diff --git a/build/Android.gtest.mk b/build/Android.gtest.mk
index 4850e6c..63ad9cf 100644
--- a/build/Android.gtest.mk
+++ b/build/Android.gtest.mk
@@ -165,7 +165,6 @@
   runtime/base/hex_dump_test.cc \
   runtime/base/histogram_test.cc \
   runtime/base/mutex_test.cc \
-  runtime/base/out_test.cc \
   runtime/base/scoped_flock_test.cc \
   runtime/base/stringprintf_test.cc \
   runtime/base/time_utils_test.cc \
diff --git a/compiler/image_writer.cc b/compiler/image_writer.cc
index 953b1de..0b26077 100644
--- a/compiler/image_writer.cc
+++ b/compiler/image_writer.cc
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
     return false;
   }
   std::string error_msg;
-  oat_file_ = OatFile::OpenReadable(oat_file.get(), oat_location, nullptr, outof(error_msg));
+  oat_file_ = OatFile::OpenReadable(oat_file.get(), oat_location, nullptr, &error_msg);
   if (oat_file_ == nullptr) {
     PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open writable oat file " << oat_filename << " for " << oat_location
         << ": " << error_msg;
diff --git a/compiler/oat_test.cc b/compiler/oat_test.cc
index 05a33d7..88dc29e 100644
--- a/compiler/oat_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/oat_test.cc
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #include "arch/instruction_set_features.h"
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "class_linker.h"
 #include "common_compiler_test.h"
 #include "compiled_method.h"
@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@
 
   std::string error_msg;
   std::unique_ptr<const InstructionSetFeatures> insn_features(
-      InstructionSetFeatures::FromVariant(insn_set, "default", outof(error_msg)));
+      InstructionSetFeatures::FromVariant(insn_set, "default", &error_msg));
   ASSERT_TRUE(insn_features.get() != nullptr) << error_msg;
   compiler_options_.reset(new CompilerOptions);
   verification_results_.reset(new VerificationResults(compiler_options_.get()));
@@ -124,7 +123,7 @@
     compiler_driver_->CompileAll(class_loader, class_linker->GetBootClassPath(), &timings);
   }
   std::unique_ptr<OatFile> oat_file(OatFile::Open(tmp.GetFilename(), tmp.GetFilename(), nullptr,
-                                                  nullptr, false, nullptr, outof(error_msg)));
+                                                  nullptr, false, nullptr, &error_msg));
   ASSERT_TRUE(oat_file.get() != nullptr) << error_msg;
   const OatHeader& oat_header = oat_file->GetOatHeader();
   ASSERT_TRUE(oat_header.IsValid());
@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@
     InstructionSet insn_set = kX86;
     std::string error_msg;
     std::unique_ptr<const InstructionSetFeatures> insn_features(
-        InstructionSetFeatures::FromVariant(insn_set, "default", outof(error_msg)));
+        InstructionSetFeatures::FromVariant(insn_set, "default", &error_msg));
     ASSERT_TRUE(insn_features.get() != nullptr) << error_msg;
     std::vector<const DexFile*> dex_files;
     uint32_t image_file_location_oat_checksum = 0;
diff --git a/oatdump/oatdump.cc b/oatdump/oatdump.cc
index 99140d4..b8b6a5f 100644
--- a/oatdump/oatdump.cc
+++ b/oatdump/oatdump.cc
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
 
   void WalkOatDexFile(const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file, Callback callback) {
     std::string error_msg;
-    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file(oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(outof(error_msg)));
+    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file(oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(&error_msg));
     if (dex_file.get() == nullptr) {
       return;
     }
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@
       const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = oat_dex_files_[i];
       CHECK(oat_dex_file != nullptr);
       std::string error_msg;
-      std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file(oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(outof(error_msg)));
+      std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file(oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(&error_msg));
       if (dex_file.get() == nullptr) {
         LOG(WARNING) << "Failed to open dex file '" << oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocation()
             << "': " << error_msg;
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@
       const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = oat_dex_files_[i];
       CHECK(oat_dex_file != nullptr);
       std::string error_msg;
-      std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file(oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(outof(error_msg)));
+      std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file(oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(&error_msg));
       if (dex_file.get() == nullptr) {
         LOG(WARNING) << "Failed to open dex file '" << oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocation()
             << "': " << error_msg;
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@
     // Create the verifier early.
 
     std::string error_msg;
-    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file(oat_dex_file.OpenDexFile(outof(error_msg)));
+    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file(oat_dex_file.OpenDexFile(&error_msg));
     if (dex_file.get() == nullptr) {
       os << "NOT FOUND: " << error_msg << "\n\n";
       os << std::flush;
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@
     std::string error_msg;
     std::string dex_file_location = oat_dex_file.GetDexFileLocation();
 
-    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file(oat_dex_file.OpenDexFile(outof(error_msg)));
+    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file(oat_dex_file.OpenDexFile(&error_msg));
     if (dex_file == nullptr) {
       os << "Failed to open dex file '" << dex_file_location << "': " << error_msg;
       return false;
@@ -1553,7 +1553,7 @@
     if (oat_file == nullptr) {
       oat_file = OatFile::Open(oat_location, oat_location,
                                nullptr, nullptr, false, nullptr,
-                               outof(error_msg));
+                               &error_msg);
       if (oat_file == nullptr) {
         os << "NOT FOUND: " << error_msg << "\n";
         return false;
@@ -2321,7 +2321,7 @@
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> dex_files;
   for (const OatFile::OatDexFile* odf : oat_file->GetOatDexFiles()) {
     std::string error_msg;
-    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file = odf->OpenDexFile(outof(error_msg));
+    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file = odf->OpenDexFile(&error_msg);
     CHECK(dex_file != nullptr) << error_msg;
     class_linker->RegisterDexFile(*dex_file);
     dex_files.push_back(std::move(dex_file));
@@ -2361,7 +2361,7 @@
                    std::ostream* os) {
   std::string error_msg;
   OatFile* oat_file = OatFile::Open(oat_filename, oat_filename, nullptr, nullptr, false,
-                                    nullptr, outof(error_msg));
+                                    nullptr, &error_msg);
   if (oat_file == nullptr) {
     fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open oat file from '%s': %s\n", oat_filename, error_msg.c_str());
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -2377,7 +2377,7 @@
 static int SymbolizeOat(const char* oat_filename, std::string& output_name) {
   std::string error_msg;
   OatFile* oat_file = OatFile::Open(oat_filename, oat_filename, nullptr, nullptr, false,
-                                    nullptr, outof(error_msg));
+                                    nullptr, &error_msg);
   if (oat_file == nullptr) {
     fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open oat file from '%s': %s\n", oat_filename, error_msg.c_str());
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/runtime/art_method.cc b/runtime/art_method.cc
index f37e040..17c9fe4 100644
--- a/runtime/art_method.cc
+++ b/runtime/art_method.cc
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #include "arch/context.h"
 #include "art_field-inl.h"
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "base/stringpiece.h"
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
 #include "dex_instruction.h"
@@ -566,7 +565,7 @@
 const uint8_t* ArtMethod::GetQuickenedInfo() {
   bool found = false;
   OatFile::OatMethod oat_method =
-      Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->FindOatMethodFor(this, outof(found));
+      Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->FindOatMethodFor(this, &found);
   if (!found || (oat_method.GetQuickCode() != nullptr)) {
     return nullptr;
   }
diff --git a/runtime/base/out.h b/runtime/base/out.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 7b4bc12..0000000
--- a/runtime/base/out.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,279 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ART_RUNTIME_BASE_OUT_H_
-#define ART_RUNTIME_BASE_OUT_H_
-
-#include <base/macros.h>
-#include <base/logging.h>
-
-#include <memory>
-// A zero-overhead abstraction marker that means this value is meant to be used as an out
-// parameter for functions. It mimics semantics of a pointer that the function will
-// dereference and output its value into.
-//
-// Inspired by the 'out' language keyword in C#.
-//
-// Declaration example:
-//   int do_work(size_t args, out<int> result);
-//               // returns 0 on success, sets result, otherwise error code
-//
-// Use-site example:
-// // (1) -- out of a local variable or field
-//   int res;
-//   if (do_work(1, outof(res)) {
-//     cout << "success: " << res;
-//   }
-// // (2) -- out of an iterator
-//   std::vector<int> list = {1};
-//   std::vector<int>::iterator it = list.begin();
-//   if (do_work(2, outof_iterator(*it)) {
-//     cout << "success: " << list[0];
-//   }
-// // (3) -- out of a pointer
-//   int* array = &some_other_value;
-//   if (do_work(3, outof_ptr(array))) {
-//     cout << "success: " << *array;
-//   }
-//
-// The type will also automatically decay into a C-style pointer for compatibility
-// with calling legacy code that expect pointers.
-//
-// Declaration example:
-//   void write_data(int* res) { *res = 5; }
-//
-// Use-site example:
-//   int data;
-//   write_data(outof(res));
-//   // data is now '5'
-// (The other outof_* functions can be used analogously when the target is a C-style pointer).
-//
-// ---------------
-//
-// Other typical pointer operations such as addition, subtraction, etc are banned
-// since there is exactly one value being output.
-//
-namespace art {
-
-// Forward declarations. See below for specific functions.
-template <typename T>
-struct out_convertible;  // Implicitly converts to out<T> or T*.
-
-// Helper function that automatically infers 'T'
-//
-// Returns a type that is implicitly convertible to either out<T> or T* depending
-// on the call site.
-//
-// Example:
-//   int do_work(size_t args, out<int> result);
-//               // returns 0 on success, sets result, otherwise error code
-//
-// Usage:
-//   int res;
-//   if (do_work(1, outof(res)) {
-//     cout << "success: " << res;
-//   }
-template <typename T>
-out_convertible<T> outof(T& param) ALWAYS_INLINE;
-
-// Helper function that automatically infers 'T' from a container<T>::iterator.
-// To use when the argument is already inside an iterator.
-//
-// Returns a type that is implicitly convertible to either out<T> or T* depending
-// on the call site.
-//
-// Example:
-//   int do_work(size_t args, out<int> result);
-//               // returns 0 on success, sets result, otherwise error code
-//
-// Usage:
-//   std::vector<int> list = {1};
-//   std::vector<int>::iterator it = list.begin();
-//   if (do_work(2, outof_iterator(*it)) {
-//     cout << "success: " << list[0];
-//   }
-template <typename It>
-auto ALWAYS_INLINE outof_iterator(It iter)
-    -> out_convertible<typename std::remove_reference<decltype(*iter)>::type>;
-
-// Helper function that automatically infers 'T'.
-// To use when the argument is already a pointer.
-//
-// ptr must be not-null, else a DCHECK failure will occur.
-//
-// Returns a type that is implicitly convertible to either out<T> or T* depending
-// on the call site.
-//
-// Example:
-//   int do_work(size_t args, out<int> result);
-//               // returns 0 on success, sets result, otherwise error code
-//
-// Usage:
-//   int* array = &some_other_value;
-//   if (do_work(3, outof_ptr(array))) {
-//     cout << "success: " << *array;
-//   }
-template <typename T>
-out_convertible<T> outof_ptr(T* ptr) ALWAYS_INLINE;
-
-// Zero-overhead wrapper around a non-null non-const pointer meant to be used to output
-// the result of parameters. There are no other extra guarantees.
-//
-// The most common use case is to treat this like a typical pointer argument, for example:
-//
-// void write_out_5(out<int> x) {
-//   *x = 5;
-// }
-//
-// The following operations are supported:
-//   operator* -> use like a pointer (guaranteed to be non-null)
-//   == and != -> compare against other pointers for (in)equality
-//   begin/end -> use in standard C++ algorithms as if it was an iterator
-template <typename T>
-struct out {
-  // Has to be mutable lref. Otherwise how would you write something as output into it?
-  explicit inline out(T& param)
-    : param_(param) {}
-
-  // Model a single-element iterator (or pointer) to the parameter.
-  inline T& operator *() {
-    return param_;
-  }
-
-  // Model dereferencing fields/methods on a pointer.
-  inline T* operator->() {
-    return std::addressof(param_);
-  }
-
-  //
-  // Comparison against this or other pointers.
-  //
-  template <typename T2>
-  inline bool operator==(const T2* other) const {
-    return std::addressof(param_) == other;
-  }
-
-  template <typename T2>
-  inline bool operator==(const out<T>& other) const {
-    return std::addressof(param_) == std::addressof(other.param_);
-  }
-
-  // An out-parameter is never null.
-  inline bool operator==(std::nullptr_t) const {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  template <typename T2>
-  inline bool operator!=(const T2* other) const {
-    return std::addressof(param_) != other;
-  }
-
-  template <typename T2>
-  inline bool operator!=(const out<T>& other) const {
-    return std::addressof(param_) != std::addressof(other.param_);
-  }
-
-  // An out-parameter is never null.
-  inline bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t) const {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  //
-  // Iterator interface implementation. Use with standard algorithms.
-  // TODO: (add items in iterator_traits if this is truly useful).
-  //
-
-  inline T* begin() {
-    return std::addressof(param_);
-  }
-
-  inline const T* begin() const {
-    return std::addressof(param_);
-  }
-
-  inline T* end() {
-    return std::addressof(param_) + 1;
-  }
-
-  inline const T* end() const {
-    return std::addressof(param_) + 1;
-  }
-
- private:
-  T& param_;
-};
-
-//
-// IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
-//
-
-//
-// This intermediate type should not be used directly by user code.
-//
-// It enables 'outof(x)' to be passed into functions that expect either
-// an out<T> **or** a regular C-style pointer (T*).
-//
-template <typename T>
-struct out_convertible {
-  explicit inline out_convertible(T& param)
-    : param_(param) {
-  }
-
-  // Implicitly convert into an out<T> for standard usage.
-  inline operator out<T>() {
-    return out<T>(param_);
-  }
-
-  // Implicitly convert into a '*' for legacy usage.
-  inline operator T*() {
-    return std::addressof(param_);
-  }
- private:
-  T& param_;
-};
-
-// Helper function that automatically infers 'T'
-template <typename T>
-inline out_convertible<T> outof(T& param) {
-  return out_convertible<T>(param);
-}
-
-// Helper function that automatically infers 'T'.
-// To use when the argument is already inside an iterator.
-template <typename It>
-inline auto outof_iterator(It iter)
-    -> out_convertible<typename std::remove_reference<decltype(*iter)>::type> {
-  return outof(*iter);
-}
-
-// Helper function that automatically infers 'T'.
-// To use when the argument is already a pointer.
-template <typename T>
-inline out_convertible<T> outof_ptr(T* ptr) {
-  DCHECK(ptr != nullptr);
-  return outof(*ptr);
-}
-
-// Helper function that automatically infers 'T'.
-// Forwards an out parameter from one function into another.
-template <typename T>
-inline out_convertible<T> outof_forward(out<T>& out_param) {
-  T& param = *out_param;
-  return out_convertible<T>(param);
-}
-
-}  // namespace art
-#endif  // ART_RUNTIME_BASE_OUT_H_
diff --git a/runtime/base/out_fwd.h b/runtime/base/out_fwd.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6b2f926..0000000
--- a/runtime/base/out_fwd.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ART_RUNTIME_BASE_OUT_FWD_H_
-#define ART_RUNTIME_BASE_OUT_FWD_H_
-
-// Forward declaration for "out<T>". See <out.h> for more information.
-// Other headers use only the forward declaration.
-
-// Callers of functions that take an out<T> parameter should #include <out.h> to get outof_.
-// which constructs out<T> through type inference.
-namespace art {
-template <typename T>
-struct out;
-}  // namespace art
-
-#endif  // ART_RUNTIME_BASE_OUT_FWD_H_
diff --git a/runtime/base/out_test.cc b/runtime/base/out_test.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index 4274200..0000000
--- a/runtime/base/out_test.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "out.h"
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-namespace art {
-
-struct OutTest : public testing::Test {
-  // Multiplies values less than 10 by two, stores the result and returns 0.
-  // Returns -1 if the original value was not multiplied by two.
-  static int multiply_small_values_by_two(size_t args, out<int> result) {
-    if (args < 10) {
-      *result = args * 2;
-      return 0;
-    } else {
-      return -1;
-    }
-  }
-};
-
-extern "C" int multiply_small_values_by_two_legacy(size_t args, int* result) {
-  if (args < 10) {
-    *result = args * 2;
-    return 0;
-  } else {
-    return -1;
-  }
-}
-
-TEST_F(OutTest, TraditionalCall) {
-  // For calling traditional C++ functions.
-  int res;
-  EXPECT_EQ(multiply_small_values_by_two(1, outof(res)), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(2, res);
-}
-
-TEST_F(OutTest, LegacyCall) {
-  // For calling legacy, e.g. C-style functions.
-  int res2;
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, multiply_small_values_by_two_legacy(1, outof(res2)));
-  EXPECT_EQ(2, res2);
-}
-
-TEST_F(OutTest, CallFromIterator) {
-  // For calling a function with a parameter originating as an iterator.
-  std::vector<int> list = {1, 2, 3};  // NOLINT [whitespace/labels] [4]
-  std::vector<int>::iterator it = list.begin();
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, multiply_small_values_by_two(2, outof_iterator(it)));
-  EXPECT_EQ(4, list[0]);
-}
-
-TEST_F(OutTest, CallFromPointer) {
-  // For calling a function with a parameter originating as a C-pointer.
-  std::vector<int> list = {1, 2, 3};  // NOLINT [whitespace/labels] [4]
-
-  int* list_ptr = &list[2];  // 3
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, multiply_small_values_by_two(2, outof_ptr(list_ptr)));
-  EXPECT_EQ(4, list[2]);
-}
-
-TEST_F(OutTest, OutAsIterator) {
-  // For using the out<T> parameter as an iterator inside of the callee.
-  std::vector<int> list;
-  int x = 100;
-  out<int> out_from_x = outof(x);
-
-  for (const int& val : out_from_x) {
-    list.push_back(val);
-  }
-
-  ASSERT_EQ(1u, list.size());
-  EXPECT_EQ(100, list[0]);
-
-  // A more typical use-case would be to use std algorithms
-  EXPECT_NE(out_from_x.end(),
-            std::find(out_from_x.begin(),
-                      out_from_x.end(),
-                      100));  // Search for '100' in out.
-}
-
-}  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker-inl.h b/runtime/class_linker-inl.h
index c08417f..11901b3 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/class_linker-inl.h
@@ -117,10 +117,8 @@
   return resolved_method;
 }
 
