Merge "Revert "Disable Clang internal assembler.""
diff --git a/Android.mk b/Android.mk
index 669939b..2fb812a 100644
--- a/Android.mk
+++ b/Android.mk
@@ -123,6 +123,9 @@
 ifdef TARGET_2ND_ARCH
 ART_TARGET_DEPENDENCIES += $(2ND_TARGET_OUT_SHARED_LIBRARIES)/libjavacore.so
 endif
+ifdef HOST_2ND_ARCH
+ART_HOST_DEPENDENCIES += $(2ND_HOST_OUT_SHARED_LIBRARIES)/libjavacore.so
+endif
 
 ########################################################################
 # test rules
@@ -349,27 +352,10 @@
 build-art: build-art-host build-art-target
 
 .PHONY: build-art-host
-build-art-host:   $(ART_HOST_EXECUTABLES)   $(ART_HOST_GTEST_EXECUTABLES)   $(HOST_CORE_IMG_OUT)   $(ART_HOST_OUT_SHARED_LIBRARIES)/libjavacore$(ART_HOST_SHLIB_EXTENSION)
+build-art-host:   $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/art $(ART_HOST_DEPENDENCIES) $(HOST_CORE_IMG_OUT) $(2ND_HOST_CORE_IMG_OUT)
 
 .PHONY: build-art-target
-build-art-target: $(ART_TARGET_EXECUTABLES) $(ART_TARGET_GTEST_EXECUTABLES) $(TARGET_CORE_IMG_OUT) $(TARGET_OUT_SHARED_LIBRARIES)/libjavacore.so
-
-########################################################################
-# "m art-host" for just building the files needed to run the art script on the host.
-.PHONY: art-host
-ifeq ($(HOST_PREFER_32_BIT),true)
-art-host:   $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/art $(HOST_OUT)/bin/dalvikvm32 $(HOST_OUT)/lib/libart.so $(HOST_OUT)/bin/dex2oat $(HOST_OUT)/bin/patchoat $(HOST_CORE_IMG_OUT) $(HOST_OUT)/lib/libjavacore.so $(HOST_OUT)/bin/dalvikvm
-else
-art-host:   $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/art $(HOST_OUT)/bin/dalvikvm64 $(HOST_OUT)/bin/dalvikvm32 $(HOST_OUT)/lib/libart.so $(HOST_OUT)/bin/dex2oat $(HOST_OUT)/bin/patchoat $(HOST_CORE_IMG_OUT) $(HOST_OUT)/lib/libjavacore.so $(HOST_OUT)/lib64/libjavacore.so $(HOST_OUT)/bin/dalvikvm
-endif
-
-# "m art-target" for just building the files needed to run the art script on the target.
-# Note that the script can run a dalvikvm executable that is not necessarily /system/bin/dalvikvm.
-.PHONY: art-target
-art-target: adb build-art-target art libnativehelper libjavacore
-
-.PHONY: art-host-debug
-art-host-debug:   art-host $(HOST_OUT)/lib/libartd.so $(HOST_OUT)/bin/dex2oatd $(HOST_OUT)/bin/patchoatd
+build-art-target: $(TARGET_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/art $(ART_TARGET_DEPENDENCIES) $(TARGET_CORE_IMG_OUT) $(2ND_TARGET_CORE_IMG_OUT)
 
 ########################################################################
 # targets to switch back and forth from libdvm to libart
diff --git a/compiler/dex/bb_optimizations.h b/compiler/dex/bb_optimizations.h
index 2920190..b2c348b 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/bb_optimizations.h
+++ b/compiler/dex/bb_optimizations.h
@@ -34,16 +34,16 @@
 
   void Start(PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    cUnit->mir_graph->DoCacheFieldLoweringInfo();
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    c_unit->mir_graph->DoCacheFieldLoweringInfo();
   }
 
   bool Gate(const PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<const PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    return cUnit->mir_graph->HasFieldAccess();
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<const PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    return c_unit->mir_graph->HasFieldAccess();
   }
 };
 
@@ -58,16 +58,16 @@
 
   void Start(PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    cUnit->mir_graph->DoCacheMethodLoweringInfo();
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    c_unit->mir_graph->DoCacheMethodLoweringInfo();
   }
 
   bool Gate(const PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<const PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    return cUnit->mir_graph->HasInvokes();
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<const PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    return c_unit->mir_graph->HasInvokes();
   }
 };
 
@@ -84,35 +84,35 @@
 
   bool Gate(const PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<const PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    return cUnit->mir_graph->InlineSpecialMethodsGate();
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<const PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    return c_unit->mir_graph->InlineSpecialMethodsGate();
   }
 
   void Start(PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    cUnit->mir_graph->InlineSpecialMethodsStart();
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    c_unit->mir_graph->InlineSpecialMethodsStart();
   }
 
   bool Worker(PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
     PassMEDataHolder* pass_me_data_holder = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = pass_me_data_holder->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = pass_me_data_holder->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
     BasicBlock* bb = pass_me_data_holder->bb;
     DCHECK(bb != nullptr);
-    cUnit->mir_graph->InlineSpecialMethods(bb);
+    c_unit->mir_graph->InlineSpecialMethods(bb);
     // No need of repeating, so just return false.
     return false;
   }
 
   void End(PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    cUnit->mir_graph->InlineSpecialMethodsEnd();
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    c_unit->mir_graph->InlineSpecialMethodsEnd();
   }
 };
 
@@ -127,9 +127,10 @@
 
   void Start(PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    cUnit->mir_graph->VerifyDataflow();
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    c_unit->mir_graph->VerifyDataflow();
+    c_unit->mir_graph->ClearAllVisitedFlags();
   }
 
   bool Worker(PassDataHolder* data) const;
@@ -147,26 +148,26 @@
 
   void Start(PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    cUnit->mir_graph->EliminateNullChecksAndInferTypesStart();
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    c_unit->mir_graph->EliminateNullChecksAndInferTypesStart();
   }
 
   bool Worker(PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
     PassMEDataHolder* pass_me_data_holder = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = pass_me_data_holder->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = pass_me_data_holder->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
     BasicBlock* bb = pass_me_data_holder->bb;
     DCHECK(bb != nullptr);
-    return cUnit->mir_graph->EliminateNullChecksAndInferTypes(bb);
+    return c_unit->mir_graph->EliminateNullChecksAndInferTypes(bb);
   }
 
   void End(PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    cUnit->mir_graph->EliminateNullChecksAndInferTypesEnd();
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    c_unit->mir_graph->EliminateNullChecksAndInferTypesEnd();
   }
 };
 
@@ -178,26 +179,26 @@
 
   bool Gate(const PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<const PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    return cUnit->mir_graph->EliminateClassInitChecksGate();
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<const PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    return c_unit->mir_graph->EliminateClassInitChecksGate();
   }
 
   bool Worker(PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
     PassMEDataHolder* pass_me_data_holder = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = pass_me_data_holder->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = pass_me_data_holder->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
     BasicBlock* bb = pass_me_data_holder->bb;
     DCHECK(bb != nullptr);
-    return cUnit->mir_graph->EliminateClassInitChecks(bb);
+    return c_unit->mir_graph->EliminateClassInitChecks(bb);
   }
 
   void End(PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    cUnit->mir_graph->EliminateClassInitChecksEnd();
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    c_unit->mir_graph->EliminateClassInitChecksEnd();
   }
 };
 
@@ -213,26 +214,26 @@
 
   bool Gate(const PassDataHolder* data) const OVERRIDE {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<const PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    return cUnit->mir_graph->ApplyGlobalValueNumberingGate();
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<const PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    return c_unit->mir_graph->ApplyGlobalValueNumberingGate();
   }
 
   bool Worker(PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
     PassMEDataHolder* pass_me_data_holder = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = pass_me_data_holder->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = pass_me_data_holder->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
     BasicBlock* bb = pass_me_data_holder->bb;
     DCHECK(bb != nullptr);
-    return cUnit->mir_graph->ApplyGlobalValueNumbering(bb);
+    return c_unit->mir_graph->ApplyGlobalValueNumbering(bb);
   }
 
   void End(PassDataHolder* data) const OVERRIDE {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    cUnit->mir_graph->ApplyGlobalValueNumberingEnd();
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    c_unit->mir_graph->ApplyGlobalValueNumberingEnd();
   }
 };
 
@@ -247,9 +248,9 @@
 
   bool Gate(const PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<const PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    return ((cUnit->disable_opt & (1 << kSuppressExceptionEdges)) != 0);
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<const PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    return ((c_unit->disable_opt & (1 << kSuppressExceptionEdges)) != 0);
   }
 
   bool Worker(PassDataHolder* data) const;
@@ -266,9 +267,9 @@
 
   bool Gate(const PassDataHolder* data) const {
     DCHECK(data != nullptr);
-    CompilationUnit* cUnit = down_cast<const PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
-    DCHECK(cUnit != nullptr);
-    return ((cUnit->disable_opt & (1 << kBBOpt)) == 0);
+    CompilationUnit* c_unit = down_cast<const PassMEDataHolder*>(data)->c_unit;
+    DCHECK(c_unit != nullptr);
+    return ((c_unit->disable_opt & (1 << kBBOpt)) == 0);
   }
 
   void Start(PassDataHolder* data) const;
diff --git a/compiler/dex/mir_optimization.cc b/compiler/dex/mir_optimization.cc
index 5d7cbed..7ac878f 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/mir_optimization.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/mir_optimization.cc
@@ -678,26 +678,40 @@
   }
 }
 
-/* Try to make common case the fallthrough path */
+/* Try to make common case the fallthrough path. */
 bool MIRGraph::LayoutBlocks(BasicBlock* bb) {
-  // TODO: For now, just looking for direct throws.  Consider generalizing for profile feedback
+  // TODO: For now, just looking for direct throws.  Consider generalizing for profile feedback.
   if (!bb->explicit_throw) {
     return false;
   }
+
+  // If we visited it, we are done.
+  if (bb->visited) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  bb->visited = true;
+
   BasicBlock* walker = bb;
   while (true) {
-    // Check termination conditions
+    // Check termination conditions.
     if ((walker->block_type == kEntryBlock) || (Predecessors(walker) != 1)) {
       break;
     }
     BasicBlock* prev = GetBasicBlock(walker->predecessors->Get(0));
+
+    // If we visited the predecessor, we are done.
+    if (prev->visited) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    prev->visited = true;
+
     if (prev->conditional_branch) {
       if (GetBasicBlock(prev->fall_through) == walker) {
-        // Already done - return
+        // Already done - return.
         break;
       }
       DCHECK_EQ(walker, GetBasicBlock(prev->taken));
-      // Got one.  Flip it and exit
+      // Got one.  Flip it and exit.
       Instruction::Code opcode = prev->last_mir_insn->dalvikInsn.opcode;
       switch (opcode) {
         case Instruction::IF_EQ: opcode = Instruction::IF_NE; break;
@@ -721,6 +735,10 @@
       break;
     }
     walker = prev;
+
+    if (walker->visited) {
+      break;
+    }
   }
   return false;
 }
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/arm/assemble_arm.cc b/compiler/dex/quick/arm/assemble_arm.cc
index 06d9dd5..dcec861 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/arm/assemble_arm.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/arm/assemble_arm.cc
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@
                  REG_DEF_LR | NEEDS_FIXUP, "vldr", "!0s, [!1C, #!2E]", 4, kFixupVLoad),
     ENCODING_MAP(kThumb2Vldrd,       0xed900b00,
                  kFmtDfp, 22, 12, kFmtBitBlt, 19, 16, kFmtBitBlt, 7, 0,
-                 kFmtUnused, -1, -1, IS_TERTIARY_OP | REG_DEF0_USE1 | IS_LOAD_OFF |
+                 kFmtUnused, -1, -1, IS_TERTIARY_OP | REG_DEF0_USE1 | IS_LOAD_OFF4 |
                  REG_DEF_LR | NEEDS_FIXUP, "vldr", "!0S, [!1C, #!2E]", 4, kFixupVLoad),
     ENCODING_MAP(kThumb2Vmuls,        0xee200a00,
                  kFmtSfp, 22, 12, kFmtSfp, 7, 16, kFmtSfp, 5, 0,
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.cc b/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.cc
index ffcce7d..2523380 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.cc
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
     true,   // kIntrinsicRint
     true,   // kIntrinsicRoundFloat
     true,   // kIntrinsicRoundDouble
-    false,  // kIntrinsicReferenceGet
+    false,  // kIntrinsicReferenceGetReferent
     false,  // kIntrinsicCharAt
     false,  // kIntrinsicCompareTo
     false,  // kIntrinsicIsEmptyOrLength
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 COMPILE_ASSERT(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicRint], Rint_must_be_static);
 COMPILE_ASSERT(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicRoundFloat], RoundFloat_must_be_static);
 COMPILE_ASSERT(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicRoundDouble], RoundDouble_must_be_static);
-COMPILE_ASSERT(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicReferenceGet], Get_must_not_be_static);
+COMPILE_ASSERT(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicReferenceGetReferent], Get_must_not_be_static);
 COMPILE_ASSERT(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicCharAt], CharAt_must_not_be_static);
 COMPILE_ASSERT(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicCompareTo], CompareTo_must_not_be_static);
 COMPILE_ASSERT(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicIsEmptyOrLength], IsEmptyOrLength_must_not_be_static);
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
     "floor",                 // kNameCacheFloor
     "rint",                  // kNameCacheRint
     "round",                 // kNameCacheRound
-    "get",                   // kNameCacheReferenceGet
+    "getReferent",           // kNameCacheReferenceGet
     "charAt",                // kNameCacheCharAt
     "compareTo",             // kNameCacheCompareTo
     "isEmpty",               // kNameCacheIsEmpty
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@
     INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Round, D_J, kIntrinsicRoundDouble, 0),
     INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Round, D_J, kIntrinsicRoundDouble, 0),
 
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangRefReference, ReferenceGet, _Object, kIntrinsicReferenceGet, 0),
+    INTRINSIC(JavaLangRefReference, ReferenceGetReferent, _Object, kIntrinsicReferenceGetReferent, 0),
 
     INTRINSIC(JavaLangString, CharAt, I_C, kIntrinsicCharAt, 0),
     INTRINSIC(JavaLangString, CompareTo, String_I, kIntrinsicCompareTo, 0),
@@ -473,8 +473,8 @@
       return backend->GenInlinedRound(info, false /* is_double */);
     case kIntrinsicRoundDouble:
       return backend->GenInlinedRound(info, true /* is_double */);
-    case kIntrinsicReferenceGet:
-      return backend->GenInlinedReferenceGet(info);
+    case kIntrinsicReferenceGetReferent:
+      return backend->GenInlinedReferenceGetReferent(info);
     case kIntrinsicCharAt:
       return backend->GenInlinedCharAt(info);
     case kIntrinsicCompareTo:
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.h b/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.h
index b875e2b..30a2d90 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.h
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.h
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
       kNameCacheFloor,
       kNameCacheRint,
       kNameCacheRound,
-      kNameCacheReferenceGet,
+      kNameCacheReferenceGetReferent,
       kNameCacheCharAt,
       kNameCacheCompareTo,
       kNameCacheIsEmpty,
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/gen_invoke.cc b/compiler/dex/quick/gen_invoke.cc
index 78f5c73..8ce696c 100755
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/gen_invoke.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/gen_invoke.cc
@@ -1130,7 +1130,7 @@
   return res;
 }
 
-bool Mir2Lir::GenInlinedReferenceGet(CallInfo* info) {
+bool Mir2Lir::GenInlinedReferenceGetReferent(CallInfo* info) {
   if (cu_->instruction_set == kMips) {
     // TODO - add Mips implementation
     return false;
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/mir_to_lir.h b/compiler/dex/quick/mir_to_lir.h
index d6fc2e9..ea722ab 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/mir_to_lir.h
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/mir_to_lir.h
@@ -941,7 +941,7 @@
      */
     RegLocation InlineTargetWide(CallInfo* info);
 
-    bool GenInlinedReferenceGet(CallInfo* info);
+    bool GenInlinedReferenceGetReferent(CallInfo* info);
     virtual bool GenInlinedCharAt(CallInfo* info);
     bool GenInlinedStringIsEmptyOrLength(CallInfo* info, bool is_empty);
     virtual bool GenInlinedReverseBits(CallInfo* info, OpSize size);
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/x86/int_x86.cc b/compiler/dex/quick/x86/int_x86.cc
index 3ca85bf..2ec37cd 100755
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/x86/int_x86.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/x86/int_x86.cc
@@ -3031,8 +3031,8 @@
       LoadValueDirectFixed(rl_rhs, t_reg);
       if (is_two_addr) {
         // Can we do this directly into memory?
-        rl_result = UpdateLocTyped(rl_dest, kCoreReg);
         rl_rhs = LoadValue(rl_rhs, kCoreReg);
+        rl_result = UpdateLocTyped(rl_dest, kCoreReg);
         if (rl_result.location != kLocPhysReg) {
           // Okay, we can do this into memory
           OpMemReg(op, rl_result, t_reg.GetReg());
diff --git a/compiler/dex/verified_method.cc b/compiler/dex/verified_method.cc
index 1b3f2a1..01c8f80 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/verified_method.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/verified_method.cc
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@
     verifier::RegisterLine* line = method_verifier->GetRegLine(dex_pc);
     bool is_range = (inst->Opcode() ==  Instruction::INVOKE_VIRTUAL_RANGE) ||
         (inst->Opcode() ==  Instruction::INVOKE_INTERFACE_RANGE);
-    verifier::RegType&
+    const verifier::RegType&
         reg_type(line->GetRegisterType(is_range ? inst->VRegC_3rc() : inst->VRegC_35c()));
 
     if (!reg_type.HasClass()) {
@@ -284,18 +284,18 @@
       const verifier::RegisterLine* line = method_verifier->GetRegLine(dex_pc);
       bool is_safe_cast = false;
       if (code == Instruction::CHECK_CAST) {
-        verifier::RegType& reg_type(line->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_21c()));
-        verifier::RegType& cast_type =
+        const verifier::RegType& reg_type(line->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_21c()));
+        const verifier::RegType& cast_type =
             method_verifier->ResolveCheckedClass(inst->VRegB_21c());
         is_safe_cast = cast_type.IsStrictlyAssignableFrom(reg_type);
       } else {
-        verifier::RegType& array_type(line->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_23x()));
+        const verifier::RegType& array_type(line->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_23x()));
         // We only know its safe to assign to an array if the array type is precise. For example,
         // an Object[] can have any type of object stored in it, but it may also be assigned a
         // String[] in which case the stores need to be of Strings.
         if (array_type.IsPreciseReference()) {
-          verifier::RegType& value_type(line->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_23x()));
-          verifier::RegType& component_type = method_verifier->GetRegTypeCache()
+          const verifier::RegType& value_type(line->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_23x()));
+          const verifier::RegType& component_type = method_verifier->GetRegTypeCache()
               ->GetComponentType(array_type, method_verifier->GetClassLoader());
           is_safe_cast = component_type.IsStrictlyAssignableFrom(value_type);
         }
diff --git a/compiler/elf_patcher.cc b/compiler/elf_patcher.cc
index 72bf7d3..f192227 100644
--- a/compiler/elf_patcher.cc
+++ b/compiler/elf_patcher.cc
@@ -200,7 +200,8 @@
     mirror::ArtMethod* target = GetTargetMethod(patch);
     uintptr_t quick_code = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(class_linker->GetQuickOatCodeFor(target));
     DCHECK_NE(quick_code, 0U) << PrettyMethod(target);
-    const OatFile* target_oat = class_linker->FindOpenedOatFileForDexFile(*patch->GetTargetDexFile());
+    const OatFile* target_oat =
+        class_linker->FindOpenedOatDexFileForDexFile(*patch->GetTargetDexFile())->GetOatFile();
     // Get where the data actually starts. if target is this oat_file_ it is oat_data_start_,
     // otherwise it is wherever target_oat is loaded.
     uintptr_t oat_data_addr = GetBaseAddressFor(target_oat);
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/find_loops_test.cc b/compiler/optimizing/find_loops_test.cc
index fab9f7a..c36b143 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/find_loops_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/find_loops_test.cc
@@ -27,9 +27,8 @@
 
 namespace art {
 
-static HGraph* TestCode(const uint16_t* data, ArenaPool* pool) {
-  ArenaAllocator allocator(pool);
-  HGraphBuilder builder(&allocator);
+static HGraph* TestCode(const uint16_t* data, ArenaAllocator* allocator) {
+  HGraphBuilder builder(allocator);
   const DexFile::CodeItem* item = reinterpret_cast<const DexFile::CodeItem*>(data);
   HGraph* graph = builder.BuildGraph(*item);
   graph->BuildDominatorTree();
@@ -44,7 +43,8 @@
     Instruction::RETURN_VOID);
 
   ArenaPool arena;
-  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &arena);
+  ArenaAllocator allocator(&arena);
+  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &allocator);
   for (size_t i = 0, e = graph->GetBlocks().Size(); i < e; ++i) {
     ASSERT_EQ(graph->GetBlocks().Get(i)->GetLoopInformation(), nullptr);
   }
@@ -56,7 +56,8 @@
     Instruction::RETURN);
 
   ArenaPool arena;
-  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &arena);
+  ArenaAllocator allocator(&arena);
+  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &allocator);
   for (size_t i = 0, e = graph->GetBlocks().Size(); i < e; ++i) {
     ASSERT_EQ(graph->GetBlocks().Get(i)->GetLoopInformation(), nullptr);
   }
@@ -71,7 +72,8 @@
     Instruction::RETURN);
 
   ArenaPool arena;
-  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &arena);
+  ArenaAllocator allocator(&arena);
+  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &allocator);
   for (size_t i = 0, e = graph->GetBlocks().Size(); i < e; ++i) {
     ASSERT_EQ(graph->GetBlocks().Get(i)->GetLoopInformation(), nullptr);
   }
@@ -87,7 +89,8 @@
     Instruction::RETURN | 0 << 8);
 
   ArenaPool arena;
-  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &arena);
+  ArenaAllocator allocator(&arena);
+  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &allocator);
   for (size_t i = 0, e = graph->GetBlocks().Size(); i < e; ++i) {
     ASSERT_EQ(graph->GetBlocks().Get(i)->GetLoopInformation(), nullptr);
   }
@@ -101,7 +104,8 @@
     Instruction::RETURN | 0 << 8);
 
   ArenaPool arena;
-  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &arena);
+  ArenaAllocator allocator(&arena);
+  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &allocator);
   for (size_t i = 0, e = graph->GetBlocks().Size(); i < e; ++i) {
     ASSERT_EQ(graph->GetBlocks().Get(i)->GetLoopInformation(), nullptr);
   }
@@ -146,7 +150,8 @@
     Instruction::RETURN_VOID);
 
   ArenaPool arena;
-  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &arena);
+  ArenaAllocator allocator(&arena);
+  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &allocator);
 
   TestBlock(graph, 0, false, -1);            // entry block
   TestBlock(graph, 1, false, -1);            // pre header
@@ -173,7 +178,8 @@
     Instruction::RETURN | 0 << 8);
 
   ArenaPool arena;
-  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &arena);
+  ArenaAllocator allocator(&arena);
+  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &allocator);
 
   TestBlock(graph, 0, false, -1);            // entry block
   TestBlock(graph, 1, false, -1);            // goto block
@@ -197,7 +203,8 @@
     Instruction::RETURN | 0 << 8);
 
   ArenaPool arena;
-  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &arena);
+  ArenaAllocator allocator(&arena);
+  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &allocator);
 
   TestBlock(graph, 0, false, -1);            // entry block
   TestBlock(graph, 1, false, -1);            // goto block
@@ -222,7 +229,8 @@
     Instruction::RETURN | 0 << 8);
 
   ArenaPool arena;
-  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &arena);
+  ArenaAllocator allocator(&arena);
+  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &allocator);
 
   TestBlock(graph, 0, false, -1);            // entry block
   TestBlock(graph, 1, false, -1);            // pre header
@@ -248,7 +256,8 @@
     Instruction::RETURN | 0 << 8);
 
   ArenaPool arena;
-  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &arena);
+  ArenaAllocator allocator(&arena);
+  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &allocator);
 
   TestBlock(graph, 0, false, -1);            // entry block
   TestBlock(graph, 1, false, -1);            // pre header
@@ -271,9 +280,9 @@
     Instruction::GOTO | 0xFB00,
     Instruction::RETURN | 0 << 8);
 
-
   ArenaPool arena;
-  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &arena);
+  ArenaAllocator allocator(&arena);
+  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &allocator);
 
   TestBlock(graph, 0, false, -1);            // entry block
   TestBlock(graph, 1, false, -1);            // pre header of outer loop
@@ -302,9 +311,9 @@
     Instruction::GOTO | 0xFE00,  // second loop
     Instruction::RETURN | 0 << 8);
 
-
   ArenaPool arena;
-  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &arena);
+  ArenaAllocator allocator(&arena);
+  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &allocator);
 
   TestBlock(graph, 0, false, -1);            // entry block
   TestBlock(graph, 1, false, -1);            // pre header of first loop
@@ -333,7 +342,8 @@
     Instruction::RETURN | 0 << 8);
 
   ArenaPool arena;
-  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &arena);
+  ArenaAllocator allocator(&arena);
+  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &allocator);
   ASSERT_TRUE(graph->GetBlocks().Get(3)->IsLoopHeader());
   HLoopInformation* info = graph->GetBlocks().Get(3)->GetLoopInformation();
   ASSERT_FALSE(info->GetHeader()->Dominates(info->GetBackEdges().Get(0)));
@@ -347,7 +357,8 @@
     Instruction::RETURN | 0 << 8);
 
   ArenaPool arena;
-  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &arena);
+  ArenaAllocator allocator(&arena);
+  HGraph* graph = TestCode(data, &allocator);
 
   TestBlock(graph, 0, false, -1);            // entry block
   TestBlock(graph, 1, false, -1);            // pre header of first loop
diff --git a/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc b/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
index aef235b..0e7da55 100644
--- a/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
+++ b/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
@@ -697,12 +697,18 @@
   }
 
   // When setting timeouts, keep in mind that the build server may not be as fast as your desktop.
+  // Debug builds are slower so they have larger timeouts.
+  static const unsigned int kSlowdownFactor = kIsDebugBuild ? 5U : 1U;
 #if ART_USE_PORTABLE_COMPILER
-  static const unsigned int kWatchDogWarningSeconds =  2 * 60;  // 2 minutes.
-  static const unsigned int kWatchDogTimeoutSeconds = 30 * 60;  // 25 minutes + buffer.
+  // 2 minutes scaled by kSlowdownFactor.
+  static const unsigned int kWatchDogWarningSeconds = kSlowdownFactor * 2 * 60;
+  // 30 minutes scaled by kSlowdownFactor.
+  static const unsigned int kWatchDogTimeoutSeconds = kSlowdownFactor * 30 * 60;
 #else
-  static const unsigned int kWatchDogWarningSeconds =  1 * 60;  // 1 minute.
-  static const unsigned int kWatchDogTimeoutSeconds =  6 * 60;  // 5 minutes + buffer.
+  // 1 minutes scaled by kSlowdownFactor.
+  static const unsigned int kWatchDogWarningSeconds = kSlowdownFactor * 1 * 60;
+  // 6 minutes scaled by kSlowdownFactor.
+  static const unsigned int kWatchDogTimeoutSeconds = kSlowdownFactor * 6 * 60;
 #endif
 
   bool is_watch_dog_enabled_;
diff --git a/runtime/arch/arm/jni_entrypoints_arm.S b/runtime/arch/arm/jni_entrypoints_arm.S
index 1be34ba..0e00f34 100644
--- a/runtime/arch/arm/jni_entrypoints_arm.S
+++ b/runtime/arch/arm/jni_entrypoints_arm.S
@@ -22,11 +22,13 @@
     .extern artFindNativeMethod
 ENTRY art_jni_dlsym_lookup_stub
     push   {r0, r1, r2, r3, lr}           @ spill regs
-    .save  {r0, r1, r2, r3, lr}
-    .pad #20
     .cfi_adjust_cfa_offset 20
+    .cfi_rel_offset r0, 0
+    .cfi_rel_offset r1, 4
+    .cfi_rel_offset r2, 8
+    .cfi_rel_offset r3, 12
+    .cfi_rel_offset lr, 16
     sub    sp, #12                        @ pad stack pointer to align frame
-    .pad #12
     .cfi_adjust_cfa_offset 12
     blx    artFindNativeMethod
     mov    r12, r0                        @ save result in r12
@@ -35,9 +37,12 @@
     cbz    r0, 1f                         @ is method code null?
     pop    {r0, r1, r2, r3, lr}           @ restore regs
     .cfi_adjust_cfa_offset -20
+    .cfi_restore r0
+    .cfi_restore r1
+    .cfi_restore r2
+    .cfi_restore r3
+    .cfi_restore lr
     bx     r12                            @ if non-null, tail call to method's code
 1:
-    .cfi_adjust_cfa_offset 20
     pop    {r0, r1, r2, r3, pc}           @ restore regs and return to caller to handle exception
-    .cfi_adjust_cfa_offset -20
 END art_jni_dlsym_lookup_stub
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker.cc b/runtime/class_linker.cc
index 1e64c00..4342234 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_linker.cc
@@ -756,18 +756,18 @@
   return *oat_file;
 }
 
-const OatFile* ClassLinker::FindOpenedOatFileForDexFile(const DexFile& dex_file) {
+const OatFile::OatDexFile* ClassLinker::FindOpenedOatDexFileForDexFile(const DexFile& dex_file) {
   const char* dex_location = dex_file.GetLocation().c_str();
   uint32_t dex_location_checksum = dex_file.GetLocationChecksum();
-  return FindOpenedOatFile(nullptr, dex_location, &dex_location_checksum);
+  return FindOpenedOatDexFile(nullptr, dex_location, &dex_location_checksum);
 }
 
-const OatFile* ClassLinker::FindOpenedOatFile(const char* oat_location, const char* dex_location,
-                                              const uint32_t* const dex_location_checksum) {
+const OatFile::OatDexFile* ClassLinker::FindOpenedOatDexFile(const char* oat_location,
+                                                             const char* dex_location,
+                                                             const uint32_t* dex_location_checksum) {
   ReaderMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), dex_lock_);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < oat_files_.size(); i++) {
-    const OatFile* oat_file = oat_files_[i];
-    DCHECK(oat_file != NULL);
+  for (const OatFile* oat_file : oat_files_) {
+    DCHECK(oat_file != nullptr);
 
     if (oat_location != nullptr) {
       if (oat_file->GetLocation() != oat_location) {
@@ -778,11 +778,11 @@
     const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = oat_file->GetOatDexFile(dex_location,
                                                                       dex_location_checksum,
                                                                       false);
-    if (oat_dex_file != NULL) {
-      return oat_file;
+    if (oat_dex_file != nullptr) {
+      return oat_dex_file;
     }
   }
-  return NULL;
+  return nullptr;
 }
 
 
@@ -904,8 +904,10 @@
 
   bool needs_registering = false;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<const OatFile> open_oat_file(FindOpenedOatFile(oat_location, dex_location,
-                                                                 dex_location_checksum_pointer));
+  const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = FindOpenedOatDexFile(oat_location, dex_location,
+                                                                 dex_location_checksum_pointer);
+  std::unique_ptr<const OatFile> open_oat_file(
+      oat_dex_file != nullptr ? oat_dex_file->GetOatFile() : nullptr);
 
   // 2) If we do not have an open one, maybe there's one on disk already.
 
