libnativebridge/native_bridge.cc - platform/art - Gitiles

 /*
  * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  * You may obtain a copy of the License at
  *
  *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  *
  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */

 #define LOG_TAG "nativebridge"

 #include "nativebridge/native_bridge.h"

 #include <dlfcn.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <unistd.h>

 #include <cstring>

 #include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <log/log.h>

 namespace android {

 #ifdef __APPLE__
 template <typename T>
 void UNUSED(const T&) {}
 #endif

 extern "C" {

 // Environment values required by the apps running with native bridge.
 struct NativeBridgeRuntimeValues {
     const char* os_arch;
     const char* cpu_abi;
     const char* cpu_abi2;
     const char* *supported_abis;
     int32_t abi_count;
 };

 // The symbol name exposed by native-bridge with the type of NativeBridgeCallbacks.
 static constexpr const char* kNativeBridgeInterfaceSymbol = "NativeBridgeItf";

 enum class NativeBridgeState {
   kNotSetup,                        // Initial state.
   kOpened,                          // After successful dlopen.
   kPreInitialized,                  // After successful pre-initialization.
   kInitialized,                     // After successful initialization.
   kClosed                           // Closed or errors.
 };

 static constexpr const char* kNotSetupString = "kNotSetup";
 static constexpr const char* kOpenedString = "kOpened";
 static constexpr const char* kPreInitializedString = "kPreInitialized";
 static constexpr const char* kInitializedString = "kInitialized";
 static constexpr const char* kClosedString = "kClosed";

 static const char* GetNativeBridgeStateString(NativeBridgeState state) {
   switch (state) {
     case NativeBridgeState::kNotSetup:
       return kNotSetupString;

     case NativeBridgeState::kOpened:
       return kOpenedString;

     case NativeBridgeState::kPreInitialized:
       return kPreInitializedString;

     case NativeBridgeState::kInitialized:
       return kInitializedString;

     case NativeBridgeState::kClosed:
       return kClosedString;
   }
 }

 // Current state of the native bridge.
 static NativeBridgeState state = NativeBridgeState::kNotSetup;

 // The version of NativeBridge implementation.
 // Different Nativebridge interface needs the service of different version of
 // Nativebridge implementation.
 // Used by isCompatibleWith() which is introduced in v2.
 enum NativeBridgeImplementationVersion {
   // first version, not used.
   DEFAULT_VERSION = 1,
   // The version which signal semantic is introduced.
   SIGNAL_VERSION = 2,
   // The version which namespace semantic is introduced.
   NAMESPACE_VERSION = 3,
   // The version with vendor namespaces
   VENDOR_NAMESPACE_VERSION = 4,
   // The version with runtime namespaces
   RUNTIME_NAMESPACE_VERSION = 5,
   // The version with pre-zygote-fork hook to support app-zygotes.
   PRE_ZYGOTE_FORK_VERSION = 6,
 };

 // Whether we had an error at some point.
 static bool had_error = false;

 // Handle of the loaded library.
 static void* native_bridge_handle = nullptr;
 // Pointer to the callbacks. Available as soon as LoadNativeBridge succeeds, but only initialized
 // later.
 static const NativeBridgeCallbacks* callbacks = nullptr;
 // Callbacks provided by the environment to the bridge. Passed to LoadNativeBridge.
 static const NativeBridgeRuntimeCallbacks* runtime_callbacks = nullptr;

 // The app's code cache directory.
 static char* app_code_cache_dir = nullptr;

 // Code cache directory (relative to the application private directory)
 // Ideally we'd like to call into framework to retrieve this name. However that's considered an
 // implementation detail and will require either hacks or consistent refactorings. We compromise
 // and hard code the directory name again here.
 static constexpr const char* kCodeCacheDir = "code_cache";

 // Characters allowed in a native bridge filename. The first character must
 // be in [a-zA-Z] (expected 'l' for "libx"). The rest must be in [a-zA-Z0-9._-].
 static bool CharacterAllowed(char c, bool first) {
   if (first) {
     return ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z');
   } else {
     return ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') || ('0' <= c && c <= '9') ||
            (c == '.') || (c == '_') || (c == '-');
   }
 }

 static void ReleaseAppCodeCacheDir() {
   if (app_code_cache_dir != nullptr) {
     delete[] app_code_cache_dir;
     app_code_cache_dir = nullptr;
   }
 }

 // We only allow simple names for the library. It is supposed to be a file in
 // /system/lib or /vendor/lib. Only allow a small range of characters, that is
 // names consisting of [a-zA-Z0-9._-] and starting with [a-zA-Z].
 bool NativeBridgeNameAcceptable(const char* nb_library_filename) {
   const char* ptr = nb_library_filename;
   if (*ptr == 0) {
     // Emptry string. Allowed, means no native bridge.
     return true;
   } else {
     // First character must be [a-zA-Z].
     if (!CharacterAllowed(*ptr, true))  {
       // Found an invalid fist character, don't accept.
       ALOGE("Native bridge library %s has been rejected for first character %c",
             nb_library_filename,
             *ptr);
       return false;
     } else {
       // For the rest, be more liberal.
       ptr++;
       while (*ptr != 0) {
         if (!CharacterAllowed(*ptr, false)) {
           // Found an invalid character, don't accept.
           ALOGE("Native bridge library %s has been rejected for %c", nb_library_filename, *ptr);
           return false;
         }
         ptr++;
       }
     }
     return true;
   }
 }

