Merge "Add const-string benchmark."
diff --git a/benchmark/Android.bp b/benchmark/Android.bp
index dd19888..014a2b3 100644
--- a/benchmark/Android.bp
+++ b/benchmark/Android.bp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 art_cc_library {
     name: "libartbenchmark",
     host_supported: true,
-    defaults: ["art_defaults", "art_debug_defaults"],
+    defaults: ["art_defaults" ],
     srcs: [
         "jni_loader.cc",
         "jobject-benchmark/jobject_benchmark.cc",
diff --git a/benchmark/jni-perf/perf_jni.cc b/benchmark/jni-perf/perf_jni.cc
index cd8d520..06dded8 100644
--- a/benchmark/jni-perf/perf_jni.cc
+++ b/benchmark/jni-perf/perf_jni.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/benchmark/jobject-benchmark/jobject_benchmark.cc b/benchmark/jobject-benchmark/jobject_benchmark.cc
index e7ca9eb..4b2c024 100644
--- a/benchmark/jobject-benchmark/jobject_benchmark.cc
+++ b/benchmark/jobject-benchmark/jobject_benchmark.cc
@@ -16,8 +16,9 @@
 
 #include "jni.h"
 
+#include "java_vm_ext.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace {
@@ -25,10 +26,10 @@
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_JObjectBenchmark_timeAddRemoveLocal(
     JNIEnv* env, jobject jobj, jint reps) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jobj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jobj);
   CHECK(obj != nullptr);
   for (jint i = 0; i < reps; ++i) {
-    jobject ref = soa.Env()->AddLocalReference<jobject>(obj);
+    jobject ref = soa.Env()->AddLocalReference<jobject>(obj.Decode());
     soa.Env()->DeleteLocalRef(ref);
   }
 }
@@ -36,11 +37,11 @@
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_JObjectBenchmark_timeDecodeLocal(
     JNIEnv* env, jobject jobj, jint reps) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jobj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jobj);
   CHECK(obj != nullptr);
-  jobject ref = soa.Env()->AddLocalReference<jobject>(obj);
+  jobject ref = soa.Env()->AddLocalReference<jobject>(obj.Decode());
   for (jint i = 0; i < reps; ++i) {
-    CHECK_EQ(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(ref), obj);
+    CHECK_EQ(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(ref), obj);
   }
   soa.Env()->DeleteLocalRef(ref);
 }
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_JObjectBenchmark_timeAddRemoveGlobal(
     JNIEnv* env, jobject jobj, jint reps) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jobj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jobj);
   CHECK(obj != nullptr);
   for (jint i = 0; i < reps; ++i) {
     jobject ref = soa.Vm()->AddGlobalRef(soa.Self(), obj);
@@ -59,11 +60,11 @@
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_JObjectBenchmark_timeDecodeGlobal(
     JNIEnv* env, jobject jobj, jint reps) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jobj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jobj);
   CHECK(obj != nullptr);
   jobject ref = soa.Vm()->AddGlobalRef(soa.Self(), obj);
   for (jint i = 0; i < reps; ++i) {
-    CHECK_EQ(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(ref), obj);
+    CHECK_EQ(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(ref), obj);
   }
   soa.Vm()->DeleteGlobalRef(soa.Self(), ref);
 }
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_JObjectBenchmark_timeAddRemoveWeakGlobal(
     JNIEnv* env, jobject jobj, jint reps) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jobj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jobj);
   CHECK(obj != nullptr);
   for (jint i = 0; i < reps; ++i) {
     jobject ref = soa.Vm()->AddWeakGlobalRef(soa.Self(), obj);
@@ -82,11 +83,11 @@
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_JObjectBenchmark_timeDecodeWeakGlobal(
     JNIEnv* env, jobject jobj, jint reps) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jobj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jobj);
   CHECK(obj != nullptr);
   jobject ref = soa.Vm()->AddWeakGlobalRef(soa.Self(), obj);
   for (jint i = 0; i < reps; ++i) {
-    CHECK_EQ(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(ref), obj);
+    CHECK_EQ(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(ref), obj);
   }
   soa.Vm()->DeleteWeakGlobalRef(soa.Self(), ref);
 }
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@
     JNIEnv* env, jobject jobj, jint reps) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
   for (jint i = 0; i < reps; ++i) {
-    soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jobj);
+    soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jobj);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/Android.bp b/compiler/Android.bp
index f264d30..7fb009a 100644
--- a/compiler/Android.bp
+++ b/compiler/Android.bp
@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@
         "dex/verified_method.cc",
         "dex/verification_results.cc",
         "dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.cc",
-        "dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.cc",
-        "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.cc",
         "driver/compiled_method_storage.cc",
         "driver/compiler_driver.cc",
         "driver/compiler_options.cc",
diff --git a/compiler/common_compiler_test.cc b/compiler/common_compiler_test.cc
index 2af4d72..bc8facd 100644
--- a/compiler/common_compiler_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/common_compiler_test.cc
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 #include "class_linker.h"
 #include "compiled_method.h"
 #include "dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.h"
-#include "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
 #include "dex/verification_results.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_driver.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_options.h"
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@
 #include "mirror/dex_cache.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
@@ -109,7 +108,8 @@
   FlushInstructionCache(reinterpret_cast<char*>(base), reinterpret_cast<char*>(base + len));
 }
 
-void CommonCompilerTest::MakeExecutable(mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader, const char* class_name) {
+void CommonCompilerTest::MakeExecutable(ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
+                                        const char* class_name) {
   std::string class_descriptor(DotToDescriptor(class_name));
   Thread* self = Thread::Current();
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
@@ -174,14 +174,12 @@
 void CommonCompilerTest::CreateCompilerDriver(Compiler::Kind kind,
                                               InstructionSet isa,
                                               size_t number_of_threads) {
+  compiler_options_->boot_image_ = true;
   compiler_driver_.reset(new CompilerDriver(compiler_options_.get(),
                                             verification_results_.get(),
-                                            method_inliner_map_.get(),
