with the option name.
Steven Rostedtdf4fc312008-11-26 00:16:23 -0500127
KOSAKI Motohiro42b40b32009-03-07 23:55:09 +0900128 tracing_max_latency:
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +0100129
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100130 Some of the tracers record the max latency.
131 For example, the time interrupts are disabled.
132 This time is saved in this file. The max trace
Albin Tonnerre4a88d442009-08-31 22:40:08 +0200133 will also be stored, and displayed by "trace".
134 A new max trace will only be recorded if the
135 latency is greater than the value in this
136 file. (in microseconds)
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100137
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400138 tracing_thresh:
139
140 Some latency tracers will record a trace whenever the
141 latency is greater than the number in this file.
142 Only active when the file contains a number greater than 0.
143 (in microseconds)
144
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100145 buffer_size_kb:
146
147 This sets or displays the number of kilobytes each CPU
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400148 buffer holds. By default, the trace buffers are the same size
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100149 for each CPU. The displayed number is the size of the
150 CPU buffer and not total size of all buffers. The
151 trace buffers are allocated in pages (blocks of memory
152 that the kernel uses for allocation, usually 4 KB in size).
153 If the last page allocated has room for more bytes
154 than requested, the rest of the page will be used,
155 making the actual allocation bigger than requested.
156 ( Note, the size may not be a multiple of the page size
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400157 due to buffer management meta-data. )
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100158
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400159 buffer_total_size_kb:
160
161 This displays the total combined size of all the trace buffers.
162
163 free_buffer:
164
165 If a process is performing the tracing, and the ring buffer
166 should be shrunk "freed" when the process is finished, even
167 if it were to be killed by a signal, this file can be used
168 for that purpose. On close of this file, the ring buffer will
169 be resized to its minimum size. Having a process that is tracing
170 also open this file, when the process exits its file descriptor
171 for this file will be closed, and in doing so, the ring buffer
172 will be "freed".
173
174 It may also stop tracing if disable_on_free option is set.
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100175
176 tracing_cpumask:
177
178 This is a mask that lets the user only trace
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400179 on specified CPUs. The format is a hex string
180 representing the CPUs.
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100181
182 set_ftrace_filter:
183
184 When dynamic ftrace is configured in (see the
185 section below "dynamic ftrace"), the code is dynamically
186 modified (code text rewrite) to disable calling of the
187 function profiler (mcount). This lets tracing be configured
188 in with practically no overhead in performance. This also
189 has a side effect of enabling or disabling specific functions
190 to be traced. Echoing names of functions into this file
191 will limit the trace to only those functions.
192
Chase Douglas07271aa2010-04-23 14:02:39 -0400193 This interface also allows for commands to be used. See the
194 "Filter commands" section for more details.
195
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100196 set_ftrace_notrace:
197
198 This has an effect opposite to that of
199 set_ftrace_filter. Any function that is added here will not
200 be traced. If a function exists in both set_ftrace_filter
201 and set_ftrace_notrace, the function will _not_ be traced.
202
203 set_ftrace_pid:
204
205 Have the function tracer only trace a single thread.
206
207 set_graph_function:
208
209 Set a "trigger" function where tracing should start
210 with the function graph tracer (See the section
211 "dynamic ftrace" for more details).
212
213 available_filter_functions:
214
215 This lists the functions that ftrace
216 has processed and can trace. These are the function
217 names that you can pass to "set_ftrace_filter" or
218 "set_ftrace_notrace". (See the section "dynamic ftrace"
219 below for more details.)
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400220
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400221 enabled_functions:
222
223 This file is more for debugging ftrace, but can also be useful
224 in seeing if any function has a callback attached to it.
225 Not only does the trace infrastructure use ftrace function
226 trace utility, but other subsystems might too. This file
227 displays all functions that have a callback attached to them
228 as well as the number of callbacks that have been attached.
229 Note, a callback may also call multiple functions which will
230 not be listed in this count.
231
232 If the callback registered to be traced by a function with
233 the "save regs" attribute (thus even more overhead), a 'R'
234 will be displayed on the same line as the function that
235 is returning registers.
236
Masami Hiramatsuf8b8be82014-11-21 05:25:16 -0500237 If the callback registered to be traced by a function with
238 the "ip modify" attribute (thus the regs->ip can be changed),
239 an 'I' will be displayed on the same line as the function that
240 can be overridden.
241
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400242 function_profile_enabled:
243
244 When set it will enable all functions with either the function
245 tracer, or if enabled, the function graph tracer. It will
246 keep a histogram of the number of functions that were called
247 and if run with the function graph tracer, it will also keep
248 track of the time spent in those functions. The histogram
249 content can be displayed in the files:
250
251 trace_stats/function<cpu> ( function0, function1, etc).
252
253 trace_stats:
254
255 A directory that holds different tracing stats.
256
257 kprobe_events:
258
259 Enable dynamic trace points. See kprobetrace.txt.
260
261 kprobe_profile:
262
263 Dynamic trace points stats. See kprobetrace.txt.
264
265 max_graph_depth:
266
267 Used with the function graph tracer. This is the max depth
268 it will trace into a function. Setting this to a value of
269 one will show only the first kernel function that is called
270 from user space.
271
272 printk_formats:
273
274 This is for tools that read the raw format files. If an event in
275 the ring buffer references a string (currently only trace_printk()
276 does this), only a pointer to the string is recorded into the buffer
277 and not the string itself. This prevents tools from knowing what
278 that string was. This file displays the string and address for
279 the string allowing tools to map the pointers to what the
280 strings were.
281
282 saved_cmdlines:
283
284 Only the pid of the task is recorded in a trace event unless
285 the event specifically saves the task comm as well. Ftrace
286 makes a cache of pid mappings to comms to try to display
287 comms for events. If a pid for a comm is not listed, then
288 "<...>" is displayed in the output.
289
290 snapshot:
291
292 This displays the "snapshot" buffer and also lets the user
293 take a snapshot of the current running trace.
294 See the "Snapshot" section below for more details.
295
296 stack_max_size:
297
298 When the stack tracer is activated, this will display the
299 maximum stack size it has encountered.
300 See the "Stack Trace" section below.
301
302 stack_trace:
303
304 This displays the stack back trace of the largest stack
305 that was encountered when the stack tracer is activated.
306 See the "Stack Trace" section below.
307
308 stack_trace_filter:
309
310 This is similar to "set_ftrace_filter" but it limits what
311 functions the stack tracer will check.
312
313 trace_clock:
314
315 Whenever an event is recorded into the ring buffer, a
316 "timestamp" is added. This stamp comes from a specified
317 clock. By default, ftrace uses the "local" clock. This
318 clock is very fast and strictly per cpu, but on some
319 systems it may not be monotonic with respect to other
320 CPUs. In other words, the local clocks may not be in sync
321 with local clocks on other CPUs.
322
323 Usual clocks for tracing:
324
325 # cat trace_clock
326 [local] global counter x86-tsc
327
328 local: Default clock, but may not be in sync across CPUs
329
330 global: This clock is in sync with all CPUs but may
331 be a bit slower than the local clock.
332
333 counter: This is not a clock at all, but literally an atomic
334 counter. It counts up one by one, but is in sync
335 with all CPUs. This is useful when you need to
336 know exactly the order events occurred with respect to
337 each other on different CPUs.
338
339 uptime: This uses the jiffies counter and the time stamp
340 is relative to the time since boot up.
341
342 perf: This makes ftrace use the same clock that perf uses.
343 Eventually perf will be able to read ftrace buffers
344 and this will help out in interleaving the data.
345
346 x86-tsc: Architectures may define their own clocks. For
347 example, x86 uses its own TSC cycle clock here.
348
349 To set a clock, simply echo the clock name into this file.
350
351 echo global > trace_clock
352
353 trace_marker:
354
355 This is a very useful file for synchronizing user space
356 with events happening in the kernel. Writing strings into
357 this file will be written into the ftrace buffer.
358
359 It is useful in applications to open this file at the start
360 of the application and just reference the file descriptor
361 for the file.
362
363 void trace_write(const char *fmt, ...)
364 {
365 va_list ap;
366 char buf[256];
367 int n;
368
369 if (trace_fd < 0)
370 return;
371
372 va_start(ap, fmt);
373 n = vsnprintf(buf, 256, fmt, ap);
374 va_end(ap);
375
376 write(trace_fd, buf, n);
377 }
378
379 start:
380
381 trace_fd = open("trace_marker", WR_ONLY);
382
383 uprobe_events:
384
385 Add dynamic tracepoints in programs.
386 See uprobetracer.txt
387
388 uprobe_profile:
389
390 Uprobe statistics. See uprobetrace.txt
391
392 instances:
393
394 This is a way to make multiple trace buffers where different
395 events can be recorded in different buffers.
396 See "Instances" section below.
397
398 events:
399
400 This is the trace event directory. It holds event tracepoints
401 (also known as static tracepoints) that have been compiled
402 into the kernel. It shows what event tracepoints exist
403 and how they are grouped by system. There are "enable"
404 files at various levels that can enable the tracepoints
405 when a "1" is written to them.
406
407 See events.txt for more information.
408
409 per_cpu:
410
411 This is a directory that contains the trace per_cpu information.
412
413 per_cpu/cpu0/buffer_size_kb:
414
415 The ftrace buffer is defined per_cpu. That is, there's a separate
416 buffer for each CPU to allow writes to be done atomically,
417 and free from cache bouncing. These buffers may have different
418 size buffers. This file is similar to the buffer_size_kb
419 file, but it only displays or sets the buffer size for the
420 specific CPU. (here cpu0).
421
422 per_cpu/cpu0/trace:
423
424 This is similar to the "trace" file, but it will only display
425 the data specific for the CPU. If written to, it only clears
426 the specific CPU buffer.
427
428 per_cpu/cpu0/trace_pipe
429
430 This is similar to the "trace_pipe" file, and is a consuming
431 read, but it will only display (and consume) the data specific
432 for the CPU.
433
434 per_cpu/cpu0/trace_pipe_raw
435
436 For tools that can parse the ftrace ring buffer binary format,
437 the trace_pipe_raw file can be used to extract the data
438 from the ring buffer directly. With the use of the splice()
439 system call, the buffer data can be quickly transferred to
440 a file or to the network where a server is collecting the
441 data.
442
443 Like trace_pipe, this is a consuming reader, where multiple
444 reads will always produce different data.
445
446 per_cpu/cpu0/snapshot:
447
448 This is similar to the main "snapshot" file, but will only
449 snapshot the current CPU (if supported). It only displays
450 the content of the snapshot for a given CPU, and if
451 written to, only clears this CPU buffer.
452
453 per_cpu/cpu0/snapshot_raw:
454
455 Similar to the trace_pipe_raw, but will read the binary format
456 from the snapshot buffer for the given CPU.
457
458 per_cpu/cpu0/stats:
459
460 This displays certain stats about the ring buffer:
461
462 entries: The number of events that are still in the buffer.
463
464 overrun: The number of lost events due to overwriting when
465 the buffer was full.
466
467 commit overrun: Should always be zero.
468 This gets set if so many events happened within a nested
469 event (ring buffer is re-entrant), that it fills the
470 buffer and starts dropping events.
471
472 bytes: Bytes actually read (not overwritten).
473
474 oldest event ts: The oldest timestamp in the buffer
475
476 now ts: The current timestamp
477
478 dropped events: Events lost due to overwrite option being off.
479
480 read events: The number of events read.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400481
482The Tracers
483-----------
484
Steven Rostedtf2d9c742008-07-15 10:57:33 -0400485Here is the list of current tracers that may be configured.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400486
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100487 "function"
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400488
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100489 Function call tracer to trace all kernel functions.
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +0100490
Mike Frysingerbc5c6c02009-06-10 04:48:41 -0400491 "function_graph"
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400492
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100493 Similar to the function tracer except that the
494 function tracer probes the functions on their entry
495 whereas the function graph tracer traces on both entry
496 and exit of the functions. It then provides the ability
497 to draw a graph of function calls similar to C code
498 source.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400499
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100500 "irqsoff"
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400501
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100502 Traces the areas that disable interrupts and saves
503 the trace with the longest max latency.
504 See tracing_max_latency. When a new max is recorded,
505 it replaces the old trace. It is best to view this
Albin Tonnerre4a88d442009-08-31 22:40:08 +0200506 trace with the latency-format option enabled.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400507
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100508 "preemptoff"
509
510 Similar to irqsoff but traces and records the amount of
511 time for which preemption is disabled.
512
513 "preemptirqsoff"
514
515 Similar to irqsoff and preemptoff, but traces and
516 records the largest time for which irqs and/or preemption
517 is disabled.
518
519 "wakeup"
520
521 Traces and records the max latency that it takes for
522 the highest priority task to get scheduled after
523 it has been woken up.
Geunsik Limcdfb0d32012-02-08 19:05:37 +0900524 Traces all tasks as an average developer would expect.
525
526 "wakeup_rt"
527
528 Traces and records the max latency that it takes for just
529 RT tasks (as the current "wakeup" does). This is useful
530 for those interested in wake up timings of RT tasks.
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100531
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100532 "nop"
533
534 This is the "trace nothing" tracer. To remove all
535 tracers from tracing simply echo "nop" into
536 current_tracer.
Markus Metzgere2ea5392009-01-19 10:35:58 +0100537
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400538
539Examples of using the tracer
540----------------------------
541
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100542Here are typical examples of using the tracers when controlling
543them only with the debugfs interface (without using any
544user-land utilities).