 // The policy of invoking Nativebridge changed in v3 with/without namespace.
 // Suggest Nativebridge implementation not maintain backward-compatible.
 static bool isCompatibleWith(const uint32_t version) {
   // Libnativebridge is now designed to be forward-compatible. So only "0" is an unsupported
   // version.
   if (callbacks == nullptr || callbacks->version == 0 || version == 0) {
     return false;
   }

   // If this is a v2+ bridge, it may not be forwards- or backwards-compatible. Check.
   if (callbacks->version >= SIGNAL_VERSION) {
     return callbacks->isCompatibleWith(version);
   }

   return true;
 }

 static void CloseNativeBridge(bool with_error) {
   state = NativeBridgeState::kClosed;
   had_error |= with_error;
   ReleaseAppCodeCacheDir();
 }

 bool LoadNativeBridge(const char* nb_library_filename,
                       const NativeBridgeRuntimeCallbacks* runtime_cbs) {
   // We expect only one place that calls LoadNativeBridge: Runtime::Init. At that point we are not
   // multi-threaded, so we do not need locking here.

   if (state != NativeBridgeState::kNotSetup) {
     // Setup has been called before. Ignore this call.
     if (nb_library_filename != nullptr) {  // Avoids some log-spam for dalvikvm.
       ALOGW("Called LoadNativeBridge for an already set up native bridge. State is %s.",
             GetNativeBridgeStateString(state));
     }
     // Note: counts as an error, even though the bridge may be functional.
     had_error = true;
     return false;
   }

   if (nb_library_filename == nullptr || *nb_library_filename == 0) {
     CloseNativeBridge(false);
     return false;
   } else {
     if (!NativeBridgeNameAcceptable(nb_library_filename)) {
       CloseNativeBridge(true);
     } else {
       // Try to open the library.
       void* handle = dlopen(nb_library_filename, RTLD_LAZY);
       if (handle != nullptr) {
         callbacks = reinterpret_cast<NativeBridgeCallbacks*>(dlsym(handle,
                                                                    kNativeBridgeInterfaceSymbol));
         if (callbacks != nullptr) {
           if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
             // Store the handle for later.
             native_bridge_handle = handle;
           } else {
             callbacks = nullptr;
             dlclose(handle);
             ALOGW("Unsupported native bridge interface.");
           }
         } else {
           dlclose(handle);
         }
       }

       // Two failure conditions: could not find library (dlopen failed), or could not find native
       // bridge interface (dlsym failed). Both are an error and close the native bridge.
       if (callbacks == nullptr) {
         CloseNativeBridge(true);
       } else {
         runtime_callbacks = runtime_cbs;
         state = NativeBridgeState::kOpened;
       }
     }
     return state == NativeBridgeState::kOpened;
   }
 }

 bool NeedsNativeBridge(const char* instruction_set) {
   if (instruction_set == nullptr) {
     ALOGE("Null instruction set in NeedsNativeBridge.");
     return false;
   }
   return strncmp(instruction_set, ABI_STRING, strlen(ABI_STRING) + 1) != 0;
 }

 bool PreInitializeNativeBridge(const char* app_data_dir_in, const char* instruction_set) {
   if (state != NativeBridgeState::kOpened) {
     ALOGE("Invalid state: native bridge is expected to be opened.");
     CloseNativeBridge(true);
     return false;
   }

   if (app_data_dir_in != nullptr) {
     // Create the path to the application code cache directory.
     // The memory will be release after Initialization or when the native bridge is closed.
     const size_t len = strlen(app_data_dir_in) + strlen(kCodeCacheDir) + 2;  // '\0' + '/'
     app_code_cache_dir = new char[len];
     snprintf(app_code_cache_dir, len, "%s/%s", app_data_dir_in, kCodeCacheDir);
   } else {
     ALOGW("Application private directory isn't available.");
     app_code_cache_dir = nullptr;
   }

   // Bind-mount /system/lib{,64}/<isa>/cpuinfo to /proc/cpuinfo.
   // Failure is not fatal and will keep the native bridge in kPreInitialized.
   state = NativeBridgeState::kPreInitialized;

 #ifndef __APPLE__
   if (instruction_set == nullptr) {
     return true;
   }
   size_t isa_len = strlen(instruction_set);
   if (isa_len > 10) {
     // 10 is a loose upper bound on the currently known instruction sets (a tight bound is 7 for
     // x86_64 [including the trailing \0]). This is so we don't have to change here if there will
     // be another instruction set in the future.
     ALOGW("Instruction set %s is malformed, must be less than or equal to 10 characters.",
           instruction_set);
     return true;
   }

   // If the file does not exist, the mount command will fail,
   // so we save the extra file existence check.
   char cpuinfo_path[1024];

 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
   snprintf(cpuinfo_path, sizeof(cpuinfo_path), "/system/lib"
 #ifdef __LP64__
       "64"
 #endif  // __LP64__
       "/%s/cpuinfo", instruction_set);
 #else   // !__ANDROID__
   // To be able to test on the host, we hardwire a relative path.
   snprintf(cpuinfo_path, sizeof(cpuinfo_path), "./cpuinfo");
 #endif