                                             kind,
                                             isa,
                                             instruction_set_features_.get(),
-                                            /* boot_image */ true,
-                                            /* app_image */ false,
                                             GetImageClasses(),
                                             GetCompiledClasses(),
                                             GetCompiledMethods(),
@@ -200,9 +198,7 @@
 
   compiler_options_.reset(new CompilerOptions);
   verification_results_.reset(new VerificationResults(compiler_options_.get()));
-  method_inliner_map_.reset(new DexFileToMethodInlinerMap);
   callbacks_.reset(new QuickCompilerCallbacks(verification_results_.get(),
-                                              method_inliner_map_.get(),
                                               CompilerCallbacks::CallbackMode::kCompileApp));
 }
 
@@ -223,7 +219,6 @@
   timer_.reset();
   compiler_driver_.reset();
   callbacks_.reset();
-  method_inliner_map_.reset();
   verification_results_.reset();
   compiler_options_.reset();
   image_reservation_.reset();
diff --git a/compiler/common_compiler_test.h b/compiler/common_compiler_test.h
index 5239121..f4838c1 100644
--- a/compiler/common_compiler_test.h
+++ b/compiler/common_compiler_test.h
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@
 class CompilerDriver;
 class CompilerOptions;
 class CumulativeLogger;
-class DexFileToMethodInlinerMap;
 class VerificationResults;
 
 template<class T> class Handle;
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@
 
   static void MakeExecutable(const void* code_start, size_t code_length);
 
-  void MakeExecutable(mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader, const char* class_name)
+  void MakeExecutable(ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, const char* class_name)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
  protected:
@@ -102,7 +101,6 @@
   Compiler::Kind compiler_kind_ = Compiler::kOptimizing;
   std::unique_ptr<CompilerOptions> compiler_options_;
   std::unique_ptr<VerificationResults> verification_results_;
-  std::unique_ptr<DexFileToMethodInlinerMap> method_inliner_map_;
   std::unique_ptr<CompilerDriver> compiler_driver_;
   std::unique_ptr<CumulativeLogger> timer_;
   std::unique_ptr<const InstructionSetFeatures> instruction_set_features_;
diff --git a/compiler/compiled_method.h b/compiler/compiled_method.h
index 1a87448..99b0ac1 100644
--- a/compiler/compiled_method.h
+++ b/compiler/compiled_method.h
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@
     kTypeRelative,     // NOTE: Actual patching is instruction_set-dependent.
     kString,
     kStringRelative,   // NOTE: Actual patching is instruction_set-dependent.
+    kStringBssEntry,   // NOTE: Actual patching is instruction_set-dependent.
     kDexCacheArray,    // NOTE: Actual patching is instruction_set-dependent.
   };
 
@@ -244,10 +245,20 @@
     return patch;
   }
 
+  static LinkerPatch StringBssEntryPatch(size_t literal_offset,
+                                         const DexFile* target_dex_file,
+                                         uint32_t pc_insn_offset,
+                                         uint32_t target_string_idx) {
+    LinkerPatch patch(literal_offset, Type::kStringBssEntry, target_dex_file);
+    patch.string_idx_ = target_string_idx;
+    patch.pc_insn_offset_ = pc_insn_offset;
+    return patch;
+  }
+
   static LinkerPatch DexCacheArrayPatch(size_t literal_offset,
                                         const DexFile* target_dex_file,
                                         uint32_t pc_insn_offset,
-                                        size_t element_offset) {
+                                        uint32_t element_offset) {
     DCHECK(IsUint<32>(element_offset));
     LinkerPatch patch(literal_offset, Type::kDexCacheArray, target_dex_file);
     patch.pc_insn_offset_ = pc_insn_offset;
@@ -271,6 +282,7 @@
       case Type::kCallRelative:
       case Type::kTypeRelative:
       case Type::kStringRelative:
+      case Type::kStringBssEntry:
       case Type::kDexCacheArray:
         return true;
       default:
@@ -296,12 +308,16 @@
   }
 
   const DexFile* TargetStringDexFile() const {
-    DCHECK(patch_type_ == Type::kString || patch_type_ == Type::kStringRelative);
+    DCHECK(patch_type_ == Type::kString ||
+           patch_type_ == Type::kStringRelative ||
+           patch_type_ == Type::kStringBssEntry);
     return target_dex_file_;
   }
 
   uint32_t TargetStringIndex() const {
-    DCHECK(patch_type_ == Type::kString || patch_type_ == Type::kStringRelative);
+    DCHECK(patch_type_ == Type::kString ||
+           patch_type_ == Type::kStringRelative ||
+           patch_type_ == Type::kStringBssEntry);
     return string_idx_;
   }
 
@@ -318,6 +334,7 @@
   uint32_t PcInsnOffset() const {
     DCHECK(patch_type_ == Type::kTypeRelative ||
            patch_type_ == Type::kStringRelative ||
+           patch_type_ == Type::kStringBssEntry ||
            patch_type_ == Type::kDexCacheArray);
     return pc_insn_offset_;
   }
diff --git a/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.cc b/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.cc
index e0abf19..236a3b2 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.cc
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(unit_.GetClassLoader())));
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(unit_.GetClassLoader())));
 
   ClassLinker* class_linker = unit_.GetClassLinker();
   ArtMethod* resolved_method = class_linker->ResolveMethod<ClassLinker::kForceICCECheck>(
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.cc b/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index 6750554..0000000
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,824 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "dex_file_method_inliner.h"
-
-#include <algorithm>
-
-#include "base/logging.h"
-#include "base/macros.h"
-#include "base/mutex-inl.h"
-#include "driver/compiler_driver.h"
-#include "thread-inl.h"
-#include "dex_instruction-inl.h"
-#include "driver/dex_compilation_unit.h"
-#include "verifier/method_verifier-inl.h"
-
-namespace art {
-
-namespace {  // anonymous namespace
-
-static constexpr bool kIntrinsicIsStatic[] = {
-    true,   // kIntrinsicDoubleCvt
-    true,   // kIntrinsicFloatCvt
-    true,   // kIntrinsicFloat2Int
-    true,   // kIntrinsicDouble2Long
-    true,   // kIntrinsicFloatIsInfinite
-    true,   // kIntrinsicDoubleIsInfinite
-    true,   // kIntrinsicFloatIsNaN
-    true,   // kIntrinsicDoubleIsNaN
-    true,   // kIntrinsicReverseBits
-    true,   // kIntrinsicReverseBytes
-    true,   // kIntrinsicBitCount
-    true,   // kIntrinsicCompare,
-    true,   // kIntrinsicHighestOneBit
-    true,   // kIntrinsicLowestOneBit
-    true,   // kIntrinsicNumberOfLeadingZeros