-inline ArtMethod* ClassLinker::ResolveMethod(Thread* self,
-                                             uint32_t method_idx,
-                                             ArtMethod* referrer,
-                                             InvokeType type) {
+inline ArtMethod* ClassLinker::ResolveMethod(Thread* self, uint32_t method_idx,
+                                             ArtMethod* referrer, InvokeType type) {
   ArtMethod* resolved_method = GetResolvedMethod(method_idx, referrer);
   if (UNLIKELY(resolved_method == nullptr)) {
     mirror::Class* declaring_class = referrer->GetDeclaringClass();
@@ -145,8 +143,7 @@
   return GetResolvedField(field_idx, field_declaring_class->GetDexCache());
 }
 
-inline ArtField* ClassLinker::ResolveField(uint32_t field_idx,
-                                           ArtMethod* referrer,
+inline ArtField* ClassLinker::ResolveField(uint32_t field_idx, ArtMethod* referrer,
                                            bool is_static) {
   mirror::Class* declaring_class = referrer->GetDeclaringClass();
   ArtField* resolved_field = GetResolvedField(field_idx, declaring_class);
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker.cc b/runtime/class_linker.cc
index 82cf7af..56fae81 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_linker.cc
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@
 #include "base/arena_allocator.h"
 #include "base/casts.h"
 #include "base/logging.h"
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "base/scoped_arena_containers.h"
 #include "base/scoped_flock.h"
 #include "base/stl_util.h"
@@ -199,7 +198,7 @@
     return lhs.size < rhs.size || (lhs.size == rhs.size && lhs.start_offset > rhs.start_offset);
   }
 };
-using FieldGaps = std::priority_queue<FieldGap, std::vector<FieldGap>, FieldGapsComparator>;
+typedef std::priority_queue<FieldGap, std::vector<FieldGap>, FieldGapsComparator> FieldGaps;
 
 // Adds largest aligned gaps to queue of gaps.
 static void AddFieldGap(uint32_t gap_start, uint32_t gap_end, FieldGaps* gaps) {
@@ -776,13 +775,12 @@
                           // be from multidex, which resolves correctly).
 };
 
-static void AddDexFilesFromOat(const OatFile* oat_file,
-                               bool already_loaded,
+static void AddDexFilesFromOat(const OatFile* oat_file, bool already_loaded,
                                std::priority_queue<DexFileAndClassPair>* heap) {
   const std::vector<const OatDexFile*>& oat_dex_files = oat_file->GetOatDexFiles();
   for (const OatDexFile* oat_dex_file : oat_dex_files) {
     std::string error;
-    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file = oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(outof(error));
+    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file = oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(&error);
     if (dex_file.get() == nullptr) {
       LOG(WARNING) << "Could not create dex file from oat file: " << error;
     } else {
@@ -838,7 +836,7 @@
 // against the following top element. If the descriptor is the same, it is now checked whether
 // the two elements agree on whether their dex file was from an already-loaded oat-file or the
 // new oat file. Any disagreement indicates a collision.
-bool ClassLinker::HasCollisions(const OatFile* oat_file, out<std::string> error_msg) {
+bool ClassLinker::HasCollisions(const OatFile* oat_file, std::string* error_msg) {
   if (!kDuplicateClassesCheck) {
     return false;
   }
@@ -903,9 +901,10 @@
 }
 
 std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> ClassLinker::OpenDexFilesFromOat(
-    const char* dex_location,
-    const char* oat_location,
-    out<std::vector<std::string>> error_msgs) {
+    const char* dex_location, const char* oat_location,
+    std::vector<std::string>* error_msgs) {
+  CHECK(error_msgs != nullptr);
+
   // Verify we aren't holding the mutator lock, which could starve GC if we
   // have to generate or relocate an oat file.
   Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertNotHeld(Thread::Current());
@@ -947,7 +946,7 @@
     std::unique_ptr<OatFile> oat_file = oat_file_assistant.GetBestOatFile();
     if (oat_file.get() != nullptr) {
       // Take the file only if it has no collisions, or we must take it because of preopting.
-      bool accept_oat_file = !HasCollisions(oat_file.get(), outof(error_msg));
+      bool accept_oat_file = !HasCollisions(oat_file.get(), &error_msg);
       if (!accept_oat_file) {
         // Failed the collision check. Print warning.
         if (Runtime::Current()->IsDexFileFallbackEnabled()) {
@@ -981,7 +980,8 @@
   if (source_oat_file != nullptr) {
     dex_files = oat_file_assistant.LoadDexFiles(*source_oat_file, dex_location);
     if (dex_files.empty()) {
-      error_msgs->push_back("Failed to open dex files from " + source_oat_file->GetLocation());
+      error_msgs->push_back("Failed to open dex files from "
+          + source_oat_file->GetLocation());
     }
   }
 
@@ -1017,8 +1017,7 @@
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-static void SanityCheckArtMethod(ArtMethod* m,
-                                 mirror::Class* expected_class,
+static void SanityCheckArtMethod(ArtMethod* m, mirror::Class* expected_class,
                                  gc::space::ImageSpace* space)
     SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   if (m->IsRuntimeMethod()) {
@@ -1036,11 +1035,9 @@
   }
 }
 
-static void SanityCheckArtMethodPointerArray(mirror::PointerArray* arr,
-                                             mirror::Class* expected_class,
-                                             size_t pointer_size,
-                                             gc::space::ImageSpace* space)
-    SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+static void SanityCheckArtMethodPointerArray(
+    mirror::PointerArray* arr, mirror::Class* expected_class, size_t pointer_size,
+    gc::space::ImageSpace* space) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   CHECK(arr != nullptr);
   for (int32_t j = 0; j < arr->GetLength(); ++j) {
     auto* method = arr->GetElementPtrSize<ArtMethod*>(j, pointer_size);
@@ -1146,7 +1143,7 @@
                                                                      nullptr);
     CHECK(oat_dex_file != nullptr) << oat_file.GetLocation() << " " << dex_file_location;
     std::string error_msg;
-    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file = oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(outof(error_msg));
+    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file = oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(&error_msg);
     if (dex_file.get() == nullptr) {
       LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to open dex file " << dex_file_location
                  << " from within oat file " << oat_file.GetLocation()
@@ -1506,8 +1503,7 @@
   return dex_cache.Get();
 }
 
-mirror::Class* ClassLinker::AllocClass(Thread* self,
-                                       mirror::Class* java_lang_Class,
+mirror::Class* ClassLinker::AllocClass(Thread* self, mirror::Class* java_lang_Class,
                                        uint32_t class_size) {
   DCHECK_GE(class_size, sizeof(mirror::Class));
   gc::Heap* heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
@@ -1526,14 +1522,13 @@
   return AllocClass(self, GetClassRoot(kJavaLangClass), class_size);
 }
 
-mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>*
-ClassLinker::AllocStackTraceElementArray(Thread* self, size_t length) {
+mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>* ClassLinker::AllocStackTraceElementArray(
+    Thread* self, size_t length) {
   return mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>::Alloc(
       self, GetClassRoot(kJavaLangStackTraceElementArrayClass), length);
 }
 
-mirror::Class* ClassLinker::EnsureResolved(Thread* self,
-                                           const char* descriptor,
+mirror::Class* ClassLinker::EnsureResolved(Thread* self, const char* descriptor,
                                            mirror::Class* klass) {
   DCHECK(klass != nullptr);
 
@@ -1592,8 +1587,7 @@
 
 // Search a collection of DexFiles for a descriptor
 ClassPathEntry FindInClassPath(const char* descriptor,
-                               size_t hash,
-                               const std::vector<const DexFile*>& class_path) {
+                               size_t hash, const std::vector<const DexFile*>& class_path) {
   for (const DexFile* dex_file : class_path) {
     const DexFile::ClassDef* dex_class_def = dex_file->FindClassDef(descriptor, hash);
     if (dex_class_def != nullptr) {
@@ -1612,17 +1606,16 @@
 }
 
 bool ClassLinker::FindClassInPathClassLoader(ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable& soa,
-                                             Thread* self,
-                                             const char* descriptor,
+                                             Thread* self, const char* descriptor,
                                              size_t hash,
                                              Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
-                                             out<mirror::Class*> result) {
+                                             mirror::Class** result) {
   // Termination case: boot class-loader.
   if (IsBootClassLoader(soa, class_loader.Get())) {
     // The boot class loader, search the boot class path.
     ClassPathEntry pair = FindInClassPath(descriptor, hash, boot_class_path_);
     if (pair.second != nullptr) {
-      mirror::Class* klass = LookupClass(self, descriptor, hash, nullptr /* no classloader */);
+      mirror::Class* klass = LookupClass(self, descriptor, hash, nullptr);
       if (klass != nullptr) {
         *result = EnsureResolved(self, descriptor, klass);
       } else {
@@ -1724,8 +1717,7 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-mirror::Class* ClassLinker::FindClass(Thread* self,
-                                      const char* descriptor,
+mirror::Class* ClassLinker::FindClass(Thread* self, const char* descriptor,
                                       Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader) {
   DCHECK_NE(*descriptor, '\0') << "descriptor is empty string";
   DCHECK(self != nullptr);
@@ -1761,7 +1753,7 @@
   } else {
     ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(self);
     mirror::Class* cp_klass;
-    if (FindClassInPathClassLoader(soa, self, descriptor, hash, class_loader, outof(cp_klass))) {
+    if (FindClassInPathClassLoader(soa, self, descriptor, hash, class_loader, &cp_klass)) {
       // The chain was understood. So the value in cp_klass is either the class we were looking
       // for, or not found.
       if (cp_klass != nullptr) {
@@ -1814,9 +1806,7 @@
   UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
-mirror::Class* ClassLinker::DefineClass(Thread* self,
-                                        const char* descriptor,
-                                        size_t hash,
+mirror::Class* ClassLinker::DefineClass(Thread* self, const char* descriptor, size_t hash,
                                         Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
                                         const DexFile& dex_file,
                                         const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def) {
@@ -1902,7 +1892,7 @@
   auto interfaces = hs.NewHandle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>>(nullptr);
 
   MutableHandle<mirror::Class> h_new_class = hs.NewHandle<mirror::Class>(nullptr);
-  if (!LinkClass(self, descriptor, klass, interfaces, outof(h_new_class))) {
+  if (!LinkClass(self, descriptor, klass, interfaces, &h_new_class)) {
     // Linking failed.
     if (!klass->IsErroneous()) {
       mirror::Class::SetStatus(klass, mirror::Class::kStatusError, self);
@@ -1985,9 +1975,8 @@
                                          image_pointer_size_);
 }
 
-OatFile::OatClass ClassLinker::FindOatClass(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                            uint16_t class_def_idx,
-                                            out<bool> found) {
+OatFile::OatClass ClassLinker::FindOatClass(const DexFile& dex_file, uint16_t class_def_idx,
+                                            bool* found) {
   DCHECK_NE(class_def_idx, DexFile::kDexNoIndex16);
   const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = dex_file.GetOatDexFile();
   if (oat_dex_file == nullptr) {
@@ -1998,8 +1987,7 @@
   return oat_dex_file->GetOatClass(class_def_idx);
 }
 
-static uint32_t GetOatMethodIndexFromMethodIndex(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                                 uint16_t class_def_idx,
+static uint32_t GetOatMethodIndexFromMethodIndex(const DexFile& dex_file, uint16_t class_def_idx,
                                                  uint32_t method_idx) {
   const DexFile::ClassDef& class_def = dex_file.GetClassDef(class_def_idx);
   const uint8_t* class_data = dex_file.GetClassData(class_def);
@@ -2033,7 +2021,7 @@
   UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
-const OatFile::OatMethod ClassLinker::FindOatMethodFor(ArtMethod* method, out<bool> found) {
+const OatFile::OatMethod ClassLinker::FindOatMethodFor(ArtMethod* method, bool* found) {
   // Although we overwrite the trampoline of non-static methods, we may get here via the resolution
   // method for direct methods (or virtual methods made direct).
   mirror::Class* declaring_class = method->GetDeclaringClass();
@@ -2065,7 +2053,7 @@
                                              method->GetDexMethodIndex()));
   OatFile::OatClass oat_class = FindOatClass(*declaring_class->GetDexCache()->GetDexFile(),
                                              declaring_class->GetDexClassDefIndex(),
-                                             outof_forward(found));
+                                             found);
   if (!(*found)) {
     return OatFile::OatMethod::Invalid();
   }
@@ -2079,7 +2067,7 @@
     return GetQuickProxyInvokeHandler();
   }
   bool found;
-  OatFile::OatMethod oat_method = FindOatMethodFor(method, outof(found));
+  OatFile::OatMethod oat_method = FindOatMethodFor(method, &found);
   if (found) {
     auto* code = oat_method.GetQuickCode();
     if (code != nullptr) {
@@ -2105,7 +2093,7 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
   bool found;
-  OatFile::OatMethod oat_method = FindOatMethodFor(method, outof(found));
+  OatFile::OatMethod oat_method = FindOatMethodFor(method, &found);
   if (found) {
     return oat_method.GetQuickCode();
   }
@@ -2119,11 +2107,10 @@
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-const void* ClassLinker::GetQuickOatCodeFor(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                            uint16_t class_def_idx,
+const void* ClassLinker::GetQuickOatCodeFor(const DexFile& dex_file, uint16_t class_def_idx,
                                             uint32_t method_idx) {
   bool found;
-  OatFile::OatClass oat_class = FindOatClass(dex_file, class_def_idx, outof(found));
+  OatFile::OatClass oat_class = FindOatClass(dex_file, class_def_idx, &found);
   if (!found) {
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -2174,7 +2161,7 @@
   }
   bool has_oat_class;
   OatFile::OatClass oat_class = FindOatClass(dex_file, klass->GetDexClassDefIndex(),
-                                             outof(has_oat_class));
+                                             &has_oat_class);
   // Link the code of methods skipped by LinkCode.
   for (size_t method_index = 0; it.HasNextDirectMethod(); ++method_index, it.Next()) {
     ArtMethod* method = klass->GetDirectMethod(method_index, image_pointer_size_);
@@ -2202,8 +2189,7 @@
   // Ignore virtual methods on the iterator.
 }
 
-void ClassLinker::LinkCode(ArtMethod* method,
-                           const OatFile::OatClass* oat_class,
+void ClassLinker::LinkCode(ArtMethod* method, const OatFile::OatClass* oat_class,
                            uint32_t class_def_method_index) {
   Runtime* const runtime = Runtime::Current();
   if (runtime->IsAotCompiler()) {
@@ -2255,10 +2241,8 @@
   }
 }
 
-void ClassLinker::SetupClass(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                             const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def,
-                             Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
-                             mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader) {
+void ClassLinker::SetupClass(const DexFile& dex_file, const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def,
+                             Handle<mirror::Class> klass, mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader) {
   CHECK(klass.Get() != nullptr);
   CHECK(klass->GetDexCache() != nullptr);
   CHECK_EQ(mirror::Class::kStatusNotReady, klass->GetStatus());
@@ -2278,8 +2262,7 @@
   CHECK(klass->GetDexCacheStrings() != nullptr);
 }
 