   // Bind-mount.
   if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(mount(cpuinfo_path,        // Source.
                                "/proc/cpuinfo",     // Target.
                                nullptr,             // FS type.
                                MS_BIND,             // Mount flags: bind mount.
                                nullptr)) == -1) {   // "Data."
     ALOGW("Failed to bind-mount %s as /proc/cpuinfo: %s", cpuinfo_path, strerror(errno));
   }
 #else  // __APPLE__
   UNUSED(instruction_set);
   ALOGW("Mac OS does not support bind-mounting. Host simulation of native bridge impossible.");
 #endif

   return true;
 }

 void PreZygoteForkNativeBridge() {
   if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
     if (isCompatibleWith(PRE_ZYGOTE_FORK_VERSION)) {
       return callbacks->preZygoteFork();
     } else {
       ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, preZygoteFork() isn't invoked",
             PRE_ZYGOTE_FORK_VERSION);
     }
   }
 }

 static void SetCpuAbi(JNIEnv* env, jclass build_class, const char* field, const char* value) {
   if (value != nullptr) {
     jfieldID field_id = env->GetStaticFieldID(build_class, field, "Ljava/lang/String;");
     if (field_id == nullptr) {
       env->ExceptionClear();
       ALOGW("Could not find %s field.", field);
       return;
     }

     jstring str = env->NewStringUTF(value);
     if (str == nullptr) {
       env->ExceptionClear();
       ALOGW("Could not create string %s.", value);
       return;
     }

     env->SetStaticObjectField(build_class, field_id, str);
   }
 }

 // Set up the environment for the bridged app.
 static void SetupEnvironment(const NativeBridgeCallbacks* cbs, JNIEnv* env, const char* isa) {
   // Need a JNIEnv* to do anything.
   if (env == nullptr) {
     ALOGW("No JNIEnv* to set up app environment.");
     return;
   }

   // Query the bridge for environment values.
   const struct NativeBridgeRuntimeValues* env_values = cbs->getAppEnv(isa);
   if (env_values == nullptr) {
     return;
   }

   // Keep the JNIEnv clean.
   jint success = env->PushLocalFrame(16);  // That should be small and large enough.
   if (success < 0) {
     // Out of memory, really borked.
     ALOGW("Out of memory while setting up app environment.");
     env->ExceptionClear();
     return;
   }

   // Reset CPU_ABI & CPU_ABI2 to values required by the apps running with native bridge.
   if (env_values->cpu_abi != nullptr || env_values->cpu_abi2 != nullptr ||
       env_values->abi_count >= 0) {
     jclass bclass_id = env->FindClass("android/os/Build");
     if (bclass_id != nullptr) {
       SetCpuAbi(env, bclass_id, "CPU_ABI", env_values->cpu_abi);
       SetCpuAbi(env, bclass_id, "CPU_ABI2", env_values->cpu_abi2);
     } else {
       // For example in a host test environment.
       env->ExceptionClear();
       ALOGW("Could not find Build class.");
     }
   }

   if (env_values->os_arch != nullptr) {
     jclass sclass_id = env->FindClass("java/lang/System");
     if (sclass_id != nullptr) {
       jmethodID set_prop_id = env->GetStaticMethodID(sclass_id, "setUnchangeableSystemProperty",
           "(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)V");
       if (set_prop_id != nullptr) {
         // Init os.arch to the value reqired by the apps running with native bridge.
         env->CallStaticVoidMethod(sclass_id, set_prop_id, env->NewStringUTF("os.arch"),
             env->NewStringUTF(env_values->os_arch));
       } else {
         env->ExceptionClear();
         ALOGW("Could not find System#setUnchangeableSystemProperty.");
       }
     } else {
       env->ExceptionClear();
       ALOGW("Could not find System class.");
     }
   }

   // Make it pristine again.
   env->PopLocalFrame(nullptr);
 }

 bool InitializeNativeBridge(JNIEnv* env, const char* instruction_set) {
   // We expect only one place that calls InitializeNativeBridge: Runtime::DidForkFromZygote. At that
   // point we are not multi-threaded, so we do not need locking here.

   if (state == NativeBridgeState::kPreInitialized) {
     if (app_code_cache_dir != nullptr) {
       // Check for code cache: if it doesn't exist try to create it.
       struct stat st;
       if (stat(app_code_cache_dir, &st) == -1) {
         if (errno == ENOENT) {
           if (mkdir(app_code_cache_dir, S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IXOTH) == -1) {
             ALOGW("Cannot create code cache directory %s: %s.",
                   app_code_cache_dir, strerror(errno));
             ReleaseAppCodeCacheDir();
           }
         } else {
           ALOGW("Cannot stat code cache directory %s: %s.",
                 app_code_cache_dir, strerror(errno));
           ReleaseAppCodeCacheDir();
         }
       } else if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
         ALOGW("Code cache is not a directory %s.", app_code_cache_dir);
         ReleaseAppCodeCacheDir();
       }
     }

     // If we're still PreInitialized (didn't fail the code cache checks) try to initialize.
     if (state == NativeBridgeState::kPreInitialized) {
       if (callbacks->initialize(runtime_callbacks, app_code_cache_dir, instruction_set)) {
         SetupEnvironment(callbacks, env, instruction_set);
         state = NativeBridgeState::kInitialized;
         // We no longer need the code cache path, release the memory.
         ReleaseAppCodeCacheDir();
       } else {
         // Unload the library.
         dlclose(native_bridge_handle);
         CloseNativeBridge(true);
       }
     }
   } else {
     CloseNativeBridge(true);
   }

   return state == NativeBridgeState::kInitialized;
 }

 void UnloadNativeBridge() {
   // We expect only one place that calls UnloadNativeBridge: Runtime::DidForkFromZygote. At that
   // point we are not multi-threaded, so we do not need locking here.