@@ -1026,7 +1028,8 @@
   }
 
   // Try to load again, but stronger checks.
-  success = LoadMultiDexFilesFromOatFile(open_oat_file.get(), dex_location, dex_location_checksum_pointer,
+  success = LoadMultiDexFilesFromOatFile(open_oat_file.get(), dex_location,
+                                         dex_location_checksum_pointer,
                                          true, error_msgs, dex_files);
   if (success) {
     RegisterOatFile(open_oat_file.release());
@@ -1201,12 +1204,11 @@
   if (oat_dex_file == NULL) {
     *error_msg = StringPrintf("oat file '%s' does not contain contents for '%s' with checksum 0x%x",
                               oat_file->GetLocation().c_str(), dex_location, dex_location_checksum);
-    std::vector<const OatFile::OatDexFile*> oat_dex_files = oat_file->GetOatDexFiles();
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < oat_dex_files.size(); i++) {
-      const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = oat_dex_files[i];
-      *error_msg  += StringPrintf("\noat file '%s' contains contents for '%s'",
+    for (const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file : oat_file->GetOatDexFiles()) {
+      *error_msg  += StringPrintf("\noat file '%s' contains contents for '%s' with checksum 0x%x",
                                   oat_file->GetLocation().c_str(),
-                                  oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocation().c_str());
+                                  oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocation().c_str(),
+                                  oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocationChecksum());
     }
     return false;
   }
@@ -1248,7 +1250,7 @@
 
 const OatFile* ClassLinker::FindOatFileContainingDexFileFromDexLocation(
     const char* dex_location,
-    const uint32_t* const dex_location_checksum,
+    const uint32_t* dex_location_checksum,
     InstructionSet isa,
     std::vector<std::string>* error_msgs,
     bool* obsolete_file_cleanup_failed) {
@@ -1364,7 +1366,6 @@
     if (odex_oat_file.get() != nullptr && CheckOatFile(odex_oat_file.get(), isa,
                                                        &odex_checksum_verified,
                                                        &odex_error_msg)) {
-      error_msgs->push_back(odex_error_msg);
       return odex_oat_file.release();
     } else {
       if (odex_checksum_verified) {
@@ -1387,7 +1388,6 @@
     if (cache_oat_file.get() != nullptr && CheckOatFile(cache_oat_file.get(), isa,
                                                         &cache_checksum_verified,
                                                         &cache_error_msg)) {
-      error_msgs->push_back(cache_error_msg);
       return cache_oat_file.release();
     } else if (cache_checksum_verified) {
       // We can just relocate
@@ -1563,17 +1563,16 @@
 bool ClassLinker::CheckOatFile(const OatFile* oat_file, InstructionSet isa,
                                bool* checksum_verified,
                                std::string* error_msg) {
-  std::string compound_msg("Oat file failed to verify: ");
   Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
-  uint32_t real_image_checksum;
-  void* real_image_oat_offset;
-  int32_t real_patch_delta;
   const gc::space::ImageSpace* image_space = runtime->GetHeap()->GetImageSpace();
   if (image_space == nullptr) {
     *error_msg = "No image space present";
     return false;
   }
-  if (isa == Runtime::Current()->GetInstructionSet()) {
+  uint32_t real_image_checksum;
+  void* real_image_oat_offset;
+  int32_t real_patch_delta;
+  if (isa == runtime->GetInstructionSet()) {
     const ImageHeader& image_header = image_space->GetImageHeader();
     real_image_checksum = image_header.GetOatChecksum();
     real_image_oat_offset = image_header.GetOatDataBegin();
@@ -1587,32 +1586,33 @@
   }
 
   const OatHeader& oat_header = oat_file->GetOatHeader();
+  std::string compound_msg;
 
   uint32_t oat_image_checksum = oat_header.GetImageFileLocationOatChecksum();
   *checksum_verified = oat_image_checksum == real_image_checksum;
   if (!*checksum_verified) {
-    compound_msg += StringPrintf(" Oat Image Checksum Incorrect (expected 0x%x, recieved 0x%x)",
-                                 real_image_checksum, oat_image_checksum);
+    StringAppendF(&compound_msg, " Oat Image Checksum Incorrect (expected 0x%x, received 0x%x)",
+                  real_image_checksum, oat_image_checksum);
   }
 
   void* oat_image_oat_offset =
       reinterpret_cast<void*>(oat_header.GetImageFileLocationOatDataBegin());
   bool offset_verified = oat_image_oat_offset == real_image_oat_offset;
   if (!offset_verified) {
-    compound_msg += StringPrintf(" Oat Image oat offset incorrect (expected 0x%p, recieved 0x%p)",
-                                 real_image_oat_offset, oat_image_oat_offset);
+    StringAppendF(&compound_msg, " Oat Image oat offset incorrect (expected 0x%p, received 0x%p)",
+                  real_image_oat_offset, oat_image_oat_offset);
   }
 
   int32_t oat_patch_delta = oat_header.GetImagePatchDelta();
   bool patch_delta_verified = oat_patch_delta == real_patch_delta;
   if (!patch_delta_verified) {
-    compound_msg += StringPrintf(" Oat image patch delta incorrect (expected 0x%x, recieved 0x%x)",
-                                 real_patch_delta, oat_patch_delta);
+    StringAppendF(&compound_msg, " Oat image patch delta incorrect (expected 0x%x, received 0x%x)",
+                  real_patch_delta, oat_patch_delta);
   }
 
   bool ret = (*checksum_verified && offset_verified && patch_delta_verified);
-  if (ret) {
-    *error_msg = compound_msg;
+  if (!ret) {
+    *error_msg = "Oat file failed to verify:" + compound_msg;
   }
   return ret;
 }
@@ -2093,7 +2093,6 @@
     // The boot class loader, search the boot class path.
     ClassPathEntry pair = FindInClassPath(descriptor, boot_class_path_);
     if (pair.second != nullptr) {
-      StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
       return DefineClass(descriptor, NullHandle<mirror::ClassLoader>(), *pair.first, *pair.second);
     } else {
       // The boot class loader is searched ahead of the application class loader, failures are
@@ -2132,6 +2131,87 @@
     }
   } else {
     ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(self);
+    if (class_loader->GetClass() ==
+            soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader) &&
+        class_loader->GetParent()->GetClass() ==
+            soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_BootClassLoader)) {
+      ClassPathEntry pair = FindInClassPath(descriptor, boot_class_path_);
+      // Check if this would be found in the parent boot class loader.
+      if (pair.second != nullptr) {
+        mirror::Class* klass = LookupClass(descriptor, nullptr);
+        if (klass != nullptr) {
+          return EnsureResolved(self, descriptor, klass);
+        }
+        klass = DefineClass(descriptor, NullHandle<mirror::ClassLoader>(), *pair.first,
+                            *pair.second);
+        if (klass == nullptr) {
+          CHECK(self->IsExceptionPending()) << descriptor;
+          self->ClearException();
+        } else {
+          return klass;
+        }
+      } else {
+        // RegisterDexFile may allocate dex caches (and cause thread suspension).
+        StackHandleScope<3> hs(self);
+        // The class loader is a PathClassLoader which inherits from BaseDexClassLoader.
+        // We need to get the DexPathList and loop through it.
+        Handle<mirror::ArtField> cookie_field =
+            hs.NewHandle(soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexFile_cookie));
+        Handle<mirror::ArtField> dex_file_field =
+            hs.NewHandle(
+                soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexPathList$Element_dexFile));
+        mirror::Object* dex_path_list =
+            soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader_pathList)->
+            GetObject(class_loader.Get());
+        if (dex_path_list != nullptr && dex_file_field.Get() != nullptr &&
+            cookie_field.Get() != nullptr) {
+          // DexPathList has an array dexElements of Elements[] which each contain a dex file.
+          mirror::Object* dex_elements_obj =
+              soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexPathList_dexElements)->
+              GetObject(dex_path_list);
+          // Loop through each dalvik.system.DexPathList$Element's dalvik.system.DexFile and look
+          // at the mCookie which is a DexFile vector.
+          if (dex_elements_obj != nullptr) {
+            Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>> dex_elements =
+                hs.NewHandle(dex_elements_obj->AsObjectArray<mirror::Object>());
+            for (int32_t i = 0; i < dex_elements->GetLength(); ++i) {
+              mirror::Object* element = dex_elements->GetWithoutChecks(i);
+              if (element == nullptr) {
+                // Should never happen, fall back to java code to throw a NPE.
+                break;
+              }
+              mirror::Object* dex_file = dex_file_field->GetObject(element);
+              if (dex_file != nullptr) {
+                const uint64_t cookie = cookie_field->GetLong(dex_file);
+                auto* dex_files =
+                    reinterpret_cast<std::vector<const DexFile*>*>(static_cast<uintptr_t>(cookie));
+                if (dex_files == nullptr) {
+                  // This should never happen so log a warning.
+                  LOG(WARNING) << "Null DexFile::mCookie for " << descriptor;
+                  break;
+                }
+                for (const DexFile* dex_file : *dex_files) {
+                  const DexFile::ClassDef* dex_class_def = dex_file->FindClassDef(descriptor);
+                  if (dex_class_def != nullptr) {
+                    RegisterDexFile(*dex_file);
+                    mirror::Class* klass =
+                        DefineClass(descriptor, class_loader, *dex_file, *dex_class_def);
+                    if (klass == nullptr) {
+                      CHECK(self->IsExceptionPending()) << descriptor;
+                      self->ClearException();
+                      // Exit the loop to make the java code generate an exception.
+                      i = dex_elements->GetLength();
+                      break;
+                    }
+                    return klass;
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
     ScopedLocalRef<jobject> class_loader_object(soa.Env(),
                                                 soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(class_loader.Get()));
     std::string class_name_string(DescriptorToDot(descriptor));
@@ -2322,15 +2402,11 @@
 OatFile::OatClass ClassLinker::FindOatClass(const DexFile& dex_file, uint16_t class_def_idx,
                                             bool* found) {
   DCHECK_NE(class_def_idx, DexFile::kDexNoIndex16);
-  const OatFile* oat_file = FindOpenedOatFileForDexFile(dex_file);
-  if (oat_file == nullptr) {
+  const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = FindOpenedOatDexFileForDexFile(dex_file);
+  if (oat_dex_file == nullptr) {
     *found = false;
     return OatFile::OatClass::Invalid();
   }
-  uint dex_location_checksum = dex_file.GetLocationChecksum();
-  const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = oat_file->GetOatDexFile(dex_file.GetLocation().c_str(),
-                                                                    &dex_location_checksum);
-  CHECK(oat_dex_file != NULL) << dex_file.GetLocation();
   *found = true;
   return oat_dex_file->GetOatClass(class_def_idx);
 }
@@ -3603,17 +3679,13 @@
     }
   }
 
-  const OatFile* oat_file = FindOpenedOatFileForDexFile(dex_file);
+  const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = FindOpenedOatDexFileForDexFile(dex_file);
   // Make this work with gtests, which do not set up the image properly.
   // TODO: we should clean up gtests to set up the image path properly.
-  if (Runtime::Current()->IsCompiler() || (oat_file == NULL)) {
+  if (Runtime::Current()->IsCompiler() || (oat_dex_file == nullptr)) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  CHECK(oat_file != NULL) << dex_file.GetLocation() << " " << PrettyClass(klass);
-  uint dex_location_checksum = dex_file.GetLocationChecksum();
-  const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = oat_file->GetOatDexFile(dex_file.GetLocation().c_str(),
-                                                                    &dex_location_checksum);
   CHECK(oat_dex_file != NULL) << dex_file.GetLocation() << " " << PrettyClass(klass);
   uint16_t class_def_index = klass->GetDexClassDefIndex();
   oat_file_class_status = oat_dex_file->GetOatClass(class_def_index).GetStatus();
@@ -4355,7 +4427,6 @@
     return false;
   }
   CreateReferenceInstanceOffsets(klass);
-  CreateReferenceStaticOffsets(klass);
   CHECK_EQ(mirror::Class::kStatusLoaded, klass->GetStatus());
 
   if (!klass->IsTemp() || (!init_done_ && klass->GetClassSize() == class_size)) {
@@ -5088,20 +5159,13 @@
       return;
     }
   }
-  CreateReferenceOffsets(klass, false, reference_offsets);
+  CreateReferenceOffsets(klass, reference_offsets);
 }
 
-void ClassLinker::CreateReferenceStaticOffsets(ConstHandle<mirror::Class> klass) {
-  CreateReferenceOffsets(klass, true, 0);
-}
-
-void ClassLinker::CreateReferenceOffsets(ConstHandle<mirror::Class> klass, bool is_static,
+void ClassLinker::CreateReferenceOffsets(ConstHandle<mirror::Class> klass,
                                          uint32_t reference_offsets) {
-  size_t num_reference_fields =
-      is_static ? klass->NumReferenceStaticFieldsDuringLinking()
-                : klass->NumReferenceInstanceFieldsDuringLinking();
-  mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::ArtField>* fields =
-      is_static ? klass->GetSFields() : klass->GetIFields();
+  size_t num_reference_fields = klass->NumReferenceInstanceFieldsDuringLinking();
+  mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::ArtField>* fields = klass->GetIFields();
   // All of the fields that contain object references are guaranteed
   // to be at the beginning of the fields list.
   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_reference_fields; ++i) {
@@ -5119,12 +5183,7 @@
       break;
     }
   }
-  // Update fields in klass
-  if (is_static) {
-    klass->SetReferenceStaticOffsets(reference_offsets);
-  } else {
-    klass->SetReferenceInstanceOffsets(reference_offsets);
-  }
+  klass->SetReferenceInstanceOffsets(reference_offsets);
 }
 
 mirror::String* ClassLinker::ResolveString(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t string_idx,
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker.h b/runtime/class_linker.h
index d1f5aa0..158816d 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker.h
+++ b/runtime/class_linker.h
@@ -533,10 +533,7 @@
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   void CreateReferenceInstanceOffsets(ConstHandle<mirror::Class> klass)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  void CreateReferenceStaticOffsets(ConstHandle<mirror::Class> klass)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  void CreateReferenceOffsets(ConstHandle<mirror::Class> klass, bool is_static,
-                              uint32_t reference_offsets)
+  void CreateReferenceOffsets(ConstHandle<mirror::Class> klass, uint32_t reference_offsets)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // For use by ImageWriter to find DexCaches for its roots
@@ -549,14 +546,15 @@
   }
   mirror::DexCache* GetDexCache(size_t idx) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_, dex_lock_);
 
-  const OatFile* FindOpenedOatFileForDexFile(const DexFile& dex_file)
+  const OatFile::OatDexFile* FindOpenedOatDexFileForDexFile(const DexFile& dex_file)
       LOCKS_EXCLUDED(dex_lock_)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  // Find an opened oat file that contains dex_location. If oat_location is not nullptr, the file
-  // must have that location, else any oat location is accepted.
-  const OatFile* FindOpenedOatFile(const char* oat_location, const char* dex_location,
-                                   const uint32_t* const dex_location_checksum)
+  // Find an opened oat dex file that contains dex_location. If oat_location is not nullptr,
+  // the file must have that location, else any oat location is accepted.
+  const OatFile::OatDexFile* FindOpenedOatDexFile(const char* oat_location,
+                                                  const char* dex_location,
+                                                  const uint32_t* dex_location_checksum)
       LOCKS_EXCLUDED(dex_lock_);
 
   // Will open the oat file directly without relocating, even if we could/should do relocation.
@@ -606,8 +604,8 @@
   // Note 1: this will not check open oat files, which are assumed to be stale when this is run.
   // Note 2: Does not register the oat file. It is the caller's job to register if the file is to
   //         be kept.
-  const OatFile* FindOatFileContainingDexFileFromDexLocation(const char* location,
-                                                             const uint32_t* const location_checksum,
+  const OatFile* FindOatFileContainingDexFileFromDexLocation(const char* dex_location,
+                                                             const uint32_t* dex_location_checksum,
                                                              InstructionSet isa,
                                                              std::vector<std::string>* error_msgs,
                                                              bool* obsolete_file_cleanup_failed)
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker_test.cc b/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
index 69c281e..b250918 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
@@ -528,7 +528,6 @@
     offsets.push_back(CheckOffset(OFFSETOF_MEMBER(mirror::Class, object_size_),                   "objectSize"));
     offsets.push_back(CheckOffset(OFFSETOF_MEMBER(mirror::Class, primitive_type_),                "primitiveType"));
     offsets.push_back(CheckOffset(OFFSETOF_MEMBER(mirror::Class, reference_instance_offsets_),    "referenceInstanceOffsets"));
-    offsets.push_back(CheckOffset(OFFSETOF_MEMBER(mirror::Class, reference_static_offsets_),      "referenceStaticOffsets"));
     offsets.push_back(CheckOffset(OFFSETOF_MEMBER(mirror::Class, status_),                        "status"));
   };
 };
diff --git a/runtime/dex_file.cc b/runtime/dex_file.cc
index ed3592c..38e2e68 100644
--- a/runtime/dex_file.cc
+++ b/runtime/dex_file.cc
@@ -77,14 +77,13 @@
   // Strip ":...", which is the location
   const char* zip_entry_name = kClassesDex;
   const char* file_part = filename;
-  std::unique_ptr<const char> file_part_ptr;
+  std::string file_part_storage;
 
-
-  if (IsMultiDexLocation(filename)) {
-    std::pair<const char*, const char*> pair = SplitMultiDexLocation(filename);
-    file_part_ptr.reset(pair.first);
-    file_part = pair.first;
-    zip_entry_name = pair.second;
+  if (DexFile::IsMultiDexLocation(filename)) {
+    file_part_storage = GetBaseLocation(filename);
+    file_part = file_part_storage.c_str();
+    zip_entry_name = filename + file_part_storage.size() + 1;
+    DCHECK_EQ(zip_entry_name[-1], kMultiDexSeparator);
   }
 
   ScopedFd fd(OpenAndReadMagic(file_part, &magic, error_msg));
@@ -303,7 +302,7 @@
 
     while (i < 100) {
       std::string name = StringPrintf("classes%zu.dex", i);
-      std::string fake_location = location + ":" + name;
+      std::string fake_location = location + kMultiDexSeparator + name;
       std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> next_dex_file(Open(zip_archive, name.c_str(), fake_location,
                                                         error_msg, &error_code));
       if (next_dex_file.get() == nullptr) {
@@ -951,21 +950,6 @@
   return strrchr(location, kMultiDexSeparator) != nullptr;
 }
 
-std::pair<const char*, const char*> DexFile::SplitMultiDexLocation(
-    const char* location) {
-  const char* colon_ptr = strrchr(location, kMultiDexSeparator);
-
-  // Check it's synthetic.
-  CHECK_NE(colon_ptr, static_cast<const char*>(nullptr));
-
-  size_t colon_index = colon_ptr - location;
-  char* tmp = new char[colon_index + 1];
-  strncpy(tmp, location, colon_index);
-  tmp[colon_index] = 0;
-
-  return std::make_pair(tmp, colon_ptr + 1);
-}
-
 std::string DexFile::GetMultiDexClassesDexName(size_t number, const char* dex_location) {
   if (number == 0) {
     return dex_location;
@@ -976,26 +960,17 @@
 
 std::string DexFile::GetDexCanonicalLocation(const char* dex_location) {
   CHECK_NE(dex_location, static_cast<const char*>(nullptr));
-  char* path = nullptr;
-  if (!IsMultiDexLocation(dex_location)) {
-    path = realpath(dex_location, nullptr);
+  std::string base_location = GetBaseLocation(dex_location);
+  const char* suffix = dex_location + base_location.size();
+  DCHECK(suffix[0] == 0 || suffix[0] == kMultiDexSeparator);
+  UniqueCPtr<const char[]> path(realpath(base_location.c_str(), nullptr));
+  if (path != nullptr && path.get() != base_location) {
+    return std::string(path.get()) + suffix;
+  } else if (suffix[0] == 0) {
+    return base_location;
   } else {
-    std::pair<const char*, const char*> pair = DexFile::SplitMultiDexLocation(dex_location);
-    const char* dex_real_location(realpath(pair.first, nullptr));
-    delete pair.first;
-    if (dex_real_location != nullptr) {
-      int length = strlen(dex_real_location) + strlen(pair.second) + strlen(kMultiDexSeparatorString) + 1;
-      char* multidex_canonical_location = reinterpret_cast<char*>(malloc(sizeof(char) * length));
-      snprintf(multidex_canonical_location, length, "%s" kMultiDexSeparatorString "%s", dex_real_location, pair.second);
-      free(const_cast<char*>(dex_real_location));
-      path = multidex_canonical_location;
-    }
+    return dex_location;
   }
-
-  // If realpath fails then we just copy the argument.
-  std::string result(path == nullptr ? dex_location : path);
-  free(path);
-  return result;
 }
 
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const DexFile& dex_file) {
diff --git a/runtime/dex_file.h b/runtime/dex_file.h
index 118bd80..1b46a12 100644
--- a/runtime/dex_file.h
+++ b/runtime/dex_file.h
@@ -389,14 +389,21 @@
   // For normal dex files, location and base location coincide. If a dex file is part of a multidex
   // archive, the base location is the name of the originating jar/apk, stripped of any internal
   // classes*.dex path.
-  const std::string GetBaseLocation() const {
-    if (IsMultiDexLocation(location_.c_str())) {
-      std::pair<const char*, const char*> pair = SplitMultiDexLocation(location_.c_str());
-      std::string res(pair.first);
-      delete[] pair.first;
-      return res;
+  static std::string GetBaseLocation(const char* location) {
+    const char* pos = strrchr(location, kMultiDexSeparator);
+    if (pos == nullptr) {
+      return location;
     } else {
+      return std::string(location, pos - location);
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::string GetBaseLocation() const {
+    size_t pos = location_.rfind(kMultiDexSeparator);
+    if (pos == std::string::npos) {
       return location_;
+    } else {
+      return location_.substr(0, pos);
     }
   }
 
@@ -918,13 +925,6 @@
   // whether the string contains the separator character.
   static bool IsMultiDexLocation(const char* location);
 
-  // Splits a multidex location at the last separator character. The second component is a pointer
-  // to the character after the separator. The first is a copy of the substring up to the separator.
-  //
-  // Note: It's the caller's job to free the first component of the returned pair.
-  // Bug 15313523: gcc/libc++ don't allow a unique_ptr for the first component
-  static std::pair<const char*, const char*> SplitMultiDexLocation(const char* location);
-
 
   // The base address of the memory mapping.
   const byte* const begin_;
diff --git a/runtime/dex_file_test.cc b/runtime/dex_file_test.cc
index 330d045..d0c5603 100644
--- a/runtime/dex_file_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/dex_file_test.cc
@@ -355,8 +355,8 @@
 
 TEST_F(DexFileTest, GetDexCanonicalLocation) {
   ScratchFile file;
-  char* dex_location_real = realpath(file.GetFilename().c_str(), nullptr);
-  std::string dex_location(dex_location_real);
+  UniqueCPtr<const char[]> dex_location_real(realpath(file.GetFilename().c_str(), nullptr));
+  std::string dex_location(dex_location_real.get());
 
   ASSERT_EQ(dex_location, DexFile::GetDexCanonicalLocation(dex_location.c_str()));
   std::string multidex_location = DexFile::GetMultiDexClassesDexName(1, dex_location.c_str());
@@ -371,8 +371,6 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(multidex_location, DexFile::GetDexCanonicalLocation(multidex_location_sym.c_str()));
 
   ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(dex_location_sym.c_str()));
-
-  free(dex_location_real);
 }
 