-    true,   // kIntrinsicNumberOfTrailingZeros
-    true,   // kIntrinsicRotateRight
-    true,   // kIntrinsicRotateLeft
-    true,   // kIntrinsicSignum
-    true,   // kIntrinsicAbsInt
-    true,   // kIntrinsicAbsLong
-    true,   // kIntrinsicAbsFloat
-    true,   // kIntrinsicAbsDouble
-    true,   // kIntrinsicMinMaxInt
-    true,   // kIntrinsicMinMaxLong
-    true,   // kIntrinsicMinMaxFloat
-    true,   // kIntrinsicMinMaxDouble
-    true,   // kIntrinsicCos
-    true,   // kIntrinsicSin
-    true,   // kIntrinsicAcos
-    true,   // kIntrinsicAsin
-    true,   // kIntrinsicAtan
-    true,   // kIntrinsicAtan2
-    true,   // kIntrinsicCbrt
-    true,   // kIntrinsicCosh
-    true,   // kIntrinsicExp
-    true,   // kIntrinsicExpm1
-    true,   // kIntrinsicHypot
-    true,   // kIntrinsicLog
-    true,   // kIntrinsicLog10
-    true,   // kIntrinsicNextAfter
-    true,   // kIntrinsicSinh
-    true,   // kIntrinsicTan
-    true,   // kIntrinsicTanh
-    true,   // kIntrinsicSqrt
-    true,   // kIntrinsicCeil
-    true,   // kIntrinsicFloor
-    true,   // kIntrinsicRint
-    true,   // kIntrinsicRoundFloat
-    true,   // kIntrinsicRoundDouble
-    false,  // kIntrinsicReferenceGetReferent
-    false,  // kIntrinsicCharAt
-    false,  // kIntrinsicCompareTo
-    false,  // kIntrinsicEquals
-    false,  // kIntrinsicGetCharsNoCheck
-    false,  // kIntrinsicIsEmptyOrLength
-    false,  // kIntrinsicIndexOf
-    true,   // kIntrinsicNewStringFromBytes
-    true,   // kIntrinsicNewStringFromChars
-    true,   // kIntrinsicNewStringFromString
-    true,   // kIntrinsicCurrentThread
-    true,   // kIntrinsicPeek
-    true,   // kIntrinsicPoke
-    false,  // kIntrinsicCas
-    false,  // kIntrinsicUnsafeGet
-    false,  // kIntrinsicUnsafePut
-    false,  // kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndAddInt,
-    false,  // kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndAddLong,
-    false,  // kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndSetInt,
-    false,  // kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndSetLong,
-    false,  // kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndSetObject,
-    false,  // kIntrinsicUnsafeLoadFence,
-    false,  // kIntrinsicUnsafeStoreFence,
-    false,  // kIntrinsicUnsafeFullFence,
-    true,   // kIntrinsicSystemArrayCopyCharArray
-    true,   // kIntrinsicSystemArrayCopy
-};
-static_assert(arraysize(kIntrinsicIsStatic) == kInlineOpNop,
-              "arraysize of kIntrinsicIsStatic unexpected");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicDoubleCvt], "DoubleCvt must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicFloatCvt], "FloatCvt must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicFloat2Int], "Float2Int must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicDouble2Long], "Double2Long must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicFloatIsInfinite], "FloatIsInfinite must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicDoubleIsInfinite], "DoubleIsInfinite must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicFloatIsNaN], "FloatIsNaN must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicDoubleIsNaN], "DoubleIsNaN must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicReverseBits], "ReverseBits must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicReverseBytes], "ReverseBytes must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicBitCount], "BitCount must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicCompare], "Compare must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicHighestOneBit], "HighestOneBit must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicLowestOneBit], "LowestOneBit  must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicNumberOfLeadingZeros],
-              "NumberOfLeadingZeros must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicNumberOfTrailingZeros],
-              "NumberOfTrailingZeros must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicRotateRight], "RotateRight must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicRotateLeft], "RotateLeft must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicSignum], "Signum must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicAbsInt], "AbsInt must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicAbsLong], "AbsLong must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicAbsFloat], "AbsFloat must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicAbsDouble], "AbsDouble must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicMinMaxInt], "MinMaxInt must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicMinMaxLong], "MinMaxLong must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicMinMaxFloat], "MinMaxFloat must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicMinMaxDouble], "MinMaxDouble must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicCos], "Cos must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicSin], "Sin must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicAcos], "Acos must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicAsin], "Asin must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicAtan], "Atan must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicAtan2], "Atan2 must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicCbrt], "Cbrt must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicCosh], "Cosh must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicExp], "Exp must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicExpm1], "Expm1 must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicHypot], "Hypot must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicLog], "Log must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicLog10], "Log10 must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicNextAfter], "NextAfter must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicSinh], "Sinh must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicTan], "Tan must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicTanh], "Tanh must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicSqrt], "Sqrt must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicCeil], "Ceil must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicFloor], "Floor must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicRint], "Rint must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicRoundFloat], "RoundFloat must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicRoundDouble], "RoundDouble must be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicReferenceGetReferent], "Get must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicCharAt], "CharAt must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicCompareTo], "CompareTo must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicEquals], "String equals must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicGetCharsNoCheck], "GetCharsNoCheck must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicIsEmptyOrLength], "IsEmptyOrLength must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicIndexOf], "IndexOf must not be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicNewStringFromBytes],