-void ClassLinker::LoadClass(Thread* self,
-                            const DexFile& dex_file,
+void ClassLinker::LoadClass(Thread* self, const DexFile& dex_file,
                             const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def,
                             Handle<mirror::Class> klass) {
   const uint8_t* class_data = dex_file.GetClassData(dex_class_def);
@@ -2289,7 +2272,7 @@
   bool has_oat_class = false;
   if (Runtime::Current()->IsStarted() && !Runtime::Current()->IsAotCompiler()) {
     OatFile::OatClass oat_class = FindOatClass(dex_file, klass->GetDexClassDefIndex(),
-                                               outof(has_oat_class));
+                                               &has_oat_class);
     if (has_oat_class) {
       LoadClassMembers(self, dex_file, class_data, klass, &oat_class);
     }
@@ -2318,8 +2301,7 @@
   return reinterpret_cast<ArtMethod*>(ptr);
 }
 
-void ClassLinker::LoadClassMembers(Thread* self,
-                                   const DexFile& dex_file,
+void ClassLinker::LoadClassMembers(Thread* self, const DexFile& dex_file,
                                    const uint8_t* class_data,
                                    Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
                                    const OatFile::OatClass* oat_class) {
@@ -2414,8 +2396,7 @@
   self->AllowThreadSuspension();
 }
 
-void ClassLinker::LoadField(const ClassDataItemIterator& it,
-                            Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+void ClassLinker::LoadField(const ClassDataItemIterator& it, Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
                             ArtField* dst) {
   const uint32_t field_idx = it.GetMemberIndex();
   dst->SetDexFieldIndex(field_idx);
@@ -2423,11 +2404,8 @@
   dst->SetAccessFlags(it.GetFieldAccessFlags());
 }
 
-void ClassLinker::LoadMethod(Thread* self,
-                             const DexFile& dex_file,
-                             const ClassDataItemIterator& it,
-                             Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
-                             ArtMethod* dst) {
+void ClassLinker::LoadMethod(Thread* self, const DexFile& dex_file, const ClassDataItemIterator& it,
+                             Handle<mirror::Class> klass, ArtMethod* dst) {
   uint32_t dex_method_idx = it.GetMemberIndex();
   const DexFile::MethodId& method_id = dex_file.GetMethodId(dex_method_idx);
   const char* method_name = dex_file.StringDataByIdx(method_id.name_idx_);
@@ -2627,9 +2605,7 @@
 // array class; that always comes from the base element class.
 //
 // Returns null with an exception raised on failure.
-mirror::Class* ClassLinker::CreateArrayClass(Thread* self,
-                                             const char* descriptor,
-                                             size_t hash,
+mirror::Class* ClassLinker::CreateArrayClass(Thread* self, const char* descriptor, size_t hash,
                                              Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader) {
   // Identify the underlying component type
   CHECK_EQ('[', descriptor[0]);
@@ -2831,8 +2807,7 @@
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-void ClassLinker::UpdateClassVirtualMethods(mirror::Class* klass,
-                                            ArtMethod* new_methods,
+void ClassLinker::UpdateClassVirtualMethods(mirror::Class* klass, ArtMethod* new_methods,
                                             size_t new_num_methods) {
   // TODO: Fix the race condition here. b/22832610
   klass->SetNumVirtualMethods(new_num_methods);
@@ -2847,9 +2822,7 @@
   return class_table != nullptr && class_table->Remove(descriptor);
 }
 
-mirror::Class* ClassLinker::LookupClass(Thread* self,
-                                        const char* descriptor,
-                                        size_t hash,
+mirror::Class* ClassLinker::LookupClass(Thread* self, const char* descriptor, size_t hash,
                                         mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader) {
   {
     ReaderMutexLock mu(self, *Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
@@ -2953,9 +2926,7 @@
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-void ClassLinker::LookupClasses(const char* descriptor,
-                                out<std::vector<mirror::Class*>> out_result) {
-  std::vector<mirror::Class*>& result = *out_result;
+void ClassLinker::LookupClasses(const char* descriptor, std::vector<mirror::Class*>& result) {
   result.clear();
   if (dex_cache_image_class_lookup_required_) {
     MoveImageClassesToClassTable();
@@ -3132,8 +3103,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-bool ClassLinker::VerifyClassUsingOatFile(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                          mirror::Class* klass,
+bool ClassLinker::VerifyClassUsingOatFile(const DexFile& dex_file, mirror::Class* klass,
                                           mirror::Class::Status& oat_file_class_status) {
   // If we're compiling, we can only verify the class using the oat file if
   // we are not compiling the image or if the class we're verifying is not part of
@@ -3255,12 +3225,9 @@
   }
 }
 
-mirror::Class* ClassLinker::CreateProxyClass(ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable& soa,
-                                             jstring name,
-                                             jobjectArray interfaces,
-                                             jobject loader,
-                                             jobjectArray methods,
-                                             jobjectArray throws) {
+mirror::Class* ClassLinker::CreateProxyClass(ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable& soa, jstring name,
+                                             jobjectArray interfaces, jobject loader,
+                                             jobjectArray methods, jobjectArray throws) {
   Thread* self = soa.Self();
   StackHandleScope<10> hs(self);
   MutableHandle<mirror::Class> klass(hs.NewHandle(
@@ -3355,7 +3322,7 @@
     // The new class will replace the old one in the class table.
     Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>> h_interfaces(
         hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>*>(interfaces)));
-    if (!LinkClass(self, descriptor.c_str(), klass, h_interfaces, outof(new_class))) {
+    if (!LinkClass(self, descriptor.c_str(), klass, h_interfaces, &new_class)) {
       mirror::Class::SetStatus(klass, mirror::Class::kStatusError, self);
       return nullptr;
     }
@@ -3460,8 +3427,7 @@
   DCHECK(constructor->IsPublic());
 }
 
-void ClassLinker::CreateProxyMethod(Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
-                                    ArtMethod* prototype,
+void ClassLinker::CreateProxyMethod(Handle<mirror::Class> klass, ArtMethod* prototype,
                                     ArtMethod* out) {
   // Ensure prototype is in dex cache so that we can use the dex cache to look up the overridden
   // prototype method
@@ -3507,8 +3473,7 @@
   CHECK_EQ(np->GetReturnType(), prototype->GetReturnType());
 }
 
-bool ClassLinker::CanWeInitializeClass(mirror::Class* klass,
-                                       bool can_init_statics,
+bool ClassLinker::CanWeInitializeClass(mirror::Class* klass, bool can_init_statics,
                                        bool can_init_parents) {
   if (can_init_statics && can_init_parents) {
     return true;
@@ -3538,10 +3503,8 @@
   return CanWeInitializeClass(super_class, can_init_statics, can_init_parents);
 }
 
-bool ClassLinker::InitializeClass(Thread* self,
-                                  Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
-                                  bool can_init_statics,
-                                  bool can_init_parents) {
+bool ClassLinker::InitializeClass(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+                                  bool can_init_statics, bool can_init_parents) {
   // see JLS 3rd edition, 12.4.2 "Detailed Initialization Procedure" for the locking protocol
 
   // Are we already initialized and therefore done?
@@ -3610,7 +3573,7 @@
         return true;
       }
       // No. That's fine. Wait for another thread to finish initializing.
-      return WaitForInitializeClass(klass, self, &lock);
+      return WaitForInitializeClass(klass, self, lock);
     }
 
     if (!ValidateSuperClassDescriptors(klass)) {
@@ -3744,16 +3707,13 @@
   return success;
 }
 
-bool ClassLinker::WaitForInitializeClass(Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
-                                         Thread* self,
-                                         ObjectLock<mirror::Class>* lock)
+bool ClassLinker::WaitForInitializeClass(Handle<mirror::Class> klass, Thread* self,
+                                         ObjectLock<mirror::Class>& lock)
     SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  DCHECK(lock != nullptr);
-
   while (true) {
     self->AssertNoPendingException();
     CHECK(!klass->IsInitialized());
-    lock->WaitIgnoringInterrupts();
+    lock.WaitIgnoringInterrupts();
 
     // When we wake up, repeat the test for init-in-progress.  If
     // there's an exception pending (only possible if
@@ -3816,8 +3776,7 @@
                                                    Handle<mirror::Class> super_klass,
                                                    ArtMethod* method,
                                                    ArtMethod* m,
-                                                   uint32_t index,
-                                                   uint32_t arg_type_idx)
+                                                   uint32_t index, uint32_t arg_type_idx)
     SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   DCHECK(Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending());
   DCHECK(!m->IsProxyMethod());
@@ -3979,8 +3938,7 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool ClassLinker::EnsureInitialized(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> c,
-                                    bool can_init_fields,
+bool ClassLinker::EnsureInitialized(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> c, bool can_init_fields,
                                     bool can_init_parents) {
   DCHECK(c.Get() != nullptr);
   if (c->IsInitialized()) {
@@ -4054,11 +4012,9 @@
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-bool ClassLinker::LinkClass(Thread* self,
-                            const char* descriptor,
-                            Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+bool ClassLinker::LinkClass(Thread* self, const char* descriptor, Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
                             Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>> interfaces,
-                            out<MutableHandle<mirror::Class>> h_new_class_out) {
+                            MutableHandle<mirror::Class>* h_new_class_out) {
   CHECK_EQ(mirror::Class::kStatusLoaded, klass->GetStatus());
 
   if (!LinkSuperClass(klass)) {
@@ -4066,14 +4022,14 @@
   }
   ArtMethod* imt[mirror::Class::kImtSize];
   std::fill_n(imt, arraysize(imt), Runtime::Current()->GetImtUnimplementedMethod());
-  if (!LinkMethods(self, klass, interfaces, outof(imt))) {
+  if (!LinkMethods(self, klass, interfaces, imt)) {
     return false;
   }
   if (!LinkInstanceFields(self, klass)) {
     return false;
   }
   size_t class_size;
-  if (!LinkStaticFields(self, klass, outof(class_size))) {
+  if (!LinkStaticFields(self, klass, &class_size)) {
     return false;
   }
   CreateReferenceInstanceOffsets(klass);
@@ -4149,31 +4105,30 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-static void CountMethodsAndFields(ClassDataItemIterator* dex_data,
-                                  out<size_t> virtual_methods,
-                                  out<size_t> direct_methods,
-                                  out<size_t> static_fields,
-                                  out<size_t> instance_fields) {
-  DCHECK(dex_data != nullptr);
+static void CountMethodsAndFields(ClassDataItemIterator& dex_data,
+                                  size_t* virtual_methods,
+                                  size_t* direct_methods,
+                                  size_t* static_fields,
+                                  size_t* instance_fields) {
   *virtual_methods = *direct_methods = *static_fields = *instance_fields = 0;
 
-  while (dex_data->HasNextStaticField()) {
-    dex_data->Next();
+  while (dex_data.HasNextStaticField()) {
+    dex_data.Next();
     (*static_fields)++;
   }
-  while (dex_data->HasNextInstanceField()) {
-    dex_data->Next();
+  while (dex_data.HasNextInstanceField()) {
+    dex_data.Next();
     (*instance_fields)++;
   }
-  while (dex_data->HasNextDirectMethod()) {
+  while (dex_data.HasNextDirectMethod()) {
     (*direct_methods)++;
-    dex_data->Next();
+    dex_data.Next();
   }
-  while (dex_data->HasNextVirtualMethod()) {
+  while (dex_data.HasNextVirtualMethod()) {
     (*virtual_methods)++;
-    dex_data->Next();
+    dex_data.Next();
   }
-  DCHECK(!dex_data->HasNext());
+  DCHECK(!dex_data.HasNext());
 }
 
 static void DumpClass(std::ostream& os,
@@ -4207,10 +4162,8 @@
   }
 }
 
-static std::string DumpClasses(const DexFile& dex_file1,
-                               const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def1,
-                               const DexFile& dex_file2,
-                               const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def2) {
+static std::string DumpClasses(const DexFile& dex_file1, const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def1,
+                               const DexFile& dex_file2, const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def2) {
   std::ostringstream os;
   DumpClass(os, dex_file1, dex_class_def1, " (Compile time)");
   DumpClass(os, dex_file2, dex_class_def2, " (Runtime)");
@@ -4220,28 +4173,20 @@
 
 // Very simple structural check on whether the classes match. Only compares the number of
 // methods and fields.
-static bool SimpleStructuralCheck(const DexFile& dex_file1,
-                                  const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def1,
-                                  const DexFile& dex_file2,
-                                  const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def2,
+static bool SimpleStructuralCheck(const DexFile& dex_file1, const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def1,
+                                  const DexFile& dex_file2, const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def2,
                                   std::string* error_msg) {
   ClassDataItemIterator dex_data1(dex_file1, dex_file1.GetClassData(dex_class_def1));
   ClassDataItemIterator dex_data2(dex_file2, dex_file2.GetClassData(dex_class_def2));
 
   // Counters for current dex file.
   size_t dex_virtual_methods1, dex_direct_methods1, dex_static_fields1, dex_instance_fields1;
-  CountMethodsAndFields(&dex_data1,
-                        outof(dex_virtual_methods1),
-                        outof(dex_direct_methods1),
-                        outof(dex_static_fields1),
-                        outof(dex_instance_fields1));
+  CountMethodsAndFields(dex_data1, &dex_virtual_methods1, &dex_direct_methods1, &dex_static_fields1,
+                        &dex_instance_fields1);
   // Counters for compile-time dex file.
   size_t dex_virtual_methods2, dex_direct_methods2, dex_static_fields2, dex_instance_fields2;
-  CountMethodsAndFields(&dex_data2,
-                        outof(dex_virtual_methods2),
-                        outof(dex_direct_methods2),
-                        outof(dex_static_fields2),
-                        outof(dex_instance_fields2));
+  CountMethodsAndFields(dex_data2, &dex_virtual_methods2, &dex_direct_methods2, &dex_static_fields2,
+                        &dex_instance_fields2);
 
   if (dex_virtual_methods1 != dex_virtual_methods2) {
     std::string class_dump = DumpClasses(dex_file1, dex_class_def1, dex_file2, dex_class_def2);
@@ -4444,10 +4389,9 @@
 }
 
 // Populate the class vtable and itable. Compute return type indices.
-bool ClassLinker::LinkMethods(Thread* self,
-                              Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+bool ClassLinker::LinkMethods(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
                               Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>> interfaces,
-                              out<ArtMethod* [mirror::Class::kImtSize]> out_imt) {
+                              ArtMethod** out_imt) {
   self->AllowThreadSuspension();
   if (klass->IsInterface()) {
     // No vtable.
@@ -4462,10 +4406,7 @@
   } else if (!LinkVirtualMethods(self, klass)) {  // Link virtual methods first.
     return false;
   }
-  return LinkInterfaceMethods(self,
-                              klass,
-                              interfaces,
-                              outof_forward(out_imt));  // Link interface method last.
+  return LinkInterfaceMethods(self, klass, interfaces, out_imt);  // Link interface method last.
 }
 
 // Comparator for name and signature of a method, used in finding overriding methods. Implementation
@@ -4518,9 +4459,7 @@
 
 class LinkVirtualHashTable {
  public:
-  LinkVirtualHashTable(Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
-                       size_t hash_size,
-                       uint32_t* hash_table,
+  LinkVirtualHashTable(Handle<mirror::Class> klass, size_t hash_size, uint32_t* hash_table,
                        size_t image_pointer_size)
      : klass_(klass), hash_size_(hash_size), hash_table_(hash_table),
        image_pointer_size_(image_pointer_size) {
@@ -4724,12 +4663,9 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool ClassLinker::LinkInterfaceMethods(Thread* self,
-                                       Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+bool ClassLinker::LinkInterfaceMethods(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
                                        Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>> interfaces,
-                                       out<ArtMethod* [mirror::Class::kImtSize]> out_imt_array) {
-  auto& out_imt = *out_imt_array;
-
+                                       ArtMethod** out_imt) {
   StackHandleScope<3> hs(self);
   Runtime* const runtime = Runtime::Current();
   const bool has_superclass = klass->HasSuperClass();
@@ -4917,7 +4853,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  const char* old_cause = self->StartAssertNoThreadSuspension(
+  auto* old_cause = self->StartAssertNoThreadSuspension(
       "Copying ArtMethods for LinkInterfaceMethods");
   for (size_t i = 0; i < ifcount; ++i) {
     size_t num_methods = iftable->GetInterface(i)->NumVirtualMethods();
@@ -5138,16 +5074,12 @@
 
 bool ClassLinker::LinkInstanceFields(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> klass) {
   CHECK(klass.Get() != nullptr);
-  size_t class_size_dont_care;
-  UNUSED(class_size_dont_care);  // This doesn't get set for instance fields.
-  return LinkFields(self, klass, false, outof(class_size_dont_care));
+  return LinkFields(self, klass, false, nullptr);
 }
 