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400545
546Output format:
547--------------
548
Steven Rostedtf2d9c742008-07-15 10:57:33 -0400549Here is an example of the output format of the file "trace"
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400550
551 --------
Steven Rostedt9b803c02008-11-03 15:15:08 -0500552# tracer: function
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400553#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400554# entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 140080/250280 #P:4
555#
556# _-----=> irqs-off
557# / _----=> need-resched
558# | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
559# || / _--=> preempt-depth
560# ||| / delay
561# TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
562# | | | |||| | |
563 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.993652: sys_close <-system_call_fastpath
564 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.993653: __close_fd <-sys_close
565 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.993653: _raw_spin_lock <-__close_fd
566 sshd-1974 [003] .... 17284.993653: __srcu_read_unlock <-fsnotify
567 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.993654: add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock
568 bash-1977 [000] ...1 17284.993655: _raw_spin_unlock <-__close_fd
569 bash-1977 [000] ...1 17284.993656: sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
570 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.993657: filp_close <-__close_fd
571 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.993657: dnotify_flush <-filp_close
572 sshd-1974 [003] .... 17284.993658: sys_select <-system_call_fastpath
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400573 --------
574
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100575A header is printed with the tracer name that is represented by
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400576the trace. In this case the tracer is "function". Then it shows the
577number of events in the buffer as well as the total number of entries
578that were written. The difference is the number of entries that were
579lost due to the buffer filling up (250280 - 140080 = 110200 events
580lost).
581
582The header explains the content of the events. Task name "bash", the task
583PID "1977", the CPU that it was running on "000", the latency format
584(explained below), the timestamp in <secs>.<usecs> format, the
585function name that was traced "sys_close" and the parent function that
586called this function "system_call_fastpath". The timestamp is the time
587at which the function was entered.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400588
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400589Latency trace format
590--------------------
591
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400592When the latency-format option is enabled or when one of the latency
593tracers is set, the trace file gives somewhat more information to see
594why a latency happened. Here is a typical trace.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400595
596# tracer: irqsoff
597#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400598# irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
599# --------------------------------------------------------------------
600# latency: 259 us, #4/4, CPU#2 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
601# -----------------
602# | task: ps-6143 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
603# -----------------
604# => started at: __lock_task_sighand
605# => ended at: _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
606#
607#
608# _------=> CPU#
609# / _-----=> irqs-off
610# | / _----=> need-resched
611# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
612# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
613# |||| / delay
614# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
615# \ / ||||| \ | /
616 ps-6143 2d... 0us!: trace_hardirqs_off <-__lock_task_sighand
617 ps-6143 2d..1 259us+: trace_hardirqs_on <-_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
618 ps-6143 2d..1 263us+: time_hardirqs_on <-_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
619 ps-6143 2d..1 306us : <stack trace>
620 => trace_hardirqs_on_caller
621 => trace_hardirqs_on
622 => _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
623 => do_task_stat
624 => proc_tgid_stat
625 => proc_single_show
626 => seq_read
627 => vfs_read
628 => sys_read
629 => system_call_fastpath
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400630
631
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100632This shows that the current tracer is "irqsoff" tracing the time
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400633for which interrupts were disabled. It gives the trace version (which
634never changes) and the version of the kernel upon which this was executed on
635(3.10). Then it displays the max latency in microseconds (259 us). The number
636of trace entries displayed and the total number (both are four: #4/4).
637VP, KP, SP, and HP are always zero and are reserved for later use.
638#P is the number of online CPUs (#P:4).
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400639
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100640The task is the process that was running when the latency
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400641occurred. (ps pid: 6143).
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400642
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100643The start and stop (the functions in which the interrupts were
644disabled and enabled respectively) that caused the latencies:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400645
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400646 __lock_task_sighand is where the interrupts were disabled.
647 _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore is where they were enabled again.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400648
649The next lines after the header are the trace itself. The header
650explains which is which.
651
652 cmd: The name of the process in the trace.
653
654 pid: The PID of that process.
655
Steven Rostedtf2d9c742008-07-15 10:57:33 -0400656 CPU#: The CPU which the process was running on.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400657
658 irqs-off: 'd' interrupts are disabled. '.' otherwise.
Steven Rostedt92444892008-10-24 09:42:59 -0400659 Note: If the architecture does not support a way to
660 read the irq flags variable, an 'X' will always
661 be printed here.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400662
Peter Zijlstrae5137b52013-10-04 17:28:26 +0200663 need-resched:
664 'N' both TIF_NEED_RESCHED and PREEMPT_NEED_RESCHED is set,
665 'n' only TIF_NEED_RESCHED is set,
666 'p' only PREEMPT_NEED_RESCHED is set,
667 '.' otherwise.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400668
669 hardirq/softirq:
Steven Rostedtf2d9c742008-07-15 10:57:33 -0400670 'H' - hard irq occurred inside a softirq.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400671 'h' - hard irq is running
672 's' - soft irq is running
673 '.' - normal context.
674
675 preempt-depth: The level of preempt_disabled
676
677The above is mostly meaningful for kernel developers.
678
Albin Tonnerre4a88d442009-08-31 22:40:08 +0200679 time: When the latency-format option is enabled, the trace file
680 output includes a timestamp relative to the start of the
681 trace. This differs from the output when latency-format
682 is disabled, which includes an absolute timestamp.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400683
684 delay: This is just to help catch your eye a bit better. And
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100685 needs to be fixed to be only relative to the same CPU.
686 The marks are determined by the difference between this
687 current trace and the next trace.
Byungchul Park8e1e1df2014-11-24 09:34:19 +0900688 '$' - greater than 1 second
689 '#' - greater than 1000 microsecond
690 '!' - greater than 100 microsecond
691 '+' - greater than 10 microsecond
692 ' ' - less than or equal to 10 microsecond.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400693
694 The rest is the same as the 'trace' file.
695
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400696 Note, the latency tracers will usually end with a back trace
697 to easily find where the latency occurred.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400698
Steven Rostedtee6bce52008-11-12 17:52:37 -0500699trace_options
700-------------
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400701
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400702The trace_options file (or the options directory) is used to control
703what gets printed in the trace output, or manipulate the tracers.
704To see what is available, simply cat the file:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400705
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +0900706 cat trace_options
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400707print-parent
708nosym-offset
709nosym-addr
710noverbose
711noraw
712nohex
713nobin
714noblock
715nostacktrace
716trace_printk
717noftrace_preempt
718nobranch
719annotate
720nouserstacktrace
721nosym-userobj
722noprintk-msg-only
723context-info
724latency-format
725sleep-time
726graph-time
727record-cmd
728overwrite
729nodisable_on_free
730irq-info
731markers
732function-trace
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400733
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100734To disable one of the options, echo in the option prepended with
735"no".
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400736
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +0900737 echo noprint-parent > trace_options
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400738
739To enable an option, leave off the "no".
740
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +0900741 echo sym-offset > trace_options
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400742
743Here are the available options:
744
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100745 print-parent - On function traces, display the calling (parent)
746 function as well as the function being traced.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400747
748 print-parent:
Jingoo Han0ab943b2013-07-31 14:59:16 -0700749 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul <-kstrtoul
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400750
751 noprint-parent:
752 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul
753
754
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100755 sym-offset - Display not only the function name, but also the
756 offset in the function. For example, instead of
757 seeing just "ktime_get", you will see
758 "ktime_get+0xb/0x20".
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400759
760 sym-offset:
761 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul+0x6/0xa0
762
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100763 sym-addr - this will also display the function address as well
764 as the function name.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400765
766 sym-addr:
767 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul <c0339346>
768
Albin Tonnerre4a88d442009-08-31 22:40:08 +0200769 verbose - This deals with the trace file when the
770 latency-format option is enabled.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400771
772 bash 4000 1 0 00000000 00010a95 [58127d26] 1720.415ms \
Jingoo Han0ab943b2013-07-31 14:59:16 -0700773 (+0.000ms): simple_strtoul (kstrtoul)
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400774
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100775 raw - This will display raw numbers. This option is best for
776 use with user applications that can translate the raw
777 numbers better than having it done in the kernel.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400778
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100779 hex - Similar to raw, but the numbers will be in a hexadecimal
780 format.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400781
782 bin - This will print out the formats in raw binary.
783
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400784 block - When set, reading trace_pipe will not block when polled.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400785
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100786 stacktrace - This is one of the options that changes the trace
787 itself. When a trace is recorded, so is the stack
788 of functions. This allows for back traces of
789 trace sites.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400790
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400791 trace_printk - Can disable trace_printk() from writing into the buffer.
792
793 branch - Enable branch tracing with the tracer.
794
795 annotate - It is sometimes confusing when the CPU buffers are full
796 and one CPU buffer had a lot of events recently, thus
797 a shorter time frame, were another CPU may have only had
798 a few events, which lets it have older events. When
799 the trace is reported, it shows the oldest events first,
800 and it may look like only one CPU ran (the one with the
801 oldest events). When the annotate option is set, it will
802 display when a new CPU buffer started:
803
804 <idle>-0 [001] dNs4 21169.031481: wake_up_idle_cpu <-add_timer_on
805 <idle>-0 [001] dNs4 21169.031482: _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-add_timer_on
806 <idle>-0 [001] .Ns4 21169.031484: sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
807##### CPU 2 buffer started ####
808 <idle>-0 [002] .N.1 21169.031484: rcu_idle_exit <-cpu_idle
809 <idle>-0 [001] .Ns3 21169.031484: _raw_spin_unlock <-clocksource_watchdog
810 <idle>-0 [001] .Ns3 21169.031485: sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
811
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100812 userstacktrace - This option changes the trace. It records a
813 stacktrace of the current userspace thread.
Török Edwin02b67512008-11-22 13:28:47 +0200814
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100815 sym-userobj - when user stacktrace are enabled, look up which
816 object the address belongs to, and print a
817 relative address. This is especially useful when
818 ASLR is on, otherwise you don't get a chance to
819 resolve the address to object/file/line after
820 the app is no longer running
Török Edwinb54d3de2008-11-22 13:28:48 +0200821
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100822 The lookup is performed when you read
Albin Tonnerre4a88d442009-08-31 22:40:08 +0200823 trace,trace_pipe. Example:
Török Edwinb54d3de2008-11-22 13:28:48 +0200824
825 a.out-1623 [000] 40874.465068: /root/a.out[+0x480] <-/root/a.out[+0
826x494] <- /root/a.out[+0x4a8] <- /lib/libc-2.7.so[+0x1e1a6]
827
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400828
829 printk-msg-only - When set, trace_printk()s will only show the format
830 and not their parameters (if trace_bprintk() or
831 trace_bputs() was used to save the trace_printk()).
832
833 context-info - Show only the event data. Hides the comm, PID,
834 timestamp, CPU, and other useful data.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400835
Albin Tonnerre4a88d442009-08-31 22:40:08 +0200836 latency-format - This option changes the trace. When
837 it is enabled, the trace displays
838 additional information about the
839 latencies, as described in "Latency
840 trace format".
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400841
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400842 sleep-time - When running function graph tracer, to include
843 the time a task schedules out in its function.
844 When enabled, it will account time the task has been
845 scheduled out as part of the function call.
846
847 graph-time - When running function graph tracer, to include the
848 time to call nested functions. When this is not set,
849 the time reported for the function will only include
850 the time the function itself executed for, not the time
851 for functions that it called.
852
853 record-cmd - When any event or tracer is enabled, a hook is enabled
854 in the sched_switch trace point to fill comm cache
855 with mapped pids and comms. But this may cause some
856 overhead, and if you only care about pids, and not the
857 name of the task, disabling this option can lower the
858 impact of tracing.
859
David Sharp750912f2010-12-08 13:46:47 -0800860 overwrite - This controls what happens when the trace buffer is
861 full. If "1" (default), the oldest events are
862 discarded and overwritten. If "0", then the newest
863 events are discarded.
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400864 (see per_cpu/cpu0/stats for overrun and dropped)
David Sharp750912f2010-12-08 13:46:47 -0800865
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400866 disable_on_free - When the free_buffer is closed, tracing will
867 stop (tracing_on set to 0).
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400868
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400869 irq-info - Shows the interrupt, preempt count, need resched data.
870 When disabled, the trace looks like:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400871
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400872# tracer: function
873#
874# entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 144405/9452052 #P:4
875#
876# TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
877# | | | | |
878 <idle>-0 [002] 23636.756054: ttwu_do_activate.constprop.89 <-try_to_wake_up
879 <idle>-0 [002] 23636.756054: activate_task <-ttwu_do_activate.constprop.89
880 <idle>-0 [002] 23636.756055: enqueue_task <-activate_task
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400881
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400882
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400883 markers - When set, the trace_marker is writable (only by root).
884 When disabled, the trace_marker will error with EINVAL
885 on write.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400886
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400887
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400888 function-trace - The latency tracers will enable function tracing
889 if this option is enabled (default it is). When
890 it is disabled, the latency tracers do not trace
891 functions. This keeps the overhead of the tracer down
892 when performing latency tests.
893
894 Note: Some tracers have their own options. They only appear
895 when the tracer is active.
896
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400897
898
899irqsoff
900-------
901
902When interrupts are disabled, the CPU can not react to any other
903external event (besides NMIs and SMIs). This prevents the timer
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100904interrupt from triggering or the mouse interrupt from letting
905the kernel know of a new mouse event. The result is a latency
906with the reaction time.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400907
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100908The irqsoff tracer tracks the time for which interrupts are
909disabled. When a new maximum latency is hit, the tracer saves
910the trace leading up to that latency point so that every time a
911new maximum is reached, the old saved trace is discarded and the
912new trace is saved.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400913
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100914To reset the maximum, echo 0 into tracing_max_latency. Here is
915an example:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400916
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400917 # echo 0 > options/function-trace
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +0900918 # echo irqsoff > current_tracer
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -0500919 # echo 1 > tracing_on
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400920 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400921 # ls -ltr
922 [...]