-              "NewStringFromBytes must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicNewStringFromChars],
-              "NewStringFromChars must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicNewStringFromString],
-              "NewStringFromString must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicCurrentThread], "CurrentThread must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicPeek], "Peek must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicPoke], "Poke must be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicCas], "Cas must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicUnsafeGet], "UnsafeGet must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicUnsafePut], "UnsafePut must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndAddInt], "UnsafeGetAndAddInt must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndAddLong], "UnsafeGetAndAddLong must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndSetInt], "UnsafeGetAndSetInt must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndSetLong], "UnsafeGetAndSetLong must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndSetObject], "UnsafeGetAndSetObject must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicUnsafeLoadFence], "UnsafeLoadFence must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicUnsafeStoreFence], "UnsafeStoreFence must not be static");
-static_assert(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicUnsafeFullFence], "UnsafeFullFence must not be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicSystemArrayCopyCharArray],
-              "SystemArrayCopyCharArray must be static");
-static_assert(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicSystemArrayCopy],
-              "SystemArrayCopy must be static");
-
-}  // anonymous namespace
-
-const uint32_t DexFileMethodInliner::kIndexUnresolved;
-const char* const DexFileMethodInliner::kClassCacheNames[] = {
-    "Z",                       // kClassCacheBoolean
-    "B",                       // kClassCacheByte
-    "C",                       // kClassCacheChar
-    "S",                       // kClassCacheShort
-    "I",                       // kClassCacheInt
-    "J",                       // kClassCacheLong
-    "F",                       // kClassCacheFloat
-    "D",                       // kClassCacheDouble
-    "V",                       // kClassCacheVoid
-    "[B",                      // kClassCacheJavaLangByteArray
-    "[C",                      // kClassCacheJavaLangCharArray
-    "[I",                      // kClassCacheJavaLangIntArray
-    "Ljava/lang/Object;",      // kClassCacheJavaLangObject
-    "Ljava/lang/ref/Reference;",   // kClassCacheJavaLangRefReference
-    "Ljava/lang/String;",      // kClassCacheJavaLangString
-    "Ljava/lang/StringBuffer;",    // kClassCacheJavaLangStringBuffer
-    "Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;",   // kClassCacheJavaLangStringBuilder
-    "Ljava/lang/StringFactory;",   // kClassCacheJavaLangStringFactory
-    "Ljava/lang/Double;",      // kClassCacheJavaLangDouble
-    "Ljava/lang/Float;",       // kClassCacheJavaLangFloat
-    "Ljava/lang/Integer;",     // kClassCacheJavaLangInteger
-    "Ljava/lang/Long;",        // kClassCacheJavaLangLong
-    "Ljava/lang/Short;",       // kClassCacheJavaLangShort
-    "Ljava/lang/Math;",        // kClassCacheJavaLangMath
-    "Ljava/lang/StrictMath;",  // kClassCacheJavaLangStrictMath
-    "Ljava/lang/Thread;",      // kClassCacheJavaLangThread
-    "Ljava/nio/charset/Charset;",  // kClassCacheJavaNioCharsetCharset
-    "Llibcore/io/Memory;",     // kClassCacheLibcoreIoMemory
-    "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;",       // kClassCacheSunMiscUnsafe
-    "Ljava/lang/System;",      // kClassCacheJavaLangSystem
-};
-
-const char* const DexFileMethodInliner::kNameCacheNames[] = {
-    "reverse",               // kNameCacheReverse
-    "reverseBytes",          // kNameCacheReverseBytes
-    "doubleToRawLongBits",   // kNameCacheDoubleToRawLongBits
-    "longBitsToDouble",      // kNameCacheLongBitsToDouble
-    "floatToRawIntBits",     // kNameCacheFloatToRawIntBits
-    "intBitsToFloat",        // kNameCacheIntBitsToFloat
-    "abs",                   // kNameCacheAbs
-    "max",                   // kNameCacheMax
-    "min",                   // kNameCacheMin
-    "cos",                   // kNameCacheCos
-    "sin",                   // kNameCacheSin
-    "acos",                  // kNameCacheAcos
-    "asin",                  // kNameCacheAsin
-    "atan",                  // kNameCacheAtan
-    "atan2",                 // kNameCacheAtan2
-    "cbrt",                  // kNameCacheCbrt
-    "cosh",                  // kNameCacheCosh
-    "exp",                   // kNameCacheExp
-    "expm1",                 // kNameCacheExpm1
-    "hypot",                 // kNameCacheHypot
-    "log",                   // kNameCacheLog
-    "log10",                 // kNameCacheLog10
-    "nextAfter",             // kNameCacheNextAfter
-    "sinh",                  // kNameCacheSinh
-    "tan",                   // kNameCacheTan
-    "tanh",                  // kNameCacheTanh
-    "sqrt",                  // kNameCacheSqrt
-    "ceil",                  // kNameCacheCeil
-    "floor",                 // kNameCacheFloor
-    "rint",                  // kNameCacheRint
-    "round",                 // kNameCacheRound
-    "getReferent",           // kNameCacheReferenceGet
-    "charAt",                // kNameCacheCharAt
-    "compareTo",             // kNameCacheCompareTo
-    "equals",                // kNameCacheEquals
-    "getCharsNoCheck",       // kNameCacheGetCharsNoCheck
-    "isEmpty",               // kNameCacheIsEmpty
-    "floatToIntBits",        // kNameCacheFloatToIntBits
-    "doubleToLongBits",      // kNameCacheDoubleToLongBits
-    "isInfinite",            // kNameCacheIsInfinite
-    "isNaN",                 // kNameCacheIsNaN
-    "indexOf",               // kNameCacheIndexOf
-    "length",                // kNameCacheLength
-    "<init>",                // kNameCacheInit
-    "newStringFromBytes",    // kNameCacheNewStringFromBytes
-    "newStringFromChars",    // kNameCacheNewStringFromChars
-    "newStringFromString",   // kNameCacheNewStringFromString
-    "currentThread",         // kNameCacheCurrentThread
-    "peekByte",              // kNameCachePeekByte
-    "peekIntNative",         // kNameCachePeekIntNative
-    "peekLongNative",        // kNameCachePeekLongNative
-    "peekShortNative",       // kNameCachePeekShortNative
-    "pokeByte",              // kNameCachePokeByte