-bool ClassLinker::LinkStaticFields(Thread* self,
-                                   Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
-                                   out<size_t> class_size) {
+bool ClassLinker::LinkStaticFields(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> klass, size_t* class_size) {
   CHECK(klass.Get() != nullptr);
-  return LinkFields(self, klass, true, outof_forward(class_size));
+  return LinkFields(self, klass, true, class_size);
 }
 
 struct LinkFieldsComparator {
@@ -5184,10 +5116,8 @@
   }
 };
 
-bool ClassLinker::LinkFields(Thread* self,
-                             Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
-                             bool is_static,
-                             out<size_t> class_size) {
+bool ClassLinker::LinkFields(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> klass, bool is_static,
+                             size_t* class_size) {
   self->AllowThreadSuspension();
   const size_t num_fields = is_static ? klass->NumStaticFields() : klass->NumInstanceFields();
   ArtField* const fields = is_static ? klass->GetSFields() : klass->GetIFields();
@@ -5358,8 +5288,7 @@
   klass->SetReferenceInstanceOffsets(reference_offsets);
 }
 
-mirror::String* ClassLinker::ResolveString(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                           uint32_t string_idx,
+mirror::String* ClassLinker::ResolveString(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t string_idx,
                                            Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache) {
   DCHECK(dex_cache.Get() != nullptr);
   mirror::String* resolved = dex_cache->GetResolvedString(string_idx);
@@ -5373,8 +5302,7 @@
   return string;
 }
 
-mirror::Class* ClassLinker::ResolveType(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                        uint16_t type_idx,
+mirror::Class* ClassLinker::ResolveType(const DexFile& dex_file, uint16_t type_idx,
                                         mirror::Class* referrer) {
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(Thread::Current());
   Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(referrer->GetDexCache()));
@@ -5382,8 +5310,7 @@
   return ResolveType(dex_file, type_idx, dex_cache, class_loader);
 }
 
-mirror::Class* ClassLinker::ResolveType(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                        uint16_t type_idx,
+mirror::Class* ClassLinker::ResolveType(const DexFile& dex_file, uint16_t type_idx,
                                         Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
                                         Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader) {
   DCHECK(dex_cache.Get() != nullptr);
@@ -5416,8 +5343,7 @@
   return resolved;
 }
 
-ArtMethod* ClassLinker::ResolveMethod(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                      uint32_t method_idx,
+ArtMethod* ClassLinker::ResolveMethod(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t method_idx,
                                       Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
                                       Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
                                       ArtMethod* referrer, InvokeType type) {
@@ -5574,11 +5500,9 @@
   }
 }
 
-ArtField* ClassLinker::ResolveField(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                    uint32_t field_idx,
+ArtField* ClassLinker::ResolveField(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t field_idx,
                                     Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
-                                    Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
-                                    bool is_static) {
+                                    Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, bool is_static) {
   DCHECK(dex_cache.Get() != nullptr);
   ArtField* resolved = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(field_idx, image_pointer_size_);
   if (resolved != nullptr) {
@@ -5617,8 +5541,7 @@
   return resolved;
 }
 
-ArtField* ClassLinker::ResolveFieldJLS(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                       uint32_t field_idx,
+ArtField* ClassLinker::ResolveFieldJLS(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t field_idx,
                                        Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
                                        Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader) {
   DCHECK(dex_cache.Get() != nullptr);
@@ -5648,8 +5571,7 @@
   return resolved;
 }
 
-const char* ClassLinker::MethodShorty(uint32_t method_idx,
-                                      ArtMethod* referrer,
+const char* ClassLinker::MethodShorty(uint32_t method_idx, ArtMethod* referrer,
                                       uint32_t* length) {
   mirror::Class* declaring_class = referrer->GetDeclaringClass();
   mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = declaring_class->GetDexCache();
@@ -5856,8 +5778,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-jobject ClassLinker::CreatePathClassLoader(Thread* self,
-                                           const std::vector<const DexFile*>& dex_files) {
+jobject ClassLinker::CreatePathClassLoader(Thread* self, std::vector<const DexFile*>& dex_files) {
   // SOAAlreadyRunnable is protected, and we need something to add a global reference.
   // We could move the jobject to the callers, but all call-sites do this...
   ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(self);
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker.h b/runtime/class_linker.h
index 54f1f3d..c53ff61 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker.h
+++ b/runtime/class_linker.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include "base/hash_set.h"
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "base/mutex.h"
-#include "base/out_fwd.h"
 #include "class_table.h"
 #include "dex_file.h"
 #include "gc_root.h"
@@ -109,19 +108,16 @@
 
   // Initialize class linker by bootstraping from dex files.
   void InitWithoutImage(std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> boot_class_path)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   // Initialize class linker from one or more images.
   void InitFromImage() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   // Finds a class by its descriptor, loading it if necessary.
   // If class_loader is null, searches boot_class_path_.
-  mirror::Class* FindClass(Thread* self,
-                           const char* descriptor,
+  mirror::Class* FindClass(Thread* self, const char* descriptor,
                            Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   // Finds a class in the path class loader, loading it if necessary without using JNI. Hash
   // function is supposed to be ComputeModifiedUtf8Hash(descriptor). Returns true if the
@@ -129,24 +125,19 @@
   // was encountered while walking the parent chain (currently only BootClassLoader and
   // PathClassLoader are supported).
   bool FindClassInPathClassLoader(ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable& soa,
-                                  Thread* self,
-                                  const char* descriptor,
-                                  size_t hash,
+                                  Thread* self, const char* descriptor, size_t hash,
                                   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
-                                  out<mirror::Class*> result)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+                                  mirror::Class** result)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   // Finds a class by its descriptor using the "system" class loader, ie by searching the
   // boot_class_path_.
   mirror::Class* FindSystemClass(Thread* self, const char* descriptor)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   // Finds the array class given for the element class.
-  mirror::Class* FindArrayClass(Thread* self, /* in parameter */ mirror::Class** element_class)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+  mirror::Class* FindArrayClass(Thread* self, mirror::Class** element_class)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   // Returns true if the class linker is initialized.
   bool IsInitialized() const {
@@ -154,27 +145,20 @@
   }
 
   // Define a new a class based on a ClassDef from a DexFile
-  mirror::Class* DefineClass(Thread* self,
-                             const char* descriptor,
-                             size_t hash,
+  mirror::Class* DefineClass(Thread* self, const char* descriptor, size_t hash,
                              Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
-                             const DexFile& dex_file,
-                             const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+                             const DexFile& dex_file, const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   // Finds a class by its descriptor, returning null if it isn't wasn't loaded
   // by the given 'class_loader'.
-  mirror::Class* LookupClass(Thread* self,
-                             const char* descriptor,
-                             size_t hash,
-                             mirror::ClassLoader*
-                             class_loader)
+  mirror::Class* LookupClass(Thread* self, const char* descriptor, size_t hash,
+                             mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Finds all the classes with the given descriptor, regardless of ClassLoader.
-  void LookupClasses(const char* descriptor, out<std::vector<mirror::Class*>> classes)
+  void LookupClasses(const char* descriptor, std::vector<mirror::Class*>& classes)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
@@ -182,21 +166,17 @@
 
   // General class unloading is not supported, this is used to prune
   // unwanted classes during image writing.
-  bool RemoveClass(const char* descriptor,
-                   mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader)
-      REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  bool RemoveClass(const char* descriptor, mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader)
+      REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void DumpAllClasses(int flags)
-      REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+      REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void DumpForSigQuit(std::ostream& os)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
 
   size_t NumLoadedClasses()
-      REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+      REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Resolve a String with the given index from the DexFile, storing the
   // result in the DexCache. The referrer is used to identify the
@@ -206,95 +186,75 @@
 
   // Resolve a String with the given index from the DexFile, storing the
   // result in the DexCache.
-  mirror::String* ResolveString(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                uint32_t string_idx,
+  mirror::String* ResolveString(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t string_idx,
                                 Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Resolve a Type with the given index from the DexFile, storing the
   // result in the DexCache. The referrer is used to identity the
   // target DexCache and ClassLoader to use for resolution.
-  mirror::Class* ResolveType(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                             uint16_t type_idx,
-                             mirror::Class* referrer)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
+  mirror::Class* ResolveType(const DexFile& dex_file, uint16_t type_idx, mirror::Class* referrer)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   // Resolve a Type with the given index from the DexFile, storing the
   // result in the DexCache. The referrer is used to identify the
   // target DexCache and ClassLoader to use for resolution.
-  mirror::Class* ResolveType(uint16_t type_idx,
-                             ArtMethod* referrer)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
+  mirror::Class* ResolveType(uint16_t type_idx, ArtMethod* referrer)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
-  mirror::Class* ResolveType(uint16_t type_idx,
-                             ArtField* referrer)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
+  mirror::Class* ResolveType(uint16_t type_idx, ArtField* referrer)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   // Resolve a type with the given ID from the DexFile, storing the
   // result in DexCache. The ClassLoader is used to search for the
   // type, since it may be referenced from but not contained within
   // the given DexFile.
-  mirror::Class* ResolveType(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                             uint16_t type_idx,
+  mirror::Class* ResolveType(const DexFile& dex_file, uint16_t type_idx,
                              Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
                              Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   // Resolve a method with a given ID from the DexFile, storing the
   // result in DexCache. The ClassLinker and ClassLoader are used as
   // in ResolveType. What is unique is the method type argument which
   // is used to determine if this method is a direct, static, or
   // virtual method.
-  ArtMethod* ResolveMethod(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                           uint32_t method_idx,
+  ArtMethod* ResolveMethod(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t method_idx,
                            Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
-                           Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
-                           ArtMethod* referrer,
+                           Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, ArtMethod* referrer,
                            InvokeType type)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   ArtMethod* GetResolvedMethod(uint32_t method_idx, ArtMethod* referrer)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   ArtMethod* ResolveMethod(Thread* self, uint32_t method_idx, ArtMethod* referrer, InvokeType type)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   ArtField* GetResolvedField(uint32_t field_idx, mirror::Class* field_declaring_class)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   ArtField* GetResolvedField(uint32_t field_idx, mirror::DexCache* dex_cache)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   ArtField* ResolveField(uint32_t field_idx, ArtMethod* referrer, bool is_static)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   // Resolve a field with a given ID from the DexFile, storing the
   // result in DexCache. The ClassLinker and ClassLoader are used as
   // in ResolveType. What is unique is the is_static argument which is
   // used to determine if we are resolving a static or non-static
   // field.
-  ArtField* ResolveField(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                         uint32_t field_idx,
+  ArtField* ResolveField(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t field_idx,
                          Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
-                         Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
-                         bool is_static)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
+                         Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, bool is_static)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   // Resolve a field with a given ID from the DexFile, storing the
   // result in DexCache. The ClassLinker and ClassLoader are used as
   // in ResolveType. No is_static argument is provided so that Java
   // field resolution semantics are followed.
-  ArtField* ResolveFieldJLS(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                            uint32_t field_idx,
+  ArtField* ResolveFieldJLS(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t field_idx,
                             Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
                             Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   // Get shorty from method index without resolution. Used to do handlerization.
   const char* MethodShorty(uint32_t method_idx, ArtMethod* referrer, uint32_t* length)
@@ -303,12 +263,9 @@
   // Returns true on success, false if there's an exception pending.
   // can_run_clinit=false allows the compiler to attempt to init a class,
   // given the restriction that no <clinit> execution is possible.
-  bool EnsureInitialized(Thread* self,
-                         Handle<mirror::Class> c,
-                         bool can_init_fields,
+  bool EnsureInitialized(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> c, bool can_init_fields,
                          bool can_init_parents)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   // Initializes classes that have instances in the image but that have
   // <clinit> methods so they could not be initialized by the compiler.
@@ -332,33 +289,26 @@
       REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   void VisitClasses(ClassVisitor* visitor)
-      REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+      REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Less efficient variant of VisitClasses that copies the class_table_ into secondary storage
   // so that it can visit individual classes without holding the doesn't hold the
   // Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_. As the Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_ isn't held this code
   // can race with insertion and deletion of classes while the visitor is being called.
   void VisitClassesWithoutClassesLock(ClassVisitor* visitor)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   void VisitClassRoots(RootVisitor* visitor, VisitRootFlags flags)
-      REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+      REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   void VisitRoots(RootVisitor* visitor, VisitRootFlags flags)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   mirror::DexCache* FindDexCache(const DexFile& dex_file)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   bool IsDexFileRegistered(const DexFile& dex_file)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   void FixupDexCaches(ArtMethod* resolution_method)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Finds or creates the oat file holding dex_location. Then loads and returns
   // all corresponding dex files (there may be more than one dex file loaded
@@ -374,75 +324,58 @@
   // This method should not be called with the mutator_lock_ held, because it
   // could end up starving GC if we need to generate or relocate any oat
   // files.
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> OpenDexFilesFromOat(const char* dex_location,
-                                                                  const char* oat_location,
-                                                                  out<std::vector<std::string>>
-                                                                      error_msgs)
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> OpenDexFilesFromOat(
+      const char* dex_location, const char* oat_location,
+      std::vector<std::string>* error_msgs)
       REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Allocate an instance of a java.lang.Object.
-  mirror::Object* AllocObject(Thread* self)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
+  mirror::Object* AllocObject(Thread* self) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   // TODO: replace this with multiple methods that allocate the correct managed type.
   template <class T>
   mirror::ObjectArray<T>* AllocObjectArray(Thread* self, size_t length)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>* AllocClassArray(Thread* self, size_t length)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::String>* AllocStringArray(Thread* self, size_t length)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   ArtField* AllocArtFieldArray(Thread* self, size_t length);
 
   ArtMethod* AllocArtMethodArray(Thread* self, size_t length);
 
   mirror::PointerArray* AllocPointerArray(Thread* self, size_t length)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   mirror::IfTable* AllocIfTable(Thread* self, size_t ifcount)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
-  mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>* AllocStackTraceElementArray(Thread* self,
-                                                                              size_t length)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
+  mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>* AllocStackTraceElementArray(
+      Thread* self, size_t length) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
+          REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   void VerifyClass(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> klass)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
-  bool VerifyClassUsingOatFile(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                               mirror::Class* klass,
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+  bool VerifyClassUsingOatFile(const DexFile& dex_file, mirror::Class* klass,
                                mirror::Class::Status& oat_file_class_status)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
   void ResolveClassExceptionHandlerTypes(const DexFile& dex_file,
                                          Handle<mirror::Class> klass)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
   void ResolveMethodExceptionHandlerTypes(const DexFile& dex_file, ArtMethod* klass)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
-  mirror::Class* CreateProxyClass(ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable& soa,
-                                  jstring name,
-                                  jobjectArray interfaces,
-                                  jobject loader,
-                                  jobjectArray methods,
+  mirror::Class* CreateProxyClass(ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable& soa, jstring name,
+                                  jobjectArray interfaces, jobject loader, jobjectArray methods,
                                   jobjectArray throws)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   std::string GetDescriptorForProxy(mirror::Class* proxy_class)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  ArtMethod* FindMethodForProxy(mirror::Class* proxy_class,
-                                ArtMethod* proxy_method)
+  ArtMethod* FindMethodForProxy(mirror::Class* proxy_class, ArtMethod* proxy_method)
       REQUIRES(!dex_lock_)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
@@ -451,8 +384,7 @@
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Get the oat code for a method from a method index.
-  const void* GetQuickOatCodeFor(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                 uint16_t class_def_idx,
+  const void* GetQuickOatCodeFor(const DexFile& dex_file, uint16_t class_def_idx,
                                  uint32_t method_idx)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
@@ -462,7 +394,7 @@
   const void* GetOatMethodQuickCodeFor(ArtMethod* method)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  const OatFile::OatMethod FindOatMethodFor(ArtMethod* method, out<bool> found)
+  const OatFile::OatMethod FindOatMethodFor(ArtMethod* method, bool* found)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   pid_t GetClassesLockOwner();  // For SignalCatcher.
@@ -519,14 +451,12 @@
 
   // Returns true if the method can be called with its direct code pointer, false otherwise.
   bool MayBeCalledWithDirectCodePointer(ArtMethod* m)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   // Creates a GlobalRef PathClassLoader that can be used to load classes from the given dex files.
   // Note: the objects are not completely set up. Do not use this outside of tests and the compiler.
-  jobject CreatePathClassLoader(Thread* self, const std::vector<const DexFile*>& dex_files)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+  jobject CreatePathClassLoader(Thread* self, std::vector<const DexFile*>& dex_files)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   size_t GetImagePointerSize() const {
     DCHECK(ValidPointerSize(image_pointer_size_)) << image_pointer_size_;
@@ -573,39 +503,29 @@
 