   switch (state) {
     case NativeBridgeState::kOpened:
     case NativeBridgeState::kPreInitialized:
     case NativeBridgeState::kInitialized:
       // Unload.
       dlclose(native_bridge_handle);
       CloseNativeBridge(false);
       break;

     case NativeBridgeState::kNotSetup:
       // Not even set up. Error.
       CloseNativeBridge(true);
       break;

     case NativeBridgeState::kClosed:
       // Ignore.
       break;
   }
 }

 bool NativeBridgeError() {
   return had_error;
 }

 bool NativeBridgeAvailable() {
   return state == NativeBridgeState::kOpened
       || state == NativeBridgeState::kPreInitialized
       || state == NativeBridgeState::kInitialized;
 }

 bool NativeBridgeInitialized() {
   // Calls of this are supposed to happen in a state where the native bridge is stable, i.e., after
   // Runtime::DidForkFromZygote. In that case we do not need a lock.
   return state == NativeBridgeState::kInitialized;
 }

 void* NativeBridgeLoadLibrary(const char* libpath, int flag) {
   if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
     return callbacks->loadLibrary(libpath, flag);
   }
   return nullptr;
 }

 void* NativeBridgeGetTrampoline(void* handle, const char* name, const char* shorty,
                                 uint32_t len) {
   if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
     return callbacks->getTrampoline(handle, name, shorty, len);
   }
   return nullptr;
 }

 bool NativeBridgeIsSupported(const char* libpath) {
   if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
     return callbacks->isSupported(libpath);
   }
   return false;
 }

 uint32_t NativeBridgeGetVersion() {
   if (NativeBridgeAvailable()) {
     return callbacks->version;
   }
   return 0;
 }

 NativeBridgeSignalHandlerFn NativeBridgeGetSignalHandler(int signal) {
   if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
     if (isCompatibleWith(SIGNAL_VERSION)) {
       return callbacks->getSignalHandler(signal);
     } else {
       ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, cannot get signal handler", SIGNAL_VERSION);
     }
   }
   return nullptr;
 }

 int NativeBridgeUnloadLibrary(void* handle) {
   if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
     if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
       return callbacks->unloadLibrary(handle);
     } else {
       ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, cannot unload library", NAMESPACE_VERSION);
     }
   }
   return -1;
 }

 const char* NativeBridgeGetError() {
   if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
     if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
       return callbacks->getError();
     } else {
       return "native bridge implementation is not compatible with version 3, cannot get message";
     }
   }
   return "native bridge is not initialized";
 }

 bool NativeBridgeIsPathSupported(const char* path) {
   if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
     if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
       return callbacks->isPathSupported(path);
     } else {
       ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, cannot check via library path", NAMESPACE_VERSION);
     }
   }
   return false;
 }

 bool NativeBridgeInitAnonymousNamespace(const char* public_ns_sonames,
                                         const char* anon_ns_library_path) {
   if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
     if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
       return callbacks->initAnonymousNamespace(public_ns_sonames, anon_ns_library_path);
     } else {
       ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, cannot init namespace", NAMESPACE_VERSION);
     }
   }

   return false;
 }

 native_bridge_namespace_t* NativeBridgeCreateNamespace(const char* name,
                                                        const char* ld_library_path,
                                                        const char* default_library_path,
                                                        uint64_t type,
                                                        const char* permitted_when_isolated_path,
                                                        native_bridge_namespace_t* parent_ns) {
   if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
     if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
       return callbacks->createNamespace(name,
                                         ld_library_path,
                                         default_library_path,
                                         type,
                                         permitted_when_isolated_path,
                                         parent_ns);
     } else {
       ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, cannot create namespace %s", NAMESPACE_VERSION, name);
     }
   }

   return nullptr;
 }

 bool NativeBridgeLinkNamespaces(native_bridge_namespace_t* from, native_bridge_namespace_t* to,
                                 const char* shared_libs_sonames) {
   if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
     if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
       return callbacks->linkNamespaces(from, to, shared_libs_sonames);
     } else {
       ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, cannot init namespace", NAMESPACE_VERSION);
     }
   }

   return false;
 }

 native_bridge_namespace_t* NativeBridgeGetExportedNamespace(const char* name) {
   if (!NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
     return nullptr;
   }

   if (isCompatibleWith(RUNTIME_NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
     return callbacks->getExportedNamespace(name);
   }

   // sphal is vendor namespace name -> use v4 callback in the case NB callbacks
   // are not compatible with v5
   if (isCompatibleWith(VENDOR_NAMESPACE_VERSION) && name != nullptr && strcmp("sphal", name) == 0) {
     return callbacks->getVendorNamespace();
   }

   return nullptr;
 }

 void* NativeBridgeLoadLibraryExt(const char* libpath, int flag, native_bridge_namespace_t* ns) {
   if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
     if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
       return callbacks->loadLibraryExt(libpath, flag, ns);
     } else {
       ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, cannot load library in namespace", NAMESPACE_VERSION);
     }
   }
   return nullptr;
 }

 }  // extern "C"

 }  // namespace android
	/*
	* Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
	*
	* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
	* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
	* You may obtain a copy of the License at
	*
	* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
	*
	* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	* limitations under the License.
	*/