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -0500923 # echo 0 > tracing_on
Albin Tonnerre4a88d442009-08-31 22:40:08 +0200924 # cat trace
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400925# tracer: irqsoff
926#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400927# irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
928# --------------------------------------------------------------------
929# latency: 16 us, #4/4, CPU#0 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
930# -----------------
931# | task: swapper/0-0 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
932# -----------------
933# => started at: run_timer_softirq
934# => ended at: run_timer_softirq
935#
936#
937# _------=> CPU#
938# / _-----=> irqs-off
939# | / _----=> need-resched
940# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
941# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
942# |||| / delay
943# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
944# \ / ||||| \ | /
945 <idle>-0 0d.s2 0us+: _raw_spin_lock_irq <-run_timer_softirq
946 <idle>-0 0dNs3 17us : _raw_spin_unlock_irq <-run_timer_softirq
947 <idle>-0 0dNs3 17us+: trace_hardirqs_on <-run_timer_softirq
948 <idle>-0 0dNs3 25us : <stack trace>
949 => _raw_spin_unlock_irq
950 => run_timer_softirq
951 => __do_softirq
952 => call_softirq
953 => do_softirq
954 => irq_exit
955 => smp_apic_timer_interrupt
956 => apic_timer_interrupt
957 => rcu_idle_exit
958 => cpu_idle
959 => rest_init
960 => start_kernel
961 => x86_64_start_reservations
962 => x86_64_start_kernel
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400963
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400964Here we see that that we had a latency of 16 microseconds (which is
965very good). The _raw_spin_lock_irq in run_timer_softirq disabled
966interrupts. The difference between the 16 and the displayed
967timestamp 25us occurred because the clock was incremented
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +0100968between the time of recording the max latency and the time of
969recording the function that had that latency.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400970
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400971Note the above example had function-trace not set. If we set
972function-trace, we get a much larger output:
973
974 with echo 1 > options/function-trace
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400975
976# tracer: irqsoff
977#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -0400978# irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
979# --------------------------------------------------------------------
980# latency: 71 us, #168/168, CPU#3 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
981# -----------------
982# | task: bash-2042 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
983# -----------------
984# => started at: ata_scsi_queuecmd
985# => ended at: ata_scsi_queuecmd
986#
987#
988# _------=> CPU#
989# / _-----=> irqs-off
990# | / _----=> need-resched
991# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
992# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
993# |||| / delay
994# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
995# \ / ||||| \ | /
996 bash-2042 3d... 0us : _raw_spin_lock_irqsave <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
997 bash-2042 3d... 0us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock_irqsave
998 bash-2042 3d..1 1us : ata_scsi_find_dev <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
999 bash-2042 3d..1 1us : __ata_scsi_find_dev <-ata_scsi_find_dev
1000 bash-2042 3d..1 2us : ata_find_dev.part.14 <-__ata_scsi_find_dev
1001 bash-2042 3d..1 2us : ata_qc_new_init <-__ata_scsi_queuecmd
1002 bash-2042 3d..1 3us : ata_sg_init <-__ata_scsi_queuecmd
1003 bash-2042 3d..1 4us : ata_scsi_rw_xlat <-__ata_scsi_queuecmd
1004 bash-2042 3d..1 4us : ata_build_rw_tf <-ata_scsi_rw_xlat
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001005[...]
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001006 bash-2042 3d..1 67us : delay_tsc <-__delay
1007 bash-2042 3d..1 67us : add_preempt_count <-delay_tsc
1008 bash-2042 3d..2 67us : sub_preempt_count <-delay_tsc
1009 bash-2042 3d..1 67us : add_preempt_count <-delay_tsc
1010 bash-2042 3d..2 68us : sub_preempt_count <-delay_tsc
1011 bash-2042 3d..1 68us+: ata_bmdma_start <-ata_bmdma_qc_issue
1012 bash-2042 3d..1 71us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
1013 bash-2042 3d..1 71us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
1014 bash-2042 3d..1 72us+: trace_hardirqs_on <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
1015 bash-2042 3d..1 120us : <stack trace>
1016 => _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
1017 => ata_scsi_queuecmd
1018 => scsi_dispatch_cmd
1019 => scsi_request_fn
1020 => __blk_run_queue_uncond
1021 => __blk_run_queue
1022 => blk_queue_bio
1023 => generic_make_request
1024 => submit_bio
1025 => submit_bh
1026 => __ext3_get_inode_loc
1027 => ext3_iget
1028 => ext3_lookup
1029 => lookup_real
1030 => __lookup_hash
1031 => walk_component
1032 => lookup_last
1033 => path_lookupat
1034 => filename_lookup
1035 => user_path_at_empty
1036 => user_path_at
1037 => vfs_fstatat
1038 => vfs_stat
1039 => sys_newstat
1040 => system_call_fastpath
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001041
1042
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001043Here we traced a 71 microsecond latency. But we also see all the
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001044functions that were called during that time. Note that by
1045enabling function tracing, we incur an added overhead. This
1046overhead may extend the latency times. But nevertheless, this
1047trace has provided some very helpful debugging information.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001048
1049
1050preemptoff
1051----------
1052
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001053When preemption is disabled, we may be able to receive
1054interrupts but the task cannot be preempted and a higher
1055priority task must wait for preemption to be enabled again
1056before it can preempt a lower priority task.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001057
Steven Rostedta41eeba2008-07-14 16:41:12 -04001058The preemptoff tracer traces the places that disable preemption.
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001059Like the irqsoff tracer, it records the maximum latency for
1060which preemption was disabled. The control of preemptoff tracer
1061is much like the irqsoff tracer.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001062
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001063 # echo 0 > options/function-trace
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001064 # echo preemptoff > current_tracer
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -05001065 # echo 1 > tracing_on
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001066 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001067 # ls -ltr
1068 [...]
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -05001069 # echo 0 > tracing_on
Albin Tonnerre4a88d442009-08-31 22:40:08 +02001070 # cat trace
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001071# tracer: preemptoff
1072#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001073# preemptoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1074# --------------------------------------------------------------------
1075# latency: 46 us, #4/4, CPU#1 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1076# -----------------
1077# | task: sshd-1991 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
1078# -----------------
1079# => started at: do_IRQ
1080# => ended at: do_IRQ
1081#
1082#
1083# _------=> CPU#
1084# / _-----=> irqs-off
1085# | / _----=> need-resched
1086# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1087# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
1088# |||| / delay
1089# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
1090# \ / ||||| \ | /
1091 sshd-1991 1d.h. 0us+: irq_enter <-do_IRQ
1092 sshd-1991 1d..1 46us : irq_exit <-do_IRQ
1093 sshd-1991 1d..1 47us+: trace_preempt_on <-do_IRQ
1094 sshd-1991 1d..1 52us : <stack trace>
1095 => sub_preempt_count
1096 => irq_exit
1097 => do_IRQ
1098 => ret_from_intr
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001099
1100
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001101This has some more changes. Preemption was disabled when an
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001102interrupt came in (notice the 'h'), and was enabled on exit.
1103But we also see that interrupts have been disabled when entering
1104the preempt off section and leaving it (the 'd'). We do not know if
1105interrupts were enabled in the mean time or shortly after this
1106was over.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001107
1108# tracer: preemptoff
1109#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001110# preemptoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1111# --------------------------------------------------------------------
1112# latency: 83 us, #241/241, CPU#1 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1113# -----------------
1114# | task: bash-1994 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
1115# -----------------
1116# => started at: wake_up_new_task
1117# => ended at: task_rq_unlock
1118#
1119#
1120# _------=> CPU#
1121# / _-----=> irqs-off
1122# | / _----=> need-resched
1123# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1124# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
1125# |||| / delay
1126# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
1127# \ / ||||| \ | /
1128 bash-1994 1d..1 0us : _raw_spin_lock_irqsave <-wake_up_new_task
1129 bash-1994 1d..1 0us : select_task_rq_fair <-select_task_rq
1130 bash-1994 1d..1 1us : __rcu_read_lock <-select_task_rq_fair
1131 bash-1994 1d..1 1us : source_load <-select_task_rq_fair
1132 bash-1994 1d..1 1us : source_load <-select_task_rq_fair
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001133[...]
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001134 bash-1994 1d..1 12us : irq_enter <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
1135 bash-1994 1d..1 12us : rcu_irq_enter <-irq_enter
1136 bash-1994 1d..1 13us : add_preempt_count <-irq_enter
1137 bash-1994 1d.h1 13us : exit_idle <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
1138 bash-1994 1d.h1 13us : hrtimer_interrupt <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
1139 bash-1994 1d.h1 13us : _raw_spin_lock <-hrtimer_interrupt
1140 bash-1994 1d.h1 14us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock
1141 bash-1994 1d.h2 14us : ktime_get_update_offsets <-hrtimer_interrupt
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001142[...]
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001143 bash-1994 1d.h1 35us : lapic_next_event <-clockevents_program_event
1144 bash-1994 1d.h1 35us : irq_exit <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
1145 bash-1994 1d.h1 36us : sub_preempt_count <-irq_exit
1146 bash-1994 1d..2 36us : do_softirq <-irq_exit
1147 bash-1994 1d..2 36us : __do_softirq <-call_softirq
1148 bash-1994 1d..2 36us : __local_bh_disable <-__do_softirq
1149 bash-1994 1d.s2 37us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock_irq
1150 bash-1994 1d.s3 38us : _raw_spin_unlock <-run_timer_softirq
1151 bash-1994 1d.s3 39us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
1152 bash-1994 1d.s2 39us : call_timer_fn <-run_timer_softirq
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001153[...]
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001154 bash-1994 1dNs2 81us : cpu_needs_another_gp <-rcu_process_callbacks
1155 bash-1994 1dNs2 82us : __local_bh_enable <-__do_softirq
1156 bash-1994 1dNs2 82us : sub_preempt_count <-__local_bh_enable
1157 bash-1994 1dN.2 82us : idle_cpu <-irq_exit
1158 bash-1994 1dN.2 83us : rcu_irq_exit <-irq_exit
1159 bash-1994 1dN.2 83us : sub_preempt_count <-irq_exit
1160 bash-1994 1.N.1 84us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-task_rq_unlock
1161 bash-1994 1.N.1 84us+: trace_preempt_on <-task_rq_unlock
1162 bash-1994 1.N.1 104us : <stack trace>
1163 => sub_preempt_count
1164 => _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
1165 => task_rq_unlock
1166 => wake_up_new_task
1167 => do_fork
1168 => sys_clone
1169 => stub_clone
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001170
1171
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001172The above is an example of the preemptoff trace with
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001173function-trace set. Here we see that interrupts were not disabled
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001174the entire time. The irq_enter code lets us know that we entered
1175an interrupt 'h'. Before that, the functions being traced still
1176show that it is not in an interrupt, but we can see from the
1177functions themselves that this is not the case.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001178
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001179preemptirqsoff
1180--------------
1181
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001182Knowing the locations that have interrupts disabled or
1183preemption disabled for the longest times is helpful. But
1184sometimes we would like to know when either preemption and/or
1185interrupts are disabled.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001186
Steven Rostedtf2d9c742008-07-15 10:57:33 -04001187Consider the following code:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001188
1189 local_irq_disable();
1190 call_function_with_irqs_off();
1191 preempt_disable();
1192 call_function_with_irqs_and_preemption_off();
1193 local_irq_enable();
1194 call_function_with_preemption_off();
1195 preempt_enable();
1196
1197The irqsoff tracer will record the total length of
1198call_function_with_irqs_off() and
1199call_function_with_irqs_and_preemption_off().
1200
1201The preemptoff tracer will record the total length of
1202call_function_with_irqs_and_preemption_off() and
1203call_function_with_preemption_off().
1204
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001205But neither will trace the time that interrupts and/or
1206preemption is disabled. This total time is the time that we can
1207not schedule. To record this time, use the preemptirqsoff
1208tracer.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001209
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001210Again, using this trace is much like the irqsoff and preemptoff
1211tracers.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001212
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001213 # echo 0 > options/function-trace
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001214 # echo preemptirqsoff > current_tracer
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -05001215 # echo 1 > tracing_on
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001216 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001217 # ls -ltr
1218 [...]
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -05001219 # echo 0 > tracing_on
Albin Tonnerre4a88d442009-08-31 22:40:08 +02001220 # cat trace
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001221# tracer: preemptirqsoff
1222#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001223# preemptirqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1224# --------------------------------------------------------------------
1225# latency: 100 us, #4/4, CPU#3 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1226# -----------------
1227# | task: ls-2230 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
1228# -----------------
1229# => started at: ata_scsi_queuecmd
1230# => ended at: ata_scsi_queuecmd
1231#
1232#
1233# _------=> CPU#
1234# / _-----=> irqs-off
1235# | / _----=> need-resched
1236# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1237# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
1238# |||| / delay
1239# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
1240# \ / ||||| \ | /
1241 ls-2230 3d... 0us+: _raw_spin_lock_irqsave <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
1242 ls-2230 3...1 100us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
1243 ls-2230 3...1 101us+: trace_preempt_on <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
1244 ls-2230 3...1 111us : <stack trace>
1245 => sub_preempt_count
1246 => _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
1247 => ata_scsi_queuecmd
1248 => scsi_dispatch_cmd
1249 => scsi_request_fn
1250 => __blk_run_queue_uncond
1251 => __blk_run_queue
1252 => blk_queue_bio
1253 => generic_make_request
1254 => submit_bio
1255 => submit_bh
1256 => ext3_bread
1257 => ext3_dir_bread
1258 => htree_dirblock_to_tree
1259 => ext3_htree_fill_tree
1260 => ext3_readdir
1261 => vfs_readdir
1262 => sys_getdents
1263 => system_call_fastpath
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001264
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001265
1266The trace_hardirqs_off_thunk is called from assembly on x86 when
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001267interrupts are disabled in the assembly code. Without the
1268function tracing, we do not know if interrupts were enabled
1269within the preemption points. We do see that it started with
1270preemption enabled.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001271
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001272Here is a trace with function-trace set:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001273
1274# tracer: preemptirqsoff
1275#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001276# preemptirqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1277# --------------------------------------------------------------------
1278# latency: 161 us, #339/339, CPU#3 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1279# -----------------
1280# | task: ls-2269 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
1281# -----------------
1282# => started at: schedule
1283# => ended at: mutex_unlock
1284#
1285#
1286# _------=> CPU#
1287# / _-----=> irqs-off
1288# | / _----=> need-resched
1289# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1290# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
1291# |||| / delay
1292# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
1293# \ / ||||| \ | /
1294kworker/-59 3...1 0us : __schedule <-schedule
1295kworker/-59 3d..1 0us : rcu_preempt_qs <-rcu_note_context_switch
1296kworker/-59 3d..1 1us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock_irq
1297kworker/-59 3d..2 1us : deactivate_task <-__schedule
1298kworker/-59 3d..2 1us : dequeue_task <-deactivate_task
1299kworker/-59 3d..2 2us : update_rq_clock <-dequeue_task
1300kworker/-59 3d..2 2us : dequeue_task_fair <-dequeue_task
1301kworker/-59 3d..2 2us : update_curr <-dequeue_task_fair
1302kworker/-59 3d..2 2us : update_min_vruntime <-update_curr
1303kworker/-59 3d..2 3us : cpuacct_charge <-update_curr
1304kworker/-59 3d..2 3us : __rcu_read_lock <-cpuacct_charge
1305kworker/-59 3d..2 3us : __rcu_read_unlock <-cpuacct_charge
1306kworker/-59 3d..2 3us : update_cfs_rq_blocked_load <-dequeue_task_fair
1307kworker/-59 3d..2 4us : clear_buddies <-dequeue_task_fair
1308kworker/-59 3d..2 4us : account_entity_dequeue <-dequeue_task_fair
1309kworker/-59 3d..2 4us : update_min_vruntime <-dequeue_task_fair
1310kworker/-59 3d..2 4us : update_cfs_shares <-dequeue_task_fair
1311kworker/-59 3d..2 5us : hrtick_update <-dequeue_task_fair
1312kworker/-59 3d..2 5us : wq_worker_sleeping <-__schedule
1313kworker/-59 3d..2 5us : kthread_data <-wq_worker_sleeping
1314kworker/-59 3d..2 5us : put_prev_task_fair <-__schedule
1315kworker/-59 3d..2 6us : pick_next_task_fair <-pick_next_task
1316kworker/-59 3d..2 6us : clear_buddies <-pick_next_task_fair
1317kworker/-59 3d..2 6us : set_next_entity <-pick_next_task_fair
1318kworker/-59 3d..2 6us : update_stats_wait_end <-set_next_entity
1319 ls-2269 3d..2 7us : finish_task_switch <-__schedule
1320 ls-2269 3d..2 7us : _raw_spin_unlock_irq <-finish_task_switch
1321 ls-2269 3d..2 8us : do_IRQ <-ret_from_intr
1322 ls-2269 3d..2 8us : irq_enter <-do_IRQ
1323 ls-2269 3d..2 8us : rcu_irq_enter <-irq_enter
1324 ls-2269 3d..2 9us : add_preempt_count <-irq_enter
1325 ls-2269 3d.h2 9us : exit_idle <-do_IRQ
1326[...]