   // For early bootstrapping by Init
   mirror::Class* AllocClass(Thread* self, mirror::Class* java_lang_Class, uint32_t class_size)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   // Alloc* convenience functions to avoid needing to pass in mirror::Class*
   // values that are known to the ClassLinker such as
   // kObjectArrayClass and kJavaLangString etc.
   mirror::Class* AllocClass(Thread* self, uint32_t class_size)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
   mirror::DexCache* AllocDexCache(Thread* self, const DexFile& dex_file)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   mirror::Class* CreatePrimitiveClass(Thread* self, Primitive::Type type)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
   mirror::Class* InitializePrimitiveClass(mirror::Class* primitive_class, Primitive::Type type)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
-  mirror::Class* CreateArrayClass(Thread* self,
-                                  const char* descriptor,
-                                  size_t hash,
+  mirror::Class* CreateArrayClass(Thread* self, const char* descriptor, size_t hash,
                                   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
   void AppendToBootClassPath(Thread* self, const DexFile& dex_file)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
   void AppendToBootClassPath(const DexFile& dex_file, Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   // Precomputes size needed for Class, in the case of a non-temporary class this size must be
   // sufficient to hold all static fields.
@@ -614,41 +534,30 @@
 
   // Setup the classloader, class def index, type idx so that we can insert this class in the class
   // table.
-  void SetupClass(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                  const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def,
-                  Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
-                  mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader)
+  void SetupClass(const DexFile& dex_file, const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def,
+                  Handle<mirror::Class> klass, mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  void LoadClass(Thread* self,
-                 const DexFile& dex_file,
-                 const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def,
+  void LoadClass(Thread* self, const DexFile& dex_file, const DexFile::ClassDef& dex_class_def,
                  Handle<mirror::Class> klass)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  void LoadClassMembers(Thread* self,
-                        const DexFile& dex_file,
-                        const uint8_t* class_data,
-                        Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
-                        const OatFile::OatClass* oat_class)
+  void LoadClassMembers(Thread* self, const DexFile& dex_file, const uint8_t* class_data,
+                        Handle<mirror::Class> klass, const OatFile::OatClass* oat_class)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  void LoadField(const ClassDataItemIterator& it,
-                 Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+  void LoadField(const ClassDataItemIterator& it, Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
                  ArtField* dst)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  void LoadMethod(Thread* self,
-                  const DexFile& dex_file,
-                  const ClassDataItemIterator& it,
-                  Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
-                  ArtMethod* dst)
+  void LoadMethod(Thread* self, const DexFile& dex_file, const ClassDataItemIterator& it,
+                  Handle<mirror::Class> klass, ArtMethod* dst)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void FixupStaticTrampolines(mirror::Class* klass) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Finds the associated oat class for a dex_file and descriptor. Returns an invalid OatClass on
   // error and sets found to false.
-  OatFile::OatClass FindOatClass(const DexFile& dex_file, uint16_t class_def_idx, out<bool> found)
+  OatFile::OatClass FindOatClass(const DexFile& dex_file, uint16_t class_def_idx, bool* found)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void RegisterDexFileLocked(const DexFile& dex_file, Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache)
@@ -656,70 +565,55 @@
   bool IsDexFileRegisteredLocked(const DexFile& dex_file)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(dex_lock_, Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  bool InitializeClass(Thread* self,
-                       Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
-                       bool can_run_clinit,
+  bool InitializeClass(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> klass, bool can_run_clinit,
                        bool can_init_parents)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
-  bool WaitForInitializeClass(Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
-                              Thread* self,
-                              ObjectLock<mirror::Class>* lock);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+  bool WaitForInitializeClass(Handle<mirror::Class> klass, Thread* self,
+                              ObjectLock<mirror::Class>& lock);
   bool ValidateSuperClassDescriptors(Handle<mirror::Class> klass)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  bool IsSameDescriptorInDifferentClassContexts(Thread* self,
-                                                const char* descriptor,
+  bool IsSameDescriptorInDifferentClassContexts(Thread* self, const char* descriptor,
                                                 Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader1,
                                                 Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader2)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  bool IsSameMethodSignatureInDifferentClassContexts(Thread* self,
-                                                     ArtMethod* method,
-                                                     mirror::Class* klass1,
-                                                     mirror::Class* klass2)
+  bool IsSameMethodSignatureInDifferentClassContexts(Thread* self, ArtMethod* method,
+                                                     mirror::Class* klass1, mirror::Class* klass2)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  bool LinkClass(Thread* self,
-                 const char* descriptor,
-                 Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+  bool LinkClass(Thread* self, const char* descriptor, Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
                  Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>> interfaces,
-                 out<MutableHandle<mirror::Class>> h_new_class_out)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
+                 MutableHandle<mirror::Class>* h_new_class_out)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
 
   bool LinkSuperClass(Handle<mirror::Class> klass)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   bool LoadSuperAndInterfaces(Handle<mirror::Class> klass, const DexFile& dex_file)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   bool LinkMethods(Thread* self,
                    Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
                    Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>> interfaces,
-                   out<ArtMethod* [mirror::Class::kImtSize]> out_imt)
+                   ArtMethod** out_imt)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   bool LinkVirtualMethods(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> klass)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  bool LinkInterfaceMethods(Thread* self,
-                            Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+  bool LinkInterfaceMethods(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
                             Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>> interfaces,
-                            out<ArtMethod* [mirror::Class::kImtSize]> out_imt)
+                            ArtMethod** out_imt)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  bool LinkStaticFields(Thread* self,
-                        Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
-                        out<size_t> class_size)
+  bool LinkStaticFields(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> klass, size_t* class_size)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   bool LinkInstanceFields(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> klass)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  bool LinkFields(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> klass, bool is_static, out<size_t> class_size)
+  bool LinkFields(Thread* self, Handle<mirror::Class> klass, bool is_static, size_t* class_size)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  void LinkCode(ArtMethod* method,
-                const OatFile::OatClass* oat_class,
+  void LinkCode(ArtMethod* method, const OatFile::OatClass* oat_class,
                 uint32_t class_def_method_index)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   void CreateReferenceInstanceOffsets(Handle<mirror::Class> klass)
@@ -792,7 +686,7 @@
       REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   // Check for duplicate class definitions of the given oat file against all open oat files.
-  bool HasCollisions(const OatFile* oat_file, out<std::string> error_msg) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
+  bool HasCollisions(const OatFile* oat_file, std::string* error_msg) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
   bool HasInitWithString(Thread* self, const char* descriptor)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
@@ -800,11 +694,9 @@
   bool CanWeInitializeClass(mirror::Class* klass, bool can_init_statics, bool can_init_parents)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  void UpdateClassVirtualMethods(mirror::Class* klass,
-                                 ArtMethod* new_methods,
+  void UpdateClassVirtualMethods(mirror::Class* klass, ArtMethod* new_methods,
                                  size_t new_num_methods)
-      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
 
   std::vector<const DexFile*> boot_class_path_;
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> opened_dex_files_;
diff --git a/runtime/debugger.cc b/runtime/debugger.cc
index e1e130b..8e60814 100644
--- a/runtime/debugger.cc
+++ b/runtime/debugger.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 #include "art_field-inl.h"
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
 #include "base/time_utils.h"
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "class_linker.h"
 #include "class_linker-inl.h"
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
@@ -1001,7 +1000,7 @@
 
 void Dbg::FindLoadedClassBySignature(const char* descriptor, std::vector<JDWP::RefTypeId>* ids) {
   std::vector<mirror::Class*> classes;
-  Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->LookupClasses(descriptor, outof(classes));
+  Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->LookupClasses(descriptor, classes);
   ids->clear();
   for (size_t i = 0; i < classes.size(); ++i) {
     ids->push_back(gRegistry->Add(classes[i]));
diff --git a/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc b/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc
index aba32a0..1923d24 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 
 #include "art_method.h"
 #include "base/macros.h"
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "base/stl_util.h"
 #include "base/scoped_flock.h"
 #include "base/time_utils.h"
@@ -208,7 +207,7 @@
   // Note: we do not generate a fully debuggable boot image so we do not pass the
   // compiler flag --debuggable here.
 
-  Runtime::Current()->AddCurrentRuntimeFeaturesAsDex2OatArguments(outof(arg_vector));
+  Runtime::Current()->AddCurrentRuntimeFeaturesAsDex2OatArguments(&arg_vector);
   CHECK_EQ(image_isa, kRuntimeISA)
       << "We should always be generating an image for the current isa.";
 
@@ -790,13 +789,10 @@
 
   CHECK(image_header.GetOatDataBegin() != nullptr);
 
-  OatFile* oat_file = OatFile::Open(oat_filename,
-                                    oat_filename,
-                                    image_header.GetOatDataBegin(),
+  OatFile* oat_file = OatFile::Open(oat_filename, oat_filename, image_header.GetOatDataBegin(),
                                     image_header.GetOatFileBegin(),
                                     !Runtime::Current()->IsAotCompiler(),
-                                    nullptr /* no abs dex location */,
-                                    outof_ptr(error_msg));
+                                    nullptr, error_msg);
   if (oat_file == nullptr) {
     *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to open oat file '%s' referenced from image %s: %s",
                               oat_filename.c_str(), GetName(), error_msg->c_str());
diff --git a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.h b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.h
index a6cccef..2486a98 100644
--- a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.h
+++ b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.h
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@
   ArtMethod* unboxed_closure = nullptr;
   // Raise an exception if unboxing fails.
   if (!Runtime::Current()->GetLambdaBoxTable()->UnboxLambda(boxed_closure_object,
-                                                            outof(unboxed_closure))) {
+                                                            &unboxed_closure)) {
     CHECK(self->IsExceptionPending());
     return false;
   }
diff --git a/runtime/lambda/box_table.cc b/runtime/lambda/box_table.cc
index 22cc820..64a6076 100644
--- a/runtime/lambda/box_table.cc
+++ b/runtime/lambda/box_table.cc
@@ -94,7 +94,8 @@
   return method_as_object;
 }
 
-bool BoxTable::UnboxLambda(mirror::Object* object, out<ClosureType> out_closure) {
+bool BoxTable::UnboxLambda(mirror::Object* object, ClosureType* out_closure) {
+  DCHECK(object != nullptr);
   *out_closure = nullptr;
 
   // Note that we do not need to access lambda_table_lock_ here
diff --git a/runtime/lambda/box_table.h b/runtime/lambda/box_table.h
index c6d3d0c..312d811 100644
--- a/runtime/lambda/box_table.h
+++ b/runtime/lambda/box_table.h
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 
 #include "base/allocator.h"
 #include "base/hash_map.h"
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "gc_root.h"
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "base/mutex.h"
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Locks::lambda_table_lock_);
 
   // Unboxes an object back into the lambda. Returns false and throws an exception on failure.
-  bool UnboxLambda(mirror::Object* object, out<ClosureType> out_closure)
+  bool UnboxLambda(mirror::Object* object, ClosureType* out_closure)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Sweep weak references to lambda boxes. Update the addresses if the objects have been
diff --git a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_DexFile.cc b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_DexFile.cc
index 1b210bb..4f97d20 100644
--- a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_DexFile.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_DexFile.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 #include "dalvik_system_DexFile.h"
 
 #include "base/logging.h"
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "base/stl_util.h"
 #include "base/stringprintf.h"
 #include "class_linker.h"
@@ -165,8 +164,7 @@
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> dex_files;
   std::vector<std::string> error_msgs;
 
-  dex_files =
-      linker->OpenDexFilesFromOat(sourceName.c_str(), outputName.c_str(), outof(error_msgs));
+  dex_files = linker->OpenDexFilesFromOat(sourceName.c_str(), outputName.c_str(), &error_msgs);
 
   if (!dex_files.empty()) {
     jlongArray array = ConvertNativeToJavaArray(env, dex_files);
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_VMClassLoader.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_VMClassLoader.cc
index 62a0b76..1515630 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_VMClassLoader.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_VMClassLoader.cc
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #include "java_lang_VMClassLoader.h"
 
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "class_linker.h"
 #include "jni_internal.h"
 #include "mirror/class_loader.h"
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@
     // Try the common case.
     StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
     cl->FindClassInPathClassLoader(soa, soa.Self(), descriptor.c_str(), descriptor_hash,
-                                   hs.NewHandle(loader), outof(c));
+                                   hs.NewHandle(loader), &c);
     if (c != nullptr) {
       return soa.AddLocalReference<jclass>(c);
     }
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file.cc b/runtime/oat_file.cc
index 80fc7fa..a23d94d 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file.cc
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 #endif
 
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "base/bit_vector.h"
 #include "base/stl_util.h"
 #include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
@@ -89,16 +88,16 @@
 OatFile* OatFile::OpenWithElfFile(ElfFile* elf_file,
                                   const std::string& location,
                                   const char* abs_dex_location,
-                                  out<std::string> error_msg) {
+                                  std::string* error_msg) {
   std::unique_ptr<OatFile> oat_file(new OatFile(location, false));
   oat_file->elf_file_.reset(elf_file);
   uint64_t offset, size;
-  bool has_section = elf_file->GetSectionOffsetAndSize(".rodata", outof(offset), outof(size));
+  bool has_section = elf_file->GetSectionOffsetAndSize(".rodata", &offset, &size);
   CHECK(has_section);
   oat_file->begin_ = elf_file->Begin() + offset;
   oat_file->end_ = elf_file->Begin() + size + offset;
   // Ignore the optional .bss section when opening non-executable.
-  return oat_file->Setup(abs_dex_location, outof_forward(error_msg)) ? oat_file.release() : nullptr;
+  return oat_file->Setup(abs_dex_location, error_msg) ? oat_file.release() : nullptr;
 }
 
 OatFile* OatFile::Open(const std::string& filename,
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@
                        uint8_t* oat_file_begin,
                        bool executable,
                        const char* abs_dex_location,
-                       out<std::string> error_msg) {
+                       std::string* error_msg) {
   CHECK(!filename.empty()) << location;
   CheckLocation(location);
   std::unique_ptr<OatFile> ret;
@@ -155,34 +154,27 @@
   return ret.release();
 }
 
-OatFile* OatFile::OpenWritable(File* file,
-                               const std::string& location,
+OatFile* OatFile::OpenWritable(File* file, const std::string& location,
                                const char* abs_dex_location,
-                               out<std::string> error_msg) {
+                               std::string* error_msg) {
   CheckLocation(location);
-  return OpenElfFile(file, location, nullptr, nullptr, true, false, abs_dex_location,
-                     outof_forward(error_msg));
+  return OpenElfFile(file, location, nullptr, nullptr, true, false, abs_dex_location, error_msg);
 }
 
-OatFile* OatFile::OpenReadable(File* file,
-                               const std::string& location,
+OatFile* OatFile::OpenReadable(File* file, const std::string& location,
                                const char* abs_dex_location,
-                               out<std::string> error_msg) {
+                               std::string* error_msg) {
   CheckLocation(location);
-  return OpenElfFile(file, location, nullptr, nullptr, false, false, abs_dex_location,
-                     outof_forward(error_msg));
+  return OpenElfFile(file, location, nullptr, nullptr, false, false, abs_dex_location, error_msg);
 }
 
 OatFile* OatFile::OpenDlopen(const std::string& elf_filename,
                              const std::string& location,
                              uint8_t* requested_base,
                              const char* abs_dex_location,
-                             out<std::string> error_msg) {
+                             std::string* error_msg) {
   std::unique_ptr<OatFile> oat_file(new OatFile(location, true));
-  bool success = oat_file->Dlopen(elf_filename,
-                                  requested_base,
-                                  abs_dex_location,
-                                  outof_forward(error_msg));
+  bool success = oat_file->Dlopen(elf_filename, requested_base, abs_dex_location, error_msg);
   if (!success) {
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -196,10 +188,10 @@
                               bool writable,
                               bool executable,
                               const char* abs_dex_location,
-                              out<std::string> error_msg) {
+                              std::string* error_msg) {
   std::unique_ptr<OatFile> oat_file(new OatFile(location, executable));
   bool success = oat_file->ElfFileOpen(file, requested_base, oat_file_begin, writable, executable,
-                                       abs_dex_location, outof_forward(error_msg));
+                                       abs_dex_location, error_msg);
   if (!success) {
     CHECK(!error_msg->empty());
     return nullptr;
@@ -208,13 +200,8 @@
 }
 
 OatFile::OatFile(const std::string& location, bool is_executable)
-    : location_(location),
-      begin_(nullptr),
-      end_(nullptr),
-      bss_begin_(nullptr),
-      bss_end_(nullptr),
-      is_executable_(is_executable),
-      dlopen_handle_(nullptr),
+    : location_(location), begin_(nullptr), end_(nullptr), bss_begin_(nullptr), bss_end_(nullptr),
+      is_executable_(is_executable), dlopen_handle_(nullptr),
       secondary_lookup_lock_("OatFile secondary lookup lock", kOatFileSecondaryLookupLock) {
   CHECK(!location_.empty());
 }
@@ -226,10 +213,8 @@
   }
 }
 