	#define LOG_TAG "nativebridge"

	#include "nativebridge/native_bridge.h"

	#include <dlfcn.h>
	#include <errno.h>
	#include <fcntl.h>
	#include <stdio.h>
	#include <sys/mount.h>
	#include <sys/stat.h>
	#include <unistd.h>

	#include <cstring>

	#include <android-base/macros.h>
	#include <log/log.h>

	namespace android {

	#ifdef __APPLE__
	template <typename T>
	void UNUSED(const T&) {}
	#endif

	extern "C" {

	// Environment values required by the apps running with native bridge.
	struct NativeBridgeRuntimeValues {
	const char* os_arch;
	const char* cpu_abi;
	const char* cpu_abi2;
	const char* *supported_abis;
	int32_t abi_count;
	};

	// The symbol name exposed by native-bridge with the type of NativeBridgeCallbacks.
	static constexpr const char* kNativeBridgeInterfaceSymbol = "NativeBridgeItf";

	enum class NativeBridgeState {
	kNotSetup, // Initial state.
	kOpened, // After successful dlopen.
	kPreInitialized, // After successful pre-initialization.
	kInitialized, // After successful initialization.
	kClosed // Closed or errors.
	};

	static constexpr const char* kNotSetupString = "kNotSetup";
	static constexpr const char* kOpenedString = "kOpened";
	static constexpr const char* kPreInitializedString = "kPreInitialized";
	static constexpr const char* kInitializedString = "kInitialized";
	static constexpr const char* kClosedString = "kClosed";

	static const char* GetNativeBridgeStateString(NativeBridgeState state) {
	switch (state) {
	case NativeBridgeState::kNotSetup:
	return kNotSetupString;

	case NativeBridgeState::kOpened:
	return kOpenedString;

	case NativeBridgeState::kPreInitialized:
	return kPreInitializedString;

	case NativeBridgeState::kInitialized:
	return kInitializedString;

	case NativeBridgeState::kClosed:
	return kClosedString;
	}
	}

	// Current state of the native bridge.
	static NativeBridgeState state = NativeBridgeState::kNotSetup;

	// The version of NativeBridge implementation.
	// Different Nativebridge interface needs the service of different version of
	// Nativebridge implementation.
	// Used by isCompatibleWith() which is introduced in v2.
	enum NativeBridgeImplementationVersion {
	// first version, not used.
	DEFAULT_VERSION = 1,
	// The version which signal semantic is introduced.
	SIGNAL_VERSION = 2,
	// The version which namespace semantic is introduced.
	NAMESPACE_VERSION = 3,
	// The version with vendor namespaces
	VENDOR_NAMESPACE_VERSION = 4,
	// The version with runtime namespaces
	RUNTIME_NAMESPACE_VERSION = 5,
	// The version with pre-zygote-fork hook to support app-zygotes.
	PRE_ZYGOTE_FORK_VERSION = 6,
	};

	// Whether we had an error at some point.
	static bool had_error = false;

	// Handle of the loaded library.
	static void* native_bridge_handle = nullptr;
	// Pointer to the callbacks. Available as soon as LoadNativeBridge succeeds, but only initialized
	// later.
	static const NativeBridgeCallbacks* callbacks = nullptr;
	// Callbacks provided by the environment to the bridge. Passed to LoadNativeBridge.
	static const NativeBridgeRuntimeCallbacks* runtime_callbacks = nullptr;

	// The app's code cache directory.
	static char* app_code_cache_dir = nullptr;

	// Code cache directory (relative to the application private directory)
	// Ideally we'd like to call into framework to retrieve this name. However that's considered an
	// implementation detail and will require either hacks or consistent refactorings. We compromise
	// and hard code the directory name again here.
	static constexpr const char* kCodeCacheDir = "code_cache";

	// Characters allowed in a native bridge filename. The first character must
	// be in [a-zA-Z] (expected 'l' for "libx"). The rest must be in [a-zA-Z0-9._-].
	static bool CharacterAllowed(char c, bool first) {
	if (first) {
	return ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') \|\| ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z');
	} else {
	return ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') \|\| ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') \|\| ('0' <= c && c <= '9') \|\|
	(c == '.') \|\| (c == '_') \|\| (c == '-');
	}
	}

	static void ReleaseAppCodeCacheDir() {
	if (app_code_cache_dir != nullptr) {
	delete[] app_code_cache_dir;
	app_code_cache_dir = nullptr;
	}
	}

	// We only allow simple names for the library. It is supposed to be a file in
	// /system/lib or /vendor/lib. Only allow a small range of characters, that is
	// names consisting of [a-zA-Z0-9._-] and starting with [a-zA-Z].
	bool NativeBridgeNameAcceptable(const char* nb_library_filename) {
	const char* ptr = nb_library_filename;
	if (*ptr == 0) {
	// Emptry string. Allowed, means no native bridge.
	return true;
	} else {
	// First character must be [a-zA-Z].
	if (!CharacterAllowed(*ptr, true)) {
	// Found an invalid fist character, don't accept.
	ALOGE("Native bridge library %s has been rejected for first character %c",
	nb_library_filename,
	*ptr);
	return false;
	} else {
	// For the rest, be more liberal.
	ptr++;
	while (*ptr != 0) {
	if (!CharacterAllowed(*ptr, false)) {
	// Found an invalid character, don't accept.
	ALOGE("Native bridge library %s has been rejected for %c", nb_library_filename, *ptr);
	return false;
	}
	ptr++;
	}
	}
	return true;
	}
	}