1327 ls-2269 3d.h3 20us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
1328 ls-2269 3d.h2 20us : irq_exit <-do_IRQ
1329 ls-2269 3d.h2 21us : sub_preempt_count <-irq_exit
1330 ls-2269 3d..3 21us : do_softirq <-irq_exit
1331 ls-2269 3d..3 21us : __do_softirq <-call_softirq
1332 ls-2269 3d..3 21us+: __local_bh_disable <-__do_softirq
1333 ls-2269 3d.s4 29us : sub_preempt_count <-_local_bh_enable_ip
1334 ls-2269 3d.s5 29us : sub_preempt_count <-_local_bh_enable_ip
1335 ls-2269 3d.s5 31us : do_IRQ <-ret_from_intr
1336 ls-2269 3d.s5 31us : irq_enter <-do_IRQ
1337 ls-2269 3d.s5 31us : rcu_irq_enter <-irq_enter
1338[...]
1339 ls-2269 3d.s5 31us : rcu_irq_enter <-irq_enter
1340 ls-2269 3d.s5 32us : add_preempt_count <-irq_enter
1341 ls-2269 3d.H5 32us : exit_idle <-do_IRQ
1342 ls-2269 3d.H5 32us : handle_irq <-do_IRQ
1343 ls-2269 3d.H5 32us : irq_to_desc <-handle_irq
1344 ls-2269 3d.H5 33us : handle_fasteoi_irq <-handle_irq
1345[...]
1346 ls-2269 3d.s5 158us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-rtl8139_poll
1347 ls-2269 3d.s3 158us : net_rps_action_and_irq_enable.isra.65 <-net_rx_action
1348 ls-2269 3d.s3 159us : __local_bh_enable <-__do_softirq
1349 ls-2269 3d.s3 159us : sub_preempt_count <-__local_bh_enable
1350 ls-2269 3d..3 159us : idle_cpu <-irq_exit
1351 ls-2269 3d..3 159us : rcu_irq_exit <-irq_exit
1352 ls-2269 3d..3 160us : sub_preempt_count <-irq_exit
1353 ls-2269 3d... 161us : __mutex_unlock_slowpath <-mutex_unlock
1354 ls-2269 3d... 162us+: trace_hardirqs_on <-mutex_unlock
1355 ls-2269 3d... 186us : <stack trace>
1356 => __mutex_unlock_slowpath
1357 => mutex_unlock
1358 => process_output
1359 => n_tty_write
1360 => tty_write
1361 => vfs_write
1362 => sys_write
1363 => system_call_fastpath
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001364
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001365This is an interesting trace. It started with kworker running and
1366scheduling out and ls taking over. But as soon as ls released the
1367rq lock and enabled interrupts (but not preemption) an interrupt
1368triggered. When the interrupt finished, it started running softirqs.
1369But while the softirq was running, another interrupt triggered.
1370When an interrupt is running inside a softirq, the annotation is 'H'.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001371
1372
1373wakeup
1374------
1375
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001376One common case that people are interested in tracing is the
1377time it takes for a task that is woken to actually wake up.
1378Now for non Real-Time tasks, this can be arbitrary. But tracing
1379it none the less can be interesting.
1380
1381Without function tracing:
1382
1383 # echo 0 > options/function-trace
1384 # echo wakeup > current_tracer
1385 # echo 1 > tracing_on
1386 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency
1387 # chrt -f 5 sleep 1
1388 # echo 0 > tracing_on
1389 # cat trace
1390# tracer: wakeup
1391#
1392# wakeup latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1393# --------------------------------------------------------------------
1394# latency: 15 us, #4/4, CPU#3 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1395# -----------------
1396# | task: kworker/3:1H-312 (uid:0 nice:-20 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
1397# -----------------
1398#
1399# _------=> CPU#
1400# / _-----=> irqs-off
1401# | / _----=> need-resched
1402# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1403# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
1404# |||| / delay
1405# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
1406# \ / ||||| \ | /
1407 <idle>-0 3dNs7 0us : 0:120:R + [003] 312:100:R kworker/3:1H
1408 <idle>-0 3dNs7 1us+: ttwu_do_activate.constprop.87 <-try_to_wake_up
1409 <idle>-0 3d..3 15us : __schedule <-schedule
1410 <idle>-0 3d..3 15us : 0:120:R ==> [003] 312:100:R kworker/3:1H
1411
1412The tracer only traces the highest priority task in the system
1413to avoid tracing the normal circumstances. Here we see that
1414the kworker with a nice priority of -20 (not very nice), took
1415just 15 microseconds from the time it woke up, to the time it
1416ran.
1417
1418Non Real-Time tasks are not that interesting. A more interesting
1419trace is to concentrate only on Real-Time tasks.
1420
1421wakeup_rt
1422---------
1423
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001424In a Real-Time environment it is very important to know the
1425wakeup time it takes for the highest priority task that is woken
1426up to the time that it executes. This is also known as "schedule
1427latency". I stress the point that this is about RT tasks. It is
1428also important to know the scheduling latency of non-RT tasks,
1429but the average schedule latency is better for non-RT tasks.
1430Tools like LatencyTop are more appropriate for such
1431measurements.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001432
Steven Rostedta41eeba2008-07-14 16:41:12 -04001433Real-Time environments are interested in the worst case latency.
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001434That is the longest latency it takes for something to happen,
1435and not the average. We can have a very fast scheduler that may
1436only have a large latency once in a while, but that would not
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001437work well with Real-Time tasks. The wakeup_rt tracer was designed
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001438to record the worst case wakeups of RT tasks. Non-RT tasks are
1439not recorded because the tracer only records one worst case and
1440tracing non-RT tasks that are unpredictable will overwrite the
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001441worst case latency of RT tasks (just run the normal wakeup
1442tracer for a while to see that effect).
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001443
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001444Since this tracer only deals with RT tasks, we will run this
1445slightly differently than we did with the previous tracers.
1446Instead of performing an 'ls', we will run 'sleep 1' under
1447'chrt' which changes the priority of the task.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001448
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001449 # echo 0 > options/function-trace
1450 # echo wakeup_rt > current_tracer
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -05001451 # echo 1 > tracing_on
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001452 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001453 # chrt -f 5 sleep 1
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -05001454 # echo 0 > tracing_on
Albin Tonnerre4a88d442009-08-31 22:40:08 +02001455 # cat trace
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001456# tracer: wakeup
1457#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001458# tracer: wakeup_rt
1459#
1460# wakeup_rt latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1461# --------------------------------------------------------------------
1462# latency: 5 us, #4/4, CPU#3 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1463# -----------------
1464# | task: sleep-2389 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:1 rt_prio:5)
1465# -----------------
1466#
1467# _------=> CPU#
1468# / _-----=> irqs-off
1469# | / _----=> need-resched
1470# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1471# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
1472# |||| / delay
1473# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
1474# \ / ||||| \ | /
1475 <idle>-0 3d.h4 0us : 0:120:R + [003] 2389: 94:R sleep
1476 <idle>-0 3d.h4 1us+: ttwu_do_activate.constprop.87 <-try_to_wake_up
1477 <idle>-0 3d..3 5us : __schedule <-schedule
1478 <idle>-0 3d..3 5us : 0:120:R ==> [003] 2389: 94:R sleep
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001479
1480
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001481Running this on an idle system, we see that it only took 5 microseconds
1482to perform the task switch. Note, since the trace point in the schedule
1483is before the actual "switch", we stop the tracing when the recorded task
1484is about to schedule in. This may change if we add a new marker at the
1485end of the scheduler.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001486
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001487Notice that the recorded task is 'sleep' with the PID of 2389
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001488and it has an rt_prio of 5. This priority is user-space priority
1489and not the internal kernel priority. The policy is 1 for
1490SCHED_FIFO and 2 for SCHED_RR.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001491
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001492Note, that the trace data shows the internal priority (99 - rtprio).
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001493
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001494 <idle>-0 3d..3 5us : 0:120:R ==> [003] 2389: 94:R sleep
1495
1496The 0:120:R means idle was running with a nice priority of 0 (120 - 20)
1497and in the running state 'R'. The sleep task was scheduled in with
14982389: 94:R. That is the priority is the kernel rtprio (99 - 5 = 94)
1499and it too is in the running state.
1500
1501Doing the same with chrt -r 5 and function-trace set.