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/elf_file.cc b/runtime/elf_file.cc
index 566ce03..529cd53 100644
--- a/runtime/elf_file.cc
+++ b/runtime/elf_file.cc
@@ -584,6 +584,10 @@
 }
 
 const Elf32_Sym* ElfFile::FindDynamicSymbol(const std::string& symbol_name) const {
+  if (GetHashBucketNum() == 0) {
+    // No dynamic symbols at all.
+    return nullptr;
+  }
   Elf32_Word hash = elfhash(symbol_name.c_str());
   Elf32_Word bucket_index = hash % GetHashBucketNum();
   Elf32_Word symbol_and_chain_index = GetHashBucket(bucket_index);
diff --git a/runtime/gc/heap.cc b/runtime/gc/heap.cc
index 494781a..2048160 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/heap.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/heap.cc
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
       desired_collector_type_(foreground_collector_type_),
       heap_trim_request_lock_(nullptr),
       last_trim_time_(0),
-      last_heap_transition_time_(0),
+      heap_transition_or_trim_target_time_(0),
       heap_trim_request_pending_(false),
       parallel_gc_threads_(parallel_gc_threads),
       conc_gc_threads_(conc_gc_threads),
@@ -916,6 +916,35 @@
 }
 
 void Heap::DoPendingTransitionOrTrim() {
+  Thread* self = Thread::Current();
+  CollectorType desired_collector_type;
+  // Wait until we reach the desired transition time.
+  while (true) {
+    uint64_t wait_time;
+    {
+      MutexLock mu(self, *heap_trim_request_lock_);
+      desired_collector_type = desired_collector_type_;
+      uint64_t current_time = NanoTime();
+      if (current_time >= heap_transition_or_trim_target_time_) {
+        break;
+      }
+      wait_time = heap_transition_or_trim_target_time_ - current_time;
+    }
+    ScopedThreadStateChange tsc(self, kSleeping);
+    usleep(wait_time / 1000);  // Usleep takes microseconds.
+  }
+  // Launch homogeneous space compaction if it is desired.
+  if (desired_collector_type == kCollectorTypeHomogeneousSpaceCompact) {
+    if (!CareAboutPauseTimes()) {
+      PerformHomogeneousSpaceCompact();
+    }
+    // No need to Trim(). Homogeneous space compaction may free more virtual and physical memory.
+    desired_collector_type = collector_type_;
+    return;
+  }
+  // Transition the collector if the desired collector type is not the same as the current
+  // collector type.
+  TransitionCollector(desired_collector_type);
   if (!CareAboutPauseTimes()) {
     // Deflate the monitors, this can cause a pause but shouldn't matter since we don't care
     // about pauses.
@@ -927,23 +956,7 @@
         << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_time);
     runtime->GetThreadList()->ResumeAll();
   }
-  if (NanoTime() - last_heap_transition_time_ > kCollectorTransitionWait) {
-    // Launch homogeneous space compaction if it is desired.
-    if (desired_collector_type_ == kCollectorTypeHomogeneousSpaceCompact) {
-      if (!CareAboutPauseTimes()) {
-        PerformHomogeneousSpaceCompact();
-        last_heap_transition_time_ = NanoTime();
-      }
-      desired_collector_type_ = collector_type_;
-    } else {
-      // Transition the collector if the desired collector type is not the same as the current
-      // collector type.
-      TransitionCollector(desired_collector_type_);
-      last_heap_transition_time_ = NanoTime();
-    }
-  }
-  // Do a heap trim if it is needed. This is good to do even with hspace compaction since it may
-  // trim the native heap and dlmalloc spaces.
+  // Do a heap trim if it is needed.
   Trim();
 }
 
@@ -2977,6 +2990,8 @@
     if (desired_collector_type_ == desired_collector_type) {
       return;
     }
+    heap_transition_or_trim_target_time_ =
+        std::max(heap_transition_or_trim_target_time_, NanoTime() + delta_time);
     desired_collector_type_ = desired_collector_type;
   }
   SignalHeapTrimDaemon(self);
@@ -2998,7 +3013,10 @@
 
   Thread* self = Thread::Current();
   Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
-  if (runtime == nullptr || !runtime->IsFinishedStarting() || runtime->IsShuttingDown(self)) {
+  if (runtime == nullptr || !runtime->IsFinishedStarting() || runtime->IsShuttingDown(self) ||
+      runtime->IsZygote()) {
+    // Ignore the request if we are the zygote to prevent app launching lag due to sleep in heap
+    // trimmer daemon. b/17310019
     // Heap trimming isn't supported without a Java runtime or Daemons (such as at dex2oat time)
     // Also: we do not wish to start a heap trim if the runtime is shutting down (a racy check
     // as we don't hold the lock while requesting the trim).
@@ -3012,6 +3030,10 @@
       return;
     }
     heap_trim_request_pending_ = true;
+    uint64_t current_time = NanoTime();
+    if (heap_transition_or_trim_target_time_ < current_time) {
+      heap_transition_or_trim_target_time_ = current_time + kHeapTrimWait;
+    }
   }
   // Notify the daemon thread which will actually do the heap trim.
   SignalHeapTrimDaemon(self);
@@ -3064,8 +3086,6 @@
   }
   env->CallStaticVoidMethod(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_System,
                             WellKnownClasses::java_lang_System_runFinalization);
-  env->CallStaticVoidMethod(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_System,
-                            WellKnownClasses::java_lang_System_runFinalization);
 }
 
 void Heap::RegisterNativeAllocation(JNIEnv* env, size_t bytes) {
diff --git a/runtime/gc/heap.h b/runtime/gc/heap.h
index 3bfa748..9742277 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/heap.h
+++ b/runtime/gc/heap.h
@@ -830,8 +830,8 @@
   Mutex* heap_trim_request_lock_ DEFAULT_MUTEX_ACQUIRED_AFTER;
   // When we want to perform the next heap trim (nano seconds).
   uint64_t last_trim_time_ GUARDED_BY(heap_trim_request_lock_);
-  // When we last performed a heap transition or hspace compact.
-  uint64_t last_heap_transition_time_;
+  // When we want to perform the next heap transition (nano seconds) or heap trim.
+  uint64_t heap_transition_or_trim_target_time_ GUARDED_BY(heap_trim_request_lock_);
   // If we have a heap trim request pending.
   bool heap_trim_request_pending_ GUARDED_BY(heap_trim_request_lock_);
 
diff --git a/runtime/indirect_reference_table-inl.h b/runtime/indirect_reference_table-inl.h
index 9bf3ea2..9ee6d89 100644
--- a/runtime/indirect_reference_table-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/indirect_reference_table-inl.h
@@ -27,15 +27,6 @@
 class Object;
 }  // namespace mirror
 
-inline void IrtIterator::SkipNullsAndTombstones() {
-  // We skip NULLs and tombstones. Clients don't want to see implementation details.
-  while (i_ < capacity_ &&
-         (table_[i_].IsNull() ||
-          Runtime::Current()->IsClearedJniWeakGlobal(table_[i_].Read<kWithoutReadBarrier>()))) {
-    ++i_;
-  }
-}
-
 // Verifies that the indirect table lookup is valid.
 // Returns "false" if something looks bad.
 inline bool IndirectReferenceTable::GetChecked(IndirectRef iref) const {
diff --git a/runtime/indirect_reference_table.cc b/runtime/indirect_reference_table.cc
index 49bffa4..2278408 100644
--- a/runtime/indirect_reference_table.cc
+++ b/runtime/indirect_reference_table.cc
@@ -161,10 +161,12 @@
 }
 
 void IndirectReferenceTable::AssertEmpty() {
-  if (UNLIKELY(begin() != end())) {
-    ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-    LOG(FATAL) << "Internal Error: non-empty local reference table\n"
-               << MutatorLockedDumpable<IndirectReferenceTable>(*this);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < Capacity(); ++i) {
+    if (!table_[i].IsNull()) {
+      ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
+      LOG(FATAL) << "Internal Error: non-empty local reference table\n"
+                 << MutatorLockedDumpable<IndirectReferenceTable>(*this);
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -264,6 +266,11 @@
 void IndirectReferenceTable::VisitRoots(RootCallback* callback, void* arg, uint32_t tid,
                                         RootType root_type) {
   for (auto ref : *this) {
+    if (*ref == nullptr) {
+      // Need to skip null entries to make it possible to do the
+      // non-null check after the call back.
+      continue;
+    }
     callback(ref, arg, tid, root_type);
     DCHECK(*ref != nullptr);
   }
diff --git a/runtime/indirect_reference_table.h b/runtime/indirect_reference_table.h
index 562ba1e..5291e50 100644
--- a/runtime/indirect_reference_table.h
+++ b/runtime/indirect_reference_table.h
@@ -206,12 +206,10 @@
   explicit IrtIterator(GcRoot<mirror::Object>* table, size_t i, size_t capacity)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       : table_(table), i_(i), capacity_(capacity) {
-    SkipNullsAndTombstones();
   }
 
   IrtIterator& operator++() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     ++i_;
-    SkipNullsAndTombstones();
     return *this;
   }
 
@@ -225,8 +223,6 @@
   }
 
  private:
-  void SkipNullsAndTombstones() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-
   GcRoot<mirror::Object>* const table_;
   size_t i_;
   const size_t capacity_;
diff --git a/runtime/java_vm_ext.cc b/runtime/java_vm_ext.cc
index 424addb..0ac5b88 100644
--- a/runtime/java_vm_ext.cc
+++ b/runtime/java_vm_ext.cc
@@ -760,6 +760,11 @@
   for (mirror::Object** entry : weak_globals_) {
     // Since this is called by the GC, we don't need a read barrier.
     mirror::Object* obj = *entry;
+    if (obj == nullptr) {
+      // Need to skip null here to distinguish between null entries
+      // and cleared weak ref entries.
+      continue;
+    }
     mirror::Object* new_obj = callback(obj, arg);
     if (new_obj == nullptr) {
       new_obj = Runtime::Current()->GetClearedJniWeakGlobal();
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/class.cc b/runtime/mirror/class.cc
index 760d54c..e7d8163 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/class.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/class.cc
@@ -292,18 +292,6 @@
                     new_reference_offsets);
 }
 
-void Class::SetReferenceStaticOffsets(uint32_t new_reference_offsets) {
-  if (new_reference_offsets != CLASS_WALK_SUPER) {
-    // Sanity check that the number of bits set in the reference offset bitmap
-    // agrees with the number of references
-    CHECK_EQ((size_t)POPCOUNT(new_reference_offsets),
-             NumReferenceStaticFieldsDuringLinking());
-  }
-  // Not called within a transaction.
-  SetField32<false>(OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(Class, reference_static_offsets_),
-                    new_reference_offsets);
-}
-
 bool Class::IsInSamePackage(const StringPiece& descriptor1, const StringPiece& descriptor2) {
   size_t i = 0;
   while (descriptor1[i] != '\0' && descriptor1[i] == descriptor2[i]) {
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/class.h b/runtime/mirror/class.h
index 0d30bc6..cf9501a 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/class.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/class.h
@@ -871,14 +871,6 @@
   // TODO: uint16_t
   void SetStaticField(uint32_t i, ArtField* f) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags>
-  uint32_t GetReferenceStaticOffsets() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    return GetField32<kVerifyFlags>(OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(Class, reference_static_offsets_));
-  }
-
-  void SetReferenceStaticOffsets(uint32_t new_reference_offsets)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-
   // Find a static or instance field using the JLS resolution order
   static ArtField* FindField(Thread* self, Handle<Class> klass, const StringPiece& name,
                              const StringPiece& type)
@@ -1150,9 +1142,6 @@
   // Bitmap of offsets of ifields.
   uint32_t reference_instance_offsets_;
 
-  // Bitmap of offsets of sfields.
-  uint32_t reference_static_offsets_;
-
   // State of class initialization.
   Status status_;
 
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/class_loader.h b/runtime/mirror/class_loader.h
index f3594e4..ff2ad89 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/class_loader.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/class_loader.h
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@
   static constexpr uint32_t InstanceSize() {
     return sizeof(ClassLoader);
   }
+  ClassLoader* GetParent() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    return GetFieldObject<ClassLoader>(OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(ClassLoader, parent_));
+  }
 
  private:
   // Field order required by test "ValidateFieldOrderOfJavaCppUnionClasses".
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/object-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/object-inl.h
index 8c1dc7d..166ea9c 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/object-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/object-inl.h
@@ -888,9 +888,9 @@
 
 template<bool kVisitClass, bool kIsStatic, typename Visitor>
 inline void Object::VisitFieldsReferences(uint32_t ref_offsets, const Visitor& visitor) {
-  if (LIKELY(ref_offsets != CLASS_WALK_SUPER)) {
+  if (!kIsStatic && LIKELY(ref_offsets != CLASS_WALK_SUPER)) {
     if (!kVisitClass) {
-     // Mask out the class from the reference offsets.
+      // Mask out the class from the reference offsets.
       ref_offsets ^= kWordHighBitMask;
     }
     DCHECK_EQ(ClassOffset().Uint32Value(), 0U);
@@ -902,7 +902,7 @@
       ref_offsets &= ~(CLASS_HIGH_BIT >> right_shift);
     }
   } else {
-    // There is no reference offset bitmap.  In the non-static case, walk up the class
+    // There is no reference offset bitmap. In the non-static case, walk up the class
     // inheritance hierarchy and find reference offsets the hard way. In the static case, just
     // consider this class.
     for (mirror::Class* klass = kIsStatic ? AsClass() : GetClass(); klass != nullptr;
@@ -930,8 +930,7 @@
 template<bool kVisitClass, typename Visitor>
 inline void Object::VisitStaticFieldsReferences(mirror::Class* klass, const Visitor& visitor) {
   DCHECK(!klass->IsTemp());
-  klass->VisitFieldsReferences<kVisitClass, true>(
-      klass->GetReferenceStaticOffsets<kVerifyNone>(), visitor);
+  klass->VisitFieldsReferences<kVisitClass, true>(0, visitor);
 }
 
 template <const bool kVisitClass, VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, typename Visitor,
diff --git a/runtime/monitor.cc b/runtime/monitor.cc
index a87d7c1..6123934 100644
--- a/runtime/monitor.cc
+++ b/runtime/monitor.cc
@@ -965,12 +965,6 @@
     return;
   }
 
-  // <clinit> is another special case. The runtime holds the class lock while calling <clinit>.
-  if (m->IsClassInitializer()) {
-    callback(m->GetDeclaringClass(), callback_context);
-    // Fall through because there might be synchronization in the user code too.
-  }
-
   // Is there any reason to believe there's any synchronization in this method?
   const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = m->GetCodeItem();
   CHECK(code_item != NULL) << PrettyMethod(m);
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_ref_Reference.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_ref_Reference.cc
index f221ac6..4f04d60 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_ref_Reference.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_ref_Reference.cc
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 
 namespace art {
 
-static jobject Reference_get(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaThis) {
+static jobject Reference_getReferent(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaThis) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
   mirror::Reference* const ref = soa.Decode<mirror::Reference*>(javaThis);
   mirror::Object* const referent =
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 }
 
 static JNINativeMethod gMethods[] = {
-  NATIVE_METHOD(Reference, get, "!()Ljava/lang/Object;"),
+  NATIVE_METHOD(Reference, getReferent, "!()Ljava/lang/Object;"),
 };
 
 void register_java_lang_ref_Reference(JNIEnv* env) {
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file.cc b/runtime/oat_file.cc
index d179a96..cf1c6e1 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file.cc
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
 }
 
 OatFile::~OatFile() {
-  STLDeleteValues(&oat_dex_files_);
+  STLDeleteElements(&oat_dex_files_storage_);
   if (dlopen_handle_ != NULL) {
     dlclose(dlopen_handle_);
   }
@@ -238,7 +238,9 @@
     return false;
   }
 
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < GetOatHeader().GetDexFileCount(); i++) {
+  uint32_t dex_file_count = GetOatHeader().GetDexFileCount();
+  oat_dex_files_storage_.reserve(dex_file_count);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < dex_file_count; i++) {
     uint32_t dex_file_location_size = *reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(oat);
     if (UNLIKELY(dex_file_location_size == 0U)) {
       *error_msg = StringPrintf("In oat file '%s' found OatDexFile #%zd with empty location name",
@@ -315,14 +317,24 @@
       return false;
     }
 
-    // Create the OatDexFile and add it to the owning map indexed by the dex file location.
+    std::string canonical_location = DexFile::GetDexCanonicalLocation(dex_file_location.c_str());
+
+    // Create the OatDexFile and add it to the owning container.
     OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = new OatDexFile(this,
                                               dex_file_location,
+                                              canonical_location,
                                               dex_file_checksum,
                                               dex_file_pointer,
                                               methods_offsets_pointer);
+    oat_dex_files_storage_.push_back(oat_dex_file);
+
+    // Add the location and canonical location (if different) to the oat_dex_files_ table.
     StringPiece key(oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocation());
     oat_dex_files_.Put(key, oat_dex_file);
+    if (canonical_location != dex_file_location) {
+      StringPiece canonical_key(oat_dex_file->GetCanonicalDexFileLocation());
+      oat_dex_files_.Put(canonical_key, oat_dex_file);
+    }
   }
   return true;
 }
@@ -370,20 +382,13 @@
       oat_dex_file = secondary_lb->second;  // May be nullptr.
     } else {
       // We haven't seen this dex_location before, we must check the canonical location.
-      if (UNLIKELY(oat_dex_files_by_canonical_location_.empty())) {
-        // Lazily fill in the oat_dex_files_by_canonical_location_.
-        for (const auto& entry : oat_dex_files_) {
-          const std::string& dex_location = entry.second->GetDexFileLocation();
-          string_cache_.emplace_back(DexFile::GetDexCanonicalLocation(dex_location.c_str()));
-          StringPiece canonical_location_key(string_cache_.back());
-          oat_dex_files_by_canonical_location_.Put(canonical_location_key, entry.second);
-        }
-      }
       std::string dex_canonical_location = DexFile::GetDexCanonicalLocation(dex_location);
-      StringPiece canonical_key(dex_canonical_location);
-      auto canonical_it = oat_dex_files_by_canonical_location_.find(canonical_key);
-      if (canonical_it != oat_dex_files_by_canonical_location_.end()) {
-        oat_dex_file = canonical_it->second;
+      if (dex_canonical_location != dex_location) {
+        StringPiece canonical_key(dex_canonical_location);
+        auto canonical_it = oat_dex_files_.find(canonical_key);
+        if (canonical_it != oat_dex_files_.end()) {
+          oat_dex_file = canonical_it->second;
+        }  // else keep nullptr.
       }  // else keep nullptr.
 
       // Copy the key to the string_cache_ and store the result in secondary map.
@@ -408,11 +413,11 @@
                  << " ( canonical path " << dex_canonical_location << ")"
                  << " with checksum " << checksum << " in OatFile " << GetLocation();
     if (kIsDebugBuild) {
-      for (Table::const_iterator it = oat_dex_files_.begin(); it != oat_dex_files_.end(); ++it) {
+      for (const OatDexFile* odf : oat_dex_files_storage_) {
         LOG(WARNING) << "OatFile " << GetLocation()
-                     << " contains OatDexFile " << it->second->GetDexFileLocation()
-                     << " (canonical path " << it->first << ")"
-                     << " with checksum 0x" << std::hex << it->second->GetDexFileLocationChecksum();
+                     << " contains OatDexFile " << odf->GetDexFileLocation()
+                     << " (canonical path " << odf->GetCanonicalDexFileLocation() << ")"
+                     << " with checksum 0x" << std::hex << odf->GetDexFileLocationChecksum();
       }
     }
   }
@@ -420,21 +425,15 @@
   return NULL;
 }
 
-std::vector<const OatFile::OatDexFile*> OatFile::GetOatDexFiles() const {
-  std::vector<const OatFile::OatDexFile*> result;
-  for (Table::const_iterator it = oat_dex_files_.begin(); it != oat_dex_files_.end(); ++it) {
-    result.push_back(it->second);
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-
 OatFile::OatDexFile::OatDexFile(const OatFile* oat_file,
                                 const std::string& dex_file_location,
+                                const std::string& canonical_dex_file_location,
                                 uint32_t dex_file_location_checksum,
                                 const byte* dex_file_pointer,
                                 const uint32_t* oat_class_offsets_pointer)
     : oat_file_(oat_file),
       dex_file_location_(dex_file_location),
+      canonical_dex_file_location_(canonical_dex_file_location),
       dex_file_location_checksum_(dex_file_location_checksum),
       dex_file_pointer_(dex_file_pointer),
       oat_class_offsets_pointer_(oat_class_offsets_pointer) {}
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file.h b/runtime/oat_file.h
index 8cb47e2..2fd4f4c 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file.h
+++ b/runtime/oat_file.h
@@ -214,6 +214,10 @@
     // Opens the DexFile referred to by this OatDexFile from within the containing OatFile.
     const DexFile* OpenDexFile(std::string* error_msg) const;
 
+    const OatFile* GetOatFile() const {
+      return oat_file_;
+    }
+
     // Returns the size of the DexFile refered to by this OatDexFile.
     size_t FileSize() const;
 
@@ -222,6 +226,11 @@
       return dex_file_location_;
     }
 
+    // Returns the canonical location of DexFile that was the source of this OatDexFile.
+    const std::string& GetCanonicalDexFileLocation() const {
+      return canonical_dex_file_location_;
+    }
+
     // Returns checksum of original DexFile that was the source of this OatDexFile;
     uint32_t GetDexFileLocationChecksum() const {
       return dex_file_location_checksum_;
@@ -235,12 +244,14 @@
    private:
     OatDexFile(const OatFile* oat_file,
                const std::string& dex_file_location,
+               const std::string& canonical_dex_file_location,
                uint32_t dex_file_checksum,
                const byte* dex_file_pointer,
                const uint32_t* oat_class_offsets_pointer);
 
     const OatFile* const oat_file_;
     const std::string dex_file_location_;
+    const std::string canonical_dex_file_location_;
     const uint32_t dex_file_location_checksum_;
     const byte* const dex_file_pointer_;
     const uint32_t* const oat_class_offsets_pointer_;
@@ -254,7 +265,9 @@
                                   bool exception_if_not_found = true) const
       LOCKS_EXCLUDED(secondary_lookup_lock_);
 
-  std::vector<const OatDexFile*> GetOatDexFiles() const;
+  const std::vector<const OatDexFile*>& GetOatDexFiles() const {
+    return oat_dex_files_storage_;
+  }
 
   size_t Size() const {
     return End() - Begin();
@@ -307,6 +320,9 @@
   // dlopen handle during runtime.
   void* dlopen_handle_;
 
+  // Owning storage for the OatDexFile objects.
+  std::vector<const OatDexFile*> oat_dex_files_storage_;
+
   // NOTE: We use a StringPiece as the key type to avoid a memory allocation on every
   // lookup with a const char* key. The StringPiece doesn't own its backing storage,
   // therefore we're using the OatDexFile::dex_file_location_ as the backing storage
@@ -314,11 +330,11 @@
   // of keys in secondary_oat_dex_files_ and oat_dex_files_by_canonical_location_.
   typedef AllocationTrackingSafeMap<StringPiece, const OatDexFile*, kAllocatorTagOatFile> Table;
 
-  // Map each plain dex file location retrieved from the oat file to its OatDexFile.
-  // This map doesn't change after it's constructed in Setup() and therefore doesn't
-  // need any locking and provides the cheapest dex file lookup for GetOatDexFile()
-  // for a very frequent use case. Never contains a nullptr value.
-  Table oat_dex_files_;                         // Owns the OatDexFile* values.
+  // Map each location and canonical location (if different) retrieved from the
+  // oat file to its OatDexFile. This map doesn't change after it's constructed in Setup()
+  // and therefore doesn't need any locking and provides the cheapest dex file lookup
+  // for GetOatDexFile() for a very frequent use case. Never contains a nullptr value.
+  Table oat_dex_files_;
 
   // Lock guarding all members needed for secondary lookup in GetOatDexFile().
   mutable Mutex secondary_lookup_lock_ DEFAULT_MUTEX_ACQUIRED_AFTER;
@@ -329,10 +345,6 @@
   // location and use oat_dex_files_by_canonical_location_.
   mutable Table secondary_oat_dex_files_ GUARDED_BY(secondary_lookup_lock_);
 
-  // Map the canonical location to an OatDexFile. This lazily constructed map is used
-  // when we're doing the secondary lookup for a given location for the first time.
-  mutable Table oat_dex_files_by_canonical_location_ GUARDED_BY(secondary_lookup_lock_);
-
   // Cache of strings. Contains the backing storage for keys in the secondary_oat_dex_files_
   // and the lazily initialized oat_dex_files_by_canonical_location_.
   // NOTE: We're keeping references to contained strings in form of StringPiece and adding
diff --git a/runtime/quick/inline_method_analyser.h b/runtime/quick/inline_method_analyser.h
index c4d51cb..a2ae397 100644
--- a/runtime/quick/inline_method_analyser.h
+++ b/runtime/quick/inline_method_analyser.h
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
   kIntrinsicRint,
   kIntrinsicRoundFloat,
   kIntrinsicRoundDouble,
-  kIntrinsicReferenceGet,
+  kIntrinsicReferenceGetReferent,
   kIntrinsicCharAt,
   kIntrinsicCompareTo,
   kIntrinsicIsEmptyOrLength,
diff --git a/runtime/runtime-inl.h b/runtime/runtime-inl.h
index 8b632b2..fe05073 100644
--- a/runtime/runtime-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/runtime-inl.h
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@
 
 inline mirror::Object* Runtime::GetClearedJniWeakGlobal() {
   mirror::Object* obj = sentinel_.Read();
-  if (obj == nullptr) {
-    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to return cleared JNI weak global sentinel";
-  }
+  DCHECK(obj != nullptr);
   return obj;
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/runtime.cc b/runtime/runtime.cc
index 89ad505..105c011 100644
--- a/runtime/runtime.cc
+++ b/runtime/runtime.cc
@@ -599,9 +599,7 @@
     return false;
   }
 
-  std::vector<const OatFile::OatDexFile*> oat_dex_files = oat_file->GetOatDexFiles();
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < oat_dex_files.size(); i++) {
-    const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = oat_dex_files[i];
+  for (const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file : oat_file->GetOatDexFiles()) {
     if (oat_dex_file == nullptr) {
       *failures += 1;
       continue;
@@ -809,6 +807,7 @@
 
   // Initialize the special sentinel_ value early.
   sentinel_ = GcRoot<mirror::Object>(class_linker_->AllocObject(self));
+  CHECK(sentinel_.Read() != nullptr);
 
   verifier::MethodVerifier::Init();
 
diff --git a/runtime/trace.cc b/runtime/trace.cc
index ca5e150..6dcc5fe 100644
--- a/runtime/trace.cc
+++ b/runtime/trace.cc
@@ -334,8 +334,14 @@
       return;
     }
   }
-  Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
-  runtime->GetThreadList()->SuspendAll();
+
+  // Check interval if sampling is enabled
+  if (sampling_enabled && interval_us <= 0) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid sampling interval: " << interval_us;
+    ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
+    ThrowRuntimeException("Invalid sampling interval: %d", interval_us);
+    return;
+  }
 
   // Open trace file if not going directly to ddms.
   std::unique_ptr<File> trace_file;
@@ -348,13 +354,15 @@
     }
     if (trace_file.get() == NULL) {
       PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to open trace file '" << trace_filename << "'";
-      runtime->GetThreadList()->ResumeAll();
       ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
       ThrowRuntimeException("Unable to open trace file '%s'", trace_filename);
       return;
     }
   }
 
+  Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
+  runtime->GetThreadList()->SuspendAll();
+
   // Create Trace object.
   {
     MutexLock mu(self, *Locks::trace_lock_);
@@ -383,6 +391,7 @@
       }
     }
   }
+
   runtime->GetThreadList()->ResumeAll();
 }
 
@@ -399,7 +408,6 @@
       the_trace = the_trace_;
       the_trace_ = NULL;
       sampling_pthread = sampling_pthread_;
-      sampling_pthread_ = 0U;
     }
   }
   if (the_trace != NULL) {
@@ -421,6 +429,7 @@
 
   if (sampling_pthread != 0U) {
     CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_join, (sampling_pthread, NULL), "sampling thread shutdown");
+    sampling_pthread_ = 0U;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/utils.h b/runtime/utils.h
index 7fb5bbd..50462b1 100644
--- a/runtime/utils.h
+++ b/runtime/utils.h
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <pthread.h>
 
 #include <limits>
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -502,6 +503,18 @@
 void EncodeUnsignedLeb128(uint32_t data, std::vector<uint8_t>* buf);
 void EncodeSignedLeb128(int32_t data, std::vector<uint8_t>* buf);
 