	// The policy of invoking Nativebridge changed in v3 with/without namespace.
	// Suggest Nativebridge implementation not maintain backward-compatible.
	static bool isCompatibleWith(const uint32_t version) {
	// Libnativebridge is now designed to be forward-compatible. So only "0" is an unsupported
	// version.
	if (callbacks == nullptr \|\| callbacks->version == 0 \|\| version == 0) {
	return false;
	}

	// If this is a v2+ bridge, it may not be forwards- or backwards-compatible. Check.
	if (callbacks->version >= SIGNAL_VERSION) {
	return callbacks->isCompatibleWith(version);
	}

	return true;
	}

	static void CloseNativeBridge(bool with_error) {
	state = NativeBridgeState::kClosed;
	had_error \|= with_error;
	ReleaseAppCodeCacheDir();
	}

	bool LoadNativeBridge(const char* nb_library_filename,
	const NativeBridgeRuntimeCallbacks* runtime_cbs) {
	// We expect only one place that calls LoadNativeBridge: Runtime::Init. At that point we are not
	// multi-threaded, so we do not need locking here.

	if (state != NativeBridgeState::kNotSetup) {
	// Setup has been called before. Ignore this call.
	if (nb_library_filename != nullptr) { // Avoids some log-spam for dalvikvm.
	ALOGW("Called LoadNativeBridge for an already set up native bridge. State is %s.",
	GetNativeBridgeStateString(state));
	}
	// Note: counts as an error, even though the bridge may be functional.
	had_error = true;
	return false;
	}

	if (nb_library_filename == nullptr \|\| *nb_library_filename == 0) {
	CloseNativeBridge(false);
	return false;
	} else {
	if (!NativeBridgeNameAcceptable(nb_library_filename)) {
	CloseNativeBridge(true);
	} else {
	// Try to open the library.
	void* handle = dlopen(nb_library_filename, RTLD_LAZY);
	if (handle != nullptr) {
	callbacks = reinterpret_cast<NativeBridgeCallbacks*>(dlsym(handle,
	kNativeBridgeInterfaceSymbol));
	if (callbacks != nullptr) {
	if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
	// Store the handle for later.
	native_bridge_handle = handle;
	} else {
	callbacks = nullptr;
	dlclose(handle);
	ALOGW("Unsupported native bridge interface.");
	}
	} else {
	dlclose(handle);
	}
	}

	// Two failure conditions: could not find library (dlopen failed), or could not find native
	// bridge interface (dlsym failed). Both are an error and close the native bridge.
	if (callbacks == nullptr) {
	CloseNativeBridge(true);
	} else {
	runtime_callbacks = runtime_cbs;
	state = NativeBridgeState::kOpened;
	}
	}
	return state == NativeBridgeState::kOpened;
	}
	}

	bool NeedsNativeBridge(const char* instruction_set) {
	if (instruction_set == nullptr) {
	ALOGE("Null instruction set in NeedsNativeBridge.");
	return false;
	}
	return strncmp(instruction_set, ABI_STRING, strlen(ABI_STRING) + 1) != 0;
	}

	bool PreInitializeNativeBridge(const char* app_data_dir_in, const char* instruction_set) {
	if (state != NativeBridgeState::kOpened) {
	ALOGE("Invalid state: native bridge is expected to be opened.");
	CloseNativeBridge(true);
	return false;
	}

	if (app_data_dir_in != nullptr) {
	// Create the path to the application code cache directory.
	// The memory will be release after Initialization or when the native bridge is closed.
	const size_t len = strlen(app_data_dir_in) + strlen(kCodeCacheDir) + 2; // '\0' + '/'
	app_code_cache_dir = new char[len];
	snprintf(app_code_cache_dir, len, "%s/%s", app_data_dir_in, kCodeCacheDir);
	} else {
	ALOGW("Application private directory isn't available.");
	app_code_cache_dir = nullptr;
	}

	// Bind-mount /system/lib{,64}/<isa>/cpuinfo to /proc/cpuinfo.
	// Failure is not fatal and will keep the native bridge in kPreInitialized.
	state = NativeBridgeState::kPreInitialized;

	#ifndef __APPLE__
	if (instruction_set == nullptr) {
	return true;
	}
	size_t isa_len = strlen(instruction_set);
	if (isa_len > 10) {
	// 10 is a loose upper bound on the currently known instruction sets (a tight bound is 7 for
	// x86_64 [including the trailing \0]). This is so we don't have to change here if there will
	// be another instruction set in the future.
	ALOGW("Instruction set %s is malformed, must be less than or equal to 10 characters.",
	instruction_set);
	return true;
	}

	// If the file does not exist, the mount command will fail,
	// so we save the extra file existence check.
	char cpuinfo_path[1024];

	#if defined(__ANDROID__)
	snprintf(cpuinfo_path, sizeof(cpuinfo_path), "/system/lib"
	#ifdef __LP64__
	"64"
	#endif // __LP64__
	"/%s/cpuinfo", instruction_set);
	#else // !__ANDROID__
	// To be able to test on the host, we hardwire a relative path.
	snprintf(cpuinfo_path, sizeof(cpuinfo_path), "./cpuinfo");
	#endif