1502
1503 echo 1 > options/function-trace
1504
1505# tracer: wakeup_rt
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001506#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001507# wakeup_rt latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1508# --------------------------------------------------------------------
1509# latency: 29 us, #85/85, CPU#3 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1510# -----------------
1511# | task: sleep-2448 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:1 rt_prio:5)
1512# -----------------
1513#
1514# _------=> CPU#
1515# / _-----=> irqs-off
1516# | / _----=> need-resched
1517# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1518# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
1519# |||| / delay
1520# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
1521# \ / ||||| \ | /
1522 <idle>-0 3d.h4 1us+: 0:120:R + [003] 2448: 94:R sleep
1523 <idle>-0 3d.h4 2us : ttwu_do_activate.constprop.87 <-try_to_wake_up
1524 <idle>-0 3d.h3 3us : check_preempt_curr <-ttwu_do_wakeup
Kirill Tkhai88751252014-06-29 00:03:57 +04001525 <idle>-0 3d.h3 3us : resched_curr <-check_preempt_curr
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001526 <idle>-0 3dNh3 4us : task_woken_rt <-ttwu_do_wakeup
1527 <idle>-0 3dNh3 4us : _raw_spin_unlock <-try_to_wake_up
1528 <idle>-0 3dNh3 4us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
1529 <idle>-0 3dNh2 5us : ttwu_stat <-try_to_wake_up
1530 <idle>-0 3dNh2 5us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-try_to_wake_up
1531 <idle>-0 3dNh2 6us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
1532 <idle>-0 3dNh1 6us : _raw_spin_lock <-__run_hrtimer
1533 <idle>-0 3dNh1 6us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock
1534 <idle>-0 3dNh2 7us : _raw_spin_unlock <-hrtimer_interrupt
1535 <idle>-0 3dNh2 7us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
1536 <idle>-0 3dNh1 7us : tick_program_event <-hrtimer_interrupt
1537 <idle>-0 3dNh1 7us : clockevents_program_event <-tick_program_event
1538 <idle>-0 3dNh1 8us : ktime_get <-clockevents_program_event
1539 <idle>-0 3dNh1 8us : lapic_next_event <-clockevents_program_event
1540 <idle>-0 3dNh1 8us : irq_exit <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
1541 <idle>-0 3dNh1 9us : sub_preempt_count <-irq_exit
1542 <idle>-0 3dN.2 9us : idle_cpu <-irq_exit
1543 <idle>-0 3dN.2 9us : rcu_irq_exit <-irq_exit
1544 <idle>-0 3dN.2 10us : rcu_eqs_enter_common.isra.45 <-rcu_irq_exit
1545 <idle>-0 3dN.2 10us : sub_preempt_count <-irq_exit
1546 <idle>-0 3.N.1 11us : rcu_idle_exit <-cpu_idle
1547 <idle>-0 3dN.1 11us : rcu_eqs_exit_common.isra.43 <-rcu_idle_exit
1548 <idle>-0 3.N.1 11us : tick_nohz_idle_exit <-cpu_idle
1549 <idle>-0 3dN.1 12us : menu_hrtimer_cancel <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
1550 <idle>-0 3dN.1 12us : ktime_get <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
1551 <idle>-0 3dN.1 12us : tick_do_update_jiffies64 <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
1552 <idle>-0 3dN.1 13us : update_cpu_load_nohz <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
1553 <idle>-0 3dN.1 13us : _raw_spin_lock <-update_cpu_load_nohz
1554 <idle>-0 3dN.1 13us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock
1555 <idle>-0 3dN.2 13us : __update_cpu_load <-update_cpu_load_nohz
1556 <idle>-0 3dN.2 14us : sched_avg_update <-__update_cpu_load
1557 <idle>-0 3dN.2 14us : _raw_spin_unlock <-update_cpu_load_nohz
1558 <idle>-0 3dN.2 14us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
1559 <idle>-0 3dN.1 15us : calc_load_exit_idle <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
1560 <idle>-0 3dN.1 15us : touch_softlockup_watchdog <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
1561 <idle>-0 3dN.1 15us : hrtimer_cancel <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
1562 <idle>-0 3dN.1 15us : hrtimer_try_to_cancel <-hrtimer_cancel
1563 <idle>-0 3dN.1 16us : lock_hrtimer_base.isra.18 <-hrtimer_try_to_cancel
1564 <idle>-0 3dN.1 16us : _raw_spin_lock_irqsave <-lock_hrtimer_base.isra.18
1565 <idle>-0 3dN.1 16us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock_irqsave
1566 <idle>-0 3dN.2 17us : __remove_hrtimer <-remove_hrtimer.part.16
1567 <idle>-0 3dN.2 17us : hrtimer_force_reprogram <-__remove_hrtimer
1568 <idle>-0 3dN.2 17us : tick_program_event <-hrtimer_force_reprogram
1569 <idle>-0 3dN.2 18us : clockevents_program_event <-tick_program_event
1570 <idle>-0 3dN.2 18us : ktime_get <-clockevents_program_event
1571 <idle>-0 3dN.2 18us : lapic_next_event <-clockevents_program_event
1572 <idle>-0 3dN.2 19us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-hrtimer_try_to_cancel
1573 <idle>-0 3dN.2 19us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
1574 <idle>-0 3dN.1 19us : hrtimer_forward <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
1575 <idle>-0 3dN.1 20us : ktime_add_safe <-hrtimer_forward
1576 <idle>-0 3dN.1 20us : ktime_add_safe <-hrtimer_forward
1577 <idle>-0 3dN.1 20us : hrtimer_start_range_ns <-hrtimer_start_expires.constprop.11
1578 <idle>-0 3dN.1 20us : __hrtimer_start_range_ns <-hrtimer_start_range_ns
1579 <idle>-0 3dN.1 21us : lock_hrtimer_base.isra.18 <-__hrtimer_start_range_ns
1580 <idle>-0 3dN.1 21us : _raw_spin_lock_irqsave <-lock_hrtimer_base.isra.18
1581 <idle>-0 3dN.1 21us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock_irqsave
1582 <idle>-0 3dN.2 22us : ktime_add_safe <-__hrtimer_start_range_ns
1583 <idle>-0 3dN.2 22us : enqueue_hrtimer <-__hrtimer_start_range_ns
1584 <idle>-0 3dN.2 22us : tick_program_event <-__hrtimer_start_range_ns
1585 <idle>-0 3dN.2 23us : clockevents_program_event <-tick_program_event
1586 <idle>-0 3dN.2 23us : ktime_get <-clockevents_program_event
1587 <idle>-0 3dN.2 23us : lapic_next_event <-clockevents_program_event
1588 <idle>-0 3dN.2 24us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-__hrtimer_start_range_ns
1589 <idle>-0 3dN.2 24us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
1590 <idle>-0 3dN.1 24us : account_idle_ticks <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
1591 <idle>-0 3dN.1 24us : account_idle_time <-account_idle_ticks
1592 <idle>-0 3.N.1 25us : sub_preempt_count <-cpu_idle
1593 <idle>-0 3.N.. 25us : schedule <-cpu_idle
1594 <idle>-0 3.N.. 25us : __schedule <-preempt_schedule
1595 <idle>-0 3.N.. 26us : add_preempt_count <-__schedule
1596 <idle>-0 3.N.1 26us : rcu_note_context_switch <-__schedule
1597 <idle>-0 3.N.1 26us : rcu_sched_qs <-rcu_note_context_switch
1598 <idle>-0 3dN.1 27us : rcu_preempt_qs <-rcu_note_context_switch
1599 <idle>-0 3.N.1 27us : _raw_spin_lock_irq <-__schedule
1600 <idle>-0 3dN.1 27us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock_irq
1601 <idle>-0 3dN.2 28us : put_prev_task_idle <-__schedule
1602 <idle>-0 3dN.2 28us : pick_next_task_stop <-pick_next_task
1603 <idle>-0 3dN.2 28us : pick_next_task_rt <-pick_next_task
1604 <idle>-0 3dN.2 29us : dequeue_pushable_task <-pick_next_task_rt
1605 <idle>-0 3d..3 29us : __schedule <-preempt_schedule
1606 <idle>-0 3d..3 30us : 0:120:R ==> [003] 2448: 94:R sleep
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001607
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001608This isn't that big of a trace, even with function tracing enabled,
1609so I included the entire trace.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001610
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001611The interrupt went off while when the system was idle. Somewhere
1612before task_woken_rt() was called, the NEED_RESCHED flag was set,
1613this is indicated by the first occurrence of the 'N' flag.
1614
1615Latency tracing and events
1616--------------------------
1617As function tracing can induce a much larger latency, but without
1618seeing what happens within the latency it is hard to know what
1619caused it. There is a middle ground, and that is with enabling
1620events.
1621
1622 # echo 0 > options/function-trace
1623 # echo wakeup_rt > current_tracer
1624 # echo 1 > events/enable
1625 # echo 1 > tracing_on
1626 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency
1627 # chrt -f 5 sleep 1
1628 # echo 0 > tracing_on
1629 # cat trace
1630# tracer: wakeup_rt
1631#
1632# wakeup_rt latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1633# --------------------------------------------------------------------
1634# latency: 6 us, #12/12, CPU#2 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1635# -----------------
1636# | task: sleep-5882 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:1 rt_prio:5)
1637# -----------------
1638#
1639# _------=> CPU#
1640# / _-----=> irqs-off
1641# | / _----=> need-resched
1642# || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1643# ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
1644# |||| / delay
1645# cmd pid ||||| time | caller
1646# \ / ||||| \ | /
1647 <idle>-0 2d.h4 0us : 0:120:R + [002] 5882: 94:R sleep
1648 <idle>-0 2d.h4 0us : ttwu_do_activate.constprop.87 <-try_to_wake_up
1649 <idle>-0 2d.h4 1us : sched_wakeup: comm=sleep pid=5882 prio=94 success=1 target_cpu=002
1650 <idle>-0 2dNh2 1us : hrtimer_expire_exit: hrtimer=ffff88007796feb8
1651 <idle>-0 2.N.2 2us : power_end: cpu_id=2
1652 <idle>-0 2.N.2 3us : cpu_idle: state=4294967295 cpu_id=2
1653 <idle>-0 2dN.3 4us : hrtimer_cancel: hrtimer=ffff88007d50d5e0
1654 <idle>-0 2dN.3 4us : hrtimer_start: hrtimer=ffff88007d50d5e0 function=tick_sched_timer expires=34311211000000 softexpires=34311211000000
1655 <idle>-0 2.N.2 5us : rcu_utilization: Start context switch
1656 <idle>-0 2.N.2 5us : rcu_utilization: End context switch
1657 <idle>-0 2d..3 6us : __schedule <-schedule
1658 <idle>-0 2d..3 6us : 0:120:R ==> [002] 5882: 94:R sleep
1659
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001660
Steven Rostedt9b803c02008-11-03 15:15:08 -05001661function
1662--------
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001663
Steven Rostedt9b803c02008-11-03 15:15:08 -05001664This tracer is the function tracer. Enabling the function tracer
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001665can be done from the debug file system. Make sure the
1666ftrace_enabled is set; otherwise this tracer is a nop.
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001667See the "ftrace_enabled" section below.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001668
1669 # sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=1
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001670 # echo function > current_tracer
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -05001671 # echo 1 > tracing_on
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001672 # usleep 1
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -05001673 # echo 0 > tracing_on
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001674 # cat trace
Steven Rostedt9b803c02008-11-03 15:15:08 -05001675# tracer: function
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001676#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001677# entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 24799/24799 #P:4
1678#
1679# _-----=> irqs-off
1680# / _----=> need-resched
1681# | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1682# || / _--=> preempt-depth
1683# ||| / delay
1684# TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
1685# | | | |||| | |
1686 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063030: mutex_unlock <-rb_simple_write
1687 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063031: __mutex_unlock_slowpath <-mutex_unlock
1688 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063031: __fsnotify_parent <-fsnotify_modify
1689 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063032: fsnotify <-fsnotify_modify
1690 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063032: __srcu_read_lock <-fsnotify
1691 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063032: add_preempt_count <-__srcu_read_lock
1692 bash-1994 [002] ...1 3082.063032: sub_preempt_count <-__srcu_read_lock
1693 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063033: __srcu_read_unlock <-fsnotify
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001694[...]
1695
1696
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001697Note: function tracer uses ring buffers to store the above
1698entries. The newest data may overwrite the oldest data.
1699Sometimes using echo to stop the trace is not sufficient because
1700the tracing could have overwritten the data that you wanted to
1701record. For this reason, it is sometimes better to disable
1702tracing directly from a program. This allows you to stop the
1703tracing at the point that you hit the part that you are
1704interested in. To disable the tracing directly from a C program,
1705something like following code snippet can be used:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001706
1707int trace_fd;
1708[...]
1709int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
1710 [...]
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -05001711 trace_fd = open(tracing_file("tracing_on"), O_WRONLY);
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001712 [...]
1713 if (condition_hit()) {
Steven Rostedtf2d9c742008-07-15 10:57:33 -04001714 write(trace_fd, "0", 1);
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04001715 }
1716 [...]
1717}
1718
Steven Rostedtdf4fc312008-11-26 00:16:23 -05001719
1720Single thread tracing
1721---------------------
1722
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001723By writing into set_ftrace_pid you can trace a
Steven Rostedtdf4fc312008-11-26 00:16:23 -05001724single thread. For example:
1725
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001726# cat set_ftrace_pid
Steven Rostedtdf4fc312008-11-26 00:16:23 -05001727no pid
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001728# echo 3111 > set_ftrace_pid
1729# cat set_ftrace_pid
Steven Rostedtdf4fc312008-11-26 00:16:23 -050017303111
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001731# echo function > current_tracer
1732# cat trace | head
Steven Rostedtdf4fc312008-11-26 00:16:23 -05001733 # tracer: function
1734 #
1735 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
1736 # | | | | |
1737 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254676: finish_task_switch <-thread_return
1738 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254681: hrtimer_cancel <-schedule_hrtimeout_range
1739 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254682: hrtimer_try_to_cancel <-hrtimer_cancel
1740 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254683: lock_hrtimer_base <-hrtimer_try_to_cancel
1741 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254685: fget_light <-do_sys_poll
1742 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254686: pipe_poll <-do_sys_poll
Wang Long52e68922015-02-05 05:16:14 +00001743# echo > set_ftrace_pid
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001744# cat trace |head
Steven Rostedtdf4fc312008-11-26 00:16:23 -05001745 # tracer: function
1746 #
1747 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
1748 # | | | | |
1749 ##### CPU 3 buffer started ####
1750 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957688: free_poll_entry <-poll_freewait
1751 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957689: remove_wait_queue <-free_poll_entry
1752 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957691: fput <-free_poll_entry
1753 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957692: audit_syscall_exit <-sysret_audit
1754 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957693: path_put <-audit_syscall_exit
1755
1756If you want to trace a function when executing, you could use
1757something like this simple program:
1758
1759#include <stdio.h>
1760#include <stdlib.h>
1761#include <sys/types.h>
1762#include <sys/stat.h>
1763#include <fcntl.h>
1764#include <unistd.h>
Jiri Olsa67b394f2009-10-23 19:36:18 -04001765#include <string.h>
Steven Rostedtdf4fc312008-11-26 00:16:23 -05001766
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001767#define _STR(x) #x
1768#define STR(x) _STR(x)
1769#define MAX_PATH 256
1770
1771const char *find_debugfs(void)
1772{
1773 static char debugfs[MAX_PATH+1];
1774 static int debugfs_found;
1775 char type[100];
1776 FILE *fp;
1777
1778 if (debugfs_found)
1779 return debugfs;
1780
1781 if ((fp = fopen("/proc/mounts","r")) == NULL) {
1782 perror("/proc/mounts");
1783 return NULL;
1784 }
1785
1786 while (fscanf(fp, "%*s %"
1787 STR(MAX_PATH)
1788 "s %99s %*s %*d %*d\n",
1789 debugfs, type) == 2) {
1790 if (strcmp(type, "debugfs") == 0)
1791 break;
1792 }
1793 fclose(fp);
1794
1795 if (strcmp(type, "debugfs") != 0) {
1796 fprintf(stderr, "debugfs not mounted");
1797 return NULL;
1798 }
1799
Jiri Olsa67b394f2009-10-23 19:36:18 -04001800 strcat(debugfs, "/tracing/");
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001801 debugfs_found = 1;
1802
1803 return debugfs;
1804}
1805
1806const char *tracing_file(const char *file_name)
1807{
1808 static char trace_file[MAX_PATH+1];
1809 snprintf(trace_file, MAX_PATH, "%s/%s", find_debugfs(), file_name);
1810 return trace_file;
1811}
1812
Steven Rostedtdf4fc312008-11-26 00:16:23 -05001813int main (int argc, char **argv)
1814{
1815 if (argc < 1)
1816 exit(-1);
1817
1818 if (fork() > 0) {
1819 int fd, ffd;
1820 char line[64];
1821 int s;
1822
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001823 ffd = open(tracing_file("current_tracer"), O_WRONLY);
Steven Rostedtdf4fc312008-11-26 00:16:23 -05001824 if (ffd < 0)
1825 exit(-1);
1826 write(ffd, "nop", 3);
1827
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001828 fd = open(tracing_file("set_ftrace_pid"), O_WRONLY);
Steven Rostedtdf4fc312008-11-26 00:16:23 -05001829 s = sprintf(line, "%d\n", getpid());
1830 write(fd, line, s);
1831
1832 write(ffd, "function", 8);
1833
1834 close(fd);
1835 close(ffd);
1836
1837 execvp(argv[1], argv+1);
1838 }
1839
1840 return 0;
1841}
1842
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001843Or this simple script!