-    "pokeIntNative",         // kNameCachePokeIntNative
-    "pokeLongNative",        // kNameCachePokeLongNative
-    "pokeShortNative",       // kNameCachePokeShortNative
-    "compareAndSwapInt",     // kNameCacheCompareAndSwapInt
-    "compareAndSwapLong",    // kNameCacheCompareAndSwapLong
-    "compareAndSwapObject",  // kNameCacheCompareAndSwapObject
-    "getInt",                // kNameCacheGetInt
-    "getIntVolatile",        // kNameCacheGetIntVolatile
-    "putInt",                // kNameCachePutInt
-    "putIntVolatile",        // kNameCachePutIntVolatile
-    "putOrderedInt",         // kNameCachePutOrderedInt
-    "getLong",               // kNameCacheGetLong
-    "getLongVolatile",       // kNameCacheGetLongVolatile
-    "putLong",               // kNameCachePutLong
-    "putLongVolatile",       // kNameCachePutLongVolatile
-    "putOrderedLong",        // kNameCachePutOrderedLong
-    "getObject",             // kNameCacheGetObject
-    "getObjectVolatile",     // kNameCacheGetObjectVolatile
-    "putObject",             // kNameCachePutObject
-    "putObjectVolatile",     // kNameCachePutObjectVolatile
-    "putOrderedObject",      // kNameCachePutOrderedObject
-    "getAndAddInt",          // kNameCacheGetAndAddInt,
-    "getAndAddLong",         // kNameCacheGetAndAddLong,
-    "getAndSetInt",          // kNameCacheGetAndSetInt,
-    "getAndSetLong",         // kNameCacheGetAndSetLong,
-    "getAndSetObject",       // kNameCacheGetAndSetObject,
-    "loadFence",             // kNameCacheLoadFence,
-    "storeFence",            // kNameCacheStoreFence,
-    "fullFence",             // kNameCacheFullFence,
-    "arraycopy",             // kNameCacheArrayCopy
-    "bitCount",              // kNameCacheBitCount
-    "compare",               // kNameCacheCompare
-    "highestOneBit",         // kNameCacheHighestOneBit
-    "lowestOneBit",          // kNameCacheLowestOneBit
-    "numberOfLeadingZeros",  // kNameCacheNumberOfLeadingZeros
-    "numberOfTrailingZeros",  // kNameCacheNumberOfTrailingZeros
-    "rotateRight",           // kNameCacheRotateRight
-    "rotateLeft",            // kNameCacheRotateLeft
-    "signum",                // kNameCacheSignum
-};
-
-const DexFileMethodInliner::ProtoDef DexFileMethodInliner::kProtoCacheDefs[] = {
-    // kProtoCacheI_I
-    { kClassCacheInt, 1, { kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheJ_J
-    { kClassCacheLong, 1, { kClassCacheLong } },
-    // kProtoCacheS_S
-    { kClassCacheShort, 1, { kClassCacheShort } },
-    // kProtoCacheD_D
-    { kClassCacheDouble, 1, { kClassCacheDouble } },
-    // kProtoCacheDD_D
-    { kClassCacheDouble, 2, { kClassCacheDouble, kClassCacheDouble } },
-    // kProtoCacheF_F
-    { kClassCacheFloat, 1, { kClassCacheFloat } },
-    // kProtoCacheFF_F
-    { kClassCacheFloat, 2, { kClassCacheFloat, kClassCacheFloat } },
-    // kProtoCacheD_J
-    { kClassCacheLong, 1, { kClassCacheDouble } },
-    // kProtoCacheD_Z
-    { kClassCacheBoolean, 1, { kClassCacheDouble } },
-    // kProtoCacheJ_D
-    { kClassCacheDouble, 1, { kClassCacheLong } },
-    // kProtoCacheF_I
-    { kClassCacheInt, 1, { kClassCacheFloat } },
-    // kProtoCacheF_Z
-    { kClassCacheBoolean, 1, { kClassCacheFloat } },
-    // kProtoCacheI_F
-    { kClassCacheFloat, 1, { kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheII_I
-    { kClassCacheInt, 2, { kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheI_C
-    { kClassCacheChar, 1, { kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheString_I
-    { kClassCacheInt, 1, { kClassCacheJavaLangString } },
-    // kProtoCache_Z
-    { kClassCacheBoolean, 0, { } },
-    // kProtoCache_I
-    { kClassCacheInt, 0, { } },
-    // kProtoCache_Object
-    { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, 0, { } },
-    // kProtoCache_Thread
-    { kClassCacheJavaLangThread, 0, { } },
-    // kProtoCacheJ_B
-    { kClassCacheByte, 1, { kClassCacheLong } },
-    // kProtoCacheJ_I
-    { kClassCacheInt, 1, { kClassCacheLong } },
-    // kProtoCacheJ_S
-    { kClassCacheShort, 1, { kClassCacheLong } },
-    // kProtoCacheJB_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 2, { kClassCacheLong, kClassCacheByte } },
-    // kProtoCacheJI_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 2, { kClassCacheLong, kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheJJ_J
-    { kClassCacheLong, 2, { kClassCacheLong, kClassCacheLong } },
-    // kProtoCacheJJ_I
-    { kClassCacheInt, 2, { kClassCacheLong, kClassCacheLong } },
-    // kProtoCacheJJ_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 2, { kClassCacheLong, kClassCacheLong } },
-    // kProtoCacheJS_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 2, { kClassCacheLong, kClassCacheShort } },
-    // kProtoCacheObject_Z
-    { kClassCacheBoolean, 1, { kClassCacheJavaLangObject } },
-    // kProtoCacheJI_J
-    { kClassCacheLong, 2, { kClassCacheLong, kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheObjectJII_Z
-    { kClassCacheBoolean, 4, { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheLong,
-        kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheObjectJJJ_Z
-    { kClassCacheBoolean, 4, { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheLong,
-        kClassCacheLong, kClassCacheLong } },
-    // kProtoCacheObjectJObjectObject_Z
-    { kClassCacheBoolean, 4, { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheLong,
-        kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheJavaLangObject } },
-    // kProtoCacheObjectJ_I
-    { kClassCacheInt, 2, { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheLong } },
-    // kProtoCacheObjectJI_I
-    { kClassCacheInt, 3, { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheLong, kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheObjectJI_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 3, { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheLong, kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheObjectJ_J
-    { kClassCacheLong, 2, { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheLong } },
-    // kProtoCacheObjectJJ_J
-    { kClassCacheLong, 3, { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheLong, kClassCacheLong } },
-    // kProtoCacheObjectJJ_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 3, { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheLong, kClassCacheLong } },
-    // kProtoCacheObjectJ_Object
-    { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, 2, { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheLong } },
-    // kProtoCacheObjectJObject_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 3, { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheLong,
-        kClassCacheJavaLangObject } },
-    // kProtoCacheObjectJObject_Object
-    { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, 3, { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheLong,
-        kClassCacheJavaLangObject } },