+// Deleter using free() for use with std::unique_ptr<>. See also UniqueCPtr<> below.
+struct FreeDelete {
+  // NOTE: Deleting a const object is valid but free() takes a non-const pointer.
+  void operator()(const void* ptr) const {
+    free(const_cast<void*>(ptr));
+  }
+};
+
+// Alias for std::unique_ptr<> that uses the C function free() to delete objects.
+template <typename T>
+using UniqueCPtr = std::unique_ptr<T, FreeDelete>;
+
 }  // namespace art
 
 #endif  // ART_RUNTIME_UTILS_H_
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier-inl.h b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier-inl.h
index 0f9aeb5..2d9fd53 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier-inl.h
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@
   return !failure_messages_.empty();
 }
 
-inline RegType& MethodVerifier::ResolveCheckedClass(uint32_t class_idx) {
+inline const RegType& MethodVerifier::ResolveCheckedClass(uint32_t class_idx) {
   DCHECK(!HasFailures());
-  RegType& result = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(class_idx);
+  const RegType& result = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(class_idx);
   DCHECK(!HasFailures());
   return result;
 }
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc
index ef6b343..9cde8da 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc
@@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@
     // If this is a constructor for a class other than java.lang.Object, mark the first ("this")
     // argument as uninitialized. This restricts field access until the superclass constructor is
     // called.
-    RegType& declaring_class = GetDeclaringClass();
+    const RegType& declaring_class = GetDeclaringClass();
     if (IsConstructor() && !declaring_class.IsJavaLangObject()) {
       reg_line->SetRegisterType(arg_start + cur_arg,
                                 reg_types_.UninitializedThisArgument(declaring_class));
@@ -1219,7 +1219,7 @@
         // it's effectively considered initialized the instant we reach here (in the sense that we
         // can return without doing anything or call virtual methods).
         {
-          RegType& reg_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(iterator.GetTypeIdx());
+          const RegType& reg_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(iterator.GetTypeIdx());
           if (!reg_type.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes()) {
             DCHECK(HasFailures());
             return false;
@@ -1253,8 +1253,8 @@
           return false;
         }
 
-        RegType& lo_half = descriptor[0] == 'J' ? reg_types_.LongLo() : reg_types_.DoubleLo();
-        RegType& hi_half = descriptor[0] == 'J' ? reg_types_.LongHi() : reg_types_.DoubleHi();
+        const RegType& lo_half = descriptor[0] == 'J' ? reg_types_.LongLo() : reg_types_.DoubleLo();
+        const RegType& hi_half = descriptor[0] == 'J' ? reg_types_.LongHi() : reg_types_.DoubleHi();
         reg_line->SetRegisterTypeWide(arg_start + cur_arg, lo_half, hi_half);
         cur_arg++;
         break;
@@ -1546,7 +1546,7 @@
        * This statement can only appear as the first instruction in an exception handler. We verify
        * that as part of extracting the exception type from the catch block list.
        */
-      RegType& res_type = GetCaughtExceptionType();
+      const RegType& res_type = GetCaughtExceptionType();
       work_line_->SetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_11x(), res_type);
       break;
     }
@@ -1560,7 +1560,7 @@
     case Instruction::RETURN:
       if (!IsConstructor() || work_line_->CheckConstructorReturn()) {
         /* check the method signature */
-        RegType& return_type = GetMethodReturnType();
+        const RegType& return_type = GetMethodReturnType();
         if (!return_type.IsCategory1Types()) {
           Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "unexpected non-category 1 return type "
                                             << return_type;
@@ -1568,7 +1568,7 @@
           // Compilers may generate synthetic functions that write byte values into boolean fields.
           // Also, it may use integer values for boolean, byte, short, and character return types.
           const uint32_t vregA = inst->VRegA_11x();
-          RegType& src_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(vregA);
+          const RegType& src_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(vregA);
           bool use_src = ((return_type.IsBoolean() && src_type.IsByte()) ||
                           ((return_type.IsBoolean() || return_type.IsByte() ||
                            return_type.IsShort() || return_type.IsChar()) &&
@@ -1585,7 +1585,7 @@
     case Instruction::RETURN_WIDE:
       if (!IsConstructor() || work_line_->CheckConstructorReturn()) {
         /* check the method signature */
-        RegType& return_type = GetMethodReturnType();
+        const RegType& return_type = GetMethodReturnType();
         if (!return_type.IsCategory2Types()) {
           Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "return-wide not expected";
         } else {
@@ -1600,7 +1600,7 @@
       break;
     case Instruction::RETURN_OBJECT:
       if (!IsConstructor() || work_line_->CheckConstructorReturn()) {
-        RegType& return_type = GetMethodReturnType();
+        const RegType& return_type = GetMethodReturnType();
         if (!return_type.IsReferenceTypes()) {
           Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "return-object not expected";
         } else {
@@ -1608,7 +1608,7 @@
           DCHECK(!return_type.IsZero());
           DCHECK(!return_type.IsUninitializedReference());
           const uint32_t vregA = inst->VRegA_11x();
-          RegType& reg_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(vregA);
+          const RegType& reg_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(vregA);
           // Disallow returning uninitialized values and verify that the reference in vAA is an
           // instance of the "return_type"
           if (reg_type.IsUninitializedTypes()) {
@@ -1655,29 +1655,29 @@
       /* could be long or double; resolved upon use */
     case Instruction::CONST_WIDE_16: {
       int64_t val = static_cast<int16_t>(inst->VRegB_21s());
-      RegType& lo = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstLo(static_cast<int32_t>(val), true);
-      RegType& hi = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstHi(static_cast<int32_t>(val >> 32), true);
+      const RegType& lo = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstLo(static_cast<int32_t>(val), true);
+      const RegType& hi = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstHi(static_cast<int32_t>(val >> 32), true);
       work_line_->SetRegisterTypeWide(inst->VRegA_21s(), lo, hi);
       break;
     }
     case Instruction::CONST_WIDE_32: {
       int64_t val = static_cast<int32_t>(inst->VRegB_31i());
-      RegType& lo = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstLo(static_cast<int32_t>(val), true);
-      RegType& hi = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstHi(static_cast<int32_t>(val >> 32), true);
+      const RegType& lo = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstLo(static_cast<int32_t>(val), true);
+      const RegType& hi = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstHi(static_cast<int32_t>(val >> 32), true);
       work_line_->SetRegisterTypeWide(inst->VRegA_31i(), lo, hi);
       break;
     }
     case Instruction::CONST_WIDE: {
       int64_t val = inst->VRegB_51l();
-      RegType& lo = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstLo(static_cast<int32_t>(val), true);
-      RegType& hi = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstHi(static_cast<int32_t>(val >> 32), true);
+      const RegType& lo = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstLo(static_cast<int32_t>(val), true);
+      const RegType& hi = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstHi(static_cast<int32_t>(val >> 32), true);
       work_line_->SetRegisterTypeWide(inst->VRegA_51l(), lo, hi);
       break;
     }
     case Instruction::CONST_WIDE_HIGH16: {
       int64_t val = static_cast<uint64_t>(inst->VRegB_21h()) << 48;
-      RegType& lo = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstLo(static_cast<int32_t>(val), true);
-      RegType& hi = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstHi(static_cast<int32_t>(val >> 32), true);
+      const RegType& lo = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstLo(static_cast<int32_t>(val), true);
+      const RegType& hi = reg_types_.FromCat2ConstHi(static_cast<int32_t>(val >> 32), true);
       work_line_->SetRegisterTypeWide(inst->VRegA_21h(), lo, hi);
       break;
     }
@@ -1690,7 +1690,7 @@
     case Instruction::CONST_CLASS: {
       // Get type from instruction if unresolved then we need an access check
       // TODO: check Compiler::CanAccessTypeWithoutChecks returns false when res_type is unresolved
-      RegType& res_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(inst->VRegB_21c());
+      const RegType& res_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(inst->VRegB_21c());
       // Register holds class, ie its type is class, on error it will hold Conflict.
       work_line_->SetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_21c(),
                                   res_type.IsConflict() ? res_type
@@ -1736,7 +1736,7 @@
        */
       const bool is_checkcast = (inst->Opcode() == Instruction::CHECK_CAST);
       const uint32_t type_idx = (is_checkcast) ? inst->VRegB_21c() : inst->VRegC_22c();
-      RegType& res_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(type_idx);
+      const RegType& res_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(type_idx);
       if (res_type.IsConflict()) {
         // If this is a primitive type, fail HARD.
         mirror::Class* klass = dex_cache_->GetResolvedType(type_idx);
@@ -1755,7 +1755,7 @@
       }
       // TODO: check Compiler::CanAccessTypeWithoutChecks returns false when res_type is unresolved
       uint32_t orig_type_reg = (is_checkcast) ? inst->VRegA_21c() : inst->VRegB_22c();
-      RegType& orig_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(orig_type_reg);
+      const RegType& orig_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(orig_type_reg);
       if (!res_type.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes()) {
         if (is_checkcast) {
           Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "check-cast on unexpected class " << res_type;
@@ -1778,7 +1778,7 @@
       break;
     }
     case Instruction::ARRAY_LENGTH: {
-      RegType& res_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_12x());
+      const RegType& res_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_12x());
       if (res_type.IsReferenceTypes()) {
         if (!res_type.IsArrayTypes() && !res_type.IsZero()) {  // ie not an array or null
           Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "array-length on non-array " << res_type;
@@ -1791,7 +1791,7 @@
       break;
     }
     case Instruction::NEW_INSTANCE: {
-      RegType& res_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(inst->VRegB_21c());
+      const RegType& res_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(inst->VRegB_21c());
       if (res_type.IsConflict()) {
         DCHECK_NE(failures_.size(), 0U);
         break;  // bad class
@@ -1803,7 +1803,7 @@
             << "new-instance on primitive, interface or abstract class" << res_type;
         // Soft failure so carry on to set register type.
       }
-      RegType& uninit_type = reg_types_.Uninitialized(res_type, work_insn_idx_);
+      const RegType& uninit_type = reg_types_.Uninitialized(res_type, work_insn_idx_);
       // Any registers holding previous allocations from this address that have not yet been
       // initialized must be marked invalid.
       work_line_->MarkUninitRefsAsInvalid(uninit_type);
@@ -1856,7 +1856,7 @@
       work_line_->SetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_23x(), reg_types_.Integer());
       break;
     case Instruction::THROW: {
-      RegType& res_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_11x());
+      const RegType& res_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_11x());
       if (!reg_types_.JavaLangThrowable(false).IsAssignableFrom(res_type)) {
         Fail(res_type.IsUnresolvedTypes() ? VERIFY_ERROR_NO_CLASS : VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_SOFT)
             << "thrown class " << res_type << " not instanceof Throwable";
@@ -1877,14 +1877,14 @@
 
     case Instruction::FILL_ARRAY_DATA: {
       /* Similar to the verification done for APUT */
-      RegType& array_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_31t());
+      const RegType& array_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_31t());
       /* array_type can be null if the reg type is Zero */
       if (!array_type.IsZero()) {
         if (!array_type.IsArrayTypes()) {
           Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "invalid fill-array-data with array type "
                                             << array_type;
         } else {
-          RegType& component_type = reg_types_.GetComponentType(array_type, GetClassLoader());
+          const RegType& component_type = reg_types_.GetComponentType(array_type, GetClassLoader());
           DCHECK(!component_type.IsConflict());
           if (component_type.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes()) {
             Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "invalid fill-array-data with component type "
@@ -1911,8 +1911,8 @@
     }
     case Instruction::IF_EQ:
     case Instruction::IF_NE: {
-      RegType& reg_type1 = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_22t());
-      RegType& reg_type2 = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_22t());
+      const RegType& reg_type1 = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_22t());
+      const RegType& reg_type2 = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_22t());
       bool mismatch = false;
       if (reg_type1.IsZero()) {  // zero then integral or reference expected
         mismatch = !reg_type2.IsReferenceTypes() && !reg_type2.IsIntegralTypes();
@@ -1931,8 +1931,8 @@
     case Instruction::IF_GE:
     case Instruction::IF_GT:
     case Instruction::IF_LE: {
-      RegType& reg_type1 = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_22t());
-      RegType& reg_type2 = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_22t());
+      const RegType& reg_type1 = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_22t());
+      const RegType& reg_type2 = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_22t());
       if (!reg_type1.IsIntegralTypes() || !reg_type2.IsIntegralTypes()) {
         Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "args to 'if' (" << reg_type1 << ","
                                           << reg_type2 << ") must be integral";
@@ -1941,7 +1941,7 @@
     }
     case Instruction::IF_EQZ:
     case Instruction::IF_NEZ: {
-      RegType& reg_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_21t());
+      const RegType& reg_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_21t());
       if (!reg_type.IsReferenceTypes() && !reg_type.IsIntegralTypes()) {
         Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "type " << reg_type
                                           << " unexpected as arg to if-eqz/if-nez";
@@ -1987,8 +1987,8 @@
         // type is assignable to the original then allow optimization. This check is performed to
         // ensure that subsequent merges don't lose type information - such as becoming an
         // interface from a class that would lose information relevant to field checks.
-        RegType& orig_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(instance_of_inst->VRegB_22c());
-        RegType& cast_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(instance_of_inst->VRegC_22c());
+        const RegType& orig_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(instance_of_inst->VRegB_22c());
+        const RegType& cast_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(instance_of_inst->VRegC_22c());
 
         if (!orig_type.Equals(cast_type) &&
             !cast_type.IsUnresolvedTypes() && !orig_type.IsUnresolvedTypes() &&
@@ -2043,7 +2043,7 @@
     case Instruction::IF_GEZ:
     case Instruction::IF_GTZ:
     case Instruction::IF_LEZ: {
-      RegType& reg_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_21t());
+      const RegType& reg_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_21t());
       if (!reg_type.IsIntegralTypes()) {
         Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "type " << reg_type
                                           << " unexpected as arg to if-ltz/if-gez/if-gtz/if-lez";
@@ -2192,7 +2192,7 @@
                        inst->Opcode() == Instruction::INVOKE_SUPER_RANGE);
       mirror::ArtMethod* called_method = VerifyInvocationArgs(inst, METHOD_VIRTUAL, is_range,
                                                               is_super);
-      RegType* return_type = nullptr;
+      const RegType* return_type = nullptr;
       if (called_method != nullptr) {
         Thread* self = Thread::Current();
         StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
@@ -2230,7 +2230,7 @@
                                                                    is_range, false);
       const char* return_type_descriptor;
       bool is_constructor;
-      RegType* return_type = nullptr;
+      const RegType* return_type = nullptr;
       if (called_method == NULL) {
         uint32_t method_idx = (is_range) ? inst->VRegB_3rc() : inst->VRegB_35c();
         const DexFile::MethodId& method_id = dex_file_->GetMethodId(method_idx);
@@ -2262,7 +2262,7 @@
          * allowing the latter only if the "this" argument is the same as the "this" argument to
          * this method (which implies that we're in a constructor ourselves).
          */
-        RegType& this_type = work_line_->GetInvocationThis(inst, is_range);
+        const RegType& this_type = work_line_->GetInvocationThis(inst, is_range);
         if (this_type.IsConflict())  // failure.
           break;
 
@@ -2273,7 +2273,7 @@
         }
 
         /* must be in same class or in superclass */
-        // RegType& this_super_klass = this_type.GetSuperClass(&reg_types_);
+        // const RegType& this_super_klass = this_type.GetSuperClass(&reg_types_);
         // TODO: re-enable constructor type verification
         // if (this_super_klass.IsConflict()) {
           // Unknown super class, fail so we re-check at runtime.
@@ -2322,7 +2322,7 @@
         } else {
           descriptor = called_method->GetReturnTypeDescriptor();
         }
-        RegType& return_type = reg_types_.FromDescriptor(GetClassLoader(), descriptor, false);
+        const RegType& return_type = reg_types_.FromDescriptor(GetClassLoader(), descriptor, false);
         if (!return_type.IsLowHalf()) {
           work_line_->SetResultRegisterType(return_type);
         } else {
@@ -2349,7 +2349,7 @@
       /* Get the type of the "this" arg, which should either be a sub-interface of called
        * interface or Object (see comments in RegType::JoinClass).
        */
-      RegType& this_type = work_line_->GetInvocationThis(inst, is_range);
+      const RegType& this_type = work_line_->GetInvocationThis(inst, is_range);
       if (this_type.IsZero()) {
         /* null pointer always passes (and always fails at runtime) */
       } else {
@@ -2379,7 +2379,7 @@
       } else {
         descriptor = abs_method->GetReturnTypeDescriptor();
       }
-      RegType& return_type = reg_types_.FromDescriptor(GetClassLoader(), descriptor, false);
+      const RegType& return_type = reg_types_.FromDescriptor(GetClassLoader(), descriptor, false);
       if (!return_type.IsLowHalf()) {
         work_line_->SetResultRegisterType(return_type);
       } else {
@@ -2656,7 +2656,7 @@
       mirror::ArtMethod* called_method = VerifyInvokeVirtualQuickArgs(inst, is_range);
       if (called_method != NULL) {
         const char* descriptor = called_method->GetReturnTypeDescriptor();
-        RegType& return_type = reg_types_.FromDescriptor(GetClassLoader(), descriptor, false);
+        const RegType& return_type = reg_types_.FromDescriptor(GetClassLoader(), descriptor, false);
         if (!return_type.IsLowHalf()) {
           work_line_->SetResultRegisterType(return_type);
         } else {
@@ -2935,11 +2935,11 @@
   return true;
 }  // NOLINT(readability/fn_size)
 
-RegType& MethodVerifier::ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(uint32_t class_idx) {
+const RegType& MethodVerifier::ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(uint32_t class_idx) {
   const char* descriptor = dex_file_->StringByTypeIdx(class_idx);
-  RegType& referrer = GetDeclaringClass();
+  const RegType& referrer = GetDeclaringClass();
   mirror::Class* klass = dex_cache_->GetResolvedType(class_idx);
-  RegType& result = klass != NULL ?
+  const RegType& result = klass != NULL ?
       reg_types_.FromClass(descriptor, klass, klass->CannotBeAssignedFromOtherTypes()) :
       reg_types_.FromDescriptor(GetClassLoader(), descriptor, false);
   if (result.IsConflict()) {
@@ -2961,8 +2961,8 @@
   return result;
 }
 
-RegType& MethodVerifier::GetCaughtExceptionType() {
-  RegType* common_super = NULL;
+const RegType& MethodVerifier::GetCaughtExceptionType() {
+  const RegType* common_super = NULL;
   if (code_item_->tries_size_ != 0) {
     const byte* handlers_ptr = DexFile::GetCatchHandlerData(*code_item_, 0);
     uint32_t handlers_size = DecodeUnsignedLeb128(&handlers_ptr);
@@ -2973,7 +2973,7 @@
           if (iterator.GetHandlerTypeIndex() == DexFile::kDexNoIndex16) {
             common_super = &reg_types_.JavaLangThrowable(false);
           } else {
-            RegType& exception = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(iterator.GetHandlerTypeIndex());
+            const RegType& exception = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(iterator.GetHandlerTypeIndex());
             if (!reg_types_.JavaLangThrowable(false).IsAssignableFrom(exception)) {
               if (exception.IsUnresolvedTypes()) {
                 // We don't know enough about the type. Fail here and let runtime handle it.
@@ -3008,7 +3008,7 @@
 mirror::ArtMethod* MethodVerifier::ResolveMethodAndCheckAccess(uint32_t dex_method_idx,
                                                                MethodType method_type) {
   const DexFile::MethodId& method_id = dex_file_->GetMethodId(dex_method_idx);
-  RegType& klass_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(method_id.class_idx_);
+  const RegType& klass_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(method_id.class_idx_);
   if (klass_type.IsConflict()) {
     std::string append(" in attempt to access method ");
     append += dex_file_->GetMethodName(method_id);
@@ -3019,7 +3019,7 @@
     return NULL;  // Can't resolve Class so no more to do here
   }
   mirror::Class* klass = klass_type.GetClass();
-  RegType& referrer = GetDeclaringClass();
+  const RegType& referrer = GetDeclaringClass();
   mirror::ArtMethod* res_method = dex_cache_->GetResolvedMethod(dex_method_idx);
   if (res_method == NULL) {
     const char* name = dex_file_->GetMethodName(method_id);
@@ -3126,7 +3126,7 @@
    * rigorous check here (which is okay since we have to do it at runtime).
    */
   if (method_type != METHOD_STATIC) {
-    RegType& actual_arg_type = work_line_->GetInvocationThis(inst, is_range);
+    const RegType& actual_arg_type = work_line_->GetInvocationThis(inst, is_range);
     if (actual_arg_type.IsConflict()) {  // GetInvocationThis failed.
       CHECK(have_pending_hard_failure_);
       return nullptr;
@@ -3147,7 +3147,7 @@
       }
     }
     if (method_type != METHOD_INTERFACE && !actual_arg_type.IsZero()) {
-      RegType* res_method_class;
+      const RegType* res_method_class;
       if (res_method != nullptr) {
         mirror::Class* klass = res_method->GetDeclaringClass();
         std::string temp;
@@ -3189,11 +3189,11 @@
       return nullptr;
     }
 
-    RegType& reg_type = reg_types_.FromDescriptor(GetClassLoader(), param_descriptor, false);
+    const RegType& reg_type = reg_types_.FromDescriptor(GetClassLoader(), param_descriptor, false);
     uint32_t get_reg = is_range ? inst->VRegC_3rc() + static_cast<uint32_t>(sig_registers) :
         arg[sig_registers];
     if (reg_type.IsIntegralTypes()) {
-      RegType& src_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(get_reg);
+      const RegType& src_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(get_reg);
       if (!src_type.IsIntegralTypes()) {
         Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "register v" << get_reg << " has type " << src_type
             << " but expected " << reg_type;
@@ -3276,7 +3276,7 @@
   // has a vtable entry for the target method.
   if (is_super) {
     DCHECK(method_type == METHOD_VIRTUAL);
-    RegType& super = GetDeclaringClass().GetSuperClass(&reg_types_);
+    const RegType& super = GetDeclaringClass().GetSuperClass(&reg_types_);
     if (super.IsUnresolvedTypes()) {
       Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_NO_METHOD) << "unknown super class in invoke-super from "
                                    << PrettyMethod(dex_method_idx_, *dex_file_)
@@ -3304,7 +3304,7 @@
                                                          RegisterLine* reg_line, bool is_range) {
   DCHECK(inst->Opcode() == Instruction::INVOKE_VIRTUAL_QUICK ||
          inst->Opcode() == Instruction::INVOKE_VIRTUAL_RANGE_QUICK);
-  RegType& actual_arg_type = reg_line->GetInvocationThis(inst, is_range);
+  const RegType& actual_arg_type = reg_line->GetInvocationThis(inst, is_range);
   if (!actual_arg_type.HasClass()) {
     VLOG(verifier) << "Failed to get mirror::Class* from '" << actual_arg_type << "'";
     return nullptr;
@@ -3342,7 +3342,7 @@
   // We use vAA as our expected arg count, rather than res_method->insSize, because we need to
   // match the call to the signature. Also, we might be calling through an abstract method
   // definition (which doesn't have register count values).
-  RegType& actual_arg_type = work_line_->GetInvocationThis(inst, is_range);
+  const RegType& actual_arg_type = work_line_->GetInvocationThis(inst, is_range);
   if (actual_arg_type.IsConflict()) {  // GetInvocationThis failed.
     return NULL;
   }
@@ -3367,7 +3367,7 @@
   if (!actual_arg_type.IsZero()) {
     mirror::Class* klass = res_method->GetDeclaringClass();
     std::string temp;
-    RegType& res_method_class =
+    const RegType& res_method_class =
         reg_types_.FromClass(klass->GetDescriptor(&temp), klass,
                              klass->CannotBeAssignedFromOtherTypes());
     if (!res_method_class.IsAssignableFrom(actual_arg_type)) {
@@ -3403,7 +3403,7 @@
                                         << " missing signature component";
       return NULL;
     }
-    RegType& reg_type = reg_types_.FromDescriptor(GetClassLoader(), descriptor, false);
+    const RegType& reg_type = reg_types_.FromDescriptor(GetClassLoader(), descriptor, false);
     uint32_t get_reg = is_range ? inst->VRegC_3rc() + actual_args : arg[actual_args];
     if (!work_line_->VerifyRegisterType(get_reg, reg_type)) {
       return res_method;
@@ -3431,7 +3431,7 @@
     DCHECK_EQ(inst->Opcode(), Instruction::FILLED_NEW_ARRAY_RANGE);
     type_idx = inst->VRegB_3rc();
   }
-  RegType& res_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(type_idx);
+  const RegType& res_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(type_idx);
   if (res_type.IsConflict()) {  // bad class
     DCHECK_NE(failures_.size(), 0U);
   } else {
@@ -3442,12 +3442,12 @@
       /* make sure "size" register is valid type */
       work_line_->VerifyRegisterType(inst->VRegB_22c(), reg_types_.Integer());
       /* set register type to array class */
-      RegType& precise_type = reg_types_.FromUninitialized(res_type);
+      const RegType& precise_type = reg_types_.FromUninitialized(res_type);
       work_line_->SetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_22c(), precise_type);
     } else {
       // Verify each register. If "arg_count" is bad, VerifyRegisterType() will run off the end of
       // the list and fail. It's legal, if silly, for arg_count to be zero.
-      RegType& expected_type = reg_types_.GetComponentType(res_type, GetClassLoader());
+      const RegType& expected_type = reg_types_.GetComponentType(res_type, GetClassLoader());
       uint32_t arg_count = (is_range) ? inst->VRegA_3rc() : inst->VRegA_35c();
       uint32_t arg[5];
       if (!is_range) {
@@ -3461,19 +3461,19 @@
         }
       }
       // filled-array result goes into "result" register
-      RegType& precise_type = reg_types_.FromUninitialized(res_type);
+      const RegType& precise_type = reg_types_.FromUninitialized(res_type);
       work_line_->SetResultRegisterType(precise_type);
     }
   }
 }
 
 void MethodVerifier::VerifyAGet(const Instruction* inst,
-                                RegType& insn_type, bool is_primitive) {
-  RegType& index_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegC_23x());
+                                const RegType& insn_type, bool is_primitive) {
+  const RegType& index_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegC_23x());
   if (!index_type.IsArrayIndexTypes()) {
     Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "Invalid reg type for array index (" << index_type << ")";
   } else {
-    RegType& array_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_23x());
+    const RegType& array_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_23x());
     if (array_type.IsZero()) {
       // Null array class; this code path will fail at runtime. Infer a merge-able type from the
       // instruction type. TODO: have a proper notion of bottom here.
@@ -3489,7 +3489,7 @@
       Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "not array type " << array_type << " with aget";
     } else {
       /* verify the class */
-      RegType& component_type = reg_types_.GetComponentType(array_type, GetClassLoader());
+      const RegType& component_type = reg_types_.GetComponentType(array_type, GetClassLoader());
       if (!component_type.IsReferenceTypes() && !is_primitive) {
         Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "primitive array type " << array_type
             << " source for aget-object";
@@ -3516,12 +3516,12 @@
   }
 }
 