Markus Metzgere2ea5392009-01-19 10:35:58 +01001844
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001845------
1846#!/bin/bash
Markus Metzgere2ea5392009-01-19 10:35:58 +01001847
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04001848debugfs=`sed -ne 's/^debugfs \(.*\) debugfs.*/\1/p' /proc/mounts`
1849echo nop > $debugfs/tracing/current_tracer
1850echo 0 > $debugfs/tracing/tracing_on
1851echo $$ > $debugfs/tracing/set_ftrace_pid
1852echo function > $debugfs/tracing/current_tracer
1853echo 1 > $debugfs/tracing/tracing_on
1854exec "$@"
1855------
Markus Metzgere2ea5392009-01-19 10:35:58 +01001856
1857
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001858function graph tracer
1859---------------------------
1860
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001861This tracer is similar to the function tracer except that it
1862probes a function on its entry and its exit. This is done by
1863using a dynamically allocated stack of return addresses in each
1864task_struct. On function entry the tracer overwrites the return
1865address of each function traced to set a custom probe. Thus the
1866original return address is stored on the stack of return address
1867in the task_struct.
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001868
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001869Probing on both ends of a function leads to special features
1870such as:
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001871
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001872- measure of a function's time execution
1873- having a reliable call stack to draw function calls graph
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001874
1875This tracer is useful in several situations:
1876
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001877- you want to find the reason of a strange kernel behavior and
1878 need to see what happens in detail on any areas (or specific
1879 ones).
1880
1881- you are experiencing weird latencies but it's difficult to
1882 find its origin.
1883
1884- you want to find quickly which path is taken by a specific
1885 function
1886
1887- you just want to peek inside a working kernel and want to see
1888 what happens there.
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001889
1890# tracer: function_graph
1891#
1892# CPU DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
1893# | | | | | | |
1894
1895 0) | sys_open() {
1896 0) | do_sys_open() {
1897 0) | getname() {
1898 0) | kmem_cache_alloc() {
1899 0) 1.382 us | __might_sleep();
1900 0) 2.478 us | }
1901 0) | strncpy_from_user() {
1902 0) | might_fault() {
1903 0) 1.389 us | __might_sleep();
1904 0) 2.553 us | }
1905 0) 3.807 us | }
1906 0) 7.876 us | }
1907 0) | alloc_fd() {
1908 0) 0.668 us | _spin_lock();
1909 0) 0.570 us | expand_files();
1910 0) 0.586 us | _spin_unlock();
1911
1912
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001913There are several columns that can be dynamically
1914enabled/disabled. You can use every combination of options you
1915want, depending on your needs.
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001916
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001917- The cpu number on which the function executed is default
1918 enabled. It is sometimes better to only trace one cpu (see
1919 tracing_cpu_mask file) or you might sometimes see unordered
1920 function calls while cpu tracing switch.
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001921
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001922 hide: echo nofuncgraph-cpu > trace_options
1923 show: echo funcgraph-cpu > trace_options
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001924
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001925- The duration (function's time of execution) is displayed on
1926 the closing bracket line of a function or on the same line
1927 than the current function in case of a leaf one. It is default
1928 enabled.
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001929
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001930 hide: echo nofuncgraph-duration > trace_options
1931 show: echo funcgraph-duration > trace_options
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001932
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001933- The overhead field precedes the duration field in case of
1934 reached duration thresholds.
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001935
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001936 hide: echo nofuncgraph-overhead > trace_options
1937 show: echo funcgraph-overhead > trace_options
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001938 depends on: funcgraph-duration
1939
1940 ie:
1941
1942 0) | up_write() {
1943 0) 0.646 us | _spin_lock_irqsave();
1944 0) 0.684 us | _spin_unlock_irqrestore();
1945 0) 3.123 us | }
1946 0) 0.548 us | fput();
1947 0) + 58.628 us | }
1948
1949 [...]
1950
1951 0) | putname() {
1952 0) | kmem_cache_free() {
1953 0) 0.518 us | __phys_addr();
1954 0) 1.757 us | }
1955 0) 2.861 us | }
1956 0) ! 115.305 us | }
1957 0) ! 116.402 us | }
1958
1959 + means that the function exceeded 10 usecs.
1960 ! means that the function exceeded 100 usecs.
Byungchul Park8e1e1df2014-11-24 09:34:19 +09001961 # means that the function exceeded 1000 usecs.
1962 $ means that the function exceeded 1 sec.
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001963
1964
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001965- The task/pid field displays the thread cmdline and pid which
1966 executed the function. It is default disabled.
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001967
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001968 hide: echo nofuncgraph-proc > trace_options
1969 show: echo funcgraph-proc > trace_options
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001970
1971 ie:
1972
1973 # tracer: function_graph
1974 #
1975 # CPU TASK/PID DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
1976 # | | | | | | | | |
1977 0) sh-4802 | | d_free() {
1978 0) sh-4802 | | call_rcu() {
1979 0) sh-4802 | | __call_rcu() {
1980 0) sh-4802 | 0.616 us | rcu_process_gp_end();
1981 0) sh-4802 | 0.586 us | check_for_new_grace_period();
1982 0) sh-4802 | 2.899 us | }
1983 0) sh-4802 | 4.040 us | }
1984 0) sh-4802 | 5.151 us | }
1985 0) sh-4802 | + 49.370 us | }
1986
1987
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01001988- The absolute time field is an absolute timestamp given by the
1989 system clock since it started. A snapshot of this time is
1990 given on each entry/exit of functions
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001991
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09001992 hide: echo nofuncgraph-abstime > trace_options
1993 show: echo funcgraph-abstime > trace_options
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01001994
1995 ie:
1996
1997 #
1998 # TIME CPU DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
1999 # | | | | | | | |
2000 360.774522 | 1) 0.541 us | }
2001 360.774522 | 1) 4.663 us | }
2002 360.774523 | 1) 0.541 us | __wake_up_bit();
2003 360.774524 | 1) 6.796 us | }
2004 360.774524 | 1) 7.952 us | }
2005 360.774525 | 1) 9.063 us | }
2006 360.774525 | 1) 0.615 us | journal_mark_dirty();
2007 360.774527 | 1) 0.578 us | __brelse();
2008 360.774528 | 1) | reiserfs_prepare_for_journal() {
2009 360.774528 | 1) | unlock_buffer() {
2010 360.774529 | 1) | wake_up_bit() {
2011 360.774529 | 1) | bit_waitqueue() {
2012 360.774530 | 1) 0.594 us | __phys_addr();
2013
2014
Robert Elliott607e3a22014-05-20 17:10:51 -05002015The function name is always displayed after the closing bracket
2016for a function if the start of that function is not in the
2017trace buffer.
2018
2019Display of the function name after the closing bracket may be
2020enabled for functions whose start is in the trace buffer,
2021allowing easier searching with grep for function durations.
2022It is default disabled.
2023
2024 hide: echo nofuncgraph-tail > trace_options
2025 show: echo funcgraph-tail > trace_options
2026
2027 Example with nofuncgraph-tail (default):
2028 0) | putname() {
2029 0) | kmem_cache_free() {
2030 0) 0.518 us | __phys_addr();
2031 0) 1.757 us | }
2032 0) 2.861 us | }
2033
2034 Example with funcgraph-tail:
2035 0) | putname() {
2036 0) | kmem_cache_free() {
2037 0) 0.518 us | __phys_addr();
2038 0) 1.757 us | } /* kmem_cache_free() */
2039 0) 2.861 us | } /* putname() */
2040
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002041You can put some comments on specific functions by using
Ingo Molnar5e1607a2009-03-05 10:24:48 +01002042trace_printk() For example, if you want to put a comment inside
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002043the __might_sleep() function, you just have to include
Ingo Molnar5e1607a2009-03-05 10:24:48 +01002044<linux/ftrace.h> and call trace_printk() inside __might_sleep()
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01002045
Ingo Molnar5e1607a2009-03-05 10:24:48 +01002046trace_printk("I'm a comment!\n")
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01002047
2048will produce:
2049
2050 1) | __might_sleep() {
2051 1) | /* I'm a comment! */
2052 1) 1.449 us | }
2053
2054
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002055You might find other useful features for this tracer in the
2056following "dynamic ftrace" section such as tracing only specific
2057functions or tasks.
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01002058
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002059dynamic ftrace
2060--------------
2061
Steven Rostedtf2d9c742008-07-15 10:57:33 -04002062If CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE is set, the system will run with
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002063virtually no overhead when function tracing is disabled. The way
2064this works is the mcount function call (placed at the start of
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002065every kernel function, produced by the -pg switch in gcc),
2066starts of pointing to a simple return. (Enabling FTRACE will
2067include the -pg switch in the compiling of the kernel.)
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002068
Steven Rostedt9b803c02008-11-03 15:15:08 -05002069At compile time every C file object is run through the
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002070recordmcount program (located in the scripts directory). This
2071program will parse the ELF headers in the C object to find all
2072the locations in the .text section that call mcount. (Note, only
2073white listed .text sections are processed, since processing other
2074sections like .init.text may cause races due to those sections
2075being freed unexpectedly).
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002076
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002077A new section called "__mcount_loc" is created that holds
2078references to all the mcount call sites in the .text section.
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002079The recordmcount program re-links this section back into the
2080original object. The final linking stage of the kernel will add all these
2081references into a single table.
Steven Rostedt9b803c02008-11-03 15:15:08 -05002082
2083On boot up, before SMP is initialized, the dynamic ftrace code
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002084scans this table and updates all the locations into nops. It
2085also records the locations, which are added to the
2086available_filter_functions list. Modules are processed as they
2087are loaded and before they are executed. When a module is
2088unloaded, it also removes its functions from the ftrace function
2089list. This is automatic in the module unload code, and the
2090module author does not need to worry about it.
Steven Rostedt9b803c02008-11-03 15:15:08 -05002091
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002092When tracing is enabled, the process of modifying the function
2093tracepoints is dependent on architecture. The old method is to use
2094kstop_machine to prevent races with the CPUs executing code being
2095modified (which can cause the CPU to do undesirable things, especially
2096if the modified code crosses cache (or page) boundaries), and the nops are
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002097patched back to calls. But this time, they do not call mcount
2098(which is just a function stub). They now call into the ftrace
2099infrastructure.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002100
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002101The new method of modifying the function tracepoints is to place
2102a breakpoint at the location to be modified, sync all CPUs, modify
2103the rest of the instruction not covered by the breakpoint. Sync
2104all CPUs again, and then remove the breakpoint with the finished
2105version to the ftrace call site.
2106
2107Some archs do not even need to monkey around with the synchronization,
2108and can just slap the new code on top of the old without any
2109problems with other CPUs executing it at the same time.
2110
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002111One special side-effect to the recording of the functions being
Steven Rostedtf2d9c742008-07-15 10:57:33 -04002112traced is that we can now selectively choose which functions we
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002113wish to trace and which ones we want the mcount calls to remain
2114as nops.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002115
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002116Two files are used, one for enabling and one for disabling the
2117tracing of specified functions. They are:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002118
2119 set_ftrace_filter
2120
2121and
2122
2123 set_ftrace_notrace
2124
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002125A list of available functions that you can add to these files is
2126listed in:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002127
2128 available_filter_functions
2129
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002130 # cat available_filter_functions
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002131put_prev_task_idle
2132kmem_cache_create
2133pick_next_task_rt
2134get_online_cpus
2135pick_next_task_fair
2136mutex_lock
2137[...]
2138
Steven Rostedtf2d9c742008-07-15 10:57:33 -04002139If I am only interested in sys_nanosleep and hrtimer_interrupt:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002140
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002141 # echo sys_nanosleep hrtimer_interrupt > set_ftrace_filter
Yang Hongyang6993b1b2010-01-25 11:10:32 +08002142 # echo function > current_tracer
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -05002143 # echo 1 > tracing_on
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002144 # usleep 1
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -05002145 # echo 0 > tracing_on
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002146 # cat trace
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002147# tracer: function
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002148#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002149# entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 5/5 #P:4
2150#
2151# _-----=> irqs-off
2152# / _----=> need-resched
2153# | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
2154# || / _--=> preempt-depth
2155# ||| / delay
2156# TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
2157# | | | |||| | |
2158 usleep-2665 [001] .... 4186.475355: sys_nanosleep <-system_call_fastpath
2159 <idle>-0 [001] d.h1 4186.475409: hrtimer_interrupt <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
2160 usleep-2665 [001] d.h1 4186.475426: hrtimer_interrupt <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
2161 <idle>-0 [003] d.h1 4186.475426: hrtimer_interrupt <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
2162 <idle>-0 [002] d.h1 4186.475427: hrtimer_interrupt <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002163
Steven Rostedtf2d9c742008-07-15 10:57:33 -04002164To see which functions are being traced, you can cat the file:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002165
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002166 # cat set_ftrace_filter
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002167hrtimer_interrupt
2168sys_nanosleep
2169
2170
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002171Perhaps this is not enough. The filters also allow simple wild
2172cards. Only the following are currently available
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002173
Steven Rostedta41eeba2008-07-14 16:41:12 -04002174 <match>* - will match functions that begin with <match>
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002175 *<match> - will match functions that end with <match>
2176 *<match>* - will match functions that have <match> in it
2177
Steven Rostedtf2d9c742008-07-15 10:57:33 -04002178These are the only wild cards which are supported.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002179
2180 <match>*<match> will not work.
