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Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -07001
2 Linux kernel management style
3
4This is a short document describing the preferred (or made up, depending
5on who you ask) management style for the linux kernel. It's meant to
6mirror the CodingStyle document to some degree, and mainly written to
7avoid answering (*) the same (or similar) questions over and over again.
8
9Management style is very personal and much harder to quantify than
10simple coding style rules, so this document may or may not have anything
11to do with reality. It started as a lark, but that doesn't mean that it
12might not actually be true. You'll have to decide for yourself.
13
14Btw, when talking about "kernel manager", it's all about the technical
15lead persons, not the people who do traditional management inside
16companies. If you sign purchase orders or you have any clue about the
17budget of your group, you're almost certainly not a kernel manager.
18These suggestions may or may not apply to you.
19
Jiri Pirkoe11e3642008-10-29 14:00:58 -070020First off, I'd suggest buying "Seven Habits of Highly Effective
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070021People", and NOT read it. Burn it, it's a great symbolic gesture.
22
23(*) This document does so not so much by answering the question, but by
24making it painfully obvious to the questioner that we don't have a clue
25to what the answer is.
26
27Anyway, here goes:
28
29
30 Chapter 1: Decisions
31
32Everybody thinks managers make decisions, and that decision-making is
33important. The bigger and more painful the decision, the bigger the
34manager must be to make it. That's very deep and obvious, but it's not
35actually true.
36
37The name of the game is to _avoid_ having to make a decision. In
38particular, if somebody tells you "choose (a) or (b), we really need you
39to decide on this", you're in trouble as a manager. The people you
40manage had better know the details better than you, so if they come to
41you for a technical decision, you're screwed. You're clearly not
42competent to make that decision for them.
43
44(Corollary:if the people you manage don't know the details better than
45you, you're also screwed, although for a totally different reason.
46Namely that you are in the wrong job, and that _they_ should be managing
47your brilliance instead).
48
49So the name of the game is to _avoid_ decisions, at least the big and
50painful ones. Making small and non-consequential decisions is fine, and
51makes you look like you know what you're doing, so what a kernel manager
52needs to do is to turn the big and painful ones into small things where
53nobody really cares.
54
55It helps to realize that the key difference between a big decision and a
56small one is whether you can fix your decision afterwards. Any decision
57can be made small by just always making sure that if you were wrong (and
58you _will_ be wrong), you can always undo the damage later by
59backtracking. Suddenly, you get to be doubly managerial for making
60_two_ inconsequential decisions - the wrong one _and_ the right one.
61
62And people will even see that as true leadership (*cough* bullshit
63*cough*).
64
65Thus the key to avoiding big decisions becomes to just avoiding to do
66things that can't be undone. Don't get ushered into a corner from which
67you cannot escape. A cornered rat may be dangerous - a cornered manager
68is just pitiful.
69
70It turns out that since nobody would be stupid enough to ever really let
71a kernel manager have huge fiscal responsibility _anyway_, it's usually
72fairly easy to backtrack. Since you're not going to be able to waste
73huge amounts of money that you might not be able to repay, the only
74thing you can backtrack on is a technical decision, and there
75back-tracking is very easy: just tell everybody that you were an
76incompetent nincompoop, say you're sorry, and undo all the worthless
77work you had people work on for the last year. Suddenly the decision
78you made a year ago wasn't a big decision after all, since it could be
79easily undone.
80
81It turns out that some people have trouble with this approach, for two
82reasons:
83 - admitting you were an idiot is harder than it looks. We all like to
84 maintain appearances, and coming out in public to say that you were
85 wrong is sometimes very hard indeed.
86 - having somebody tell you that what you worked on for the last year
87 wasn't worthwhile after all can be hard on the poor lowly engineers
88 too, and while the actual _work_ was easy enough to undo by just
89 deleting it, you may have irrevocably lost the trust of that
90 engineer. And remember: "irrevocable" was what we tried to avoid in
91 the first place, and your decision ended up being a big one after
92 all.