-    // kProtoCacheCharArrayICharArrayII_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 5, {kClassCacheJavaLangCharArray, kClassCacheInt,
-        kClassCacheJavaLangCharArray, kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheInt} },
-    // kProtoCacheObjectIObjectII_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 5, {kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheInt,
-        kClassCacheJavaLangObject, kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheInt} },
-    // kProtoCacheIICharArrayI_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 4, { kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheJavaLangCharArray,
-        kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheByteArrayIII_String
-    { kClassCacheJavaLangString, 4, { kClassCacheJavaLangByteArray, kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheInt,
-        kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheIICharArray_String
-    { kClassCacheJavaLangString, 3, { kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheInt,
-        kClassCacheJavaLangCharArray } },
-    // kProtoCacheString_String
-    { kClassCacheJavaLangString, 1, { kClassCacheJavaLangString } },
-    // kProtoCache_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 0, { } },
-    // kProtoCacheByteArray_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 1, { kClassCacheJavaLangByteArray } },
-    // kProtoCacheByteArrayI_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 2, { kClassCacheJavaLangByteArray, kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheByteArrayII_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 3, { kClassCacheJavaLangByteArray, kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheByteArrayIII_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 4, { kClassCacheJavaLangByteArray, kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheInt,
-        kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheByteArrayIIString_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 4, { kClassCacheJavaLangByteArray, kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheInt,
-        kClassCacheJavaLangString } },
-    // kProtoCacheByteArrayString_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 2, { kClassCacheJavaLangByteArray, kClassCacheJavaLangString } },
-    // kProtoCacheByteArrayIICharset_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 4, { kClassCacheJavaLangByteArray, kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheInt,
-        kClassCacheJavaNioCharsetCharset } },
-    // kProtoCacheByteArrayCharset_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 2, { kClassCacheJavaLangByteArray, kClassCacheJavaNioCharsetCharset } },
-    // kProtoCacheCharArray_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 1, { kClassCacheJavaLangCharArray } },
-    // kProtoCacheCharArrayII_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 3, { kClassCacheJavaLangCharArray, kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheIICharArray_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 3, { kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheJavaLangCharArray } },
-    // kProtoCacheIntArrayII_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 3, { kClassCacheJavaLangIntArray, kClassCacheInt, kClassCacheInt } },
-    // kProtoCacheString_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 1, { kClassCacheJavaLangString } },
-    // kProtoCacheStringBuffer_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 1, { kClassCacheJavaLangStringBuffer } },
-    // kProtoCacheStringBuilder_V
-    { kClassCacheVoid, 1, { kClassCacheJavaLangStringBuilder } },
-};
-
-const DexFileMethodInliner::IntrinsicDef DexFileMethodInliner::kIntrinsicMethods[] = {
-#define INTRINSIC(c, n, p, o, d) \
-    { { kClassCache ## c, kNameCache ## n, kProtoCache ## p }, { o, kInlineIntrinsic, { d } } }
-
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangDouble, DoubleToRawLongBits, D_J, kIntrinsicDoubleCvt, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangDouble, LongBitsToDouble, J_D, kIntrinsicDoubleCvt, kIntrinsicFlagToFloatingPoint),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangFloat, FloatToRawIntBits, F_I, kIntrinsicFloatCvt, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangFloat, IntBitsToFloat, I_F, kIntrinsicFloatCvt, kIntrinsicFlagToFloatingPoint),
-
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangFloat, FloatToIntBits, F_I, kIntrinsicFloat2Int, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangDouble, DoubleToLongBits, D_J, kIntrinsicDouble2Long, 0),
-
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangFloat, IsInfinite, F_Z, kIntrinsicFloatIsInfinite, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangDouble, IsInfinite, D_Z, kIntrinsicDoubleIsInfinite, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangFloat, IsNaN, F_Z, kIntrinsicFloatIsNaN, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangDouble, IsNaN, D_Z, kIntrinsicDoubleIsNaN, 0),
-
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangInteger, ReverseBytes, I_I, kIntrinsicReverseBytes, k32),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangLong, ReverseBytes, J_J, kIntrinsicReverseBytes, k64),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangShort, ReverseBytes, S_S, kIntrinsicReverseBytes, kSignedHalf),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangInteger, Reverse, I_I, kIntrinsicReverseBits, k32),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangLong, Reverse, J_J, kIntrinsicReverseBits, k64),
-
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangInteger, BitCount, I_I, kIntrinsicBitCount, k32),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangLong, BitCount, J_I, kIntrinsicBitCount, k64),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangInteger, Compare, II_I, kIntrinsicCompare, k32),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangLong, Compare, JJ_I, kIntrinsicCompare, k64),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangInteger, HighestOneBit, I_I, kIntrinsicHighestOneBit, k32),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangLong, HighestOneBit, J_J, kIntrinsicHighestOneBit, k64),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangInteger, LowestOneBit, I_I, kIntrinsicLowestOneBit, k32),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangLong, LowestOneBit, J_J, kIntrinsicLowestOneBit, k64),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangInteger, NumberOfLeadingZeros, I_I, kIntrinsicNumberOfLeadingZeros, k32),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangLong, NumberOfLeadingZeros, J_I, kIntrinsicNumberOfLeadingZeros, k64),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangInteger, NumberOfTrailingZeros, I_I, kIntrinsicNumberOfTrailingZeros, k32),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangLong, NumberOfTrailingZeros, J_I, kIntrinsicNumberOfTrailingZeros, k64),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangInteger, Signum, I_I, kIntrinsicSignum, k32),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangLong, Signum, J_I, kIntrinsicSignum, k64),
