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Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -07001Using the RAM disk block device with Linux
2------------------------------------------
3
4Contents:
5
6 1) Overview
7 2) Kernel Command Line Parameters
8 3) Using "rdev -r"
Nathan Scott086626a72006-07-14 00:24:10 -07009 4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070010
11
121) Overview
13-----------
14
15The RAM disk driver is a way to use main system memory as a block device. It
16is required for initrd, an initial filesystem used if you need to load modules
17in order to access the root filesystem (see Documentation/initrd.txt). It can
18also be used for a temporary filesystem for crypto work, since the contents
19are erased on reboot.
20
21The RAM disk dynamically grows as more space is required. It does this by using
22RAM from the buffer cache. The driver marks the buffers it is using as dirty
23so that the VM subsystem does not try to reclaim them later.
24
Randy Dunlap18107322007-10-16 23:29:29 -070025The RAM disk supports up to 16 RAM disks by default, and can be reconfigured
26to support an unlimited number of RAM disks (at your own risk). Just change
27the configuration symbol BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT in the Block drivers config menu
28and (re)build the kernel.
29
30To use RAM disk support with your system, run './MAKEDEV ram' from the /dev
31directory. RAM disks are all major number 1, and start with minor number 0
32for /dev/ram0, etc. If used, modern kernels use /dev/ram0 for an initrd.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070033
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070034The new RAM disk also has the ability to load compressed RAM disk images,
Nathan Scott086626a72006-07-14 00:24:10 -070035allowing one to squeeze more programs onto an average installation or
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070036rescue floppy disk.
37
38
392) Kernel Command Line Parameters
40---------------------------------
41
42 ramdisk_size=N
43 ==============
44
45This parameter tells the RAM disk driver to set up RAM disks of N k size. The
46default is 4096 (4 MB) (8192 (8 MB) on S390).
47
48 ramdisk_blocksize=N
49 ===================
50
51This parameter tells the RAM disk driver how many bytes to use per block. The
Nathan Scott086626a72006-07-14 00:24:10 -070052default is 1024 (BLOCK_SIZE).
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070053
54
553) Using "rdev -r"
56------------------
57
58The usage of the word (two bytes) that "rdev -r" sets in the kernel image is
59as follows. The low 11 bits (0 -> 10) specify an offset (in 1 k blocks) of up
60to 2 MB (2^11) of where to find the RAM disk (this used to be the size). Bit
6114 indicates that a RAM disk is to be loaded, and bit 15 indicates whether a
62prompt/wait sequence is to be given before trying to read the RAM disk. Since
63the RAM disk dynamically grows as data is being written into it, a size field
64is not required. Bits 11 to 13 are not currently used and may as well be zero.
65These numbers are no magical secrets, as seen below:
66
Wanlong Gao25eb6502011-06-13 17:53:53 +080067./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_IMAGE_START_MASK 0x07FF
68./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_PROMPT_FLAG 0x8000
69./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_LOAD_FLAG 0x4000
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070070
Nathan Scott086626a72006-07-14 00:24:10 -070071Consider a typical two floppy disk setup, where you will have the
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070072kernel on disk one, and have already put a RAM disk image onto disk #2.
73
74Hence you want to set bits 0 to 13 as 0, meaning that your RAM disk
75starts at an offset of 0 kB from the beginning of the floppy.
76The command line equivalent is: "ramdisk_start=0"
77
78You want bit 14 as one, indicating that a RAM disk is to be loaded.
79The command line equivalent is: "load_ramdisk=1"
80
81You want bit 15 as one, indicating that you want a prompt/keypress
82sequence so that you have a chance to switch floppy disks.
83The command line equivalent is: "prompt_ramdisk=1"
84
85Putting that together gives 2^15 + 2^14 + 0 = 49152 for an rdev word.
86So to create disk one of the set, you would do:
87
Wanlong Gao25eb6502011-06-13 17:53:53 +080088 /usr/src/linux# cat arch/x86/boot/zImage > /dev/fd0
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070089 /usr/src/linux# rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
90 /usr/src/linux# rdev -r /dev/fd0 49152
91
92If you make a boot disk that has LILO, then for the above, you would use:
93 append = "ramdisk_start=0 load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=1"
94Since the default start = 0 and the default prompt = 1, you could use:
95 append = "load_ramdisk=1"
96
97
Nathan Scott086626a72006-07-14 00:24:10 -0700984) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070099----------------------------------------------
100
101To create a RAM disk image, you will need a spare block device to
102construct it on. This can be the RAM disk device itself, or an
Nathan Scott086626a72006-07-14 00:24:10 -0700103unused disk partition (such as an unmounted swap partition). For this
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700104example, we will use the RAM disk device, "/dev/ram0".
105
106Note: This technique should not be done on a machine with less than 8 MB
107of RAM. If using a spare disk partition instead of /dev/ram0, then this
108restriction does not apply.
109
110a) Decide on the RAM disk size that you want. Say 2 MB for this example.
111 Create it by writing to the RAM disk device. (This step is not currently
112 required, but may be in the future.) It is wise to zero out the
113 area (esp. for disks) so that maximal compression is achieved for
114 the unused blocks of the image that you are about to create.
115
116 dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048
117
118b) Make a filesystem on it. Say ext2fs for this example.
119
120 mke2fs -vm0 /dev/ram0 2048
121
122c) Mount it, copy the files you want to it (eg: /etc/* /dev/* ...)
123 and unmount it again.
124
125d) Compress the contents of the RAM disk. The level of compression
126 will be approximately 50% of the space used by the files. Unused
127 space on the RAM disk will compress to almost nothing.
128
129 dd if=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048 | gzip -v9 > /tmp/ram_image.gz
130
131e) Put the kernel onto the floppy
132
133 dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k
134
135f) Put the RAM disk image onto the floppy, after the kernel. Use an offset
136 that is slightly larger than the kernel, so that you can put another
137 (possibly larger) kernel onto the same floppy later without overlapping
138 the RAM disk image. An offset of 400 kB for kernels about 350 kB in
139 size would be reasonable. Make sure offset+size of ram_image.gz is
140 not larger than the total space on your floppy (usually 1440 kB).
141
142 dd if=/tmp/ram_image.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=400
143
144g) Use "rdev" to set the boot device, RAM disk offset, prompt flag, etc.
145 For prompt_ramdisk=1, load_ramdisk=1, ramdisk_start=400, one would
146 have 2^15 + 2^14 + 400 = 49552.
147
148 rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
149 rdev -r /dev/fd0 49552
150
151That is it. You now have your boot/root compressed RAM disk floppy. Some
152users may wish to combine steps (d) and (f) by using a pipe.
153
154--------------------------------------------------------------------------
155 Paul Gortmaker 12/95
156
157Changelog:
158----------
159
16010-22-04 : Updated to reflect changes in command line options, remove
161 obsolete references, general cleanup.
162 James Nelson (james4765@gmail.com)
163
164
16512-95 : Original Document