-void MethodVerifier::VerifyPrimitivePut(RegType& target_type, RegType& insn_type,
+void MethodVerifier::VerifyPrimitivePut(const RegType& target_type, const RegType& insn_type,
                                         const uint32_t vregA) {
   // Primitive assignability rules are weaker than regular assignability rules.
   bool instruction_compatible;
   bool value_compatible;
-  RegType& value_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(vregA);
+  const RegType& value_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(vregA);
   if (target_type.IsIntegralTypes()) {
     instruction_compatible = target_type.Equals(insn_type);
     value_compatible = value_type.IsIntegralTypes();
@@ -3530,12 +3530,24 @@
     value_compatible = value_type.IsFloatTypes();
   } else if (target_type.IsLong()) {
     instruction_compatible = insn_type.IsLong();
-    RegType& value_type_hi = work_line_->GetRegisterType(vregA + 1);
-    value_compatible = value_type.IsLongTypes() && value_type.CheckWidePair(value_type_hi);
+    // Additional register check: this is not checked statically (as part of VerifyInstructions),
+    // as target_type depends on the resolved type of the field.
+    if (instruction_compatible && work_line_->NumRegs() > vregA + 1) {
+      const RegType& value_type_hi = work_line_->GetRegisterType(vregA + 1);
+      value_compatible = value_type.IsLongTypes() && value_type.CheckWidePair(value_type_hi);
+    } else {
+      value_compatible = false;
+    }
   } else if (target_type.IsDouble()) {
     instruction_compatible = insn_type.IsLong();  // no put-double, so expect put-long
-    RegType& value_type_hi = work_line_->GetRegisterType(vregA + 1);
-    value_compatible = value_type.IsDoubleTypes() && value_type.CheckWidePair(value_type_hi);
+    // Additional register check: this is not checked statically (as part of VerifyInstructions),
+    // as target_type depends on the resolved type of the field.
+    if (instruction_compatible && work_line_->NumRegs() > vregA + 1) {
+      const RegType& value_type_hi = work_line_->GetRegisterType(vregA + 1);
+      value_compatible = value_type.IsDoubleTypes() && value_type.CheckWidePair(value_type_hi);
+    } else {
+      value_compatible = false;
+    }
   } else {
     instruction_compatible = false;  // reference with primitive store
     value_compatible = false;  // unused
@@ -3556,19 +3568,19 @@
 }
 
 void MethodVerifier::VerifyAPut(const Instruction* inst,
-                                RegType& insn_type, bool is_primitive) {
-  RegType& index_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegC_23x());
+                                const RegType& insn_type, bool is_primitive) {
+  const RegType& index_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegC_23x());
   if (!index_type.IsArrayIndexTypes()) {
     Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "Invalid reg type for array index (" << index_type << ")";
   } else {
-    RegType& array_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_23x());
+    const RegType& array_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_23x());
     if (array_type.IsZero()) {
       // Null array type; this code path will fail at runtime. Infer a merge-able type from the
       // instruction type.
     } else if (!array_type.IsArrayTypes()) {
       Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "not array type " << array_type << " with aput";
     } else {
-      RegType& component_type = reg_types_.GetComponentType(array_type, GetClassLoader());
+      const RegType& component_type = reg_types_.GetComponentType(array_type, GetClassLoader());
       const uint32_t vregA = inst->VRegA_23x();
       if (is_primitive) {
         VerifyPrimitivePut(component_type, insn_type, vregA);
@@ -3590,7 +3602,7 @@
 mirror::ArtField* MethodVerifier::GetStaticField(int field_idx) {
   const DexFile::FieldId& field_id = dex_file_->GetFieldId(field_idx);
   // Check access to class
-  RegType& klass_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(field_id.class_idx_);
+  const RegType& klass_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(field_id.class_idx_);
   if (klass_type.IsConflict()) {  // bad class
     AppendToLastFailMessage(StringPrintf(" in attempt to access static field %d (%s) in %s",
                                          field_idx, dex_file_->GetFieldName(field_id),
@@ -3622,10 +3634,10 @@
   return field;
 }
 
-mirror::ArtField* MethodVerifier::GetInstanceField(RegType& obj_type, int field_idx) {
+mirror::ArtField* MethodVerifier::GetInstanceField(const RegType& obj_type, int field_idx) {
   const DexFile::FieldId& field_id = dex_file_->GetFieldId(field_idx);
   // Check access to class
-  RegType& klass_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(field_id.class_idx_);
+  const RegType& klass_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(field_id.class_idx_);
   if (klass_type.IsConflict()) {
     AppendToLastFailMessage(StringPrintf(" in attempt to access instance field %d (%s) in %s",
                                          field_idx, dex_file_->GetFieldName(field_id),
@@ -3664,7 +3676,7 @@
     return NULL;
   } else {
     mirror::Class* klass = field->GetDeclaringClass();
-    RegType& field_klass =
+    const RegType& field_klass =
         reg_types_.FromClass(dex_file_->GetFieldDeclaringClassDescriptor(field_id),
                              klass, klass->CannotBeAssignedFromOtherTypes());
     if (obj_type.IsUninitializedTypes() &&
@@ -3689,17 +3701,17 @@
   }
 }
 
-void MethodVerifier::VerifyISGet(const Instruction* inst, RegType& insn_type,
+void MethodVerifier::VerifyISGet(const Instruction* inst, const RegType& insn_type,
                                  bool is_primitive, bool is_static) {
   uint32_t field_idx = is_static ? inst->VRegB_21c() : inst->VRegC_22c();
   mirror::ArtField* field;
   if (is_static) {
     field = GetStaticField(field_idx);
   } else {
-    RegType& object_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_22c());
+    const RegType& object_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_22c());
     field = GetInstanceField(object_type, field_idx);
   }
-  RegType* field_type = nullptr;
+  const RegType* field_type = nullptr;
   if (field != NULL) {
     Thread* self = Thread::Current();
     mirror::Class* field_type_class;
@@ -3755,17 +3767,17 @@
   }
 }
 
-void MethodVerifier::VerifyISPut(const Instruction* inst, RegType& insn_type,
+void MethodVerifier::VerifyISPut(const Instruction* inst, const RegType& insn_type,
                                  bool is_primitive, bool is_static) {
   uint32_t field_idx = is_static ? inst->VRegB_21c() : inst->VRegC_22c();
   mirror::ArtField* field;
   if (is_static) {
     field = GetStaticField(field_idx);
   } else {
-    RegType& object_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_22c());
+    const RegType& object_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_22c());
     field = GetInstanceField(object_type, field_idx);
   }
-  RegType* field_type = nullptr;
+  const RegType* field_type = nullptr;
   if (field != NULL) {
     if (field->IsFinal() && field->GetDeclaringClass() != GetDeclaringClass().GetClass()) {
       Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_ACCESS_FIELD) << "cannot modify final field " << PrettyField(field)
@@ -3817,7 +3829,7 @@
          inst->Opcode() == Instruction::IPUT_QUICK ||
          inst->Opcode() == Instruction::IPUT_WIDE_QUICK ||
          inst->Opcode() == Instruction::IPUT_OBJECT_QUICK);
-  RegType& object_type = reg_line->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_22c());
+  const RegType& object_type = reg_line->GetRegisterType(inst->VRegB_22c());
   if (!object_type.HasClass()) {
     VLOG(verifier) << "Failed to get mirror::Class* from '" << object_type << "'";
     return nullptr;
@@ -3832,7 +3844,7 @@
   return f;
 }
 
-void MethodVerifier::VerifyIGetQuick(const Instruction* inst, RegType& insn_type,
+void MethodVerifier::VerifyIGetQuick(const Instruction* inst, const RegType& insn_type,
                                      bool is_primitive) {
   DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->IsStarted());
   mirror::ArtField* field = GetQuickFieldAccess(inst, work_line_.get());
@@ -3847,7 +3859,7 @@
     FieldHelper fh(h_field);
     field_type_class = fh.GetType(can_load_classes_);
   }
-  RegType* field_type;
+  const RegType* field_type;
   if (field_type_class != nullptr) {
     field_type = &reg_types_.FromClass(field->GetTypeDescriptor(), field_type_class,
                                        field_type_class->CannotBeAssignedFromOtherTypes());
@@ -3892,7 +3904,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-void MethodVerifier::VerifyIPutQuick(const Instruction* inst, RegType& insn_type,
+void MethodVerifier::VerifyIPutQuick(const Instruction* inst, const RegType& insn_type,
                                      bool is_primitive) {
   DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->IsStarted());
   mirror::ArtField* field = GetQuickFieldAccess(inst, work_line_.get());
@@ -3902,7 +3914,7 @@
   }
   const char* descriptor = field->GetTypeDescriptor();
   mirror::ClassLoader* loader = field->GetDeclaringClass()->GetClassLoader();
-  RegType& field_type = reg_types_.FromDescriptor(loader, descriptor, false);
+  const RegType& field_type = reg_types_.FromDescriptor(loader, descriptor, false);
   if (field != NULL) {
     if (field->IsFinal() && field->GetDeclaringClass() != GetDeclaringClass().GetClass()) {
       Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_ACCESS_FIELD) << "cannot modify final field " << PrettyField(field)
@@ -3915,7 +3927,7 @@
     // Primitive field assignability rules are weaker than regular assignability rules
     bool instruction_compatible;
     bool value_compatible;
-    RegType& value_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(vregA);
+    const RegType& value_type = work_line_->GetRegisterType(vregA);
     if (field_type.IsIntegralTypes()) {
       instruction_compatible = insn_type.IsIntegralTypes();
       value_compatible = value_type.IsIntegralTypes();
@@ -4033,7 +4045,7 @@
   return &insn_flags_[work_insn_idx_];
 }
 
-RegType& MethodVerifier::GetMethodReturnType() {
+const RegType& MethodVerifier::GetMethodReturnType() {
   if (return_type_ == nullptr) {
     if (mirror_method_.Get() != nullptr) {
       Thread* self = Thread::Current();
@@ -4060,7 +4072,7 @@
   return *return_type_;
 }
 
-RegType& MethodVerifier::GetDeclaringClass() {
+const RegType& MethodVerifier::GetDeclaringClass() {
   if (declaring_class_ == NULL) {
     const DexFile::MethodId& method_id = dex_file_->GetMethodId(dex_method_idx_);
     const char* descriptor
@@ -4081,7 +4093,7 @@
   DCHECK(line != nullptr) << "No register line at DEX pc " << StringPrintf("0x%x", dex_pc);
   std::vector<int32_t> result;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < line->NumRegs(); ++i) {
-    RegType& type = line->GetRegisterType(i);
+    const RegType& type = line->GetRegisterType(i);
     if (type.IsConstant()) {
       result.push_back(type.IsPreciseConstant() ? kConstant : kImpreciseConstant);
       result.push_back(type.ConstantValue());
@@ -4121,7 +4133,7 @@
   return result;
 }
 
-RegType& MethodVerifier::DetermineCat1Constant(int32_t value, bool precise) {
+const RegType& MethodVerifier::DetermineCat1Constant(int32_t value, bool precise) {
   if (precise) {
     // Precise constant type.
     return reg_types_.FromCat1Const(value, true);
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.h b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.h
index af33414..45c0a03 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.h
+++ b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.h
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@
   bool HasCheckCasts() const;
   bool HasVirtualOrInterfaceInvokes() const;
   bool HasFailures() const;
-  RegType& ResolveCheckedClass(uint32_t class_idx)
+  const RegType& ResolveCheckedClass(uint32_t class_idx)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
  private:
@@ -473,34 +473,34 @@
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Helper to perform verification on puts of primitive type.
-  void VerifyPrimitivePut(RegType& target_type, RegType& insn_type,
+  void VerifyPrimitivePut(const RegType& target_type, const RegType& insn_type,
                           const uint32_t vregA) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Perform verification of an aget instruction. The destination register's type will be set to
   // be that of component type of the array unless the array type is unknown, in which case a
   // bottom type inferred from the type of instruction is used. is_primitive is false for an
   // aget-object.
-  void VerifyAGet(const Instruction* inst, RegType& insn_type,
+  void VerifyAGet(const Instruction* inst, const RegType& insn_type,
                   bool is_primitive) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Perform verification of an aput instruction.
-  void VerifyAPut(const Instruction* inst, RegType& insn_type,
+  void VerifyAPut(const Instruction* inst, const RegType& insn_type,
                   bool is_primitive) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Lookup instance field and fail for resolution violations
-  mirror::ArtField* GetInstanceField(RegType& obj_type, int field_idx)
+  mirror::ArtField* GetInstanceField(const RegType& obj_type, int field_idx)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Lookup static field and fail for resolution violations
   mirror::ArtField* GetStaticField(int field_idx) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Perform verification of an iget or sget instruction.
-  void VerifyISGet(const Instruction* inst, RegType& insn_type,
+  void VerifyISGet(const Instruction* inst, const RegType& insn_type,
                    bool is_primitive, bool is_static)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Perform verification of an iput or sput instruction.
-  void VerifyISPut(const Instruction* inst, RegType& insn_type,
+  void VerifyISPut(const Instruction* inst, const RegType& insn_type,
                    bool is_primitive, bool is_static)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
@@ -510,18 +510,18 @@
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Perform verification of an iget-quick instruction.
-  void VerifyIGetQuick(const Instruction* inst, RegType& insn_type,
+  void VerifyIGetQuick(const Instruction* inst, const RegType& insn_type,
                        bool is_primitive)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Perform verification of an iput-quick instruction.
-  void VerifyIPutQuick(const Instruction* inst, RegType& insn_type,
+  void VerifyIPutQuick(const Instruction* inst, const RegType& insn_type,
                        bool is_primitive)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Resolves a class based on an index and performs access checks to ensure the referrer can
   // access the resolved class.
-  RegType& ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(uint32_t class_idx)
+  const RegType& ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(uint32_t class_idx)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   /*
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@
    * address, determine the Join of all exceptions that can land here. Fails if no matching
    * exception handler can be found or if the Join of exception types fails.
    */
-  RegType& GetCaughtExceptionType()
+  const RegType& GetCaughtExceptionType()
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   /*
@@ -615,14 +615,14 @@
   }
 
   // Return the register type for the method.
-  RegType& GetMethodReturnType() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  const RegType& GetMethodReturnType() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Get a type representing the declaring class of the method.
-  RegType& GetDeclaringClass() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  const RegType& GetDeclaringClass() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   InstructionFlags* CurrentInsnFlags();
 
-  RegType& DetermineCat1Constant(int32_t value, bool precise)
+  const RegType& DetermineCat1Constant(int32_t value, bool precise)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   RegTypeCache reg_types_;
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@
   // Its object representation if known.
   ConstHandle<mirror::ArtMethod> mirror_method_ GUARDED_BY(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   const uint32_t method_access_flags_;  // Method's access flags.
-  RegType* return_type_;  // Lazily computed return type of the method.
+  const RegType* return_type_;  // Lazily computed return type of the method.
   const DexFile* const dex_file_;  // The dex file containing the method.
   // The dex_cache for the declaring class of the method.
   ConstHandle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache_ GUARDED_BY(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@
   ConstHandle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_ GUARDED_BY(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   const DexFile::ClassDef* const class_def_;  // The class def of the declaring class of the method.
   const DexFile::CodeItem* const code_item_;  // The code item containing the code for the method.
-  RegType* declaring_class_;  // Lazily computed reg type of the method's declaring class.
+  const RegType* declaring_class_;  // Lazily computed reg type of the method's declaring class.
   // Instruction widths and flags, one entry per code unit.
   std::unique_ptr<InstructionFlags[]> insn_flags_;
   // The dex PC of a FindLocksAtDexPc request, -1 otherwise.
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/reg_type.cc b/runtime/verifier/reg_type.cc
index 30be82f..68c7849 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/reg_type.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/reg_type.cc
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
     : PrimitiveType(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
 }
 
-std::string PreciseConstType::Dump() {
+std::string PreciseConstType::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
   uint32_t val = ConstantValue();
   if (val == 0) {
@@ -98,47 +98,47 @@
   return result.str();
 }
 
-std::string BooleanType::Dump() {
+std::string BooleanType::Dump() const {
   return "Boolean";
 }
 
-std::string ConflictType::Dump() {
+std::string ConflictType::Dump() const {
     return "Conflict";
 }
 
-std::string ByteType::Dump() {
+std::string ByteType::Dump() const {
   return "Byte";
 }
 
-std::string ShortType::Dump() {
+std::string ShortType::Dump() const {
   return "Short";
 }
 
-std::string CharType::Dump() {
+std::string CharType::Dump() const {
   return "Char";
 }
 
-std::string FloatType::Dump() {
+std::string FloatType::Dump() const {
   return "Float";
 }
 
-std::string LongLoType::Dump() {
+std::string LongLoType::Dump() const {
   return "Long (Low Half)";
 }
 
-std::string LongHiType::Dump() {
+std::string LongHiType::Dump() const {
   return "Long (High Half)";
 }
 
-std::string DoubleLoType::Dump() {
+std::string DoubleLoType::Dump() const {
   return "Double (Low Half)";
 }
 
-std::string DoubleHiType::Dump() {
+std::string DoubleHiType::Dump() const {
   return "Double (High Half)";
 }
 
-std::string IntegerType::Dump() {
+std::string IntegerType::Dump() const {
     return "Integer";
 }
 
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-std::string UndefinedType::Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+std::string UndefinedType::Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   return "Undefined";
 }
 
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@
   DCHECK(klass->IsInstantiable());
 }
 
-std::string UnresolvedMergedType::Dump() {
+std::string UnresolvedMergedType::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
   std::set<uint16_t> types = GetMergedTypes();
   result << "UnresolvedMergedReferences(";
@@ -405,20 +405,20 @@
   return result.str();
 }
 
-std::string UnresolvedSuperClass::Dump() {
+std::string UnresolvedSuperClass::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
   uint16_t super_type_id = GetUnresolvedSuperClassChildId();
   result << "UnresolvedSuperClass(" << reg_type_cache_->GetFromId(super_type_id).Dump() << ")";
   return result.str();
 }
 
-std::string UnresolvedReferenceType::Dump() {
+std::string UnresolvedReferenceType::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
   result << "Unresolved Reference" << ": " << PrettyDescriptor(GetDescriptor().c_str());
   return result.str();
 }
 
-std::string UnresolvedUninitializedRefType::Dump() {
+std::string UnresolvedUninitializedRefType::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
   result << "Unresolved And Uninitialized Reference" << ": "
       << PrettyDescriptor(GetDescriptor().c_str())
@@ -426,40 +426,40 @@
   return result.str();
 }
 
-std::string UnresolvedUninitializedThisRefType::Dump() {
+std::string UnresolvedUninitializedThisRefType::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
   result << "Unresolved And Uninitialized This Reference"
       << PrettyDescriptor(GetDescriptor().c_str());
   return result.str();
 }
 
-std::string ReferenceType::Dump() {
+std::string ReferenceType::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
   result << "Reference" << ": " << PrettyDescriptor(GetClass());
   return result.str();
 }
 
-std::string PreciseReferenceType::Dump() {
+std::string PreciseReferenceType::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
   result << "Precise Reference" << ": "<< PrettyDescriptor(GetClass());
   return result.str();
 }
 
-std::string UninitializedReferenceType::Dump() {
+std::string UninitializedReferenceType::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
   result << "Uninitialized Reference" << ": " << PrettyDescriptor(GetClass());
   result << " Allocation PC: " << GetAllocationPc();
   return result.str();
 }
 
-std::string UninitializedThisReferenceType::Dump() {
+std::string UninitializedThisReferenceType::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
   result << "Uninitialized This Reference" << ": " << PrettyDescriptor(GetClass());
   result << "Allocation PC: " << GetAllocationPc();
   return result.str();
 }
 
-std::string ImpreciseConstType::Dump() {
+std::string ImpreciseConstType::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
   uint32_t val = ConstantValue();
   if (val == 0) {
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@
   }
   return result.str();
 }
-std::string PreciseConstLoType::Dump() {
+std::string PreciseConstLoType::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
 
   int32_t val = ConstantValueLo();
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@
   return result.str();
 }
 
-std::string ImpreciseConstLoType::Dump() {
+std::string ImpreciseConstLoType::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
 
   int32_t val = ConstantValueLo();
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@
   return result.str();
 }
 
-std::string PreciseConstHiType::Dump() {
+std::string PreciseConstHiType::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
   int32_t val = ConstantValueHi();
   result << "Precise ";
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@
   return result.str();
 }
 
-std::string ImpreciseConstHiType::Dump() {
+std::string ImpreciseConstHiType::Dump() const {
   std::stringstream result;
   int32_t val = ConstantValueHi();
   result << "Imprecise ";
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@
     : RegType(NULL, "", cache_id), constant_(constant) {
 }
 
-RegType& UndefinedType::Merge(RegType& incoming_type, RegTypeCache* reg_types)
+const RegType& UndefinedType::Merge(const RegType& incoming_type, RegTypeCache* reg_types) const
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   if (incoming_type.IsUndefined()) {
     return *this;  // Undefined MERGE Undefined => Undefined
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@
   return reg_types->Conflict();
 }
 
-RegType& RegType::HighHalf(RegTypeCache* cache) const {
+const RegType& RegType::HighHalf(RegTypeCache* cache) const {
   DCHECK(IsLowHalf());
   if (IsLongLo()) {
     return cache->LongHi();
@@ -588,10 +588,12 @@
 }
 std::set<uint16_t> UnresolvedMergedType::GetMergedTypes() const {
   std::pair<uint16_t, uint16_t> refs = GetTopMergedTypes();
-  RegType& _left(reg_type_cache_->GetFromId(refs.first));
-  UnresolvedMergedType* left = down_cast<UnresolvedMergedType*>(&_left);
+  const RegType& _left(reg_type_cache_->GetFromId(refs.first));
+  RegType& __left(const_cast<RegType&>(_left));
+  UnresolvedMergedType* left = down_cast<UnresolvedMergedType*>(&__left);
 
-  RegType& _right(reg_type_cache_->GetFromId(refs.second));
+  RegType& _right(
+      const_cast<RegType&>(reg_type_cache_->GetFromId(refs.second)));
   UnresolvedMergedType* right = down_cast<UnresolvedMergedType*>(&_right);
 
   std::set<uint16_t> types;
@@ -614,7 +616,7 @@
   return types;
 }
 
-RegType& RegType::GetSuperClass(RegTypeCache* cache) {
+const RegType& RegType::GetSuperClass(RegTypeCache* cache) const {
   if (!IsUnresolvedTypes()) {
     mirror::Class* super_klass = GetClass()->GetSuperClass();
     if (super_klass != NULL) {
@@ -636,7 +638,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-bool RegType::CanAccess(RegType& other) {
+bool RegType::CanAccess(const RegType& other) const {
   if (Equals(other)) {
     return true;  // Trivial accessibility.
   } else {
@@ -652,7 +654,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-bool RegType::CanAccessMember(mirror::Class* klass, uint32_t access_flags) {
+bool RegType::CanAccessMember(mirror::Class* klass, uint32_t access_flags) const {
   if ((access_flags & kAccPublic) != 0) {
     return true;
   }
@@ -663,7 +665,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-bool RegType::IsObjectArrayTypes() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+bool RegType::IsObjectArrayTypes() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   if (IsUnresolvedTypes() && !IsUnresolvedMergedReference() && !IsUnresolvedSuperClass()) {
     // Primitive arrays will always resolve
     DCHECK(descriptor_[1] == 'L' || descriptor_[1] == '[');
@@ -676,11 +678,11 @@
   }
 }
 
-bool RegType::IsJavaLangObject() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+bool RegType::IsJavaLangObject() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   return IsReference() && GetClass()->IsObjectClass();
 }
 
-bool RegType::IsArrayTypes() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+bool RegType::IsArrayTypes() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   if (IsUnresolvedTypes() && !IsUnresolvedMergedReference() && !IsUnresolvedSuperClass()) {
     return descriptor_[0] == '[';
   } else if (HasClass()) {
@@ -690,7 +692,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-bool RegType::IsJavaLangObjectArray() {
+bool RegType::IsJavaLangObjectArray() const {
   if (HasClass()) {
     mirror::Class* type = GetClass();
     return type->IsArrayClass() && type->GetComponentType()->IsObjectClass();
@@ -698,7 +700,7 @@
   return false;
 }
 
-bool RegType::IsInstantiableTypes() {
+bool RegType::IsInstantiableTypes() const {
   return IsUnresolvedTypes() || (IsNonZeroReferenceTypes() && GetClass()->IsInstantiable());
 }
 
@@ -706,7 +708,7 @@
   : ConstantType(constat, cache_id) {
 }
 
-static bool AssignableFrom(RegType& lhs, RegType& rhs, bool strict)
+static bool AssignableFrom(const RegType& lhs, const RegType& rhs, bool strict)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   if (lhs.Equals(rhs)) {
     return true;
@@ -754,11 +756,11 @@
   }
 }
 
-bool RegType::IsAssignableFrom(RegType& src) {
+bool RegType::IsAssignableFrom(const RegType& src) const {
   return AssignableFrom(*this, src, false);
 }
 
-bool RegType::IsStrictlyAssignableFrom(RegType& src) {
+bool RegType::IsStrictlyAssignableFrom(const RegType& src) const {
   return AssignableFrom(*this, src, true);
 }
 
@@ -776,11 +778,11 @@
   }
 }
 
-static RegType& SelectNonConstant(RegType& a, RegType& b) {
+static const RegType& SelectNonConstant(const RegType& a, const RegType& b) {
   return a.IsConstantTypes() ? b : a;
 }
 
-RegType& RegType::Merge(RegType& incoming_type, RegTypeCache* reg_types) {
+const RegType& RegType::Merge(const RegType& incoming_type, RegTypeCache* reg_types) const {
   DCHECK(!Equals(incoming_type));  // Trivial equality handled by caller
   if (IsConflict()) {
     return *this;  // Conflict MERGE * => Conflict
@@ -969,7 +971,7 @@
 
 void RegType::VisitRoots(RootCallback* callback, void* arg) {
   if (!klass_.IsNull()) {
-    klass_.VisitRoot(callback, arg, 0, kRootUnknown);
+    callback(reinterpret_cast<mirror::Object**>(&klass_), arg, 0, kRootUnknown);
   }
 }
 
@@ -1009,8 +1011,7 @@
 }
 
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const RegType& rhs) {
-  RegType& rhs_non_const = const_cast<RegType&>(rhs);
-  os << rhs_non_const.Dump();
+  os << rhs.Dump();
   return os;
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/reg_type.h b/runtime/verifier/reg_type.h
index 1682d4e..378b4c9 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/reg_type.h
+++ b/runtime/verifier/reg_type.h
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
     return IsLowHalf();
   }
   // Check this is the low half, and that type_h is its matching high-half.
-  inline bool CheckWidePair(RegType& type_h) const {
+  inline bool CheckWidePair(const RegType& type_h) const {
     if (IsLowHalf()) {
       return ((IsPreciseConstantLo() && type_h.IsPreciseConstantHi()) ||
               (IsPreciseConstantLo() && type_h.IsImpreciseConstantHi()) ||
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
     return false;
   }
   // The high half that corresponds to this low half
-  RegType& HighHalf(RegTypeCache* cache) const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  const RegType& HighHalf(RegTypeCache* cache) const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   bool IsConstantBoolean() const {
     return IsConstant() && (ConstantValue() >= 0) && (ConstantValue() <= 1);
@@ -200,18 +200,18 @@
   virtual bool HasClass() const {
     return false;
   }
-  bool IsJavaLangObject() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  bool IsArrayTypes() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  bool IsObjectArrayTypes() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  bool IsJavaLangObject() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  bool IsArrayTypes() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  bool IsObjectArrayTypes() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   Primitive::Type GetPrimitiveType() const;
-  bool IsJavaLangObjectArray() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  bool IsInstantiableTypes() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  bool IsJavaLangObjectArray() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  bool IsInstantiableTypes() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   const std::string& GetDescriptor() const {
     DCHECK(HasClass() || (IsUnresolvedTypes() && !IsUnresolvedMergedReference() &&
                           !IsUnresolvedSuperClass()));
     return descriptor_;
   }
-  mirror::Class* GetClass() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  mirror::Class* GetClass() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     DCHECK(!IsUnresolvedReference());
     DCHECK(!klass_.IsNull()) << Dump();
     DCHECK(HasClass());
@@ -220,34 +220,35 @@
   uint16_t GetId() const {
     return cache_id_;
   }
-  RegType& GetSuperClass(RegTypeCache* cache)
+  const RegType& GetSuperClass(RegTypeCache* cache) const
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  virtual std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) = 0;
+  virtual std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) = 0;
 