-bool OatFile::Dlopen(const std::string& elf_filename,
-                     uint8_t* requested_base,
-                     const char* abs_dex_location,
-                     out<std::string> error_msg) {
+bool OatFile::Dlopen(const std::string& elf_filename, uint8_t* requested_base,
+                     const char* abs_dex_location, std::string* error_msg) {
 #ifdef __APPLE__
   // The dl_iterate_phdr syscall is missing.  There is similar API on OSX,
   // but let's fallback to the custom loading code for the time being.
@@ -334,28 +319,22 @@
     LOG(ERROR) << "File " << elf_filename << " loaded with dlopen but can not find its mmaps.";
   }
 
-  return Setup(abs_dex_location, outof_forward(error_msg));
+  return Setup(abs_dex_location, error_msg);
 #endif  // __APPLE__
 }
 
-bool OatFile::ElfFileOpen(File* file,
-                          uint8_t* requested_base,
-                          uint8_t* oat_file_begin,
-                          bool writable,
-                          bool executable,
+bool OatFile::ElfFileOpen(File* file, uint8_t* requested_base, uint8_t* oat_file_begin,
+                          bool writable, bool executable,
                           const char* abs_dex_location,
-                          out<std::string> error_msg) {
+                          std::string* error_msg) {
   // TODO: rename requested_base to oat_data_begin
-  elf_file_.reset(ElfFile::Open(file,
-                                writable,
-                                /*program_header_only*/true,
-                                outof_forward(error_msg),
+  elf_file_.reset(ElfFile::Open(file, writable, /*program_header_only*/true, error_msg,
                                 oat_file_begin));
   if (elf_file_ == nullptr) {
     DCHECK(!error_msg->empty());
     return false;
   }
-  bool loaded = elf_file_->Load(executable, outof_forward(error_msg));
+  bool loaded = elf_file_->Load(executable, error_msg);
   if (!loaded) {
     DCHECK(!error_msg->empty());
     return false;
@@ -396,10 +375,10 @@
     bss_end_ += sizeof(uint32_t);
   }
 
-  return Setup(abs_dex_location, outof_forward(error_msg));
+  return Setup(abs_dex_location, error_msg);
 }
 
-bool OatFile::Setup(const char* abs_dex_location, out<std::string> error_msg) {
+bool OatFile::Setup(const char* abs_dex_location, std::string* error_msg) {
   if (!GetOatHeader().IsValid()) {
     std::string cause = GetOatHeader().GetValidationErrorMessage();
     *error_msg = StringPrintf("Invalid oat header for '%s': %s", GetLocation().c_str(),
@@ -638,9 +617,9 @@
   return reinterpret_cast<const DexFile::Header*>(dex_file_pointer_)->file_size_;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> OatFile::OatDexFile::OpenDexFile(out<std::string> error_msg) const {
+std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> OatFile::OatDexFile::OpenDexFile(std::string* error_msg) const {
   return DexFile::Open(dex_file_pointer_, FileSize(), dex_file_location_,
-                       dex_file_location_checksum_, this, outof_forward(error_msg));
+                       dex_file_location_checksum_, this, error_msg);
 }
 
 uint32_t OatFile::OatDexFile::GetOatClassOffset(uint16_t class_def_index) const {
@@ -798,7 +777,7 @@
   return out.str();
 }
 
-bool OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies(const char* dex_dependencies, out<std::string> msg) {
+bool OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies(const char* dex_dependencies, std::string* msg) {
   if (dex_dependencies == nullptr || dex_dependencies[0] == 0) {
     // No dependencies.
     return true;
@@ -807,7 +786,7 @@
   // Assumption: this is not performance-critical. So it's OK to do this with a std::string and
   //             Split() instead of manual parsing of the combined char*.
   std::vector<std::string> split;
-  Split(dex_dependencies, kDexClassPathEncodingSeparator, outof(split));
+  Split(dex_dependencies, kDexClassPathEncodingSeparator, &split);
   if (split.size() % 2 != 0) {
     // Expected pairs of location and checksum.
     *msg = StringPrintf("Odd number of elements in dependency list %s", dex_dependencies);
@@ -827,8 +806,8 @@
     uint32_t dex_checksum;
     std::string error_msg;
     if (DexFile::GetChecksum(DexFile::GetDexCanonicalLocation(location.c_str()).c_str(),
-                             outof(dex_checksum),
-                             outof(error_msg))) {
+                             &dex_checksum,
+                             &error_msg)) {
       if (converted != dex_checksum) {
         *msg = StringPrintf("Checksums don't match for %s: %" PRId64 " vs %u",
                             location.c_str(), converted, dex_checksum);
@@ -847,7 +826,8 @@
 }
 
 bool OatFile::GetDexLocationsFromDependencies(const char* dex_dependencies,
-                                              out<std::vector<std::string>> locations) {
+                                              std::vector<std::string>* locations) {
+  DCHECK(locations != nullptr);
   if (dex_dependencies == nullptr || dex_dependencies[0] == 0) {
     return true;
   }
@@ -855,7 +835,7 @@
   // Assumption: this is not performance-critical. So it's OK to do this with a std::string and
   //             Split() instead of manual parsing of the combined char*.
   std::vector<std::string> split;
-  Split(dex_dependencies, kDexClassPathEncodingSeparator, outof(split));
+  Split(dex_dependencies, kDexClassPathEncodingSeparator, &split);
   if (split.size() % 2 != 0) {
     // Expected pairs of location and checksum.
     return false;
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file.h b/runtime/oat_file.h
index 6c40c68..27f8677 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file.h
+++ b/runtime/oat_file.h
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "base/mutex.h"
-#include "base/out_fwd.h"
 #include "base/stringpiece.h"
 #include "dex_file.h"
 #include "invoke_type.h"
@@ -46,10 +45,9 @@
 
   // Opens an oat file contained within the given elf file. This is always opened as
   // non-executable at the moment.
-  static OatFile* OpenWithElfFile(ElfFile* elf_file,
-                                  const std::string& location,
+  static OatFile* OpenWithElfFile(ElfFile* elf_file, const std::string& location,
                                   const char* abs_dex_location,
-                                  out<std::string> error_msg);
+                                  std::string* error_msg);
   // Open an oat file. Returns null on failure.  Requested base can
   // optionally be used to request where the file should be loaded.
   // See the ResolveRelativeEncodedDexLocation for a description of how the
@@ -60,22 +58,20 @@
                        uint8_t* oat_file_begin,
                        bool executable,
                        const char* abs_dex_location,
-                       out<std::string> error_msg);
+                       std::string* error_msg);
 
   // Open an oat file from an already opened File.
   // Does not use dlopen underneath so cannot be used for runtime use
   // where relocations may be required. Currently used from
   // ImageWriter which wants to open a writable version from an existing
   // file descriptor for patching.
-  static OatFile* OpenWritable(File* file,
-                               const std::string& location,
+  static OatFile* OpenWritable(File* file, const std::string& location,
                                const char* abs_dex_location,
-                               out<std::string> error_msg);
+                               std::string* error_msg);
   // Opens an oat file from an already opened File. Maps it PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE.
-  static OatFile* OpenReadable(File* file,
-                               const std::string& location,
+  static OatFile* OpenReadable(File* file, const std::string& location,
                                const char* abs_dex_location,
-                               out<std::string> error_msg);
+                               std::string* error_msg);
 
   ~OatFile();
 
@@ -256,13 +252,12 @@
 
   // Check the given dependency list against their dex files - thus the name "Static," this does
   // not check the class-loader environment, only whether there have been file updates.
-  static bool CheckStaticDexFileDependencies(const char* dex_dependencies,
-                                             out<std::string> error_msg);
+  static bool CheckStaticDexFileDependencies(const char* dex_dependencies, std::string* msg);
 
   // Get the dex locations of a dependency list. Note: this is *not* cleaned for synthetic
   // locations of multidex files.
   static bool GetDexLocationsFromDependencies(const char* dex_dependencies,
-                                              out<std::vector<std::string>> locations);
+                                              std::vector<std::string>* locations);
 
  private:
   static void CheckLocation(const std::string& location);
@@ -271,7 +266,7 @@
                              const std::string& location,
                              uint8_t* requested_base,
                              const char* abs_dex_location,
-                             out<std::string> error_msg);
+                             std::string* error_msg);
 
   static OatFile* OpenElfFile(File* file,
                               const std::string& location,
@@ -280,22 +275,18 @@
                               bool writable,
                               bool executable,
                               const char* abs_dex_location,
-                              out<std::string> error_msg);
+                              std::string* error_msg);
 
   explicit OatFile(const std::string& filename, bool executable);
-  bool Dlopen(const std::string& elf_filename,
-              uint8_t* requested_base,
-              const char* abs_dex_location,
-              out<std::string> error_msg);
-  bool ElfFileOpen(File* file,
-                   uint8_t* requested_base,
+  bool Dlopen(const std::string& elf_filename, uint8_t* requested_base,
+              const char* abs_dex_location, std::string* error_msg);
+  bool ElfFileOpen(File* file, uint8_t* requested_base,
                    uint8_t* oat_file_begin,  // Override where the file is loaded to if not null
-                   bool writable,
-                   bool executable,
+                   bool writable, bool executable,
                    const char* abs_dex_location,
-                   out<std::string> error_msg);
+                   std::string* error_msg);
 
-  bool Setup(const char* abs_dex_location, out<std::string> error_msg);
+  bool Setup(const char* abs_dex_location, std::string* error_msg);
 
   // The oat file name.
   //
@@ -374,7 +365,7 @@
 class OatDexFile FINAL {
  public:
   // Opens the DexFile referred to by this OatDexFile from within the containing OatFile.
-  std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> OpenDexFile(out<std::string> error_msg) const;
+  std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> OpenDexFile(std::string* error_msg) const;
 
   const OatFile* GetOatFile() const {
     return oat_file_;
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc b/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc
index e919b36..29b879e 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 #include <set>
 
 #include "base/logging.h"
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "base/stringprintf.h"
 #include "class_linker.h"
 #include "gc/heap.h"
@@ -231,7 +230,7 @@
     return std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>>();
   }
 
-  std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file = oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(outof(error_msg));
+  std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file = oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(&error_msg);
   if (dex_file.get() == nullptr) {
     LOG(WARNING) << "Failed to open dex file from oat dex file: " << error_msg;
     return std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>>();
@@ -247,7 +246,7 @@
       break;
     }
 
-    dex_file = oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(outof(error_msg));
+    dex_file = oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(&error_msg);
     if (dex_file.get() == nullptr) {
       LOG(WARNING) << "Failed to open dex file from oat dex file: " << error_msg;
       return std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>>();
@@ -272,7 +271,7 @@
 
     std::string error_msg;
     cached_odex_file_name_found_ = DexFilenameToOdexFilename(
-        dex_location_, isa_, &cached_odex_file_name_, outof(error_msg));
+        dex_location_, isa_, &cached_odex_file_name_, &error_msg);
     if (!cached_odex_file_name_found_) {
       // If we can't figure out the odex file, we treat it as if the odex
       // file was inaccessible.
@@ -340,7 +339,7 @@
         DalvikCacheDirectory().c_str(), GetInstructionSetString(isa_));
     std::string error_msg;
     cached_oat_file_name_found_ = GetDalvikCacheFilename(dex_location_,
-        cache_dir.c_str(), &cached_oat_file_name_, outof(error_msg));
+        cache_dir.c_str(), &cached_oat_file_name_, &error_msg);
     if (!cached_oat_file_name_found_) {
       // If we can't determine the oat file name, we treat the oat file as
       // inaccessible.
@@ -433,7 +432,7 @@
     std::string error_msg;
     uint32_t expected_secondary_checksum = 0;
     if (DexFile::GetChecksum(secondary_dex_location.c_str(),
-          &expected_secondary_checksum, outof(error_msg))) {
+          &expected_secondary_checksum, &error_msg)) {
       uint32_t actual_secondary_checksum
         = secondary_oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocationChecksum();
       if (expected_secondary_checksum != actual_secondary_checksum) {
@@ -723,7 +722,7 @@
   if (runtime->IsDebuggable()) {
     argv.push_back("--debuggable");
   }
-  runtime->AddCurrentRuntimeFeaturesAsDex2OatArguments(outof(argv));
+  runtime->AddCurrentRuntimeFeaturesAsDex2OatArguments(&argv);
 
   if (!runtime->IsVerificationEnabled()) {
     argv.push_back("--compiler-filter=verify-none");
@@ -874,7 +873,7 @@
       std::string error_msg;
       cached_odex_file_.reset(OatFile::Open(odex_file_name.c_str(),
             odex_file_name.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr, load_executable_,
-            dex_location_, outof(error_msg)));
+            dex_location_, &error_msg));
       if (cached_odex_file_.get() == nullptr) {
         VLOG(oat) << "OatFileAssistant test for existing pre-compiled oat file "
           << odex_file_name << ": " << error_msg;
@@ -905,7 +904,7 @@
       std::string error_msg;
       cached_oat_file_.reset(OatFile::Open(oat_file_name.c_str(),
             oat_file_name.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr, load_executable_,
-            dex_location_, outof(error_msg)));
+            dex_location_, &error_msg));
       if (cached_oat_file_.get() == nullptr) {
         VLOG(oat) << "OatFileAssistant test for existing oat file "
           << oat_file_name << ": " << error_msg;
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file_assistant_test.cc b/runtime/oat_file_assistant_test.cc
index 4a0de59..03ad2d5 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file_assistant_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file_assistant_test.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include "art_field-inl.h"
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "class_linker-inl.h"
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "compiler_callbacks.h"
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@
       << "Expected dex file to be at: " << GetDexSrc1();
     ASSERT_TRUE(OS::FileExists(GetStrippedDexSrc1().c_str()))
       << "Expected stripped dex file to be at: " << GetStrippedDexSrc1();
-    ASSERT_FALSE(DexFile::GetChecksum(GetStrippedDexSrc1().c_str(), &checksum, outof(error_msg)))
+    ASSERT_FALSE(DexFile::GetChecksum(GetStrippedDexSrc1().c_str(), &checksum, &error_msg))
       << "Expected stripped dex file to be stripped: " << GetStrippedDexSrc1();
     ASSERT_TRUE(OS::FileExists(GetDexSrc2().c_str()))
       << "Expected dex file to be at: " << GetDexSrc2();
@@ -97,12 +96,12 @@
     // GetMultiDexSrc1, but a different secondary dex checksum.
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> multi1;
     ASSERT_TRUE(DexFile::Open(GetMultiDexSrc1().c_str(),
-          GetMultiDexSrc1().c_str(), outof(error_msg), &multi1)) << error_msg;
+          GetMultiDexSrc1().c_str(), &error_msg, &multi1)) << error_msg;
     ASSERT_GT(multi1.size(), 1u);
 
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> multi2;
     ASSERT_TRUE(DexFile::Open(GetMultiDexSrc2().c_str(),
-          GetMultiDexSrc2().c_str(), outof(error_msg), &multi2)) << error_msg;
+          GetMultiDexSrc2().c_str(), &error_msg, &multi2)) << error_msg;
     ASSERT_GT(multi2.size(), 1u);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(multi1[0]->GetLocationChecksum(), multi2[0]->GetLocationChecksum());
@@ -232,13 +231,13 @@
     args.push_back("--runtime-arg");
     args.push_back("-Xnorelocate");
     std::string error_msg;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(OatFileAssistant::Dex2Oat(args, outof(error_msg))) << error_msg;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(OatFileAssistant::Dex2Oat(args, &error_msg)) << error_msg;
     setenv("ANDROID_DATA", android_data_.c_str(), 1);
 
     // Verify the odex file was generated as expected.
     std::unique_ptr<OatFile> odex_file(OatFile::Open(
         odex_location.c_str(), odex_location.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr,
-        false, dex_location.c_str(), outof(error_msg)));
+        false, dex_location.c_str(), &error_msg));
     ASSERT_TRUE(odex_file.get() != nullptr) << error_msg;
 
     if (!pic) {
@@ -284,7 +283,7 @@
       image_reservation_.push_back(std::unique_ptr<MemMap>(
           MemMap::MapAnonymous("image reservation",
               reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(start), end - start,
-              PROT_NONE, false, false, outof(error_msg))));
+              PROT_NONE, false, false, &error_msg)));
       ASSERT_TRUE(image_reservation_.back().get() != nullptr) << error_msg;
       LOG(INFO) << "Reserved space for image " <<
         reinterpret_cast<void*>(image_reservation_.back()->Begin()) << "-" <<
@@ -319,7 +318,7 @@
   OatFileAssistant oat_file_assistant(dex_location, kRuntimeISA, false);
 
   std::string error_msg;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.GenerateOatFile(outof(error_msg))) << error_msg;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.GenerateOatFile(&error_msg)) << error_msg;
 }
 