-
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Abs, I_I, kIntrinsicAbsInt, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Abs, I_I, kIntrinsicAbsInt, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Abs, J_J, kIntrinsicAbsLong, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Abs, J_J, kIntrinsicAbsLong, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Abs, F_F, kIntrinsicAbsFloat, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Abs, F_F, kIntrinsicAbsFloat, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Abs, D_D, kIntrinsicAbsDouble, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Abs, D_D, kIntrinsicAbsDouble, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Min, II_I, kIntrinsicMinMaxInt, kIntrinsicFlagMin),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Min, II_I, kIntrinsicMinMaxInt, kIntrinsicFlagMin),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Max, II_I, kIntrinsicMinMaxInt, kIntrinsicFlagMax),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Max, II_I, kIntrinsicMinMaxInt, kIntrinsicFlagMax),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Min, JJ_J, kIntrinsicMinMaxLong, kIntrinsicFlagMin),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Min, JJ_J, kIntrinsicMinMaxLong, kIntrinsicFlagMin),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Max, JJ_J, kIntrinsicMinMaxLong, kIntrinsicFlagMax),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Max, JJ_J, kIntrinsicMinMaxLong, kIntrinsicFlagMax),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Min, FF_F, kIntrinsicMinMaxFloat, kIntrinsicFlagMin),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Min, FF_F, kIntrinsicMinMaxFloat, kIntrinsicFlagMin),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Max, FF_F, kIntrinsicMinMaxFloat, kIntrinsicFlagMax),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Max, FF_F, kIntrinsicMinMaxFloat, kIntrinsicFlagMax),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Min, DD_D, kIntrinsicMinMaxDouble, kIntrinsicFlagMin),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Min, DD_D, kIntrinsicMinMaxDouble, kIntrinsicFlagMin),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Max, DD_D, kIntrinsicMinMaxDouble, kIntrinsicFlagMax),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Max, DD_D, kIntrinsicMinMaxDouble, kIntrinsicFlagMax),
-
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Cos, D_D, kIntrinsicCos, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Sin, D_D, kIntrinsicSin, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Acos, D_D, kIntrinsicAcos, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Asin, D_D, kIntrinsicAsin, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Atan, D_D, kIntrinsicAtan, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Atan2, DD_D, kIntrinsicAtan2, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Cbrt, D_D, kIntrinsicCbrt, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Cosh, D_D, kIntrinsicCosh, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Exp, D_D, kIntrinsicExp, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Expm1, D_D, kIntrinsicExpm1, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Hypot, DD_D, kIntrinsicHypot, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Log, D_D, kIntrinsicLog, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Log10, D_D, kIntrinsicLog10, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       NextAfter, DD_D, kIntrinsicNextAfter, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Sinh, D_D, kIntrinsicSinh, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Tan, D_D, kIntrinsicTan, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Tanh, D_D, kIntrinsicTanh, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Sqrt, D_D, kIntrinsicSqrt, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Sqrt, D_D, kIntrinsicSqrt, 0),
-
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Ceil, D_D, kIntrinsicCeil, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Ceil, D_D, kIntrinsicCeil, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Floor, D_D, kIntrinsicFloor, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Floor, D_D, kIntrinsicFloor, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Rint, D_D, kIntrinsicRint, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Rint, D_D, kIntrinsicRint, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Round, F_I, kIntrinsicRoundFloat, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Round, F_I, kIntrinsicRoundFloat, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Round, D_J, kIntrinsicRoundDouble, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Round, D_J, kIntrinsicRoundDouble, 0),
-
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangRefReference, ReferenceGetReferent, _Object, kIntrinsicReferenceGetReferent, 0),
-
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangString, CharAt, I_C, kIntrinsicCharAt, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangString, CompareTo, String_I, kIntrinsicCompareTo, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangString, Equals, Object_Z, kIntrinsicEquals, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangString, GetCharsNoCheck, IICharArrayI_V, kIntrinsicGetCharsNoCheck, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangString, IsEmpty, _Z, kIntrinsicIsEmptyOrLength, kIntrinsicFlagIsEmpty),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangString, IndexOf, II_I, kIntrinsicIndexOf, kIntrinsicFlagNone),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangString, IndexOf, I_I, kIntrinsicIndexOf, kIntrinsicFlagBase0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangString, Length, _I, kIntrinsicIsEmptyOrLength, kIntrinsicFlagLength),
-
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStringFactory, NewStringFromBytes, ByteArrayIII_String,
-              kIntrinsicNewStringFromBytes, kIntrinsicFlagNone),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStringFactory, NewStringFromChars, IICharArray_String,
-              kIntrinsicNewStringFromChars, kIntrinsicFlagNone),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangStringFactory, NewStringFromString, String_String,
-              kIntrinsicNewStringFromString, kIntrinsicFlagNone),
-
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangThread, CurrentThread, _Thread, kIntrinsicCurrentThread, 0),
-
-    INTRINSIC(LibcoreIoMemory, PeekByte, J_B, kIntrinsicPeek, kSignedByte),
-    INTRINSIC(LibcoreIoMemory, PeekIntNative, J_I, kIntrinsicPeek, k32),
-    INTRINSIC(LibcoreIoMemory, PeekLongNative, J_J, kIntrinsicPeek, k64),
-    INTRINSIC(LibcoreIoMemory, PeekShortNative, J_S, kIntrinsicPeek, kSignedHalf),
-    INTRINSIC(LibcoreIoMemory, PokeByte, JB_V, kIntrinsicPoke, kSignedByte),