93
94Happily, both of these reasons can be mitigated effectively by just
95admitting up-front that you don't have a friggin' clue, and telling
96people ahead of the fact that your decision is purely preliminary, and
97might be the wrong thing. You should always reserve the right to change
98your mind, and make people very _aware_ of that. And it's much easier
99to admit that you are stupid when you haven't _yet_ done the really
100stupid thing.
101
102Then, when it really does turn out to be stupid, people just roll their
103eyes and say "Oops, he did it again".
104
105This preemptive admission of incompetence might also make the people who
106actually do the work also think twice about whether it's worth doing or
107not. After all, if _they_ aren't certain whether it's a good idea, you
108sure as hell shouldn't encourage them by promising them that what they
109work on will be included. Make them at least think twice before they
110embark on a big endeavor.
111
112Remember: they'd better know more about the details than you do, and
113they usually already think they have the answer to everything. The best
114thing you can do as a manager is not to instill confidence, but rather a
115healthy dose of critical thinking on what they do.
116
117Btw, another way to avoid a decision is to plaintively just whine "can't
118we just do both?" and look pitiful. Trust me, it works. If it's not
119clear which approach is better, they'll eventually figure it out. The
120answer may end up being that both teams get so frustrated by the
121situation that they just give up.
122
123That may sound like a failure, but it's usually a sign that there was
124something wrong with both projects, and the reason the people involved
125couldn't decide was that they were both wrong. You end up coming up
126smelling like roses, and you avoided yet another decision that you could
127have screwed up on.
128
129
130 Chapter 2: People
131
132Most people are idiots, and being a manager means you'll have to deal
133with it, and perhaps more importantly, that _they_ have to deal with
134_you_.
135
136It turns out that while it's easy to undo technical mistakes, it's not
137as easy to undo personality disorders. You just have to live with
138theirs - and yours.
139
140However, in order to prepare yourself as a kernel manager, it's best to
141remember not to burn any bridges, bomb any innocent villagers, or
142alienate too many kernel developers. It turns out that alienating people
143is fairly easy, and un-alienating them is hard. Thus "alienating"
144immediately falls under the heading of "not reversible", and becomes a
145no-no according to Chapter 1.
146
147There's just a few simple rules here:
148 (1) don't call people d*ckheads (at least not in public)
149 (2) learn how to apologize when you forgot rule (1)
150
151The problem with #1 is that it's very easy to do, since you can say
152"you're a d*ckhead" in millions of different ways (*), sometimes without
153even realizing it, and almost always with a white-hot conviction that
154you are right.
155
156And the more convinced you are that you are right (and let's face it,
157you can call just about _anybody_ a d*ckhead, and you often _will_ be
158right), the harder it ends up being to apologize afterwards.
159
160To solve this problem, you really only have two options:
161 - get really good at apologies
162 - spread the "love" out so evenly that nobody really ends up feeling
163 like they get unfairly targeted. Make it inventive enough, and they
164 might even be amused.
165
166The option of being unfailingly polite really doesn't exist. Nobody will
167trust somebody who is so clearly hiding his true character.
168
Jean Delvare9ca21522007-09-13 12:19:46 +0200169(*) Paul Simon sang "Fifty Ways to Leave Your Lover", because quite
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700170frankly, "A Million Ways to Tell a Developer He Is a D*ckhead" doesn't
171scan nearly as well. But I'm sure he thought about it.
172
173
174 Chapter 3: People II - the Good Kind
175
176While it turns out that most people are idiots, the corollary to that is
177sadly that you are one too, and that while we can all bask in the secure
178knowledge that we're better than the average person (let's face it,
179nobody ever believes that they're average or below-average), we should
180also admit that we're not the sharpest knife around, and there will be
181other people that are less of an idiot that you are.
182
183Some people react badly to smart people. Others take advantage of them.