2181
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002182Note: It is better to use quotes to enclose the wild cards,
2183 otherwise the shell may expand the parameters into names
2184 of files in the local directory.
walimisc072c242008-11-28 12:21:19 +08002185
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002186 # echo 'hrtimer_*' > set_ftrace_filter
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002187
2188Produces:
2189
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002190# tracer: function
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002191#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002192# entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 897/897 #P:4
2193#
2194# _-----=> irqs-off
2195# / _----=> need-resched
2196# | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
2197# || / _--=> preempt-depth
2198# ||| / delay
2199# TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
2200# | | | |||| | |
2201 <idle>-0 [003] dN.1 4228.547803: hrtimer_cancel <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
2202 <idle>-0 [003] dN.1 4228.547804: hrtimer_try_to_cancel <-hrtimer_cancel
2203 <idle>-0 [003] dN.2 4228.547805: hrtimer_force_reprogram <-__remove_hrtimer
2204 <idle>-0 [003] dN.1 4228.547805: hrtimer_forward <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
2205 <idle>-0 [003] dN.1 4228.547805: hrtimer_start_range_ns <-hrtimer_start_expires.constprop.11
2206 <idle>-0 [003] d..1 4228.547858: hrtimer_get_next_event <-get_next_timer_interrupt
2207 <idle>-0 [003] d..1 4228.547859: hrtimer_start <-__tick_nohz_idle_enter
2208 <idle>-0 [003] d..2 4228.547860: hrtimer_force_reprogram <-__rem
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002209
2210Notice that we lost the sys_nanosleep.
2211
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002212 # cat set_ftrace_filter
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002213hrtimer_run_queues
2214hrtimer_run_pending
2215hrtimer_init
2216hrtimer_cancel
2217hrtimer_try_to_cancel
2218hrtimer_forward
2219hrtimer_start
2220hrtimer_reprogram
2221hrtimer_force_reprogram
2222hrtimer_get_next_event
2223hrtimer_interrupt
2224hrtimer_nanosleep
2225hrtimer_wakeup
2226hrtimer_get_remaining
2227hrtimer_get_res
2228hrtimer_init_sleeper
2229
2230
2231This is because the '>' and '>>' act just like they do in bash.
2232To rewrite the filters, use '>'
2233To append to the filters, use '>>'
2234
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002235To clear out a filter so that all functions will be recorded
2236again:
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002237
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002238 # echo > set_ftrace_filter
2239 # cat set_ftrace_filter
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002240 #
2241
2242Again, now we want to append.
2243
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002244 # echo sys_nanosleep > set_ftrace_filter
2245 # cat set_ftrace_filter
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002246sys_nanosleep
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002247 # echo 'hrtimer_*' >> set_ftrace_filter
2248 # cat set_ftrace_filter
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002249hrtimer_run_queues
2250hrtimer_run_pending
2251hrtimer_init
2252hrtimer_cancel
2253hrtimer_try_to_cancel
2254hrtimer_forward
2255hrtimer_start
2256hrtimer_reprogram
2257hrtimer_force_reprogram
2258hrtimer_get_next_event
2259hrtimer_interrupt
2260sys_nanosleep
2261hrtimer_nanosleep
2262hrtimer_wakeup
2263hrtimer_get_remaining
2264hrtimer_get_res
2265hrtimer_init_sleeper
2266
2267
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002268The set_ftrace_notrace prevents those functions from being
2269traced.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002270
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002271 # echo '*preempt*' '*lock*' > set_ftrace_notrace
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002272
2273Produces:
2274
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002275# tracer: function
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002276#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002277# entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 39608/39608 #P:4
2278#
2279# _-----=> irqs-off
2280# / _----=> need-resched
2281# | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
2282# || / _--=> preempt-depth
2283# ||| / delay
2284# TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
2285# | | | |||| | |
2286 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324896: file_ra_state_init <-do_dentry_open
2287 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324897: open_check_o_direct <-do_last
2288 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324897: ima_file_check <-do_last
2289 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324898: process_measurement <-ima_file_check
2290 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324898: ima_get_action <-process_measurement
2291 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324898: ima_match_policy <-ima_get_action
2292 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324899: do_truncate <-do_last
2293 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324899: should_remove_suid <-do_truncate
2294 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324899: notify_change <-do_truncate
2295 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324900: current_fs_time <-notify_change
2296 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324900: current_kernel_time <-current_fs_time
2297 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324900: timespec_trunc <-current_fs_time
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002298
2299We can see that there's no more lock or preempt tracing.
2300
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01002301
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002302Dynamic ftrace with the function graph tracer
2303---------------------------------------------
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01002304
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002305Although what has been explained above concerns both the
2306function tracer and the function-graph-tracer, there are some
2307special features only available in the function-graph tracer.
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01002308
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002309If you want to trace only one function and all of its children,
2310you just have to echo its name into set_graph_function:
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01002311
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002312 echo __do_fault > set_graph_function
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01002313
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002314will produce the following "expanded" trace of the __do_fault()
2315function:
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01002316
2317 0) | __do_fault() {
2318 0) | filemap_fault() {
2319 0) | find_lock_page() {
2320 0) 0.804 us | find_get_page();
2321 0) | __might_sleep() {
2322 0) 1.329 us | }
2323 0) 3.904 us | }
2324 0) 4.979 us | }
2325 0) 0.653 us | _spin_lock();
2326 0) 0.578 us | page_add_file_rmap();
2327 0) 0.525 us | native_set_pte_at();
2328 0) 0.585 us | _spin_unlock();
2329 0) | unlock_page() {
2330 0) 0.541 us | page_waitqueue();
2331 0) 0.639 us | __wake_up_bit();
2332 0) 2.786 us | }
2333 0) + 14.237 us | }
2334 0) | __do_fault() {
2335 0) | filemap_fault() {
2336 0) | find_lock_page() {
2337 0) 0.698 us | find_get_page();
2338 0) | __might_sleep() {
2339 0) 1.412 us | }
2340 0) 3.950 us | }
2341 0) 5.098 us | }
2342 0) 0.631 us | _spin_lock();
2343 0) 0.571 us | page_add_file_rmap();
2344 0) 0.526 us | native_set_pte_at();
2345 0) 0.586 us | _spin_unlock();
2346 0) | unlock_page() {
2347 0) 0.533 us | page_waitqueue();
2348 0) 0.638 us | __wake_up_bit();
2349 0) 2.793 us | }
2350 0) + 14.012 us | }
2351
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002352You can also expand several functions at once:
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01002353
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002354 echo sys_open > set_graph_function
2355 echo sys_close >> set_graph_function
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01002356
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002357Now if you want to go back to trace all functions you can clear
2358this special filter via:
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01002359
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002360 echo > set_graph_function
Frederic Weisbecker985ec202009-02-18 06:35:34 +01002361
2362
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002363ftrace_enabled
2364--------------
2365
2366Note, the proc sysctl ftrace_enable is a big on/off switch for the
2367function tracer. By default it is enabled (when function tracing is
2368enabled in the kernel). If it is disabled, all function tracing is
2369disabled. This includes not only the function tracers for ftrace, but
2370also for any other uses (perf, kprobes, stack tracing, profiling, etc).
2371
2372Please disable this with care.
2373
2374This can be disable (and enabled) with:
2375
2376 sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=0
2377 sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=1
2378
2379 or
2380
2381 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace_enabled
2382 echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace_enabled
2383
2384
Chase Douglas07271aa2010-04-23 14:02:39 -04002385Filter commands
2386---------------
2387
2388A few commands are supported by the set_ftrace_filter interface.
2389Trace commands have the following format:
2390
2391<function>:<command>:<parameter>
2392
2393The following commands are supported:
2394
2395- mod
2396 This command enables function filtering per module. The
2397 parameter defines the module. For example, if only the write*
2398 functions in the ext3 module are desired, run:
2399
2400 echo 'write*:mod:ext3' > set_ftrace_filter
2401
2402 This command interacts with the filter in the same way as
2403 filtering based on function names. Thus, adding more functions
2404 in a different module is accomplished by appending (>>) to the
2405 filter file. Remove specific module functions by prepending
2406 '!':
2407
2408 echo '!writeback*:mod:ext3' >> set_ftrace_filter
2409
2410- traceon/traceoff
2411 These commands turn tracing on and off when the specified
2412 functions are hit. The parameter determines how many times the
2413 tracing system is turned on and off. If unspecified, there is
2414 no limit. For example, to disable tracing when a schedule bug
2415 is hit the first 5 times, run:
2416
2417 echo '__schedule_bug:traceoff:5' > set_ftrace_filter
2418
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002419 To always disable tracing when __schedule_bug is hit:
2420
2421 echo '__schedule_bug:traceoff' > set_ftrace_filter
2422
Chase Douglas07271aa2010-04-23 14:02:39 -04002423 These commands are cumulative whether or not they are appended
2424 to set_ftrace_filter. To remove a command, prepend it by '!'
2425 and drop the parameter:
2426
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002427 echo '!__schedule_bug:traceoff:0' > set_ftrace_filter
2428
2429 The above removes the traceoff command for __schedule_bug
2430 that have a counter. To remove commands without counters:
2431
Chase Douglas07271aa2010-04-23 14:02:39 -04002432 echo '!__schedule_bug:traceoff' > set_ftrace_filter
2433
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002434- snapshot
2435 Will cause a snapshot to be triggered when the function is hit.
2436
2437 echo 'native_flush_tlb_others:snapshot' > set_ftrace_filter
2438
2439 To only snapshot once:
2440
2441 echo 'native_flush_tlb_others:snapshot:1' > set_ftrace_filter
2442
2443 To remove the above commands:
2444
2445 echo '!native_flush_tlb_others:snapshot' > set_ftrace_filter
2446 echo '!native_flush_tlb_others:snapshot:0' > set_ftrace_filter
2447
2448- enable_event/disable_event
2449 These commands can enable or disable a trace event. Note, because
2450 function tracing callbacks are very sensitive, when these commands
2451 are registered, the trace point is activated, but disabled in
2452 a "soft" mode. That is, the tracepoint will be called, but
2453 just will not be traced. The event tracepoint stays in this mode
2454 as long as there's a command that triggers it.
2455
2456 echo 'try_to_wake_up:enable_event:sched:sched_switch:2' > \
2457 set_ftrace_filter
2458
2459 The format is:
2460
2461 <function>:enable_event:<system>:<event>[:count]
2462 <function>:disable_event:<system>:<event>[:count]
2463
2464 To remove the events commands:
2465
2466
2467 echo '!try_to_wake_up:enable_event:sched:sched_switch:0' > \
2468 set_ftrace_filter
2469 echo '!schedule:disable_event:sched:sched_switch' > \
2470 set_ftrace_filter
Chase Douglas07271aa2010-04-23 14:02:39 -04002471
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)ad71d882013-04-30 15:46:14 -04002472- dump
2473 When the function is hit, it will dump the contents of the ftrace
2474 ring buffer to the console. This is useful if you need to debug
2475 something, and want to dump the trace when a certain function
2476 is hit. Perhaps its a function that is called before a tripple
2477 fault happens and does not allow you to get a regular dump.
2478
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)90e3c032013-04-30 19:00:46 -04002479- cpudump
2480 When the function is hit, it will dump the contents of the ftrace
2481 ring buffer for the current CPU to the console. Unlike the "dump"
2482 command, it only prints out the contents of the ring buffer for the
2483 CPU that executed the function that triggered the dump.
2484
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002485trace_pipe
2486----------
2487
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002488The trace_pipe outputs the same content as the trace file, but
2489the effect on the tracing is different. Every read from
2490trace_pipe is consumed. This means that subsequent reads will be
2491different. The trace is live.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002492
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002493 # echo function > current_tracer
2494 # cat trace_pipe > /tmp/trace.out &
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002495[1] 4153
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -05002496 # echo 1 > tracing_on
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002497 # usleep 1
Steven Rostedt6752ab42011-02-08 13:54:06 -05002498 # echo 0 > tracing_on
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002499 # cat trace
Steven Rostedt9b803c02008-11-03 15:15:08 -05002500# tracer: function
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002501#
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002502# entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 0/0 #P:4
2503#
2504# _-----=> irqs-off
2505# / _----=> need-resched
2506# | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
2507# || / _--=> preempt-depth
2508# ||| / delay
2509# TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
2510# | | | |||| | |
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002511
2512 #
2513 # cat /tmp/trace.out
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002514 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568961: mutex_unlock <-rb_simple_write
2515 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568963: __mutex_unlock_slowpath <-mutex_unlock
2516 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568963: __fsnotify_parent <-fsnotify_modify
2517 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568964: fsnotify <-fsnotify_modify
2518 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568964: __srcu_read_lock <-fsnotify
2519 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568964: add_preempt_count <-__srcu_read_lock
2520 bash-1994 [000] ...1 5281.568965: sub_preempt_count <-__srcu_read_lock
2521 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568965: __srcu_read_unlock <-fsnotify
2522 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568967: sys_dup2 <-system_call_fastpath
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002523
2524
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002525Note, reading the trace_pipe file will block until more input is
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002526added.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002527
2528trace entries
2529-------------
2530
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002531Having too much or not enough data can be troublesome in
2532diagnosing an issue in the kernel. The file buffer_size_kb is
2533used to modify the size of the internal trace buffers. The
2534number listed is the number of entries that can be recorded per
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002535CPU. To know the full size, multiply the number of possible CPUs
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002536with the number of entries.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002537
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002538 # cat buffer_size_kb
Steven Rostedt1696b2b2008-11-13 00:09:35 -050025391408 (units kilobytes)
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002540
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002541Or simply read buffer_total_size_kb
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002542
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002543 # cat buffer_total_size_kb
25445632
2545
2546To modify the buffer, simple echo in a number (in 1024 byte segments).
2547
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002548 # echo 10000 > buffer_size_kb
2549 # cat buffer_size_kb
Steven Rostedt1696b2b2008-11-13 00:09:35 -0500255010000 (units kilobytes)
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002551
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002552It will try to allocate as much as possible. If you allocate too
2553much, it can cause Out-Of-Memory to trigger.
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002554
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002555 # echo 1000000000000 > buffer_size_kb
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -04002556-bash: echo: write error: Cannot allocate memory
GeunSik Lim156f5a72009-06-02 15:01:37 +09002557 # cat buffer_size_kb
Steven Rostedteb6d42e2008-07-10 12:46:01 -0400255885
2559
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002560The per_cpu buffers can be changed individually as well:
2561
2562 # echo 10000 > per_cpu/cpu0/buffer_size_kb
2563 # echo 100 > per_cpu/cpu1/buffer_size_kb
2564
2565When the per_cpu buffers are not the same, the buffer_size_kb
2566at the top level will just show an X
2567
2568 # cat buffer_size_kb
2569X
2570
2571This is where the buffer_total_size_kb is useful:
2572
2573 # cat buffer_total_size_kb
257412916
2575
2576Writing to the top level buffer_size_kb will reset all the buffers
2577to be the same again.