	// Bind-mount.
	if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(mount(cpuinfo_path, // Source.
	"/proc/cpuinfo", // Target.
	nullptr, // FS type.
	MS_BIND, // Mount flags: bind mount.
	nullptr)) == -1) { // "Data."
	ALOGW("Failed to bind-mount %s as /proc/cpuinfo: %s", cpuinfo_path, strerror(errno));
	}
	#else // __APPLE__
	UNUSED(instruction_set);
	ALOGW("Mac OS does not support bind-mounting. Host simulation of native bridge impossible.");
	#endif

	return true;
	}

	void PreZygoteForkNativeBridge() {
	if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
	if (isCompatibleWith(PRE_ZYGOTE_FORK_VERSION)) {
	return callbacks->preZygoteFork();
	} else {
	ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, preZygoteFork() isn't invoked",
	PRE_ZYGOTE_FORK_VERSION);
	}
	}
	}

	static void SetCpuAbi(JNIEnv* env, jclass build_class, const char* field, const char* value) {
	if (value != nullptr) {
	jfieldID field_id = env->GetStaticFieldID(build_class, field, "Ljava/lang/String;");
	if (field_id == nullptr) {
	env->ExceptionClear();
	ALOGW("Could not find %s field.", field);
	return;
	}

	jstring str = env->NewStringUTF(value);
	if (str == nullptr) {
	env->ExceptionClear();
	ALOGW("Could not create string %s.", value);
	return;
	}

	env->SetStaticObjectField(build_class, field_id, str);
	}
	}

	// Set up the environment for the bridged app.
	static void SetupEnvironment(const NativeBridgeCallbacks* cbs, JNIEnv* env, const char* isa) {
	// Need a JNIEnv* to do anything.
	if (env == nullptr) {
	ALOGW("No JNIEnv* to set up app environment.");
	return;
	}

	// Query the bridge for environment values.
	const struct NativeBridgeRuntimeValues* env_values = cbs->getAppEnv(isa);
	if (env_values == nullptr) {
	return;
	}

	// Keep the JNIEnv clean.
	jint success = env->PushLocalFrame(16); // That should be small and large enough.
	if (success < 0) {
	// Out of memory, really borked.
	ALOGW("Out of memory while setting up app environment.");
	env->ExceptionClear();
	return;
	}

	// Reset CPU_ABI & CPU_ABI2 to values required by the apps running with native bridge.
	if (env_values->cpu_abi != nullptr \|\| env_values->cpu_abi2 != nullptr \|\|
	env_values->abi_count >= 0) {
	jclass bclass_id = env->FindClass("android/os/Build");
	if (bclass_id != nullptr) {
	SetCpuAbi(env, bclass_id, "CPU_ABI", env_values->cpu_abi);
	SetCpuAbi(env, bclass_id, "CPU_ABI2", env_values->cpu_abi2);
	} else {
	// For example in a host test environment.
	env->ExceptionClear();
	ALOGW("Could not find Build class.");
	}
	}

	if (env_values->os_arch != nullptr) {
	jclass sclass_id = env->FindClass("java/lang/System");
	if (sclass_id != nullptr) {
	jmethodID set_prop_id = env->GetStaticMethodID(sclass_id, "setUnchangeableSystemProperty",
	"(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)V");
	if (set_prop_id != nullptr) {
	// Init os.arch to the value reqired by the apps running with native bridge.
	env->CallStaticVoidMethod(sclass_id, set_prop_id, env->NewStringUTF("os.arch"),
	env->NewStringUTF(env_values->os_arch));
	} else {
	env->ExceptionClear();
	ALOGW("Could not find System#setUnchangeableSystemProperty.");
	}
	} else {
	env->ExceptionClear();
	ALOGW("Could not find System class.");
	}
	}

	// Make it pristine again.
	env->PopLocalFrame(nullptr);
	}

	bool InitializeNativeBridge(JNIEnv* env, const char* instruction_set) {
	// We expect only one place that calls InitializeNativeBridge: Runtime::DidForkFromZygote. At that
	// point we are not multi-threaded, so we do not need locking here.

	if (state == NativeBridgeState::kPreInitialized) {
	if (app_code_cache_dir != nullptr) {
	// Check for code cache: if it doesn't exist try to create it.
	struct stat st;
	if (stat(app_code_cache_dir, &st) == -1) {
	if (errno == ENOENT) {
	if (mkdir(app_code_cache_dir, S_IRWXU \| S_IRWXG \| S_IXOTH) == -1) {
	ALOGW("Cannot create code cache directory %s: %s.",
	app_code_cache_dir, strerror(errno));
	ReleaseAppCodeCacheDir();
	}
	} else {
	ALOGW("Cannot stat code cache directory %s: %s.",
	app_code_cache_dir, strerror(errno));
	ReleaseAppCodeCacheDir();
	}
	} else if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
	ALOGW("Code cache is not a directory %s.", app_code_cache_dir);
	ReleaseAppCodeCacheDir();
	}
	}

	// If we're still PreInitialized (didn't fail the code cache checks) try to initialize.
	if (state == NativeBridgeState::kPreInitialized) {
	if (callbacks->initialize(runtime_callbacks, app_code_cache_dir, instruction_set)) {
	SetupEnvironment(callbacks, env, instruction_set);
	state = NativeBridgeState::kInitialized;
	// We no longer need the code cache path, release the memory.
	ReleaseAppCodeCacheDir();
	} else {
	// Unload the library.
	dlclose(native_bridge_handle);
	CloseNativeBridge(true);
	}
	}
	} else {
	CloseNativeBridge(true);
	}

	return state == NativeBridgeState::kInitialized;
	}

	void UnloadNativeBridge() {
	// We expect only one place that calls UnloadNativeBridge: Runtime::DidForkFromZygote. At that
	// point we are not multi-threaded, so we do not need locking here.