 // Case: We have a DEX file, but no OAT file for it.
@@ -358,7 +357,7 @@
 
   // Trying to make the oat file up to date should not fail or crash.
   std::string error_msg;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(outof(error_msg)));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(&error_msg));
 
   // Trying to get the best oat file should fail, but not crash.
   std::unique_ptr<OatFile> oat_file = oat_file_assistant.GetBestOatFile();
@@ -442,7 +441,7 @@
   args.push_back("--oat-file=" + oat_location);
 
   std::string error_msg;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(OatFileAssistant::Dex2Oat(args, outof(error_msg))) << error_msg;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(OatFileAssistant::Dex2Oat(args, &error_msg)) << error_msg;
 
   // Verify we can load both dex files.
   OatFileAssistant oat_file_assistant(dex_location.c_str(),
@@ -541,7 +540,7 @@
 
   // Make the oat file up to date.
   std::string error_msg;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(outof(error_msg))) << error_msg;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(&error_msg)) << error_msg;
 
   EXPECT_EQ(OatFileAssistant::kNoDexOptNeeded, oat_file_assistant.GetDexOptNeeded());
 
@@ -597,7 +596,7 @@
 
   // Make the oat file up to date.
   std::string error_msg;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(outof(error_msg))) << error_msg;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(&error_msg)) << error_msg;
 
   EXPECT_EQ(OatFileAssistant::kNoDexOptNeeded, oat_file_assistant.GetDexOptNeeded());
 
@@ -645,7 +644,7 @@
 
   // Make the oat file up to date. This should have no effect.
   std::string error_msg;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(outof(error_msg))) << error_msg;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(&error_msg)) << error_msg;
 
   EXPECT_EQ(OatFileAssistant::kNoDexOptNeeded, oat_file_assistant.GetDexOptNeeded());
 
@@ -689,7 +688,7 @@
 
   // Make the oat file up to date.
   std::string error_msg;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(outof(error_msg))) << error_msg;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(&error_msg)) << error_msg;
 
   EXPECT_EQ(OatFileAssistant::kNoDexOptNeeded, oat_file_assistant.GetDexOptNeeded());
 
@@ -830,7 +829,7 @@
   OatFileAssistant oat_file_assistant(
       dex_location.c_str(), oat_location.c_str(), kRuntimeISA, true);
   std::string error_msg;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(outof(error_msg))) << error_msg;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(&error_msg)) << error_msg;
 
   std::unique_ptr<OatFile> oat_file = oat_file_assistant.GetBestOatFile();
   ASSERT_TRUE(oat_file.get() != nullptr);
@@ -920,7 +919,7 @@
 
   // Trying to make it up to date should have no effect.
   std::string error_msg;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(outof(error_msg)));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(oat_file_assistant.MakeUpToDate(&error_msg));
   EXPECT_TRUE(error_msg.empty());
 }
 
@@ -959,9 +958,7 @@
     ClassLinker* linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> dex_files;
     std::vector<std::string> error_msgs;
-    dex_files = linker->OpenDexFilesFromOat(dex_location_.c_str(),
-                                            oat_location_.c_str(),
-                                            outof(error_msgs));
+    dex_files = linker->OpenDexFilesFromOat(dex_location_.c_str(), oat_location_.c_str(), &error_msgs);
     CHECK(!dex_files.empty()) << Join(error_msgs, '\n');
     CHECK(dex_files[0]->GetOatDexFile() != nullptr) << dex_files[0]->GetLocation();
     loaded_oat_file_ = dex_files[0]->GetOatDexFile()->GetOatFile();
@@ -1058,17 +1055,17 @@
   std::string odex_file;
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(OatFileAssistant::DexFilenameToOdexFilename(
-        "/foo/bar/baz.jar", kArm, &odex_file, outof(error_msg))) << error_msg;
+        "/foo/bar/baz.jar", kArm, &odex_file, &error_msg)) << error_msg;
   EXPECT_EQ("/foo/bar/oat/arm/baz.odex", odex_file);
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(OatFileAssistant::DexFilenameToOdexFilename(
-        "/foo/bar/baz.funnyext", kArm, &odex_file, outof(error_msg))) << error_msg;
+        "/foo/bar/baz.funnyext", kArm, &odex_file, &error_msg)) << error_msg;
   EXPECT_EQ("/foo/bar/oat/arm/baz.odex", odex_file);
 
   EXPECT_FALSE(OatFileAssistant::DexFilenameToOdexFilename(
-        "nopath.jar", kArm, &odex_file, outof(error_msg)));
+        "nopath.jar", kArm, &odex_file, &error_msg));
   EXPECT_FALSE(OatFileAssistant::DexFilenameToOdexFilename(
-        "/foo/bar/baz_noext", kArm, &odex_file, outof(error_msg)));
+        "/foo/bar/baz_noext", kArm, &odex_file, &error_msg));
 }
 
 // Verify the dexopt status values from dalvik.system.DexFile
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file_test.cc b/runtime/oat_file_test.cc
index 3bd6df2..a88553c 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file_test.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 
@@ -76,16 +75,16 @@
   std::string error_msg;
 
   // No dependencies.
-  EXPECT_TRUE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies(nullptr, outof(error_msg))) << error_msg;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies("", outof(error_msg))) << error_msg;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies(nullptr, &error_msg)) << error_msg;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies("", &error_msg)) << error_msg;
 
   // Ill-formed dependencies.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies("abc", outof(error_msg)));
-  EXPECT_FALSE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies("abc*123*def", outof(error_msg)));
-  EXPECT_FALSE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies("abc*def*", outof(error_msg)));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies("abc", &error_msg));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies("abc*123*def", &error_msg));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies("abc*def*", &error_msg));
 
   // Unsatisfiable dependency.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies("abc*123*", outof(error_msg)));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies("abc*123*", &error_msg));
 
   // Load some dex files to be able to do a real test.
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
@@ -93,10 +92,10 @@
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> dex_files1 = OpenTestDexFiles("Main");
   std::vector<const DexFile*> dex_files_const1 = ToConstDexFiles(dex_files1);
   std::string encoding1 = OatFile::EncodeDexFileDependencies(dex_files_const1);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies(encoding1.c_str(), outof(error_msg)))
+  EXPECT_TRUE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies(encoding1.c_str(), &error_msg))
       << error_msg << " " << encoding1;
   std::vector<std::string> split1;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(OatFile::GetDexLocationsFromDependencies(encoding1.c_str(), outof(split1)));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(OatFile::GetDexLocationsFromDependencies(encoding1.c_str(), &split1));
   ASSERT_EQ(split1.size(), 1U);
   EXPECT_EQ(split1[0], dex_files_const1[0]->GetLocation());
 
@@ -104,10 +103,10 @@
   EXPECT_GT(dex_files2.size(), 1U);
   std::vector<const DexFile*> dex_files_const2 = ToConstDexFiles(dex_files2);
   std::string encoding2 = OatFile::EncodeDexFileDependencies(dex_files_const2);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies(encoding2.c_str(), outof(error_msg)))
+  EXPECT_TRUE(OatFile::CheckStaticDexFileDependencies(encoding2.c_str(), &error_msg))
       << error_msg << " " << encoding2;
   std::vector<std::string> split2;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(OatFile::GetDexLocationsFromDependencies(encoding2.c_str(), outof(split2)));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(OatFile::GetDexLocationsFromDependencies(encoding2.c_str(), &split2));
   ASSERT_EQ(split2.size(), 2U);
   EXPECT_EQ(split2[0], dex_files_const2[0]->GetLocation());
   EXPECT_EQ(split2[1], dex_files_const2[1]->GetLocation());
diff --git a/runtime/parsed_options.cc b/runtime/parsed_options.cc
index 7f82497..25b5e49 100644
--- a/runtime/parsed_options.cc
+++ b/runtime/parsed_options.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 
 #include <sstream>
 
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "base/stringpiece.h"
 #include "debugger.h"
 #include "gc/heap.h"
@@ -42,11 +41,12 @@
                                                     // Runtime::Abort
 }
 
-ParsedOptions* ParsedOptions::Create(const RuntimeOptions& options,
-                                     bool ignore_unrecognized,
-                                     out<RuntimeArgumentMap> runtime_options) {
+ParsedOptions* ParsedOptions::Create(const RuntimeOptions& options, bool ignore_unrecognized,
+                                     RuntimeArgumentMap* runtime_options) {
+  CHECK(runtime_options != nullptr);
+
   std::unique_ptr<ParsedOptions> parsed(new ParsedOptions());
-  if (parsed->Parse(options, ignore_unrecognized, outof_forward(runtime_options))) {
+  if (parsed->Parse(options, ignore_unrecognized, runtime_options)) {
     return parsed.release();
   }
   return nullptr;
@@ -293,7 +293,6 @@
 // As a side-effect, populate the hooks from options.
 bool ParsedOptions::ProcessSpecialOptions(const RuntimeOptions& options,
                                           RuntimeArgumentMap* runtime_options,
-                                          // TODO: should be an optional_out here.
                                           std::vector<std::string>* out_options) {
   using M = RuntimeArgumentMap;
 
@@ -400,7 +399,7 @@
 }
 
 bool ParsedOptions::Parse(const RuntimeOptions& options, bool ignore_unrecognized,
-                          out<RuntimeArgumentMap> runtime_options) {
+                          RuntimeArgumentMap* runtime_options) {
   for (size_t i = 0; i < options.size(); ++i) {
     if (true && options[0].first == "-Xzygote") {
       LOG(INFO) << "option[" << i << "]=" << options[i].first;
@@ -411,9 +410,7 @@
 
   // Convert to a simple string list (without the magic pointer options)
   std::vector<std::string> argv_list;
-  if (!ProcessSpecialOptions(options,
-                             nullptr,  // No runtime argument map
-                             outof(argv_list))) {
+  if (!ProcessSpecialOptions(options, nullptr, &argv_list)) {
     return false;
   }
 
diff --git a/runtime/parsed_options.h b/runtime/parsed_options.h
index bcd6228..529dd5c 100644
--- a/runtime/parsed_options.h
+++ b/runtime/parsed_options.h
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 
 #include <jni.h>
 
-#include "base/out_fwd.h"
 #include "globals.h"
 #include "gc/collector_type.h"
 #include "gc/space/large_object_space.h"
@@ -51,9 +50,8 @@
   static std::unique_ptr<RuntimeParser> MakeParser(bool ignore_unrecognized);
 
   // returns true if parsing succeeds, and stores the resulting options into runtime_options
-  static ParsedOptions* Create(const RuntimeOptions& options,
-                               bool ignore_unrecognized,
-                               out<RuntimeArgumentMap> runtime_options);
+  static ParsedOptions* Create(const RuntimeOptions& options, bool ignore_unrecognized,
+                               RuntimeArgumentMap* runtime_options);
 
   bool (*hook_is_sensitive_thread_)();
   jint (*hook_vfprintf_)(FILE* stream, const char* format, va_list ap);
@@ -65,7 +63,6 @@
 
   bool ProcessSpecialOptions(const RuntimeOptions& options,
                              RuntimeArgumentMap* runtime_options,
-                             // Optional out:
                              std::vector<std::string>* out_options);
 
   void Usage(const char* fmt, ...);
@@ -75,9 +72,8 @@
   void Exit(int status);
   void Abort();
 
-  bool Parse(const RuntimeOptions& options,
-             bool ignore_unrecognized,
-             out<RuntimeArgumentMap> runtime_options);
+  bool Parse(const RuntimeOptions& options,  bool ignore_unrecognized,
+             RuntimeArgumentMap* runtime_options);
 };
 
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/parsed_options_test.cc b/runtime/parsed_options_test.cc
index 81a48a6..a8575de 100644
--- a/runtime/parsed_options_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/parsed_options_test.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 
 #include <memory>
 
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@
   options.push_back(std::make_pair("exit", test_exit));
 
   RuntimeArgumentMap map;
-  std::unique_ptr<ParsedOptions> parsed(ParsedOptions::Create(options, false, outof(map)));
+  std::unique_ptr<ParsedOptions> parsed(ParsedOptions::Create(options, false, &map));
   ASSERT_TRUE(parsed.get() != nullptr);
   ASSERT_NE(0u, map.Size());
 
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@
   options.push_back(std::make_pair("-Xgc:MC", nullptr));
 
   RuntimeArgumentMap map;
-  std::unique_ptr<ParsedOptions> parsed(ParsedOptions::Create(options, false, outof(map)));
+  std::unique_ptr<ParsedOptions> parsed(ParsedOptions::Create(options, false, &map));
   ASSERT_TRUE(parsed.get() != nullptr);
   ASSERT_NE(0u, map.Size());
 
diff --git a/runtime/runtime.cc b/runtime/runtime.cc
index b08e521..1912314 100644
--- a/runtime/runtime.cc
+++ b/runtime/runtime.cc
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@
 #include "atomic.h"
 #include "base/arena_allocator.h"
 #include "base/dumpable.h"
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
 #include "class_linker-inl.h"
 #include "compiler_callbacks.h"
@@ -308,8 +307,8 @@
     Thread* self = Thread::Current();
     if (self == nullptr) {
       os << "(Aborting thread was not attached to runtime!)\n";
-      DumpKernelStack(os, GetTid(), "  kernel: ", false /* don't include count */);
-      DumpNativeStack(os, GetTid(), "  native: ", nullptr /* no ucontext ptr */);
+      DumpKernelStack(os, GetTid(), "  kernel: ", false);
+      DumpNativeStack(os, GetTid(), "  native: ", nullptr);
     } else {
       os << "Aborting thread:\n";
       if (Locks::mutator_lock_->IsExclusiveHeld(self) || Locks::mutator_lock_->IsSharedHeld(self)) {
@@ -418,7 +417,7 @@
   if (Runtime::instance_ != nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
-  InitLogging(nullptr /* no argv */);  // Calls Locks::Init() as a side effect.
+  InitLogging(nullptr);  // Calls Locks::Init() as a side effect.
   instance_ = new Runtime;
   if (!instance_->Init(options, ignore_unrecognized)) {
     // TODO: Currently deleting the instance will abort the runtime on destruction. Now This will
@@ -660,7 +659,7 @@
   // before fork aren't attributed to an app.
   heap_->ResetGcPerformanceInfo();
 