   // Can this type access other?
-  bool CanAccess(RegType& other) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  bool CanAccess(const RegType& other) const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Can this type access a member with the given properties?
-  bool CanAccessMember(mirror::Class* klass, uint32_t access_flags)
+  bool CanAccessMember(mirror::Class* klass, uint32_t access_flags) const
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Can this type be assigned by src?
   // Note: Object and interface types may always be assigned to one another, see comment on
   // ClassJoin.
-  bool IsAssignableFrom(RegType& src) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  bool IsAssignableFrom(const RegType& src) const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Can this type be assigned by src? Variant of IsAssignableFrom that doesn't allow assignment to
   // an interface from an Object.
-  bool IsStrictlyAssignableFrom(RegType& src) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  bool IsStrictlyAssignableFrom(const RegType& src) const
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Are these RegTypes the same?
-  bool Equals(RegType& other) const {
+  bool Equals(const RegType& other) const {
     return GetId() == other.GetId();
   }
 
   // Compute the merge of this register from one edge (path) with incoming_type from another.
-  virtual RegType& Merge(RegType& incoming_type, RegTypeCache* reg_types)
+  virtual const RegType& Merge(const RegType& incoming_type, RegTypeCache* reg_types) const
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   /*
@@ -276,7 +277,7 @@
  protected:
   RegType(mirror::Class* klass, const std::string& descriptor, uint16_t cache_id)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : descriptor_(descriptor), klass_(GcRoot<mirror::Class>(klass)), cache_id_(cache_id) {
+      : descriptor_(descriptor), klass_(klass), cache_id_(cache_id) {
     if (kIsDebugBuild) {
       CheckInvariants();
     }
@@ -286,7 +287,7 @@
 
 
   const std::string descriptor_;
-  GcRoot<mirror::Class> klass_;
+  mutable GcRoot<mirror::Class> klass_;  // Non-const only due to moving classes.
   const uint16_t cache_id_;
 
   friend class RegTypeCache;
@@ -302,7 +303,7 @@
     return true;
   }
 
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Get the singleton Conflict instance.
   static ConflictType* GetInstance();
@@ -332,7 +333,7 @@
     return true;
   }
 
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Get the singleton Undefined instance.
   static UndefinedType* GetInstance();
@@ -351,7 +352,7 @@
       : RegType(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
   }
 
-  virtual RegType& Merge(RegType& incoming_type, RegTypeCache* reg_types)
+  virtual const RegType& Merge(const RegType& incoming_type, RegTypeCache* reg_types) const
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   static UndefinedType* instance_;
@@ -374,7 +375,7 @@
   bool IsInteger() const {
     return true;
   }
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   static IntegerType* CreateInstance(mirror::Class* klass, const std::string& descriptor,
                                      uint16_t cache_id)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -393,7 +394,7 @@
   bool IsBoolean() const {
     return true;
   }
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   static BooleanType* CreateInstance(mirror::Class* klass, const std::string& descriptor,
                                      uint16_t cache_id)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -413,7 +414,7 @@
   bool IsByte() const {
     return true;
   }
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   static ByteType* CreateInstance(mirror::Class* klass, const std::string& descriptor,
                                   uint16_t cache_id)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -432,7 +433,7 @@
   bool IsShort() const {
     return true;
   }
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   static ShortType* CreateInstance(mirror::Class* klass, const std::string& descriptor,
                                    uint16_t cache_id)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -451,7 +452,7 @@
   bool IsChar() const {
     return true;
   }
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   static CharType* CreateInstance(mirror::Class* klass, const std::string& descriptor,
                                   uint16_t cache_id)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -470,7 +471,7 @@
   bool IsFloat() const {
     return true;
   }
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   static FloatType* CreateInstance(mirror::Class* klass, const std::string& descriptor,
                                    uint16_t cache_id)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -492,7 +493,7 @@
 
 class LongLoType : public Cat2Type {
  public:
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   bool IsLongLo() const {
     return true;
   }
@@ -514,7 +515,7 @@
 
 class LongHiType : public Cat2Type {
  public:
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   bool IsLongHi() const {
     return true;
   }
@@ -533,7 +534,7 @@
 
 class DoubleLoType : public Cat2Type {
  public:
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   bool IsDoubleLo() const {
     return true;
   }
@@ -555,7 +556,7 @@
 
 class DoubleHiType : public Cat2Type {
  public:
-  std::string Dump();
+  std::string Dump() const;
   virtual bool IsDoubleHi() const {
     return true;
   }
@@ -622,7 +623,7 @@
     return true;
   }
 
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
 
 class PreciseConstLoType : public ConstantType {
@@ -634,7 +635,7 @@
   bool IsPreciseConstantLo() const {
     return true;
   }
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
 
 class PreciseConstHiType : public ConstantType {
@@ -646,7 +647,7 @@
   bool IsPreciseConstantHi() const {
     return true;
   }
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
 
 class ImpreciseConstType : public ConstantType {
@@ -656,7 +657,7 @@
   bool IsImpreciseConstant() const {
     return true;
   }
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
 
 class ImpreciseConstLoType : public ConstantType {
@@ -667,7 +668,7 @@
   bool IsImpreciseConstantLo() const {
     return true;
   }
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
 
 class ImpreciseConstHiType : public ConstantType {
@@ -678,7 +679,7 @@
   bool IsImpreciseConstantHi() const {
     return true;
   }
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
 
 // Common parent of all uninitialized types. Uninitialized types are created by "new" dex
@@ -719,7 +720,7 @@
     return true;
   }
 
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
 
 // Similar to UnresolvedReferenceType but not yet having been passed to a constructor.
@@ -738,7 +739,7 @@
     return true;
   }
 
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
  private:
   void CheckInvariants() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
@@ -763,7 +764,7 @@
     return true;
   }
 
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
  private:
   void CheckInvariants() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -783,7 +784,7 @@
     return true;
   }
 
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
  private:
   void CheckInvariants() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
@@ -808,7 +809,7 @@
     return true;
   }
 
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
 
 // A type of register holding a reference to an Object of type GetClass and only an object of that
@@ -830,7 +831,7 @@
     return true;
   }
 
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
 
 // Common parent of unresolved types.
@@ -858,7 +859,7 @@
     return true;
   }
 
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
  private:
   void CheckInvariants() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
@@ -884,7 +885,7 @@
     return static_cast<uint16_t>(unresolved_child_id_ & 0xFFFF);
   }
 
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
  private:
   void CheckInvariants() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -919,7 +920,7 @@
     return true;
   }
 
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
  private:
   void CheckInvariants() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/reg_type_cache-inl.h b/runtime/verifier/reg_type_cache-inl.h
index fdf96a8..fc9e5c9 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/reg_type_cache-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/verifier/reg_type_cache-inl.h
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@
 namespace art {
 namespace verifier {
 
-inline RegType& RegTypeCache::GetFromId(uint16_t id) const {
+inline const art::verifier::RegType& RegTypeCache::GetFromId(uint16_t id) const {
   DCHECK_LT(id, entries_.size());
   RegType* result = entries_[id];
   DCHECK(result != NULL);
   return *result;
 }
 
-inline ConstantType& RegTypeCache::FromCat1Const(int32_t value, bool precise) {
+inline const ConstantType& RegTypeCache::FromCat1Const(int32_t value, bool precise) {
   // We only expect 0 to be a precise constant.
   DCHECK(value != 0 || precise);
   if (precise && (value >= kMinSmallConstant) && (value <= kMaxSmallConstant)) {
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/reg_type_cache.cc b/runtime/verifier/reg_type_cache.cc
index 482bb4d..92a005b 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/reg_type_cache.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/reg_type_cache.cc
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@
   DCHECK_EQ(entries_.size(), primitive_count_);
 }
 
-RegType& RegTypeCache::FromDescriptor(mirror::ClassLoader* loader, const char* descriptor,
-                                      bool precise) {
+const RegType& RegTypeCache::FromDescriptor(mirror::ClassLoader* loader, const char* descriptor,
+                                            bool precise) {
   DCHECK(RegTypeCache::primitive_initialized_);
   if (descriptor[1] == '\0') {
     switch (descriptor[0]) {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
   }
 };
 
-RegType& RegTypeCache::RegTypeFromPrimitiveType(Primitive::Type prim_type) const {
+const RegType& RegTypeCache::RegTypeFromPrimitiveType(Primitive::Type prim_type) const {
   CHECK(RegTypeCache::primitive_initialized_);
   switch (prim_type) {
     case Primitive::kPrimBoolean:
@@ -156,8 +156,8 @@
   return klass;
 }
 
-RegType& RegTypeCache::From(mirror::ClassLoader* loader, const char* descriptor,
-                            bool precise) {
+const RegType& RegTypeCache::From(mirror::ClassLoader* loader, const char* descriptor,
+                                  bool precise) {
   // Try looking up the class in the cache first. We use a StringPiece to avoid continual strlen
   // operations on the descriptor.
   StringPiece descriptor_sp(descriptor);
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-RegType& RegTypeCache::FromClass(const char* descriptor, mirror::Class* klass, bool precise) {
+const RegType& RegTypeCache::FromClass(const char* descriptor, mirror::Class* klass, bool precise) {
   DCHECK(klass != nullptr);
   if (klass->IsPrimitive()) {
     // Note: precise isn't used for primitive classes. A char is assignable to an int. All
@@ -313,15 +313,17 @@
   }
 }
 
-RegType& RegTypeCache::FromUnresolvedMerge(RegType& left, RegType& right) {
+const RegType& RegTypeCache::FromUnresolvedMerge(const RegType& left, const RegType& right) {
   std::set<uint16_t> types;
   if (left.IsUnresolvedMergedReference()) {
-    types = (down_cast<UnresolvedMergedType*>(&left))->GetMergedTypes();
+    RegType& non_const(const_cast<RegType&>(left));
+    types = (down_cast<UnresolvedMergedType*>(&non_const))->GetMergedTypes();
   } else {
     types.insert(left.GetId());
   }
   if (right.IsUnresolvedMergedReference()) {
-    std::set<uint16_t> right_types = (down_cast<UnresolvedMergedType*>(&right))->GetMergedTypes();
+    RegType& non_const(const_cast<RegType&>(right));
+    std::set<uint16_t> right_types = (down_cast<UnresolvedMergedType*>(&non_const))->GetMergedTypes();
     types.insert(right_types.begin(), right_types.end());
   } else {
     types.insert(right.GetId());
@@ -348,7 +350,7 @@
   return *entry;
 }
 
-RegType& RegTypeCache::FromUnresolvedSuperClass(RegType& child) {
+const RegType& RegTypeCache::FromUnresolvedSuperClass(const RegType& child) {
   // Check if entry already exists.
   for (size_t i = primitive_count_; i < entries_.size(); i++) {
     RegType* cur_entry = entries_[i];
@@ -367,7 +369,7 @@
   return *entry;
 }
 
-UninitializedType& RegTypeCache::Uninitialized(RegType& type, uint32_t allocation_pc) {
+const UninitializedType& RegTypeCache::Uninitialized(const RegType& type, uint32_t allocation_pc) {
   UninitializedType* entry = NULL;
   const std::string& descriptor(type.GetDescriptor());
   if (type.IsUnresolvedTypes()) {
@@ -397,7 +399,7 @@
   return *entry;
 }
 
-RegType& RegTypeCache::FromUninitialized(RegType& uninit_type) {
+const RegType& RegTypeCache::FromUninitialized(const RegType& uninit_type) {
   RegType* entry;
 
   if (uninit_type.IsUnresolvedTypes()) {
@@ -439,44 +441,44 @@
   return *entry;
 }
 
-ImpreciseConstType& RegTypeCache::ByteConstant() {
-  ConstantType& result = FromCat1Const(std::numeric_limits<jbyte>::min(), false);
+const ImpreciseConstType& RegTypeCache::ByteConstant() {
+  const ConstantType& result = FromCat1Const(std::numeric_limits<jbyte>::min(), false);
   DCHECK(result.IsImpreciseConstant());
-  return *down_cast<ImpreciseConstType*>(&result);
+  return *down_cast<const ImpreciseConstType*>(&result);
 }
 
-ImpreciseConstType& RegTypeCache::CharConstant() {
+const ImpreciseConstType& RegTypeCache::CharConstant() {
   int32_t jchar_max = static_cast<int32_t>(std::numeric_limits<jchar>::max());
-  ConstantType& result =  FromCat1Const(jchar_max, false);
+  const ConstantType& result =  FromCat1Const(jchar_max, false);
   DCHECK(result.IsImpreciseConstant());
-  return *down_cast<ImpreciseConstType*>(&result);
+  return *down_cast<const ImpreciseConstType*>(&result);
 }
 
-ImpreciseConstType& RegTypeCache::ShortConstant() {
-  ConstantType& result =  FromCat1Const(std::numeric_limits<jshort>::min(), false);
+const ImpreciseConstType& RegTypeCache::ShortConstant() {
+  const ConstantType& result =  FromCat1Const(std::numeric_limits<jshort>::min(), false);
   DCHECK(result.IsImpreciseConstant());
-  return *down_cast<ImpreciseConstType*>(&result);
+  return *down_cast<const ImpreciseConstType*>(&result);
 }
 
-ImpreciseConstType& RegTypeCache::IntConstant() {
-  ConstantType& result = FromCat1Const(std::numeric_limits<jint>::max(), false);
+const ImpreciseConstType& RegTypeCache::IntConstant() {
+  const ConstantType& result = FromCat1Const(std::numeric_limits<jint>::max(), false);
   DCHECK(result.IsImpreciseConstant());
-  return *down_cast<ImpreciseConstType*>(&result);
+  return *down_cast<const ImpreciseConstType*>(&result);
 }
 
-ImpreciseConstType& RegTypeCache::PosByteConstant() {
-  ConstantType& result = FromCat1Const(std::numeric_limits<jbyte>::max(), false);
+const ImpreciseConstType& RegTypeCache::PosByteConstant() {
+  const ConstantType& result = FromCat1Const(std::numeric_limits<jbyte>::max(), false);
   DCHECK(result.IsImpreciseConstant());
-  return *down_cast<ImpreciseConstType*>(&result);
+  return *down_cast<const ImpreciseConstType*>(&result);
 }
 
-ImpreciseConstType& RegTypeCache::PosShortConstant() {
-  ConstantType& result =  FromCat1Const(std::numeric_limits<jshort>::max(), false);
+const ImpreciseConstType& RegTypeCache::PosShortConstant() {
+  const ConstantType& result =  FromCat1Const(std::numeric_limits<jshort>::max(), false);
   DCHECK(result.IsImpreciseConstant());
-  return *down_cast<ImpreciseConstType*>(&result);
+  return *down_cast<const ImpreciseConstType*>(&result);
 }
 
-UninitializedType& RegTypeCache::UninitializedThisArgument(RegType& type) {
+const UninitializedType& RegTypeCache::UninitializedThisArgument(const RegType& type) {
   UninitializedType* entry;
   const std::string& descriptor(type.GetDescriptor());
   if (type.IsUnresolvedTypes()) {
@@ -502,7 +504,7 @@
   return *entry;
 }
 
-ConstantType& RegTypeCache::FromCat1NonSmallConstant(int32_t value, bool precise) {
+const ConstantType& RegTypeCache::FromCat1NonSmallConstant(int32_t value, bool precise) {
   for (size_t i = primitive_count_; i < entries_.size(); i++) {
     RegType* cur_entry = entries_[i];
     if (cur_entry->klass_.IsNull() && cur_entry->IsConstant() &&
@@ -521,7 +523,7 @@
   return *entry;
 }
 
-ConstantType& RegTypeCache::FromCat2ConstLo(int32_t value, bool precise) {
+const ConstantType& RegTypeCache::FromCat2ConstLo(int32_t value, bool precise) {
   for (size_t i = primitive_count_; i < entries_.size(); i++) {
     RegType* cur_entry = entries_[i];
     if (cur_entry->IsConstantLo() && (cur_entry->IsPrecise() == precise) &&
@@ -539,7 +541,7 @@
   return *entry;
 }
 
-ConstantType& RegTypeCache::FromCat2ConstHi(int32_t value, bool precise) {
+const ConstantType& RegTypeCache::FromCat2ConstHi(int32_t value, bool precise) {
   for (size_t i = primitive_count_; i < entries_.size(); i++) {
     RegType* cur_entry = entries_[i];
     if (cur_entry->IsConstantHi() && (cur_entry->IsPrecise() == precise) &&
@@ -557,7 +559,7 @@
   return *entry;
 }
 
-RegType& RegTypeCache::GetComponentType(RegType& array, mirror::ClassLoader* loader) {
+const RegType& RegTypeCache::GetComponentType(const RegType& array, mirror::ClassLoader* loader) {
   if (!array.IsArrayTypes()) {
     return Conflict();
   } else if (array.IsUnresolvedTypes()) {
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/reg_type_cache.h b/runtime/verifier/reg_type_cache.h
index c0427eb..8baf3ff 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/reg_type_cache.h
+++ b/runtime/verifier/reg_type_cache.h
@@ -51,99 +51,99 @@
     }
   }
   static void ShutDown();
-  RegType& GetFromId(uint16_t id) const;
-  RegType& From(mirror::ClassLoader* loader, const char* descriptor, bool precise)
+  const art::verifier::RegType& GetFromId(uint16_t id) const;
+  const RegType& From(mirror::ClassLoader* loader, const char* descriptor, bool precise)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  RegType& FromClass(const char* descriptor, mirror::Class* klass, bool precise)
+  const RegType& FromClass(const char* descriptor, mirror::Class* klass, bool precise)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  ConstantType& FromCat1Const(int32_t value, bool precise)
+  const ConstantType& FromCat1Const(int32_t value, bool precise)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  ConstantType& FromCat2ConstLo(int32_t value, bool precise)
+  const ConstantType& FromCat2ConstLo(int32_t value, bool precise)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  ConstantType& FromCat2ConstHi(int32_t value, bool precise)
+  const ConstantType& FromCat2ConstHi(int32_t value, bool precise)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  RegType& FromDescriptor(mirror::ClassLoader* loader, const char* descriptor, bool precise)
+  const RegType& FromDescriptor(mirror::ClassLoader* loader, const char* descriptor, bool precise)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  RegType& FromUnresolvedMerge(RegType& left, RegType& right)
+  const RegType& FromUnresolvedMerge(const RegType& left, const RegType& right)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  RegType& FromUnresolvedSuperClass(RegType& child)
+  const RegType& FromUnresolvedSuperClass(const RegType& child)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  RegType& JavaLangString() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  const RegType& JavaLangString() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     // String is final and therefore always precise.
     return From(NULL, "Ljava/lang/String;", true);
   }
-  RegType& JavaLangThrowable(bool precise)
+  const RegType& JavaLangThrowable(bool precise)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     return From(NULL, "Ljava/lang/Throwable;", precise);
   }
-  ConstantType& Zero() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  const ConstantType& Zero() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     return FromCat1Const(0, true);
   }
-  ConstantType& One() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  const ConstantType& One() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     return FromCat1Const(1, true);
   }
   size_t GetCacheSize() {
     return entries_.size();
   }
-  RegType& Boolean() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  const RegType& Boolean() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     return *BooleanType::GetInstance();
   }
-  RegType& Byte() {
+  const RegType& Byte() {
     return *ByteType::GetInstance();
   }
-  RegType& Char()  {
+  const RegType& Char()  {
     return *CharType::GetInstance();
   }
-  RegType& Short()  {
+  const RegType& Short()  {
     return *ShortType::GetInstance();
   }
-  RegType& Integer() {
+  const RegType& Integer() {
     return *IntegerType::GetInstance();
   }
-  RegType& Float() {
+  const RegType& Float() {
     return *FloatType::GetInstance();
   }
-  RegType& LongLo() {
+  const RegType& LongLo() {
     return *LongLoType::GetInstance();
   }
-  RegType& LongHi() {
+  const RegType& LongHi() {
     return *LongHiType::GetInstance();
   }
-  RegType& DoubleLo() {
+  const RegType& DoubleLo() {
     return *DoubleLoType::GetInstance();
   }
-  RegType& DoubleHi() {
+  const RegType& DoubleHi() {
     return *DoubleHiType::GetInstance();
   }
-  RegType& Undefined() {
+  const RegType& Undefined() {
     return *UndefinedType::GetInstance();
   }
-  RegType& Conflict() {
+  const RegType& Conflict() {
     return *ConflictType::GetInstance();
   }
-  RegType& JavaLangClass(bool precise) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  const RegType& JavaLangClass(bool precise) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     return From(NULL, "Ljava/lang/Class;", precise);
   }
-  RegType& JavaLangObject(bool precise) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  const RegType& JavaLangObject(bool precise) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     return From(NULL, "Ljava/lang/Object;", precise);
   }
-  UninitializedType& Uninitialized(RegType& type, uint32_t allocation_pc)
+  const UninitializedType& Uninitialized(const RegType& type, uint32_t allocation_pc)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   // Create an uninitialized 'this' argument for the given type.
-  UninitializedType& UninitializedThisArgument(RegType& type)
+  const UninitializedType& UninitializedThisArgument(const RegType& type)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  RegType& FromUninitialized(RegType& uninit_type)
+  const RegType& FromUninitialized(const RegType& uninit_type)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  ImpreciseConstType& ByteConstant() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  ImpreciseConstType& CharConstant() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  ImpreciseConstType& ShortConstant() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  ImpreciseConstType& IntConstant() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  ImpreciseConstType& PosByteConstant() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  ImpreciseConstType& PosShortConstant() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  RegType& GetComponentType(RegType& array, mirror::ClassLoader* loader)
+  const ImpreciseConstType& ByteConstant() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  const ImpreciseConstType& CharConstant() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  const ImpreciseConstType& ShortConstant() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  const ImpreciseConstType& IntConstant() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  const ImpreciseConstType& PosByteConstant() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  const ImpreciseConstType& PosShortConstant() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  const RegType& GetComponentType(const RegType& array, mirror::ClassLoader* loader)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   void Dump(std::ostream& os) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  RegType& RegTypeFromPrimitiveType(Primitive::Type) const;
+  const RegType& RegTypeFromPrimitiveType(Primitive::Type) const;
 
   void VisitRoots(RootCallback* callback, void* arg) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   bool MatchDescriptor(size_t idx, const StringPiece& descriptor, bool precise)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  ConstantType& FromCat1NonSmallConstant(int32_t value, bool precise)
+  const ConstantType& FromCat1NonSmallConstant(int32_t value, bool precise)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void AddEntry(RegType* new_entry);
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/reg_type_test.cc b/runtime/verifier/reg_type_test.cc
index e27558a..9dc0df1 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/reg_type_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/reg_type_test.cc
@@ -33,21 +33,21 @@
   // Tests creating primitive types types.
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   RegTypeCache cache(true);
-  RegType& ref_type_const_0 = cache.FromCat1Const(10, true);
-  RegType& ref_type_const_1 = cache.FromCat1Const(10, true);
-  RegType& ref_type_const_2 = cache.FromCat1Const(30, true);
-  RegType& ref_type_const_3 = cache.FromCat1Const(30, false);
+  const RegType& ref_type_const_0 = cache.FromCat1Const(10, true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_const_1 = cache.FromCat1Const(10, true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_const_2 = cache.FromCat1Const(30, true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_const_3 = cache.FromCat1Const(30, false);
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type_const_0.Equals(ref_type_const_1));
   EXPECT_FALSE(ref_type_const_0.Equals(ref_type_const_2));
   EXPECT_FALSE(ref_type_const_0.Equals(ref_type_const_3));
 
-  RegType& ref_type_const_wide_0 = cache.FromCat2ConstHi(50, true);
-  RegType& ref_type_const_wide_1 = cache.FromCat2ConstHi(50, true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_const_wide_0 = cache.FromCat2ConstHi(50, true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_const_wide_1 = cache.FromCat2ConstHi(50, true);
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type_const_wide_0.Equals(ref_type_const_wide_1));
 
-  RegType& ref_type_const_wide_2 = cache.FromCat2ConstLo(50, true);
-  RegType& ref_type_const_wide_3 = cache.FromCat2ConstLo(50, true);
-  RegType& ref_type_const_wide_4 = cache.FromCat2ConstLo(55, true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_const_wide_2 = cache.FromCat2ConstLo(50, true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_const_wide_3 = cache.FromCat2ConstLo(50, true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_const_wide_4 = cache.FromCat2ConstLo(55, true);
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type_const_wide_2.Equals(ref_type_const_wide_3));
   EXPECT_FALSE(ref_type_const_wide_2.Equals(ref_type_const_wide_4));
 }
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   RegTypeCache cache(true);
   int64_t val = static_cast<int32_t>(1234);
-  RegType& precise_lo = cache.FromCat2ConstLo(static_cast<int32_t>(val), true);
-  RegType& precise_hi = cache.FromCat2ConstHi(static_cast<int32_t>(val >> 32), true);
-  RegType& precise_const = cache.FromCat1Const(static_cast<int32_t>(val >> 32), true);
-  RegType& long_lo = cache.LongLo();
-  RegType& long_hi = cache.LongHi();
+  const RegType& precise_lo = cache.FromCat2ConstLo(static_cast<int32_t>(val), true);
+  const RegType& precise_hi = cache.FromCat2ConstHi(static_cast<int32_t>(val >> 32), true);
+  const RegType& precise_const = cache.FromCat1Const(static_cast<int32_t>(val >> 32), true);
+  const RegType& long_lo = cache.LongLo();
+  const RegType& long_hi = cache.LongHi();
   // Check sanity of types.
   EXPECT_TRUE(precise_lo.IsLowHalf());
   EXPECT_FALSE(precise_hi.IsLowHalf());
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   RegTypeCache cache(true);
 
-  RegType& bool_reg_type = cache.Boolean();
+  const RegType& bool_reg_type = cache.Boolean();
   EXPECT_FALSE(bool_reg_type.IsUndefined());
   EXPECT_FALSE(bool_reg_type.IsConflict());
   EXPECT_FALSE(bool_reg_type.IsZero());
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@
   EXPECT_TRUE(bool_reg_type.IsArrayIndexTypes());
   EXPECT_FALSE(bool_reg_type.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes());
 
-  RegType& byte_reg_type = cache.Byte();
+  const RegType& byte_reg_type = cache.Byte();
   EXPECT_FALSE(byte_reg_type.IsUndefined());
   EXPECT_FALSE(byte_reg_type.IsConflict());
   EXPECT_FALSE(byte_reg_type.IsZero());
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@
   EXPECT_TRUE(byte_reg_type.IsArrayIndexTypes());
   EXPECT_FALSE(byte_reg_type.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes());
 
-  RegType& char_reg_type = cache.Char();
+  const RegType& char_reg_type = cache.Char();
   EXPECT_FALSE(char_reg_type.IsUndefined());
   EXPECT_FALSE(char_reg_type.IsConflict());
   EXPECT_FALSE(char_reg_type.IsZero());
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
   EXPECT_TRUE(char_reg_type.IsArrayIndexTypes());
   EXPECT_FALSE(char_reg_type.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes());
 
-  RegType& short_reg_type = cache.Short();
+  const RegType& short_reg_type = cache.Short();
   EXPECT_FALSE(short_reg_type.IsUndefined());
   EXPECT_FALSE(short_reg_type.IsConflict());
   EXPECT_FALSE(short_reg_type.IsZero());
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@
   EXPECT_TRUE(short_reg_type.IsArrayIndexTypes());
   EXPECT_FALSE(short_reg_type.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes());
 
-  RegType& int_reg_type = cache.Integer();
+  const RegType& int_reg_type = cache.Integer();
   EXPECT_FALSE(int_reg_type.IsUndefined());
   EXPECT_FALSE(int_reg_type.IsConflict());
   EXPECT_FALSE(int_reg_type.IsZero());
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@
   EXPECT_TRUE(int_reg_type.IsArrayIndexTypes());
   EXPECT_FALSE(int_reg_type.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes());
 