	switch (state) {
	case NativeBridgeState::kOpened:
	case NativeBridgeState::kPreInitialized:
	case NativeBridgeState::kInitialized:
	// Unload.
	dlclose(native_bridge_handle);
	CloseNativeBridge(false);
	break;

	case NativeBridgeState::kNotSetup:
	// Not even set up. Error.
	CloseNativeBridge(true);
	break;

	case NativeBridgeState::kClosed:
	// Ignore.
	break;
	}
	}

	bool NativeBridgeError() {
	return had_error;
	}

	bool NativeBridgeAvailable() {
	return state == NativeBridgeState::kOpened
	\|\| state == NativeBridgeState::kPreInitialized
	\|\| state == NativeBridgeState::kInitialized;
	}

	bool NativeBridgeInitialized() {
	// Calls of this are supposed to happen in a state where the native bridge is stable, i.e., after
	// Runtime::DidForkFromZygote. In that case we do not need a lock.
	return state == NativeBridgeState::kInitialized;
	}

	void* NativeBridgeLoadLibrary(const char* libpath, int flag) {
	if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
	return callbacks->loadLibrary(libpath, flag);
	}
	return nullptr;
	}

	void* NativeBridgeGetTrampoline(void* handle, const char* name, const char* shorty,
	uint32_t len) {
	if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
	return callbacks->getTrampoline(handle, name, shorty, len);
	}
	return nullptr;
	}

	bool NativeBridgeIsSupported(const char* libpath) {
	if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
	return callbacks->isSupported(libpath);
	}
	return false;
	}

	uint32_t NativeBridgeGetVersion() {
	if (NativeBridgeAvailable()) {
	return callbacks->version;
	}
	return 0;
	}

	NativeBridgeSignalHandlerFn NativeBridgeGetSignalHandler(int signal) {
	if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
	if (isCompatibleWith(SIGNAL_VERSION)) {
	return callbacks->getSignalHandler(signal);
	} else {
	ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, cannot get signal handler", SIGNAL_VERSION);
	}
	}
	return nullptr;
	}

	int NativeBridgeUnloadLibrary(void* handle) {
	if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
	if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
	return callbacks->unloadLibrary(handle);
	} else {
	ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, cannot unload library", NAMESPACE_VERSION);
	}
	}
	return -1;
	}

	const char* NativeBridgeGetError() {
	if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
	if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
	return callbacks->getError();
	} else {
	return "native bridge implementation is not compatible with version 3, cannot get message";
	}
	}
	return "native bridge is not initialized";
	}

	bool NativeBridgeIsPathSupported(const char* path) {
	if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
	if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
	return callbacks->isPathSupported(path);
	} else {
	ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, cannot check via library path", NAMESPACE_VERSION);
	}
	}
	return false;
	}

	bool NativeBridgeInitAnonymousNamespace(const char* public_ns_sonames,
	const char* anon_ns_library_path) {
	if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
	if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
	return callbacks->initAnonymousNamespace(public_ns_sonames, anon_ns_library_path);
	} else {
	ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, cannot init namespace", NAMESPACE_VERSION);
	}
	}

	return false;
	}

	native_bridge_namespace_t* NativeBridgeCreateNamespace(const char* name,
	const char* ld_library_path,
	const char* default_library_path,
	uint64_t type,
	const char* permitted_when_isolated_path,
	native_bridge_namespace_t* parent_ns) {
	if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
	if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
	return callbacks->createNamespace(name,
	ld_library_path,
	default_library_path,
	type,
	permitted_when_isolated_path,
	parent_ns);
	} else {
	ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, cannot create namespace %s", NAMESPACE_VERSION, name);
	}
	}

	return nullptr;
	}

	bool NativeBridgeLinkNamespaces(native_bridge_namespace_t* from, native_bridge_namespace_t* to,
	const char* shared_libs_sonames) {
	if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
	if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
	return callbacks->linkNamespaces(from, to, shared_libs_sonames);
	} else {
	ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, cannot init namespace", NAMESPACE_VERSION);
	}
	}

	return false;
	}

	native_bridge_namespace_t* NativeBridgeGetExportedNamespace(const char* name) {
	if (!NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
	return nullptr;
	}

	if (isCompatibleWith(RUNTIME_NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
	return callbacks->getExportedNamespace(name);
	}

	// sphal is vendor namespace name -> use v4 callback in the case NB callbacks
	// are not compatible with v5
	if (isCompatibleWith(VENDOR_NAMESPACE_VERSION) && name != nullptr && strcmp("sphal", name) == 0) {
	return callbacks->getVendorNamespace();
	}

	return nullptr;
	}

	void* NativeBridgeLoadLibraryExt(const char* libpath, int flag, native_bridge_namespace_t* ns) {
	if (NativeBridgeInitialized()) {
	if (isCompatibleWith(NAMESPACE_VERSION)) {
	return callbacks->loadLibraryExt(libpath, flag, ns);
	} else {
	ALOGE("not compatible with version %d, cannot load library in namespace", NAMESPACE_VERSION);
	}
	}
	return nullptr;
	}

	} // extern "C"

	} // namespace android