184
185Make sure that you, as a kernel maintainer, are in the second group.
186Suck up to them, because they are the people who will make your job
187easier. In particular, they'll be able to make your decisions for you,
188which is what the game is all about.
189
190So when you find somebody smarter than you are, just coast along. Your
191management responsibilities largely become ones of saying "Sounds like a
192good idea - go wild", or "That sounds good, but what about xxx?". The
193second version in particular is a great way to either learn something
194new about "xxx" or seem _extra_ managerial by pointing out something the
195smarter person hadn't thought about. In either case, you win.
196
197One thing to look out for is to realize that greatness in one area does
198not necessarily translate to other areas. So you might prod people in
199specific directions, but let's face it, they might be good at what they
200do, and suck at everything else. The good news is that people tend to
201naturally gravitate back to what they are good at, so it's not like you
202are doing something irreversible when you _do_ prod them in some
203direction, just don't push too hard.
204
205
206 Chapter 4: Placing blame
207
208Things will go wrong, and people want somebody to blame. Tag, you're it.
209
210It's not actually that hard to accept the blame, especially if people
211kind of realize that it wasn't _all_ your fault. Which brings us to the
212best way of taking the blame: do it for another guy. You'll feel good
213for taking the fall, he'll feel good about not getting blamed, and the
214guy who lost his whole 36GB porn-collection because of your incompetence
215will grudgingly admit that you at least didn't try to weasel out of it.
216
217Then make the developer who really screwed up (if you can find him) know
218_in_private_ that he screwed up. Not just so he can avoid it in the
219future, but so that he knows he owes you one. And, perhaps even more
220importantly, he's also likely the person who can fix it. Because, let's
221face it, it sure ain't you.
222
223Taking the blame is also why you get to be manager in the first place.
224It's part of what makes people trust you, and allow you the potential
225glory, because you're the one who gets to say "I screwed up". And if
226you've followed the previous rules, you'll be pretty good at saying that
227by now.
228
229
230 Chapter 5: Things to avoid
231
232There's one thing people hate even more than being called "d*ckhead",
233and that is being called a "d*ckhead" in a sanctimonious voice. The
234first you can apologize for, the second one you won't really get the
235chance. They likely will no longer be listening even if you otherwise
236do a good job.
237
238We all think we're better than anybody else, which means that when
239somebody else puts on airs, it _really_ rubs us the wrong way. You may
240be morally and intellectually superior to everybody around you, but
241don't try to make it too obvious unless you really _intend_ to irritate
242somebody (*).
243
244Similarly, don't be too polite or subtle about things. Politeness easily
245ends up going overboard and hiding the problem, and as they say, "On the
246internet, nobody can hear you being subtle". Use a big blunt object to
247hammer the point in, because you can't really depend on people getting
248your point otherwise.
249
250Some humor can help pad both the bluntness and the moralizing. Going
251overboard to the point of being ridiculous can drive a point home
252without making it painful to the recipient, who just thinks you're being
253silly. It can thus help get through the personal mental block we all
254have about criticism.
255
256(*) Hint: internet newsgroups that are not directly related to your work
257are great ways to take out your frustrations at other people. Write
258insulting posts with a sneer just to get into a good flame every once in
259a while, and you'll feel cleansed. Just don't crap too close to home.
260
261
262 Chapter 6: Why me?
263
264Since your main responsibility seems to be to take the blame for other
265peoples mistakes, and make it painfully obvious to everybody else that
266you're incompetent, the obvious question becomes one of why do it in the
267first place?
268
269First off, while you may or may not get screaming teenage girls (or
270boys, let's not be judgmental or sexist here) knocking on your dressing
271room door, you _will_ get an immense feeling of personal accomplishment
272for being "in charge". Never mind the fact that you're really leading
273by trying to keep up with everybody else and running after them as fast
274as you can. Everybody will still think you're the person in charge.
275
276It's a great job if you can hack it.