-  RegType& long_reg_type = cache.LongLo();
+  const RegType& long_reg_type = cache.LongLo();
   EXPECT_FALSE(long_reg_type.IsUndefined());
   EXPECT_FALSE(long_reg_type.IsConflict());
   EXPECT_FALSE(long_reg_type.IsZero());
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@
   EXPECT_FALSE(long_reg_type.IsArrayIndexTypes());
   EXPECT_FALSE(long_reg_type.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes());
 
-  RegType& float_reg_type = cache.Float();
+  const RegType& float_reg_type = cache.Float();
   EXPECT_FALSE(float_reg_type.IsUndefined());
   EXPECT_FALSE(float_reg_type.IsConflict());
   EXPECT_FALSE(float_reg_type.IsZero());
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@
   EXPECT_FALSE(float_reg_type.IsArrayIndexTypes());
   EXPECT_FALSE(float_reg_type.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes());
 
-  RegType& double_reg_type = cache.DoubleLo();
+  const RegType& double_reg_type = cache.DoubleLo();
   EXPECT_FALSE(double_reg_type.IsUndefined());
   EXPECT_FALSE(double_reg_type.IsConflict());
   EXPECT_FALSE(double_reg_type.IsZero());
@@ -344,9 +344,9 @@
   // match the one that is imprecise.
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   RegTypeCache cache(true);
-  RegType& imprecise_obj = cache.JavaLangObject(false);
-  RegType& precise_obj = cache.JavaLangObject(true);
-  RegType& precise_obj_2 = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/Object;", true);
+  const RegType& imprecise_obj = cache.JavaLangObject(false);
+  const RegType& precise_obj = cache.JavaLangObject(true);
+  const RegType& precise_obj_2 = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/Object;", true);
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(precise_obj.Equals(precise_obj_2));
   EXPECT_FALSE(imprecise_obj.Equals(precise_obj));
@@ -359,14 +359,14 @@
   // a hit second time.
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   RegTypeCache cache(true);
-  RegType& ref_type_0 = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExist;", true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_0 = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExist;", true);
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type_0.IsUnresolvedReference());
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type_0.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes());
 
-  RegType& ref_type_1 = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExist;", true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_1 = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExist;", true);
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type_0.Equals(ref_type_1));
 
-  RegType& unresolved_super_class =  cache.FromUnresolvedSuperClass(ref_type_0);
+  const RegType& unresolved_super_class =  cache.FromUnresolvedSuperClass(ref_type_0);
   EXPECT_TRUE(unresolved_super_class.IsUnresolvedSuperClass());
   EXPECT_TRUE(unresolved_super_class.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes());
 }
@@ -375,21 +375,21 @@
   // Tests creating types uninitialized types from unresolved types.
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   RegTypeCache cache(true);
-  RegType& ref_type_0 = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExist;", true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_0 = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExist;", true);
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type_0.IsUnresolvedReference());
-  RegType& ref_type = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExist;", true);
+  const RegType& ref_type = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExist;", true);
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type_0.Equals(ref_type));
   // Create an uninitialized type of this unresolved type
-  RegType& unresolved_unintialised = cache.Uninitialized(ref_type, 1101ull);
+  const RegType& unresolved_unintialised = cache.Uninitialized(ref_type, 1101ull);
   EXPECT_TRUE(unresolved_unintialised.IsUnresolvedAndUninitializedReference());
   EXPECT_TRUE(unresolved_unintialised.IsUninitializedTypes());
   EXPECT_TRUE(unresolved_unintialised.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes());
   // Create an uninitialized type of this unresolved type with different  PC
-  RegType& ref_type_unresolved_unintialised_1 =  cache.Uninitialized(ref_type, 1102ull);
+  const RegType& ref_type_unresolved_unintialised_1 =  cache.Uninitialized(ref_type, 1102ull);
   EXPECT_TRUE(unresolved_unintialised.IsUnresolvedAndUninitializedReference());
   EXPECT_FALSE(unresolved_unintialised.Equals(ref_type_unresolved_unintialised_1));
   // Create an uninitialized type of this unresolved type with the same PC
-  RegType& unresolved_unintialised_2 = cache.Uninitialized(ref_type, 1101ull);
+  const RegType& unresolved_unintialised_2 = cache.Uninitialized(ref_type, 1101ull);
   EXPECT_TRUE(unresolved_unintialised.Equals(unresolved_unintialised_2));
 }
 
@@ -397,12 +397,12 @@
   // Tests types for proper Dump messages.
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   RegTypeCache cache(true);
-  RegType& unresolved_ref = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExist;", true);
-  RegType& unresolved_ref_another = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExistEither;", true);
-  RegType& resolved_ref = cache.JavaLangString();
-  RegType& resolved_unintialiesd = cache.Uninitialized(resolved_ref, 10);
-  RegType& unresolved_unintialized = cache.Uninitialized(unresolved_ref, 12);
-  RegType& unresolved_merged = cache.FromUnresolvedMerge(unresolved_ref, unresolved_ref_another);
+  const RegType& unresolved_ref = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExist;", true);
+  const RegType& unresolved_ref_another = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExistEither;", true);
+  const RegType& resolved_ref = cache.JavaLangString();
+  const RegType& resolved_unintialiesd = cache.Uninitialized(resolved_ref, 10);
+  const RegType& unresolved_unintialized = cache.Uninitialized(unresolved_ref, 12);
+  const RegType& unresolved_merged = cache.FromUnresolvedMerge(unresolved_ref, unresolved_ref_another);
 
   std::string expected = "Unresolved Reference: java.lang.DoesNotExist";
   EXPECT_EQ(expected, unresolved_ref.Dump());
@@ -422,16 +422,16 @@
   // The JavaLangObject method instead of FromDescriptor. String class is final.
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   RegTypeCache cache(true);
-  RegType& ref_type = cache.JavaLangString();
-  RegType& ref_type_2 = cache.JavaLangString();
-  RegType& ref_type_3 = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/String;", true);
+  const RegType& ref_type = cache.JavaLangString();
+  const RegType& ref_type_2 = cache.JavaLangString();
+  const RegType& ref_type_3 = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/String;", true);
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type.Equals(ref_type_2));
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type_2.Equals(ref_type_3));
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type.IsPreciseReference());
 
   // Create an uninitialized type out of this:
-  RegType& ref_type_unintialized = cache.Uninitialized(ref_type, 0110ull);
+  const RegType& ref_type_unintialized = cache.Uninitialized(ref_type, 0110ull);
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type_unintialized.IsUninitializedReference());
   EXPECT_FALSE(ref_type_unintialized.IsUnresolvedAndUninitializedReference());
 }
@@ -442,9 +442,9 @@
   // The JavaLangObject method instead of FromDescriptor. Object Class in not final.
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   RegTypeCache cache(true);
-  RegType& ref_type = cache.JavaLangObject(true);
-  RegType& ref_type_2 = cache.JavaLangObject(true);
-  RegType& ref_type_3 = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/Object;", true);
+  const RegType& ref_type = cache.JavaLangObject(true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_2 = cache.JavaLangObject(true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_3 = cache.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/Object;", true);
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type.Equals(ref_type_2));
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type_3.Equals(ref_type_2));
@@ -455,19 +455,20 @@
   // String and object , LUB is object.
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   RegTypeCache cache_new(true);
-  RegType& string = cache_new.JavaLangString();
-  RegType& Object = cache_new.JavaLangObject(true);
+  const RegType& string = cache_new.JavaLangString();
+  const RegType& Object = cache_new.JavaLangObject(true);
   EXPECT_TRUE(string.Merge(Object, &cache_new).IsJavaLangObject());
   // Merge two unresolved types.
-  RegType& ref_type_0 = cache_new.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExist;", true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_0 = cache_new.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExist;", true);
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref_type_0.IsUnresolvedReference());
-  RegType& ref_type_1 = cache_new.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExistToo;", true);
+  const RegType& ref_type_1 = cache_new.FromDescriptor(NULL, "Ljava/lang/DoesNotExistToo;", true);
   EXPECT_FALSE(ref_type_0.Equals(ref_type_1));
 
-  RegType& merged = ref_type_1.Merge(ref_type_0, &cache_new);
+  const RegType& merged = ref_type_1.Merge(ref_type_0, &cache_new);
   EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsUnresolvedMergedReference());
+  RegType& merged_nonconst = const_cast<RegType&>(merged);
 
-  std::set<uint16_t> merged_ids = (down_cast<UnresolvedMergedType*>(&merged))->GetMergedTypes();
+  std::set<uint16_t> merged_ids = (down_cast<UnresolvedMergedType*>(&merged_nonconst))->GetMergedTypes();
   EXPECT_EQ(ref_type_0.GetId(), *(merged_ids.begin()));
   EXPECT_EQ(ref_type_1.GetId(), *((++merged_ids.begin())));
 }
@@ -478,27 +479,27 @@
   RegTypeCache cache_new(true);
 
   constexpr int32_t kTestConstantValue = 10;
-  RegType& float_type = cache_new.Float();
-  RegType& precise_cst = cache_new.FromCat1Const(kTestConstantValue, true);
-  RegType& imprecise_cst = cache_new.FromCat1Const(kTestConstantValue, false);
+  const RegType& float_type = cache_new.Float();
+  const RegType& precise_cst = cache_new.FromCat1Const(kTestConstantValue, true);
+  const RegType& imprecise_cst = cache_new.FromCat1Const(kTestConstantValue, false);
   {
     // float MERGE precise cst => float.
-    RegType& merged = float_type.Merge(precise_cst, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = float_type.Merge(precise_cst, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsFloat());
   }
   {
     // precise cst MERGE float => float.
-    RegType& merged = precise_cst.Merge(float_type, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = precise_cst.Merge(float_type, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsFloat());
   }
   {
     // float MERGE imprecise cst => float.
-    RegType& merged = float_type.Merge(imprecise_cst, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = float_type.Merge(imprecise_cst, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsFloat());
   }
   {
     // imprecise cst MERGE float => float.
-    RegType& merged = imprecise_cst.Merge(float_type, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = imprecise_cst.Merge(float_type, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsFloat());
   }
 }
@@ -509,50 +510,50 @@
   RegTypeCache cache_new(true);
 
   constexpr int32_t kTestConstantValue = 10;
-  RegType& long_lo_type = cache_new.LongLo();
-  RegType& long_hi_type = cache_new.LongHi();
-  RegType& precise_cst_lo = cache_new.FromCat2ConstLo(kTestConstantValue, true);
-  RegType& imprecise_cst_lo = cache_new.FromCat2ConstLo(kTestConstantValue, false);
-  RegType& precise_cst_hi = cache_new.FromCat2ConstHi(kTestConstantValue, true);
-  RegType& imprecise_cst_hi = cache_new.FromCat2ConstHi(kTestConstantValue, false);
+  const RegType& long_lo_type = cache_new.LongLo();
+  const RegType& long_hi_type = cache_new.LongHi();
+  const RegType& precise_cst_lo = cache_new.FromCat2ConstLo(kTestConstantValue, true);
+  const RegType& imprecise_cst_lo = cache_new.FromCat2ConstLo(kTestConstantValue, false);
+  const RegType& precise_cst_hi = cache_new.FromCat2ConstHi(kTestConstantValue, true);
+  const RegType& imprecise_cst_hi = cache_new.FromCat2ConstHi(kTestConstantValue, false);
   {
     // lo MERGE precise cst lo => lo.
-    RegType& merged = long_lo_type.Merge(precise_cst_lo, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = long_lo_type.Merge(precise_cst_lo, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsLongLo());
   }
   {
     // precise cst lo MERGE lo => lo.
-    RegType& merged = precise_cst_lo.Merge(long_lo_type, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = precise_cst_lo.Merge(long_lo_type, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsLongLo());
   }
   {
     // lo MERGE imprecise cst lo => lo.
-    RegType& merged = long_lo_type.Merge(imprecise_cst_lo, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = long_lo_type.Merge(imprecise_cst_lo, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsLongLo());
   }
   {
     // imprecise cst lo MERGE lo => lo.
-    RegType& merged = imprecise_cst_lo.Merge(long_lo_type, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = imprecise_cst_lo.Merge(long_lo_type, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsLongLo());
   }
   {
     // hi MERGE precise cst hi => hi.
-    RegType& merged = long_hi_type.Merge(precise_cst_hi, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = long_hi_type.Merge(precise_cst_hi, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsLongHi());
   }
   {
     // precise cst hi MERGE hi => hi.
-    RegType& merged = precise_cst_hi.Merge(long_hi_type, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = precise_cst_hi.Merge(long_hi_type, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsLongHi());
   }
   {
     // hi MERGE imprecise cst hi => hi.
-    RegType& merged = long_hi_type.Merge(imprecise_cst_hi, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = long_hi_type.Merge(imprecise_cst_hi, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsLongHi());
   }
   {
     // imprecise cst hi MERGE hi => hi.
-    RegType& merged = imprecise_cst_hi.Merge(long_hi_type, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = imprecise_cst_hi.Merge(long_hi_type, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsLongHi());
   }
 }
@@ -563,50 +564,50 @@
   RegTypeCache cache_new(true);
 
   constexpr int32_t kTestConstantValue = 10;
-  RegType& double_lo_type = cache_new.DoubleLo();
-  RegType& double_hi_type = cache_new.DoubleHi();
-  RegType& precise_cst_lo = cache_new.FromCat2ConstLo(kTestConstantValue, true);
-  RegType& imprecise_cst_lo = cache_new.FromCat2ConstLo(kTestConstantValue, false);
-  RegType& precise_cst_hi = cache_new.FromCat2ConstHi(kTestConstantValue, true);
-  RegType& imprecise_cst_hi = cache_new.FromCat2ConstHi(kTestConstantValue, false);
+  const RegType& double_lo_type = cache_new.DoubleLo();
+  const RegType& double_hi_type = cache_new.DoubleHi();
+  const RegType& precise_cst_lo = cache_new.FromCat2ConstLo(kTestConstantValue, true);
+  const RegType& imprecise_cst_lo = cache_new.FromCat2ConstLo(kTestConstantValue, false);
+  const RegType& precise_cst_hi = cache_new.FromCat2ConstHi(kTestConstantValue, true);
+  const RegType& imprecise_cst_hi = cache_new.FromCat2ConstHi(kTestConstantValue, false);
   {
     // lo MERGE precise cst lo => lo.
-    RegType& merged = double_lo_type.Merge(precise_cst_lo, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = double_lo_type.Merge(precise_cst_lo, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsDoubleLo());
   }
   {
     // precise cst lo MERGE lo => lo.
-    RegType& merged = precise_cst_lo.Merge(double_lo_type, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = precise_cst_lo.Merge(double_lo_type, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsDoubleLo());
   }
   {
     // lo MERGE imprecise cst lo => lo.
-    RegType& merged = double_lo_type.Merge(imprecise_cst_lo, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = double_lo_type.Merge(imprecise_cst_lo, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsDoubleLo());
   }
   {
     // imprecise cst lo MERGE lo => lo.
-    RegType& merged = imprecise_cst_lo.Merge(double_lo_type, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = imprecise_cst_lo.Merge(double_lo_type, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsDoubleLo());
   }
   {
     // hi MERGE precise cst hi => hi.
-    RegType& merged = double_hi_type.Merge(precise_cst_hi, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = double_hi_type.Merge(precise_cst_hi, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsDoubleHi());
   }
   {
     // precise cst hi MERGE hi => hi.
-    RegType& merged = precise_cst_hi.Merge(double_hi_type, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = precise_cst_hi.Merge(double_hi_type, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsDoubleHi());
   }
   {
     // hi MERGE imprecise cst hi => hi.
-    RegType& merged = double_hi_type.Merge(imprecise_cst_hi, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = double_hi_type.Merge(imprecise_cst_hi, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsDoubleHi());
   }
   {
     // imprecise cst hi MERGE hi => hi.
-    RegType& merged = imprecise_cst_hi.Merge(double_hi_type, &cache_new);
+    const RegType& merged = imprecise_cst_hi.Merge(double_hi_type, &cache_new);
     EXPECT_TRUE(merged.IsDoubleHi());
   }
 }
@@ -615,8 +616,8 @@
   // Tests creating primitive types types.
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   RegTypeCache cache_new(true);
-  RegType& imprecise_const = cache_new.FromCat1Const(10, false);
-  RegType& precise_const = cache_new.FromCat1Const(10, true);
+  const RegType& imprecise_const = cache_new.FromCat1Const(10, false);
+  const RegType& precise_const = cache_new.FromCat1Const(10, true);
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(imprecise_const.IsImpreciseConstant());
   EXPECT_TRUE(precise_const.IsPreciseConstant());
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/register_line-inl.h b/runtime/verifier/register_line-inl.h
index 378c6d3..0989cd0 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/register_line-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/verifier/register_line-inl.h
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 namespace art {
 namespace verifier {
 
-inline RegType& RegisterLine::GetRegisterType(uint32_t vsrc) const {
+inline const RegType& RegisterLine::GetRegisterType(uint32_t vsrc) const {
   // The register index was validated during the static pass, so we don't need to check it here.
   DCHECK_LT(vsrc, num_regs_);
   return verifier_->GetRegTypeCache()->GetFromId(line_[vsrc]);
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/register_line.cc b/runtime/verifier/register_line.cc
index 4d67cfb..556056c 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/register_line.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/register_line.cc
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool RegisterLine::SetRegisterType(uint32_t vdst, RegType& new_type) {
+bool RegisterLine::SetRegisterType(uint32_t vdst, const RegType& new_type) {
   DCHECK_LT(vdst, num_regs_);
   if (new_type.IsLowHalf() || new_type.IsHighHalf()) {
     verifier_->Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "Expected category1 register type not '"
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool RegisterLine::SetRegisterTypeWide(uint32_t vdst, RegType& new_type1,
-                                       RegType& new_type2) {
+bool RegisterLine::SetRegisterTypeWide(uint32_t vdst, const RegType& new_type1,
+                                       const RegType& new_type2) {
   DCHECK_LT(vdst + 1, num_regs_);
   if (!new_type1.CheckWidePair(new_type2)) {
     verifier_->Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_SOFT) << "Invalid wide pair '"
@@ -75,21 +75,21 @@
   result_[1] = result_[0];
 }
 
-void RegisterLine::SetResultRegisterType(RegType& new_type) {
+void RegisterLine::SetResultRegisterType(const RegType& new_type) {
   DCHECK(!new_type.IsLowHalf());
   DCHECK(!new_type.IsHighHalf());
   result_[0] = new_type.GetId();
   result_[1] = verifier_->GetRegTypeCache()->Undefined().GetId();
 }
 
-void RegisterLine::SetResultRegisterTypeWide(RegType& new_type1,
-                                             RegType& new_type2) {
+void RegisterLine::SetResultRegisterTypeWide(const RegType& new_type1,
+                                             const RegType& new_type2) {
   DCHECK(new_type1.CheckWidePair(new_type2));
   result_[0] = new_type1.GetId();
   result_[1] = new_type2.GetId();
 }
 
-RegType& RegisterLine::GetInvocationThis(const Instruction* inst, bool is_range) {
+const RegType& RegisterLine::GetInvocationThis(const Instruction* inst, bool is_range) {
   const size_t args_count = is_range ? inst->VRegA_3rc() : inst->VRegA_35c();
   if (args_count < 1) {
     verifier_->Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "invoke lacks 'this'";
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
   }
   /* Get the element type of the array held in vsrc */
   const uint32_t this_reg = (is_range) ? inst->VRegC_3rc() : inst->VRegC_35c();
-  RegType& this_type = GetRegisterType(this_reg);
+  const RegType& this_type = GetRegisterType(this_reg);
   if (!this_type.IsReferenceTypes()) {
     verifier_->Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "tried to get class from non-reference register v"
                                                  << this_reg << " (type=" << this_type << ")";
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@
 }
 
 bool RegisterLine::VerifyRegisterType(uint32_t vsrc,
-                                      RegType& check_type) {
+                                      const RegType& check_type) {
   // Verify the src register type against the check type refining the type of the register
-  RegType& src_type = GetRegisterType(vsrc);
+  const RegType& src_type = GetRegisterType(vsrc);
   if (!(check_type.IsAssignableFrom(src_type))) {
     enum VerifyError fail_type;
     if (!check_type.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes() || !src_type.IsNonZeroReferenceTypes()) {
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@
     return false;
   }
   if (check_type.IsLowHalf()) {
-    RegType& src_type_h = GetRegisterType(vsrc + 1);
+    const RegType& src_type_h = GetRegisterType(vsrc + 1);
     if (!src_type.CheckWidePair(src_type_h)) {
       verifier_->Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "wide register v" << vsrc << " has type "
                                                    << src_type << "/" << src_type_h;
@@ -139,17 +139,17 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool RegisterLine::VerifyRegisterTypeWide(uint32_t vsrc, RegType& check_type1,
-                                          RegType& check_type2) {
+bool RegisterLine::VerifyRegisterTypeWide(uint32_t vsrc, const RegType& check_type1,
+                                          const RegType& check_type2) {
   DCHECK(check_type1.CheckWidePair(check_type2));
   // Verify the src register type against the check type refining the type of the register
-  RegType& src_type = GetRegisterType(vsrc);
+  const RegType& src_type = GetRegisterType(vsrc);
   if (!check_type1.IsAssignableFrom(src_type)) {
     verifier_->Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "register v" << vsrc << " has type " << src_type
                                << " but expected " << check_type1;
     return false;
   }
-  RegType& src_type_h = GetRegisterType(vsrc + 1);
+  const RegType& src_type_h = GetRegisterType(vsrc + 1);
   if (!src_type.CheckWidePair(src_type_h)) {
     verifier_->Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "wide register v" << vsrc << " has type "
         << src_type << "/" << src_type_h;
@@ -162,9 +162,9 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-void RegisterLine::MarkRefsAsInitialized(RegType& uninit_type) {
+void RegisterLine::MarkRefsAsInitialized(const RegType& uninit_type) {
   DCHECK(uninit_type.IsUninitializedTypes());
-  RegType& init_type = verifier_->GetRegTypeCache()->FromUninitialized(uninit_type);
+  const RegType& init_type = verifier_->GetRegTypeCache()->FromUninitialized(uninit_type);
   size_t changed = 0;
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_regs_; i++) {
     if (GetRegisterType(i).Equals(uninit_type)) {
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-std::string RegisterLine::Dump() {
+std::string RegisterLine::Dump() const {
   std::string result;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_regs_; i++) {
     result += StringPrintf("%zd:[", i);
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@
   return result;
 }
 
-void RegisterLine::MarkUninitRefsAsInvalid(RegType& uninit_type) {
+void RegisterLine::MarkUninitRefsAsInvalid(const RegType& uninit_type) {
   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_regs_; i++) {
     if (GetRegisterType(i).Equals(uninit_type)) {
       line_[i] = verifier_->GetRegTypeCache()->Conflict().GetId();
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@
 
 void RegisterLine::CopyRegister1(uint32_t vdst, uint32_t vsrc, TypeCategory cat) {
   DCHECK(cat == kTypeCategory1nr || cat == kTypeCategoryRef);
-  RegType& type = GetRegisterType(vsrc);
+  const RegType& type = GetRegisterType(vsrc);
   if (!SetRegisterType(vdst, type)) {
     return;
   }
@@ -238,8 +238,8 @@
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::CopyRegister2(uint32_t vdst, uint32_t vsrc) {
-  RegType& type_l = GetRegisterType(vsrc);
-  RegType& type_h = GetRegisterType(vsrc + 1);
+  const RegType& type_l = GetRegisterType(vsrc);
+  const RegType& type_h = GetRegisterType(vsrc + 1);
 
   if (!type_l.CheckWidePair(type_h)) {
     verifier_->Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "copy2 v" << vdst << "<-v" << vsrc
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::CopyResultRegister1(uint32_t vdst, bool is_reference) {
-  RegType& type = verifier_->GetRegTypeCache()->GetFromId(result_[0]);
+  const RegType& type = verifier_->GetRegTypeCache()->GetFromId(result_[0]);
   if ((!is_reference && !type.IsCategory1Types()) ||
       (is_reference && !type.IsReferenceTypes())) {
     verifier_->Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD)
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@
  * register to another register, and reset the result register.
  */
 void RegisterLine::CopyResultRegister2(uint32_t vdst) {
-  RegType& type_l = verifier_->GetRegTypeCache()->GetFromId(result_[0]);
-  RegType& type_h = verifier_->GetRegTypeCache()->GetFromId(result_[1]);
+  const RegType& type_l = verifier_->GetRegTypeCache()->GetFromId(result_[0]);
+  const RegType& type_h = verifier_->GetRegTypeCache()->GetFromId(result_[1]);
   if (!type_l.IsCategory2Types()) {
     verifier_->Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD)
         << "copyRes2 v" << vdst << "<- result0"  << " type=" << type_l;
@@ -281,40 +281,40 @@
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::CheckUnaryOp(const Instruction* inst,
-                                RegType& dst_type,
-                                RegType& src_type) {
+                                const RegType& dst_type,
+                                const RegType& src_type) {
   if (VerifyRegisterType(inst->VRegB_12x(), src_type)) {
     SetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_12x(), dst_type);
   }
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::CheckUnaryOpWide(const Instruction* inst,
-                                    RegType& dst_type1, RegType& dst_type2,
-                                    RegType& src_type1, RegType& src_type2) {
+                                    const RegType& dst_type1, const RegType& dst_type2,
+                                    const RegType& src_type1, const RegType& src_type2) {
   if (VerifyRegisterTypeWide(inst->VRegB_12x(), src_type1, src_type2)) {
     SetRegisterTypeWide(inst->VRegA_12x(), dst_type1, dst_type2);
   }
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::CheckUnaryOpToWide(const Instruction* inst,
-                                      RegType& dst_type1, RegType& dst_type2,
-                                      RegType& src_type) {
+                                      const RegType& dst_type1, const RegType& dst_type2,
+                                      const RegType& src_type) {
   if (VerifyRegisterType(inst->VRegB_12x(), src_type)) {
     SetRegisterTypeWide(inst->VRegA_12x(), dst_type1, dst_type2);
   }
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::CheckUnaryOpFromWide(const Instruction* inst,
-                                        RegType& dst_type,
-                                        RegType& src_type1, RegType& src_type2) {
+                                        const RegType& dst_type,
+                                        const RegType& src_type1, const RegType& src_type2) {
   if (VerifyRegisterTypeWide(inst->VRegB_12x(), src_type1, src_type2)) {
     SetRegisterType(inst->VRegA_12x(), dst_type);
   }
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::CheckBinaryOp(const Instruction* inst,
-                                 RegType& dst_type,
-                                 RegType& src_type1, RegType& src_type2,
+                                 const RegType& dst_type,
+                                 const RegType& src_type1, const RegType& src_type2,
                                  bool check_boolean_op) {
   const uint32_t vregB = inst->VRegB_23x();
   const uint32_t vregC = inst->VRegC_23x();
@@ -333,9 +333,9 @@
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::CheckBinaryOpWide(const Instruction* inst,
-                                     RegType& dst_type1, RegType& dst_type2,
-                                     RegType& src_type1_1, RegType& src_type1_2,
-                                     RegType& src_type2_1, RegType& src_type2_2) {
+                                     const RegType& dst_type1, const RegType& dst_type2,
+                                     const RegType& src_type1_1, const RegType& src_type1_2,
+                                     const RegType& src_type2_1, const RegType& src_type2_2) {
   if (VerifyRegisterTypeWide(inst->VRegB_23x(), src_type1_1, src_type1_2) &&
       VerifyRegisterTypeWide(inst->VRegC_23x(), src_type2_1, src_type2_2)) {
     SetRegisterTypeWide(inst->VRegA_23x(), dst_type1, dst_type2);
@@ -343,8 +343,8 @@
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::CheckBinaryOpWideShift(const Instruction* inst,
-                                          RegType& long_lo_type, RegType& long_hi_type,
-                                          RegType& int_type) {
+                                          const RegType& long_lo_type, const RegType& long_hi_type,
+                                          const RegType& int_type) {
   if (VerifyRegisterTypeWide(inst->VRegB_23x(), long_lo_type, long_hi_type) &&
       VerifyRegisterType(inst->VRegC_23x(), int_type)) {
     SetRegisterTypeWide(inst->VRegA_23x(), long_lo_type, long_hi_type);
@@ -352,8 +352,8 @@
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::CheckBinaryOp2addr(const Instruction* inst,
-                                      RegType& dst_type, RegType& src_type1,
-                                      RegType& src_type2, bool check_boolean_op) {
+                                      const RegType& dst_type, const RegType& src_type1,
+                                      const RegType& src_type2, bool check_boolean_op) {
   const uint32_t vregA = inst->VRegA_12x();
   const uint32_t vregB = inst->VRegB_12x();
   if (VerifyRegisterType(vregA, src_type1) &&
@@ -371,9 +371,9 @@
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::CheckBinaryOp2addrWide(const Instruction* inst,
-                                          RegType& dst_type1, RegType& dst_type2,
-                                          RegType& src_type1_1, RegType& src_type1_2,
-                                          RegType& src_type2_1, RegType& src_type2_2) {
+                                          const RegType& dst_type1, const RegType& dst_type2,
+                                          const RegType& src_type1_1, const RegType& src_type1_2,
+                                          const RegType& src_type2_1, const RegType& src_type2_2) {
   const uint32_t vregA = inst->VRegA_12x();
   const uint32_t vregB = inst->VRegB_12x();
   if (VerifyRegisterTypeWide(vregA, src_type1_1, src_type1_2) &&
@@ -383,8 +383,8 @@
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::CheckBinaryOp2addrWideShift(const Instruction* inst,
-                                               RegType& long_lo_type, RegType& long_hi_type,
-                                               RegType& int_type) {
+                                               const RegType& long_lo_type, const RegType& long_hi_type,
+                                               const RegType& int_type) {
   const uint32_t vregA = inst->VRegA_12x();
   const uint32_t vregB = inst->VRegB_12x();
   if (VerifyRegisterTypeWide(vregA, long_lo_type, long_hi_type) &&
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::CheckLiteralOp(const Instruction* inst,
-                                  RegType& dst_type, RegType& src_type,
+                                  const RegType& dst_type, const RegType& src_type,
                                   bool check_boolean_op, bool is_lit16) {
   const uint32_t vregA = is_lit16 ? inst->VRegA_22s() : inst->VRegA_22b();
   const uint32_t vregB = is_lit16 ? inst->VRegB_22s() : inst->VRegB_22b();
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::PushMonitor(uint32_t reg_idx, int32_t insn_idx) {
-  RegType& reg_type = GetRegisterType(reg_idx);
+  const RegType& reg_type = GetRegisterType(reg_idx);
   if (!reg_type.IsReferenceTypes()) {
     verifier_->Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "monitor-enter on non-object (" << reg_type << ")";
   } else if (monitors_.size() >= 32) {
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@
 }
 