2578
Hiraku Toyookac1043fc2012-12-26 11:53:09 +09002579Snapshot
2580--------
2581CONFIG_TRACER_SNAPSHOT makes a generic snapshot feature
2582available to all non latency tracers. (Latency tracers which
2583record max latency, such as "irqsoff" or "wakeup", can't use
2584this feature, since those are already using the snapshot
2585mechanism internally.)
2586
2587Snapshot preserves a current trace buffer at a particular point
2588in time without stopping tracing. Ftrace swaps the current
2589buffer with a spare buffer, and tracing continues in the new
2590current (=previous spare) buffer.
2591
2592The following debugfs files in "tracing" are related to this
2593feature:
2594
2595 snapshot:
2596
2597 This is used to take a snapshot and to read the output
2598 of the snapshot. Echo 1 into this file to allocate a
2599 spare buffer and to take a snapshot (swap), then read
2600 the snapshot from this file in the same format as
2601 "trace" (described above in the section "The File
2602 System"). Both reads snapshot and tracing are executable
2603 in parallel. When the spare buffer is allocated, echoing
2604 0 frees it, and echoing else (positive) values clear the
2605 snapshot contents.
2606 More details are shown in the table below.
2607
2608 status\input | 0 | 1 | else |
2609 --------------+------------+------------+------------+
Hiraku Toyooka1abccd72013-03-08 16:32:25 +09002610 not allocated |(do nothing)| alloc+swap |(do nothing)|
Hiraku Toyookac1043fc2012-12-26 11:53:09 +09002611 --------------+------------+------------+------------+
2612 allocated | free | swap | clear |
2613 --------------+------------+------------+------------+
2614
2615Here is an example of using the snapshot feature.
2616
2617 # echo 1 > events/sched/enable
2618 # echo 1 > snapshot
2619 # cat snapshot
2620# tracer: nop
2621#
2622# entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 71/71 #P:8
2623#
2624# _-----=> irqs-off
2625# / _----=> need-resched
2626# | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
2627# || / _--=> preempt-depth
2628# ||| / delay
2629# TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
2630# | | | |||| | |
2631 <idle>-0 [005] d... 2440.603828: sched_switch: prev_comm=swapper/5 prev_pid=0 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=snapshot-test-2 next_pid=2242 next_prio=120
2632 sleep-2242 [005] d... 2440.603846: sched_switch: prev_comm=snapshot-test-2 prev_pid=2242 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=kworker/5:1 next_pid=60 next_prio=120
2633[...]
2634 <idle>-0 [002] d... 2440.707230: sched_switch: prev_comm=swapper/2 prev_pid=0 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=snapshot-test-2 next_pid=2229 next_prio=120
2635
2636 # cat trace
2637# tracer: nop
2638#
2639# entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 77/77 #P:8
2640#
2641# _-----=> irqs-off
2642# / _----=> need-resched
2643# | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
2644# || / _--=> preempt-depth
2645# ||| / delay
2646# TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
2647# | | | |||| | |
2648 <idle>-0 [007] d... 2440.707395: sched_switch: prev_comm=swapper/7 prev_pid=0 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=snapshot-test-2 next_pid=2243 next_prio=120
2649 snapshot-test-2-2229 [002] d... 2440.707438: sched_switch: prev_comm=snapshot-test-2 prev_pid=2229 prev_prio=120 prev_state=S ==> next_comm=swapper/2 next_pid=0 next_prio=120
2650[...]
2651
2652
2653If you try to use this snapshot feature when current tracer is
2654one of the latency tracers, you will get the following results.
2655
2656 # echo wakeup > current_tracer
2657 # echo 1 > snapshot
2658bash: echo: write error: Device or resource busy
2659 # cat snapshot
2660cat: snapshot: Device or resource busy
2661
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002662
2663Instances
2664---------
2665In the debugfs tracing directory is a directory called "instances".
2666This directory can have new directories created inside of it using
2667mkdir, and removing directories with rmdir. The directory created
2668with mkdir in this directory will already contain files and other
2669directories after it is created.
2670
2671 # mkdir instances/foo
2672 # ls instances/foo
2673buffer_size_kb buffer_total_size_kb events free_buffer per_cpu
2674set_event snapshot trace trace_clock trace_marker trace_options
2675trace_pipe tracing_on
2676
2677As you can see, the new directory looks similar to the tracing directory
2678itself. In fact, it is very similar, except that the buffer and
2679events are agnostic from the main director, or from any other
2680instances that are created.
2681
2682The files in the new directory work just like the files with the
2683same name in the tracing directory except the buffer that is used
2684is a separate and new buffer. The files affect that buffer but do not
2685affect the main buffer with the exception of trace_options. Currently,
2686the trace_options affect all instances and the top level buffer
2687the same, but this may change in future releases. That is, options
2688may become specific to the instance they reside in.
2689
2690Notice that none of the function tracer files are there, nor is
2691current_tracer and available_tracers. This is because the buffers
2692can currently only have events enabled for them.
2693
2694 # mkdir instances/foo
2695 # mkdir instances/bar
2696 # mkdir instances/zoot
2697 # echo 100000 > buffer_size_kb
2698 # echo 1000 > instances/foo/buffer_size_kb
2699 # echo 5000 > instances/bar/per_cpu/cpu1/buffer_size_kb
2700 # echo function > current_trace
2701 # echo 1 > instances/foo/events/sched/sched_wakeup/enable
2702 # echo 1 > instances/foo/events/sched/sched_wakeup_new/enable
2703 # echo 1 > instances/foo/events/sched/sched_switch/enable
2704 # echo 1 > instances/bar/events/irq/enable
2705 # echo 1 > instances/zoot/events/syscalls/enable
2706 # cat trace_pipe
2707CPU:2 [LOST 11745 EVENTS]
2708 bash-2044 [002] .... 10594.481032: _raw_spin_lock_irqsave <-get_page_from_freelist
2709 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481032: add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock_irqsave
2710 bash-2044 [002] d..1 10594.481032: __rmqueue <-get_page_from_freelist
2711 bash-2044 [002] d..1 10594.481033: _raw_spin_unlock <-get_page_from_freelist
2712 bash-2044 [002] d..1 10594.481033: sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
2713 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481033: get_pageblock_flags_group <-get_pageblock_migratetype
2714 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481034: __mod_zone_page_state <-get_page_from_freelist
2715 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481034: zone_statistics <-get_page_from_freelist
2716 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481034: __inc_zone_state <-zone_statistics
2717 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481034: __inc_zone_state <-zone_statistics
2718 bash-2044 [002] .... 10594.481035: arch_dup_task_struct <-copy_process
2719[...]
2720
2721 # cat instances/foo/trace_pipe
2722 bash-1998 [000] d..4 136.676759: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/0:1 pid=59 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=000
2723 bash-1998 [000] dN.4 136.676760: sched_wakeup: comm=bash pid=1998 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=000
2724 <idle>-0 [003] d.h3 136.676906: sched_wakeup: comm=rcu_preempt pid=9 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=003
2725 <idle>-0 [003] d..3 136.676909: sched_switch: prev_comm=swapper/3 prev_pid=0 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=rcu_preempt next_pid=9 next_prio=120
2726 rcu_preempt-9 [003] d..3 136.676916: sched_switch: prev_comm=rcu_preempt prev_pid=9 prev_prio=120 prev_state=S ==> next_comm=swapper/3 next_pid=0 next_prio=120
2727 bash-1998 [000] d..4 136.677014: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/0:1 pid=59 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=000
2728 bash-1998 [000] dN.4 136.677016: sched_wakeup: comm=bash pid=1998 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=000
2729 bash-1998 [000] d..3 136.677018: sched_switch: prev_comm=bash prev_pid=1998 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R+ ==> next_comm=kworker/0:1 next_pid=59 next_prio=120
2730 kworker/0:1-59 [000] d..4 136.677022: sched_wakeup: comm=sshd pid=1995 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=001
2731 kworker/0:1-59 [000] d..3 136.677025: sched_switch: prev_comm=kworker/0:1 prev_pid=59 prev_prio=120 prev_state=S ==> next_comm=bash next_pid=1998 next_prio=120
2732[...]
2733
2734 # cat instances/bar/trace_pipe
2735 migration/1-14 [001] d.h3 138.732674: softirq_raise: vec=3 [action=NET_RX]
2736 <idle>-0 [001] dNh3 138.732725: softirq_raise: vec=3 [action=NET_RX]
2737 bash-1998 [000] d.h1 138.733101: softirq_raise: vec=1 [action=TIMER]
2738 bash-1998 [000] d.h1 138.733102: softirq_raise: vec=9 [action=RCU]
2739 bash-1998 [000] ..s2 138.733105: softirq_entry: vec=1 [action=TIMER]
2740 bash-1998 [000] ..s2 138.733106: softirq_exit: vec=1 [action=TIMER]
2741 bash-1998 [000] ..s2 138.733106: softirq_entry: vec=9 [action=RCU]
2742 bash-1998 [000] ..s2 138.733109: softirq_exit: vec=9 [action=RCU]
2743 sshd-1995 [001] d.h1 138.733278: irq_handler_entry: irq=21 name=uhci_hcd:usb4
2744 sshd-1995 [001] d.h1 138.733280: irq_handler_exit: irq=21 ret=unhandled
2745 sshd-1995 [001] d.h1 138.733281: irq_handler_entry: irq=21 name=eth0
2746 sshd-1995 [001] d.h1 138.733283: irq_handler_exit: irq=21 ret=handled
2747[...]
2748
2749 # cat instances/zoot/trace
2750# tracer: nop
2751#
2752# entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 18996/18996 #P:4
2753#
2754# _-----=> irqs-off
2755# / _----=> need-resched
2756# | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
2757# || / _--=> preempt-depth
2758# ||| / delay
2759# TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
2760# | | | |||| | |
2761 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733501: sys_write -> 0x2
2762 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733504: sys_dup2(oldfd: a, newfd: 1)
2763 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733506: sys_dup2 -> 0x1
2764 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733508: sys_fcntl(fd: a, cmd: 1, arg: 0)
2765 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733509: sys_fcntl -> 0x1
2766 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733510: sys_close(fd: a)
2767 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733510: sys_close -> 0x0
2768 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733514: sys_rt_sigprocmask(how: 0, nset: 0, oset: 6e2768, sigsetsize: 8)
2769 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733515: sys_rt_sigprocmask -> 0x0
2770 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733516: sys_rt_sigaction(sig: 2, act: 7fff718846f0, oact: 7fff71884650, sigsetsize: 8)
2771 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733516: sys_rt_sigaction -> 0x0
2772
2773You can see that the trace of the top most trace buffer shows only
2774the function tracing. The foo instance displays wakeups and task
2775switches.
2776
2777To remove the instances, simply delete their directories:
2778
2779 # rmdir instances/foo
2780 # rmdir instances/bar
2781 # rmdir instances/zoot
2782
2783Note, if a process has a trace file open in one of the instance
2784directories, the rmdir will fail with EBUSY.
2785
2786
2787Stack trace
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002788-----------
Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)8d016092013-03-13 11:05:11 -04002789Since the kernel has a fixed sized stack, it is important not to
2790waste it in functions. A kernel developer must be conscience of
2791what they allocate on the stack. If they add too much, the system
2792can be in danger of a stack overflow, and corruption will occur,
2793usually leading to a system panic.
2794
2795There are some tools that check this, usually with interrupts
2796periodically checking usage. But if you can perform a check
2797at every function call that will become very useful. As ftrace provides
2798a function tracer, it makes it convenient to check the stack size
2799at every function call. This is enabled via the stack tracer.
2800
2801CONFIG_STACK_TRACER enables the ftrace stack tracing functionality.
2802To enable it, write a '1' into /proc/sys/kernel/stack_tracer_enabled.
2803
2804 # echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/stack_tracer_enabled
2805
2806You can also enable it from the kernel command line to trace
2807the stack size of the kernel during boot up, by adding "stacktrace"
2808to the kernel command line parameter.
2809
2810After running it for a few minutes, the output looks like:
2811
2812 # cat stack_max_size
28132928
2814
2815 # cat stack_trace
2816 Depth Size Location (18 entries)
2817 ----- ---- --------
2818 0) 2928 224 update_sd_lb_stats+0xbc/0x4ac
2819 1) 2704 160 find_busiest_group+0x31/0x1f1
2820 2) 2544 256 load_balance+0xd9/0x662
2821 3) 2288 80 idle_balance+0xbb/0x130
2822 4) 2208 128 __schedule+0x26e/0x5b9
2823 5) 2080 16 schedule+0x64/0x66
2824 6) 2064 128 schedule_timeout+0x34/0xe0
2825 7) 1936 112 wait_for_common+0x97/0xf1
2826 8) 1824 16 wait_for_completion+0x1d/0x1f
2827 9) 1808 128 flush_work+0xfe/0x119
2828 10) 1680 16 tty_flush_to_ldisc+0x1e/0x20
2829 11) 1664 48 input_available_p+0x1d/0x5c
2830 12) 1616 48 n_tty_poll+0x6d/0x134
2831 13) 1568 64 tty_poll+0x64/0x7f
2832 14) 1504 880 do_select+0x31e/0x511
2833 15) 624 400 core_sys_select+0x177/0x216
2834 16) 224 96 sys_select+0x91/0xb9
2835 17) 128 128 system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
2836
2837Note, if -mfentry is being used by gcc, functions get traced before
2838they set up the stack frame. This means that leaf level functions
2839are not tested by the stack tracer when -mfentry is used.
2840
2841Currently, -mfentry is used by gcc 4.6.0 and above on x86 only.
2842
2843---------
Ingo Molnar57526742009-02-19 12:54:10 +01002844
2845More details can be found in the source code, in the
GeunSik Limbaf20b32009-06-01 10:49:41 +02002846kernel/trace/*.c files.