-  if (jit_ == nullptr && jit_options_->UseJIT()) {
+  if (jit_.get() == nullptr && jit_options_->UseJIT()) {
     // Create the JIT if the flag is set and we haven't already create it (happens for run-tests).
     CreateJit();
   }
@@ -708,8 +707,9 @@
 }
 
 static bool OpenDexFilesFromImage(const std::string& image_location,
-                                  out<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>>> dex_files,
-                                  out<size_t> failures) {
+                                  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>>* dex_files,
+                                  size_t* failures) {
+  DCHECK(dex_files != nullptr) << "OpenDexFilesFromImage: out-param is nullptr";
   std::string system_filename;
   bool has_system = false;
   std::string cache_filename_unused;
@@ -718,12 +718,12 @@
   bool is_global_cache_unused;
   bool found_image = gc::space::ImageSpace::FindImageFilename(image_location.c_str(),
                                                               kRuntimeISA,
-                                                              outof(system_filename),
-                                                              outof(has_system),
-                                                              outof(cache_filename_unused),
-                                                              outof(dalvik_cache_exists_unused),
-                                                              outof(has_cache_unused),
-                                                              outof(is_global_cache_unused));
+                                                              &system_filename,
+                                                              &has_system,
+                                                              &cache_filename_unused,
+                                                              &dalvik_cache_exists_unused,
+                                                              &has_cache_unused,
+                                                              &is_global_cache_unused);
   *failures = 0;
   if (!found_image || !has_system) {
     return false;
@@ -737,12 +737,12 @@
   if (file.get() == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
-  std::unique_ptr<ElfFile> elf_file(ElfFile::Open(file.release(), false, false, outof(error_msg)));
+  std::unique_ptr<ElfFile> elf_file(ElfFile::Open(file.release(), false, false, &error_msg));
   if (elf_file.get() == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
   std::unique_ptr<OatFile> oat_file(OatFile::OpenWithElfFile(elf_file.release(), oat_location,
-                                                             nullptr, outof(error_msg)));
+                                                             nullptr, &error_msg));
   if (oat_file.get() == nullptr) {
     LOG(INFO) << "Unable to use '" << oat_filename << "' because " << error_msg;
     return false;
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@
       *failures += 1;
       continue;
     }
-    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file = oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(outof(error_msg));
+    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file = oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(&error_msg);
     if (dex_file.get() == nullptr) {
       *failures += 1;
     } else {
@@ -768,11 +768,10 @@
 static size_t OpenDexFiles(const std::vector<std::string>& dex_filenames,
                            const std::vector<std::string>& dex_locations,
                            const std::string& image_location,
-                           out<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>>> dex_files) {
+                           std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>>* dex_files) {
+  DCHECK(dex_files != nullptr) << "OpenDexFiles: out-param is nullptr";
   size_t failure_count = 0;
-  if (!image_location.empty() && OpenDexFilesFromImage(image_location,
-                                                       outof_forward(dex_files),
-                                                       outof(failure_count))) {
+  if (!image_location.empty() && OpenDexFilesFromImage(image_location, dex_files, &failure_count)) {
     return failure_count;
   }
   failure_count = 0;
@@ -784,7 +783,7 @@
       LOG(WARNING) << "Skipping non-existent dex file '" << dex_filename << "'";
       continue;
     }
-    if (!DexFile::Open(dex_filename, dex_location, outof(error_msg), outof_forward(dex_files))) {
+    if (!DexFile::Open(dex_filename, dex_location, &error_msg, dex_files)) {
       LOG(WARNING) << "Failed to open .dex from file '" << dex_filename << "': " << error_msg;
       ++failure_count;
     }
@@ -801,7 +800,7 @@
   using Opt = RuntimeArgumentMap;
   RuntimeArgumentMap runtime_options;
   std::unique_ptr<ParsedOptions> parsed_options(
-      ParsedOptions::Create(raw_options, ignore_unrecognized, outof(runtime_options)));
+      ParsedOptions::Create(raw_options, ignore_unrecognized, &runtime_options));
   if (parsed_options.get() == nullptr) {
     LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse options";
     ATRACE_END();
@@ -1039,7 +1038,7 @@
     OpenDexFiles(dex_filenames,
                  dex_locations,
                  runtime_options.GetOrDefault(Opt::Image),
-                 outof(boot_class_path));
+                 &boot_class_path);
     instruction_set_ = runtime_options.GetOrDefault(Opt::ImageInstructionSet);
     class_linker_->InitWithoutImage(std::move(boot_class_path));
 
@@ -1168,7 +1167,7 @@
   // the library that implements System.loadLibrary!
   {
     std::string reason;
-    if (!java_vm_->LoadNativeLibrary(env, "libjavacore.so", nullptr, outof(reason))) {
+    if (!java_vm_->LoadNativeLibrary(env, "libjavacore.so", nullptr, &reason)) {
       LOG(FATAL) << "LoadNativeLibrary failed for \"libjavacore.so\": " << reason;
     }
   }
@@ -1331,9 +1330,7 @@
   signals.Block();
 }
 
-bool Runtime::AttachCurrentThread(const char* thread_name,
-                                  bool as_daemon,
-                                  jobject thread_group,
+bool Runtime::AttachCurrentThread(const char* thread_name, bool as_daemon, jobject thread_group,
                                   bool create_peer) {
   return Thread::Attach(thread_name, as_daemon, thread_group, create_peer) != nullptr;
 }
@@ -1439,8 +1436,7 @@
   thread_list_->VisitRoots(visitor);
 }
 
-size_t Runtime::FlipThreadRoots(Closure* thread_flip_visitor,
-                                Closure* flip_callback,
+size_t Runtime::FlipThreadRoots(Closure* thread_flip_visitor, Closure* flip_callback,
                                 gc::collector::GarbageCollector* collector) {
   return thread_list_->FlipThreadRoots(thread_flip_visitor, flip_callback, collector);
 }
@@ -1627,64 +1623,50 @@
   preinitialization_transaction_->ThrowAbortError(self, nullptr);
 }
 
-void Runtime::RecordWriteFieldBoolean(mirror::Object* obj,
-                                      MemberOffset field_offset,
-                                      uint8_t value,
-                                      bool is_volatile) const {
+void Runtime::RecordWriteFieldBoolean(mirror::Object* obj, MemberOffset field_offset,
+                                      uint8_t value, bool is_volatile) const {
   DCHECK(IsAotCompiler());
   DCHECK(IsActiveTransaction());
   preinitialization_transaction_->RecordWriteFieldBoolean(obj, field_offset, value, is_volatile);
 }
 
-void Runtime::RecordWriteFieldByte(mirror::Object* obj,
-                                   MemberOffset field_offset,
-                                   int8_t value,
-                                   bool is_volatile) const {
+void Runtime::RecordWriteFieldByte(mirror::Object* obj, MemberOffset field_offset,
+                                   int8_t value, bool is_volatile) const {
   DCHECK(IsAotCompiler());
   DCHECK(IsActiveTransaction());
   preinitialization_transaction_->RecordWriteFieldByte(obj, field_offset, value, is_volatile);
 }
 
-void Runtime::RecordWriteFieldChar(mirror::Object* obj,
-                                   MemberOffset field_offset,
-                                   uint16_t value,
-                                   bool is_volatile) const {
+void Runtime::RecordWriteFieldChar(mirror::Object* obj, MemberOffset field_offset,
+                                   uint16_t value, bool is_volatile) const {
   DCHECK(IsAotCompiler());
   DCHECK(IsActiveTransaction());
   preinitialization_transaction_->RecordWriteFieldChar(obj, field_offset, value, is_volatile);
 }
 
-void Runtime::RecordWriteFieldShort(mirror::Object* obj,
-                                    MemberOffset field_offset,
-                                    int16_t value,
-                                    bool is_volatile) const {
+void Runtime::RecordWriteFieldShort(mirror::Object* obj, MemberOffset field_offset,
+                                    int16_t value, bool is_volatile) const {
   DCHECK(IsAotCompiler());
   DCHECK(IsActiveTransaction());
   preinitialization_transaction_->RecordWriteFieldShort(obj, field_offset, value, is_volatile);
 }
 
-void Runtime::RecordWriteField32(mirror::Object* obj,
-                                 MemberOffset field_offset,
-                                 uint32_t value,
-                                 bool is_volatile) const {
+void Runtime::RecordWriteField32(mirror::Object* obj, MemberOffset field_offset,
+                                 uint32_t value, bool is_volatile) const {
   DCHECK(IsAotCompiler());
   DCHECK(IsActiveTransaction());
   preinitialization_transaction_->RecordWriteField32(obj, field_offset, value, is_volatile);
 }
 
-void Runtime::RecordWriteField64(mirror::Object* obj,
-                                 MemberOffset field_offset,
-                                 uint64_t value,
-                                 bool is_volatile) const {
+void Runtime::RecordWriteField64(mirror::Object* obj, MemberOffset field_offset,
+                                 uint64_t value, bool is_volatile) const {
   DCHECK(IsAotCompiler());
   DCHECK(IsActiveTransaction());
   preinitialization_transaction_->RecordWriteField64(obj, field_offset, value, is_volatile);
 }
 
-void Runtime::RecordWriteFieldReference(mirror::Object* obj,
-                                        MemberOffset field_offset,
-                                        mirror::Object* value,
-                                        bool is_volatile) const {
+void Runtime::RecordWriteFieldReference(mirror::Object* obj, MemberOffset field_offset,
+                                        mirror::Object* value, bool is_volatile) const {
   DCHECK(IsAotCompiler());
   DCHECK(IsActiveTransaction());
   preinitialization_transaction_->RecordWriteFieldReference(obj, field_offset, value, is_volatile);
@@ -1725,7 +1707,7 @@
   fault_message_ = message;
 }
 
-void Runtime::AddCurrentRuntimeFeaturesAsDex2OatArguments(out<std::vector<std::string>> argv)
+void Runtime::AddCurrentRuntimeFeaturesAsDex2OatArguments(std::vector<std::string>* argv)
     const {
   if (GetInstrumentation()->InterpretOnly() || UseJit()) {
     argv->push_back("--compiler-filter=interpret-only");
diff --git a/runtime/runtime.h b/runtime/runtime.h
index 206623e..4577b75 100644
--- a/runtime/runtime.h
+++ b/runtime/runtime.h
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 
 #include "arch/instruction_set.h"
 #include "base/macros.h"
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "gc_root.h"
 #include "instrumentation.h"
 #include "jobject_comparator.h"
@@ -225,9 +224,7 @@
   jobject GetSystemClassLoader() const;
 
   // Attaches the calling native thread to the runtime.
-  bool AttachCurrentThread(const char* thread_name,
-                           bool as_daemon,
-                           jobject thread_group,
+  bool AttachCurrentThread(const char* thread_name, bool as_daemon, jobject thread_group,
                            bool create_peer);
 
   void CallExitHook(jint status);
@@ -289,7 +286,8 @@
 
   mirror::Throwable* GetPreAllocatedOutOfMemoryError() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  mirror::Throwable* GetPreAllocatedNoClassDefFoundError() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  mirror::Throwable* GetPreAllocatedNoClassDefFoundError()
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   const std::vector<std::string>& GetProperties() const {
     return properties_;
@@ -318,7 +316,8 @@
   void VisitImageRoots(RootVisitor* visitor) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Visit all of the roots we can do safely do concurrently.
-  void VisitConcurrentRoots(RootVisitor* visitor, VisitRootFlags flags = kVisitRootFlagAllRoots)
+  void VisitConcurrentRoots(RootVisitor* visitor,
+                            VisitRootFlags flags = kVisitRootFlagAllRoots)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Visit all of the non thread roots, we can do this with mutators unpaused.
@@ -332,8 +331,7 @@
   void VisitThreadRoots(RootVisitor* visitor) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Flip thread roots from from-space refs to to-space refs.
-  size_t FlipThreadRoots(Closure* thread_flip_visitor,
-                         Closure* flip_callback,
+  size_t FlipThreadRoots(Closure* thread_flip_visitor, Closure* flip_callback,
                          gc::collector::GarbageCollector* collector)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
@@ -469,34 +467,20 @@
   void ThrowTransactionAbortError(Thread* self)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  void RecordWriteFieldBoolean(mirror::Object* obj,
-                               MemberOffset field_offset,
-                               uint8_t value,
+  void RecordWriteFieldBoolean(mirror::Object* obj, MemberOffset field_offset, uint8_t value,
                                bool is_volatile) const;
-  void RecordWriteFieldByte(mirror::Object* obj,
-                            MemberOffset field_offset,
-                            int8_t value,
+  void RecordWriteFieldByte(mirror::Object* obj, MemberOffset field_offset, int8_t value,
                             bool is_volatile) const;
-  void RecordWriteFieldChar(mirror::Object* obj,
-                            MemberOffset field_offset,
-                            uint16_t value,
+  void RecordWriteFieldChar(mirror::Object* obj, MemberOffset field_offset, uint16_t value,
                             bool is_volatile) const;
-  void RecordWriteFieldShort(mirror::Object* obj,
-                             MemberOffset field_offset,
-                             int16_t value,
+  void RecordWriteFieldShort(mirror::Object* obj, MemberOffset field_offset, int16_t value,
                           bool is_volatile) const;
-  void RecordWriteField32(mirror::Object* obj,
-                          MemberOffset field_offset,
-                          uint32_t value,
+  void RecordWriteField32(mirror::Object* obj, MemberOffset field_offset, uint32_t value,
                           bool is_volatile) const;
-  void RecordWriteField64(mirror::Object* obj,
-                          MemberOffset field_offset,
-                          uint64_t value,
+  void RecordWriteField64(mirror::Object* obj, MemberOffset field_offset, uint64_t value,
                           bool is_volatile) const;
-  void RecordWriteFieldReference(mirror::Object* obj,
-                                 MemberOffset field_offset,
-                                 mirror::Object* value,
-                                 bool is_volatile) const;
+  void RecordWriteFieldReference(mirror::Object* obj, MemberOffset field_offset,
+                                 mirror::Object* value, bool is_volatile) const;
   void RecordWriteArray(mirror::Array* array, size_t index, uint64_t value) const
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   void RecordStrongStringInsertion(mirror::String* s) const
@@ -515,7 +499,7 @@
     return fault_message_;
   }
 
-  void AddCurrentRuntimeFeaturesAsDex2OatArguments(out<std::vector<std::string>> arg_vector) const;
+  void AddCurrentRuntimeFeaturesAsDex2OatArguments(std::vector<std::string>* arg_vector) const;
 
   bool ExplicitStackOverflowChecks() const {
     return !implicit_so_checks_;
diff --git a/runtime/stack.cc b/runtime/stack.cc
index 2916eaa..b07b244 100644
--- a/runtime/stack.cc
+++ b/runtime/stack.cc
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #include "arch/context.h"
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
 #include "base/hex_dump.h"
-#include "base/out.h"
 #include "entrypoints/entrypoint_utils-inl.h"
 #include "entrypoints/runtime_asm_entrypoints.h"
 #include "gc_map.h"
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@
     } else {
       uint16_t reg = code_item->registers_size_ - code_item->ins_size_;
       uint32_t value = 0;
-      bool success = GetVReg(m, reg, kReferenceVReg, outof(value));
+      bool success = GetVReg(m, reg, kReferenceVReg, &value);
       // We currently always guarantee the `this` object is live throughout the method.
       CHECK(success) << "Failed to read the this object in " << PrettyMethod(m);
       return reinterpret_cast<mirror::Object*>(value);
@@ -376,8 +375,8 @@
   QuickMethodFrameInfo frame_info = m->GetQuickFrameInfo(code_pointer);
   uint32_t vmap_offset_lo, vmap_offset_hi;
   // TODO: IsInContext stops before spotting floating point registers.
-  if (vmap_table.IsInContext(vreg, kind_lo, outof(vmap_offset_lo)) &&
-      vmap_table.IsInContext(vreg + 1, kind_hi, outof(vmap_offset_hi))) {
+  if (vmap_table.IsInContext(vreg, kind_lo, &vmap_offset_lo) &&
+      vmap_table.IsInContext(vreg + 1, kind_hi, &vmap_offset_hi)) {
     bool is_float = (kind_lo == kDoubleLoVReg);
     uint32_t spill_mask = is_float ? frame_info.FpSpillMask() : frame_info.CoreSpillMask();
     uint32_t reg_lo = vmap_table.ComputeRegister(spill_mask, vmap_offset_lo, kind_lo);
@@ -400,8 +399,8 @@
                                                 uint64_t* val) const {
   uint32_t low_32bits;
   uint32_t high_32bits;
-  bool success = GetVRegFromOptimizedCode(m, vreg, kind_lo, outof(low_32bits));
-  success &= GetVRegFromOptimizedCode(m, vreg + 1, kind_hi, outof(high_32bits));
+  bool success = GetVRegFromOptimizedCode(m, vreg, kind_lo, &low_32bits);
+  success &= GetVRegFromOptimizedCode(m, vreg + 1, kind_hi, &high_32bits);
   if (success) {
     *val = (static_cast<uint64_t>(high_32bits) << 32) | static_cast<uint64_t>(low_32bits);
   }
@@ -453,7 +452,7 @@
   QuickMethodFrameInfo frame_info = m->GetQuickFrameInfo(code_pointer);
   uint32_t vmap_offset;
   // TODO: IsInContext stops before spotting floating point registers.
-  if (vmap_table.IsInContext(vreg, kind, outof(vmap_offset))) {
+  if (vmap_table.IsInContext(vreg, kind, &vmap_offset)) {
     bool is_float = (kind == kFloatVReg) || (kind == kDoubleLoVReg) || (kind == kDoubleHiVReg);
     uint32_t spill_mask = is_float ? frame_info.FpSpillMask() : frame_info.CoreSpillMask();
     uint32_t reg = vmap_table.ComputeRegister(spill_mask, vmap_offset, kind);
@@ -533,8 +532,8 @@
   QuickMethodFrameInfo frame_info = m->GetQuickFrameInfo(code_pointer);
   uint32_t vmap_offset_lo, vmap_offset_hi;
   // TODO: IsInContext stops before spotting floating point registers.
-  if (vmap_table.IsInContext(vreg, kind_lo, outof(vmap_offset_lo)) &&
-      vmap_table.IsInContext(vreg + 1, kind_hi, outof(vmap_offset_hi))) {
+  if (vmap_table.IsInContext(vreg, kind_lo, &vmap_offset_lo) &&
+      vmap_table.IsInContext(vreg + 1, kind_hi, &vmap_offset_hi)) {
     bool is_float = (kind_lo == kDoubleLoVReg);
     uint32_t spill_mask = is_float ? frame_info.FpSpillMask() : frame_info.CoreSpillMask();
     uint32_t reg_lo = vmap_table.ComputeRegister(spill_mask, vmap_offset_lo, kind_lo);