 void RegisterLine::PopMonitor(uint32_t reg_idx) {
-  RegType& reg_type = GetRegisterType(reg_idx);
+  const RegType& reg_type = GetRegisterType(reg_idx);
   if (!reg_type.IsReferenceTypes()) {
     verifier_->Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "monitor-exit on non-object (" << reg_type << ")";
   } else if (monitors_.empty()) {
@@ -460,9 +460,9 @@
   DCHECK(incoming_line != nullptr);
   for (size_t idx = 0; idx < num_regs_; idx++) {
     if (line_[idx] != incoming_line->line_[idx]) {
-      RegType& incoming_reg_type = incoming_line->GetRegisterType(idx);
-      RegType& cur_type = GetRegisterType(idx);
-      RegType& new_type = cur_type.Merge(incoming_reg_type, verifier_->GetRegTypeCache());
+      const RegType& incoming_reg_type = incoming_line->GetRegisterType(idx);
+      const RegType& cur_type = GetRegisterType(idx);
+      const RegType& new_type = cur_type.Merge(incoming_reg_type, verifier_->GetRegTypeCache());
       changed = changed || !cur_type.Equals(new_type);
       line_[idx] = new_type.GetId();
     }
@@ -508,8 +508,7 @@
 
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const RegisterLine& rhs)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  RegisterLine& rhs_non_const = const_cast<RegisterLine&>(rhs);
-  os << rhs_non_const.Dump();
+  os << rhs.Dump();
   return os;
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/register_line.h b/runtime/verifier/register_line.h
index 06b7cca..a9d0dbb 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/register_line.h
+++ b/runtime/verifier/register_line.h
@@ -81,26 +81,26 @@
   // Set the type of register N, verifying that the register is valid.  If "newType" is the "Lo"
   // part of a 64-bit value, register N+1 will be set to "newType+1".
   // The register index was validated during the static pass, so we don't need to check it here.
-  bool SetRegisterType(uint32_t vdst, RegType& new_type)
+  bool SetRegisterType(uint32_t vdst, const RegType& new_type)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  bool SetRegisterTypeWide(uint32_t vdst, RegType& new_type1, RegType& new_type2)
+  bool SetRegisterTypeWide(uint32_t vdst, const RegType& new_type1, const RegType& new_type2)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   /* Set the type of the "result" register. */
-  void SetResultRegisterType(RegType& new_type)
+  void SetResultRegisterType(const RegType& new_type)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  void SetResultRegisterTypeWide(RegType& new_type1, RegType& new_type2)
+  void SetResultRegisterTypeWide(const RegType& new_type1, const RegType& new_type2)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Get the type of register vsrc.
-  RegType& GetRegisterType(uint32_t vsrc) const;
+  const RegType& GetRegisterType(uint32_t vsrc) const;
 
-  bool VerifyRegisterType(uint32_t vsrc, RegType& check_type)
+  bool VerifyRegisterType(uint32_t vsrc, const RegType& check_type)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  bool VerifyRegisterTypeWide(uint32_t vsrc, RegType& check_type1, RegType& check_type2)
+  bool VerifyRegisterTypeWide(uint32_t vsrc, const RegType& check_type1, const RegType& check_type2)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void CopyFromLine(const RegisterLine* src) {
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
     reg_to_lock_depths_ = src->reg_to_lock_depths_;
   }
 
-  std::string Dump() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  std::string Dump() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void FillWithGarbage() {
     memset(&line_, 0xf1, num_regs_ * sizeof(uint16_t));
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
    * to prevent them from being used (otherwise, MarkRefsAsInitialized would mark the old ones and
    * the new ones at the same time).
    */
-  void MarkUninitRefsAsInvalid(RegType& uninit_type)
+  void MarkUninitRefsAsInvalid(const RegType& uninit_type)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   /*
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
    * reference type. This is called when an appropriate constructor is invoked -- all copies of
    * the reference must be marked as initialized.
    */
-  void MarkRefsAsInitialized(RegType& uninit_type)
+  void MarkRefsAsInitialized(const RegType& uninit_type)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   /*
@@ -173,30 +173,30 @@
    * The argument count is in vA, and the first argument is in vC, for both "simple" and "range"
    * versions. We just need to make sure vA is >= 1 and then return vC.
    */
-  RegType& GetInvocationThis(const Instruction* inst, bool is_range)
+  const RegType& GetInvocationThis(const Instruction* inst, bool is_range)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   /*
    * Verify types for a simple two-register instruction (e.g. "neg-int").
    * "dst_type" is stored into vA, and "src_type" is verified against vB.
    */
-  void CheckUnaryOp(const Instruction* inst, RegType& dst_type,
-                    RegType& src_type)
+  void CheckUnaryOp(const Instruction* inst, const RegType& dst_type,
+                    const RegType& src_type)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void CheckUnaryOpWide(const Instruction* inst,
-                        RegType& dst_type1, RegType& dst_type2,
-                        RegType& src_type1, RegType& src_type2)
+                        const RegType& dst_type1, const RegType& dst_type2,
+                        const RegType& src_type1, const RegType& src_type2)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void CheckUnaryOpToWide(const Instruction* inst,
-                          RegType& dst_type1, RegType& dst_type2,
-                          RegType& src_type)
+                          const RegType& dst_type1, const RegType& dst_type2,
+                          const RegType& src_type)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void CheckUnaryOpFromWide(const Instruction* inst,
-                            RegType& dst_type,
-                            RegType& src_type1, RegType& src_type2)
+                            const RegType& dst_type,
+                            const RegType& src_type1, const RegType& src_type2)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   /*
@@ -205,19 +205,19 @@
    * against vB/vC.
    */
   void CheckBinaryOp(const Instruction* inst,
-                     RegType& dst_type, RegType& src_type1, RegType& src_type2,
+                     const RegType& dst_type, const RegType& src_type1, const RegType& src_type2,
                      bool check_boolean_op)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void CheckBinaryOpWide(const Instruction* inst,
-                         RegType& dst_type1, RegType& dst_type2,
-                         RegType& src_type1_1, RegType& src_type1_2,
-                         RegType& src_type2_1, RegType& src_type2_2)
+                         const RegType& dst_type1, const RegType& dst_type2,
+                         const RegType& src_type1_1, const RegType& src_type1_2,
+                         const RegType& src_type2_1, const RegType& src_type2_2)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void CheckBinaryOpWideShift(const Instruction* inst,
-                              RegType& long_lo_type, RegType& long_hi_type,
-                              RegType& int_type)
+                              const RegType& long_lo_type, const RegType& long_hi_type,
+                              const RegType& int_type)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   /*
@@ -225,20 +225,20 @@
    * are verified against vA/vB, then "dst_type" is stored into vA.
    */
   void CheckBinaryOp2addr(const Instruction* inst,
-                          RegType& dst_type,
-                          RegType& src_type1, RegType& src_type2,
+                          const RegType& dst_type,
+                          const RegType& src_type1, const RegType& src_type2,
                           bool check_boolean_op)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void CheckBinaryOp2addrWide(const Instruction* inst,
-                              RegType& dst_type1, RegType& dst_type2,
-                              RegType& src_type1_1, RegType& src_type1_2,
-                              RegType& src_type2_1, RegType& src_type2_2)
+                              const RegType& dst_type1, const RegType& dst_type2,
+                              const RegType& src_type1_1, const RegType& src_type1_2,
+                              const RegType& src_type2_1, const RegType& src_type2_2)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void CheckBinaryOp2addrWideShift(const Instruction* inst,
-                                   RegType& long_lo_type, RegType& long_hi_type,
-                                   RegType& int_type)
+                                   const RegType& long_lo_type, const RegType& long_hi_type,
+                                   const RegType& int_type)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   /*
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@
    * If "check_boolean_op" is set, we use the constant value in vC.
    */
   void CheckLiteralOp(const Instruction* inst,
-                      RegType& dst_type, RegType& src_type,
+                      const RegType& dst_type, const RegType& src_type,
                       bool check_boolean_op, bool is_lit16)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
diff --git a/runtime/well_known_classes.cc b/runtime/well_known_classes.cc
index 3a6a72b..7068a4d 100644
--- a/runtime/well_known_classes.cc
+++ b/runtime/well_known_classes.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@
 namespace art {
 
 jclass WellKnownClasses::com_android_dex_Dex;
+jclass WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexFile;
+jclass WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexPathList;
+jclass WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexPathList$Element;
 jclass WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader;
+jclass WellKnownClasses::java_lang_BootClassLoader;
 jclass WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ClassLoader;
 jclass WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ClassNotFoundException;
 jclass WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Daemons;
@@ -79,6 +83,10 @@
 jmethodID WellKnownClasses::org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmServer_broadcast;
 jmethodID WellKnownClasses::org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmServer_dispatch;
 
+jfieldID WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexFile_cookie;
+jfieldID WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader_pathList;
+jfieldID WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexPathList_dexElements;
+jfieldID WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexPathList$Element_dexFile;
 jfieldID WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread_daemon;
 jfieldID WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread_group;
 jfieldID WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread_lock;
@@ -131,7 +139,11 @@
 
 void WellKnownClasses::Init(JNIEnv* env) {
   com_android_dex_Dex = CacheClass(env, "com/android/dex/Dex");
+  dalvik_system_DexFile = CacheClass(env, "dalvik/system/DexFile");
+  dalvik_system_DexPathList = CacheClass(env, "dalvik/system/DexPathList");
+  dalvik_system_DexPathList$Element = CacheClass(env, "dalvik/system/DexPathList$Element");
   dalvik_system_PathClassLoader = CacheClass(env, "dalvik/system/PathClassLoader");
+  java_lang_BootClassLoader = CacheClass(env, "java/lang/BootClassLoader");
   java_lang_ClassLoader = CacheClass(env, "java/lang/ClassLoader");
   java_lang_ClassNotFoundException = CacheClass(env, "java/lang/ClassNotFoundException");
   java_lang_Daemons = CacheClass(env, "java/lang/Daemons");
@@ -179,6 +191,10 @@
   org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmServer_broadcast = CacheMethod(env, org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmServer, true, "broadcast", "(I)V");
   org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmServer_dispatch = CacheMethod(env, org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmServer, true, "dispatch", "(I[BII)Lorg/apache/harmony/dalvik/ddmc/Chunk;");
 
+  dalvik_system_DexFile_cookie = CacheField(env, dalvik_system_DexFile, false, "mCookie", "J");
+  dalvik_system_PathClassLoader_pathList = CacheField(env, dalvik_system_PathClassLoader, false, "pathList", "Ldalvik/system/DexPathList;");
+  dalvik_system_DexPathList_dexElements = CacheField(env, dalvik_system_DexPathList, false, "dexElements", "[Ldalvik/system/DexPathList$Element;");
+  dalvik_system_DexPathList$Element_dexFile = CacheField(env, dalvik_system_DexPathList$Element, false, "dexFile", "Ldalvik/system/DexFile;");
   java_lang_Thread_daemon = CacheField(env, java_lang_Thread, false, "daemon", "Z");
   java_lang_Thread_group = CacheField(env, java_lang_Thread, false, "group", "Ljava/lang/ThreadGroup;");
   java_lang_Thread_lock = CacheField(env, java_lang_Thread, false, "lock", "Ljava/lang/Object;");
diff --git a/runtime/well_known_classes.h b/runtime/well_known_classes.h
index 7639f50..b10106c 100644
--- a/runtime/well_known_classes.h
+++ b/runtime/well_known_classes.h
@@ -40,7 +40,11 @@
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   static jclass com_android_dex_Dex;
+  static jclass dalvik_system_DexFile;
+  static jclass dalvik_system_DexPathList;
+  static jclass dalvik_system_DexPathList$Element;
   static jclass dalvik_system_PathClassLoader;
+  static jclass java_lang_BootClassLoader;
   static jclass java_lang_ClassLoader;
   static jclass java_lang_ClassNotFoundException;
   static jclass java_lang_Daemons;
@@ -93,6 +97,10 @@
   static jmethodID org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmServer_broadcast;
   static jmethodID org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmServer_dispatch;
 
+  static jfieldID dalvik_system_DexFile_cookie;
+  static jfieldID dalvik_system_DexPathList_dexElements;
+  static jfieldID dalvik_system_DexPathList$Element_dexFile;
+  static jfieldID dalvik_system_PathClassLoader_pathList;
   static jfieldID java_lang_reflect_AbstractMethod_artMethod;
   static jfieldID java_lang_reflect_Field_artField;
   static jfieldID java_lang_reflect_Proxy_h;
diff --git a/test/099-vmdebug/expected.txt b/test/099-vmdebug/expected.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..579f98f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/099-vmdebug/expected.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Confirm enable/disable
+status=0
+status=1
+status=0
+Confirm sampling
+status=2
+status=0
+Test starting when already started
+status=1
+status=1
+Test stopping when already stopped
+status=0
+status=0
+Test tracing with empty filename
+Got expected exception
+Test tracing with bogus (< 1024 && != 0) filesize
+Got expected exception
+Test sampling with bogus (<= 0) interval
+Got expected exception
diff --git a/test/099-vmdebug/info.txt b/test/099-vmdebug/info.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f88086
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/099-vmdebug/info.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Tests of private dalvik.system.VMDebug support for method tracing.
diff --git a/test/099-vmdebug/src/Main.java b/test/099-vmdebug/src/Main.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f24b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/099-vmdebug/src/Main.java
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        String name = System.getProperty("java.vm.name");
+        if (!"Dalvik".equals(name)) {
+            System.out.println("This test is not supported on " + name);
+            return;
+        }
+        testMethodTracing();
+    }
+
+    private static void testMethodTracing() throws Exception {
+        File tempFile;
+        try {
+            tempFile = File.createTempFile("test", ".trace");
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.setProperty("java.io.tmpdir", "/sdcard");
+            tempFile = File.createTempFile("test", ".trace");
+        }
+        tempFile.deleteOnExit();
+        String tempFileName = tempFile.getPath();
+
+        if (VMDebug.getMethodTracingMode() != 0) {
+            VMDebug.stopMethodTracing();
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("Confirm enable/disable");
+        System.out.println("status=" + VMDebug.getMethodTracingMode());
+        VMDebug.startMethodTracing(tempFileName, 0, 0, false, 0);
+        System.out.println("status=" + VMDebug.getMethodTracingMode());
+        VMDebug.stopMethodTracing();
+        System.out.println("status=" + VMDebug.getMethodTracingMode());
+        if (tempFile.length() == 0) {
+            System.out.println("ERROR: tracing output file is empty");
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("Confirm sampling");
+        VMDebug.startMethodTracing(tempFileName, 0, 0, true, 1000);
+        System.out.println("status=" + VMDebug.getMethodTracingMode());
+        VMDebug.stopMethodTracing();
+        System.out.println("status=" + VMDebug.getMethodTracingMode());
+        if (tempFile.length() == 0) {
+            System.out.println("ERROR: sample tracing output file is empty");
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("Test starting when already started");
+        VMDebug.startMethodTracing(tempFileName, 0, 0, false, 0);
+        System.out.println("status=" + VMDebug.getMethodTracingMode());
+        VMDebug.startMethodTracing(tempFileName, 0, 0, false, 0);
+        System.out.println("status=" + VMDebug.getMethodTracingMode());
+
+        System.out.println("Test stopping when already stopped");
+        VMDebug.stopMethodTracing();
+        System.out.println("status=" + VMDebug.getMethodTracingMode());
+        VMDebug.stopMethodTracing();
+        System.out.println("status=" + VMDebug.getMethodTracingMode());
+
+        System.out.println("Test tracing with empty filename");
+        try {
+            VMDebug.startMethodTracing("", 0, 0, false, 0);
+            System.out.println("Should have thrown an exception");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            System.out.println("Got expected exception");
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("Test tracing with bogus (< 1024 && != 0) filesize");
+        try {
+            VMDebug.startMethodTracing(tempFileName, 1000, 0, false, 0);
+            System.out.println("Should have thrown an exception");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            System.out.println("Got expected exception");
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("Test sampling with bogus (<= 0) interval");
+        try {
+            VMDebug.startMethodTracing(tempFileName, 0, 0, true, 0);
+            System.out.println("Should have thrown an exception");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            System.out.println("Got expected exception");
+        }
+
+        tempFile.delete();
+    }
+
+    private static class VMDebug {
+        private static final Method startMethodTracingMethod;
+        private static final Method stopMethodTracingMethod;
+        private static final Method getMethodTracingModeMethod;
+        static {
+            try {
+                Class c = Class.forName("dalvik.system.VMDebug");
+                startMethodTracingMethod = c.getDeclaredMethod("startMethodTracing", String.class,
+                        Integer.TYPE, Integer.TYPE, Boolean.TYPE, Integer.TYPE);
+                stopMethodTracingMethod = c.getDeclaredMethod("stopMethodTracing");
+                getMethodTracingModeMethod = c.getDeclaredMethod("getMethodTracingMode");
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void startMethodTracing(String filename, int bufferSize, int flags,
+                boolean samplingEnabled, int intervalUs) throws Exception {
+            startMethodTracingMethod.invoke(null, filename, bufferSize, flags, samplingEnabled,
+                    intervalUs);
+        }
+        public static void stopMethodTracing() throws Exception {
+            stopMethodTracingMethod.invoke(null);
+        }
+        public static int getMethodTracingMode() throws Exception {
+            return (int) getMethodTracingModeMethod.invoke(null);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/116-nodex2oat/nodex2oat.cc b/test/116-nodex2oat/nodex2oat.cc
index 4326db0..04cac45 100644
--- a/test/116-nodex2oat/nodex2oat.cc
+++ b/test/116-nodex2oat/nodex2oat.cc
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
     mirror::Class* klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(cls);
     const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
-    const OatFile* oat_file =
-        Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->FindOpenedOatFileForDexFile(dex_file);
-    return oat_file != nullptr;
+    const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file =
+        Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->FindOpenedOatDexFileForDexFile(dex_file);
+    return oat_dex_file != nullptr;
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/test/117-nopatchoat/nopatchoat.cc b/test/117-nopatchoat/nopatchoat.cc
index ced7f6e..5994653 100644
--- a/test/117-nopatchoat/nopatchoat.cc
+++ b/test/117-nopatchoat/nopatchoat.cc
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
     mirror::Class* klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(cls);
     const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
-    const OatFile* oat_file =
-        Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->FindOpenedOatFileForDexFile(dex_file);
-    return oat_file != nullptr && oat_file->IsExecutable();
+    const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file =
+        Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->FindOpenedOatDexFileForDexFile(dex_file);
+    return oat_dex_file != nullptr && oat_dex_file->GetOatFile()->IsExecutable();
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/test/118-noimage-dex2oat/noimage-dex2oat.cc b/test/118-noimage-dex2oat/noimage-dex2oat.cc
index 4a3d33c..7340d9e 100644
--- a/test/118-noimage-dex2oat/noimage-dex2oat.cc
+++ b/test/118-noimage-dex2oat/noimage-dex2oat.cc
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
     mirror::Class* klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(cls);
     const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
-    const OatFile* oat_file =
-        Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->FindOpenedOatFileForDexFile(dex_file);
-    return oat_file != nullptr;
+    const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file =
+        Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->FindOpenedOatDexFileForDexFile(dex_file);
+    return oat_dex_file != nullptr;
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/test/120-hashcode/expected.txt b/test/120-hashcode/expected.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..619c561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/120-hashcode/expected.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Done.
diff --git a/test/120-hashcode/info.txt b/test/120-hashcode/info.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80f131d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/120-hashcode/info.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Check that object hashCode and System.identityHashCode never cause the hash to change.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/test/120-hashcode/src/Main.java b/test/120-hashcode/src/Main.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2435ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/120-hashcode/src/Main.java
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        Object o = new Object();
+        // Generate a hashcode and put it in the lock word.
+        int hashOrig = o.hashCode();
+        int hashInflated = 0;
+        int hashSystemOrig = System.identityHashCode(o);
+        int hashSystemInflated = 0;
+        // Inflate the monitor to move the hash from the lock word to the Monitor.
+        synchronized (o) {
+            hashInflated = o.hashCode();
+            hashSystemInflated = System.identityHashCode(o);
+        }
+        // Make sure that all the hashes agree.
+        if (hashOrig != hashInflated || hashOrig != hashSystemOrig ||
+            hashSystemOrig != hashSystemInflated) {
+            System.err.println("hash codes dont match: " + hashOrig + " " + hashInflated + " " +
+            hashSystemOrig + " " + hashSystemInflated);
+        }
+        System.out.println("Done.");
+    }
+}
+
+
diff --git a/test/etc/host-run-test-jar b/test/etc/host-run-test-jar
index 4485590..49aa912 100755
--- a/test/etc/host-run-test-jar
+++ b/test/etc/host-run-test-jar
@@ -182,7 +182,9 @@
   # since we are relocating. Get the total size of the /system/framework directory
   # in 512 byte blocks and set it as the ulimit. This should be more than enough
   # room.
-  ulimit -S $(du -c -B512 ${ANDROID_ROOT}/framework | tail -1 | cut -f1) || exit 1
+  if [ ! `uname` = "Darwin" ]; then  # TODO: Darwin doesn't support "du -B..."
+    ulimit -S $(du -c -B512 ${ANDROID_ROOT}/framework | tail -1 | cut -f1) || exit 1
+  fi
 else
   FLAGS="${FLAGS} -Xnorelocate"
   COMPILER_FLAGS="${COMPILER_FLAGS} --runtime-arg -Xnorelocate --no-include-patch-information"
diff --git a/test/run-test b/test/run-test
index eed28a5..b140fbf 100755
--- a/test/run-test
+++ b/test/run-test
@@ -223,10 +223,10 @@
 #
 # Cannot use realpath, as it does not exist on Mac.
 # Cannot us a simple "cd", as the path might not be created yet.
-# Use -m option of readlink: canonicalizes, but allows non-existing components.
+# Cannot use readlink -m, as it does not exist on Mac.
+# Fallback to nuclear option:
 noncanonical_tmp_dir=$tmp_dir
-tmp_dir="`cd $oldwd ; readlink -m $tmp_dir`"
-
+tmp_dir="`cd $oldwd ; python -c "import os; print os.path.realpath('$tmp_dir')"`"
 mkdir -p $tmp_dir
 
 if [ "$basic_verify" = "true" ]; then
diff --git a/tools/art b/tools/art
index 1afcc38..0103071 100644
--- a/tools/art
+++ b/tools/art
@@ -28,23 +28,16 @@
 }
 
 function find_libdir() {
-  if [ "$(readlink "$DALVIKVM_EXECUTABLE")" = "dalvikvm64" ]; then
+  if [ "$(readlink "$ANDROID_ROOT/bin/$DALVIKVM")" = "dalvikvm64" ]; then
     echo "lib64"
   else
     echo "lib"
   fi
 }
 
-PROG_NAME="$(follow_links)"
-PROG_DIR="$(cd "${PROG_NAME%/*}" ; pwd -P)"
-ANDROID_ROOT=$PROG_DIR/..
-ANDROID_DATA=$PWD/android-data$$
-DALVIKVM_EXECUTABLE=$ANDROID_ROOT/bin/dalvikvm
-LIBDIR=$(find_libdir)
-LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ANDROID_ROOT/$LIBDIR
-
-lib=-XXlib:$ANDROID_ROOT/$LIBDIR/libart.so
 invoke_with=
+DALVIKVM=dalvikvm
+LIBART=libart.so
 
 while true; do
   if [ "$1" = "--invoke-with" ]; then
@@ -52,7 +45,13 @@
     invoke_with="$1"
     shift
   elif [ "$1" = "-d" ]; then
-    lib="-XXlib:$LIBDIR/libartd.so"
+    LIBART="libartd.so"
+    shift
+  elif [ "$1" = "--32" ]; then
+    DALVIKVM=dalvikvm32
+    shift
+  elif [ "$1" = "--64" ]; then
+    DALVIKVM=dalvikvm64
     shift
   elif expr "$1" : "--" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
     echo "unknown option: $1" 1>&2
@@ -62,11 +61,19 @@
   fi
 done
 
+PROG_NAME="$(follow_links)"
+PROG_DIR="$(cd "${PROG_NAME%/*}" ; pwd -P)"
+ANDROID_ROOT=$PROG_DIR/..
+ANDROID_DATA=$PWD/android-data$$
+LIBDIR=$(find_libdir)
+LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ANDROID_ROOT/$LIBDIR
+
 mkdir -p $ANDROID_DATA/dalvik-cache/{arm,arm64,x86,x86_64}
 ANDROID_DATA=$ANDROID_DATA \
   ANDROID_ROOT=$ANDROID_ROOT \
   LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH \
-  $invoke_with $DALVIKVM_EXECUTABLE $lib \
+  $invoke_with $ANDROID_ROOT/bin/$DALVIKVM $lib \
+    -XXlib:$LIBART \
     -Ximage:$ANDROID_ROOT/framework/core.art \
      "$@"
 EXIT_STATUS=$?