-    INTRINSIC(LibcoreIoMemory, PokeIntNative, JI_V, kIntrinsicPoke, k32),
-    INTRINSIC(LibcoreIoMemory, PokeLongNative, JJ_V, kIntrinsicPoke, k64),
-    INTRINSIC(LibcoreIoMemory, PokeShortNative, JS_V, kIntrinsicPoke, kSignedHalf),
-
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, CompareAndSwapInt, ObjectJII_Z, kIntrinsicCas,
-              kIntrinsicFlagNone),
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, CompareAndSwapLong, ObjectJJJ_Z, kIntrinsicCas,
-              kIntrinsicFlagIsLong),
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, CompareAndSwapObject, ObjectJObjectObject_Z, kIntrinsicCas,
-              kIntrinsicFlagIsObject),
-
-#define UNSAFE_GET_PUT(type, code, type_flags) \
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, Get ## type, ObjectJ_ ## code, kIntrinsicUnsafeGet, \
-              type_flags), \
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, Get ## type ## Volatile, ObjectJ_ ## code, kIntrinsicUnsafeGet, \
-              (type_flags) | kIntrinsicFlagIsVolatile), \
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, Put ## type, ObjectJ ## code ## _V, kIntrinsicUnsafePut, \
-              type_flags), \
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, Put ## type ## Volatile, ObjectJ ## code ## _V, kIntrinsicUnsafePut, \
-              (type_flags) | kIntrinsicFlagIsVolatile), \
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, PutOrdered ## type, ObjectJ ## code ## _V, kIntrinsicUnsafePut, \
-              (type_flags) | kIntrinsicFlagIsOrdered)
-
-    UNSAFE_GET_PUT(Int, I, kIntrinsicFlagNone),
-    UNSAFE_GET_PUT(Long, J, kIntrinsicFlagIsLong),
-    UNSAFE_GET_PUT(Object, Object, kIntrinsicFlagIsObject),
-#undef UNSAFE_GET_PUT
-
-    // 1.8
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, GetAndAddInt, ObjectJI_I, kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndAddInt, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, GetAndAddLong, ObjectJJ_J, kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndAddLong, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, GetAndSetInt, ObjectJI_I, kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndSetInt, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, GetAndSetLong, ObjectJJ_J, kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndSetLong, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, GetAndSetObject, ObjectJObject_Object, kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndSetObject, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, LoadFence, _V, kIntrinsicUnsafeLoadFence, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, StoreFence, _V, kIntrinsicUnsafeStoreFence, 0),
-    INTRINSIC(SunMiscUnsafe, FullFence, _V, kIntrinsicUnsafeFullFence, 0),
-
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangSystem, ArrayCopy, CharArrayICharArrayII_V , kIntrinsicSystemArrayCopyCharArray,
-              0),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangSystem, ArrayCopy, ObjectIObjectII_V , kIntrinsicSystemArrayCopy,
-              0),
-
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangInteger, RotateRight, II_I, kIntrinsicRotateRight, k32),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangLong, RotateRight, JI_J, kIntrinsicRotateRight, k64),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangInteger, RotateLeft, II_I, kIntrinsicRotateLeft, k32),
-    INTRINSIC(JavaLangLong, RotateLeft, JI_J, kIntrinsicRotateLeft, k64),
-
-#undef INTRINSIC
-};
-
-DexFileMethodInliner::DexFileMethodInliner()
-    : lock_("DexFileMethodInliner lock", kDexFileMethodInlinerLock),
-      dex_file_(nullptr) {
-  static_assert(kClassCacheFirst == 0, "kClassCacheFirst not 0");
-  static_assert(arraysize(kClassCacheNames) == kClassCacheLast,
-                "bad arraysize for kClassCacheNames");
-  static_assert(kNameCacheFirst == 0, "kNameCacheFirst not 0");
-  static_assert(arraysize(kNameCacheNames) == kNameCacheLast,
-                "bad arraysize for kNameCacheNames");
-  static_assert(kProtoCacheFirst == 0, "kProtoCacheFirst not 0");
-  static_assert(arraysize(kProtoCacheDefs) == kProtoCacheLast,
-                "bad arraysize kProtoCacheNames");
-}
-
-DexFileMethodInliner::~DexFileMethodInliner() {
-}
-
-bool DexFileMethodInliner::AnalyseMethodCode(verifier::MethodVerifier* verifier) {
-  InlineMethod method;
-  bool success = InlineMethodAnalyser::AnalyseMethodCode(verifier, &method);
-  return success && AddInlineMethod(verifier->GetMethodReference().dex_method_index, method);
-}
-
-InlineMethodFlags DexFileMethodInliner::IsIntrinsicOrSpecial(uint32_t method_index) {
-  ReaderMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), lock_);
-  auto it = inline_methods_.find(method_index);
-  if (it != inline_methods_.end()) {
-    DCHECK_NE(it->second.flags & (kInlineIntrinsic | kInlineSpecial), 0);
-    return it->second.flags;
-  } else {
-    return kNoInlineMethodFlags;
-  }
-}
-
-bool DexFileMethodInliner::IsIntrinsic(uint32_t method_index, InlineMethod* intrinsic) {
-  ReaderMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), lock_);
-  auto it = inline_methods_.find(method_index);
-  bool res = (it != inline_methods_.end() && (it->second.flags & kInlineIntrinsic) != 0);
-  if (res && intrinsic != nullptr) {
-    *intrinsic = it->second;
-  }
-  return res;
-}
-
-bool DexFileMethodInliner::IsSpecial(uint32_t method_index) {
-  ReaderMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), lock_);
-  auto it = inline_methods_.find(method_index);
-  return it != inline_methods_.end() && (it->second.flags & kInlineSpecial) != 0;
-}
-
-uint32_t DexFileMethodInliner::FindClassIndex(const DexFile* dex_file, IndexCache* cache,
-                                              ClassCacheIndex index) {
-  uint32_t* class_index = &cache->class_indexes[index];
-  if (*class_index != kIndexUnresolved) {
-    return *class_index;
-  }
-
-  const DexFile::TypeId* type_id = dex_file->FindTypeId(kClassCacheNames[index]);
-  if (type_id == nullptr) {
-    *class_index = kIndexNotFound;
-    return *class_index;
-  }
-  *class_index = dex_file->GetIndexForTypeId(*type_id);
-  return *class_index;
-}
-
-uint32_t DexFileMethodInliner::FindNameIndex(const DexFile* dex_file, IndexCache* cache,
-                                             NameCacheIndex index) {
-  uint32_t* name_index = &cache->name_indexes[index];
-  if (*name_index != kIndexUnresolved) {
-    return *name_index;
-  }
-
-  const DexFile::StringId* string_id = dex_file->FindStringId(kNameCacheNames[index]);
-  if (string_id == nullptr) {
-    *name_index = kIndexNotFound;
-    return *name_index;
-  }
-  *name_index = dex_file->GetIndexForStringId(*string_id);
-  return *name_index;
-}
-
-uint32_t DexFileMethodInliner::FindProtoIndex(const DexFile* dex_file, IndexCache* cache,
-                                              ProtoCacheIndex index) {
-  uint32_t* proto_index = &cache->proto_indexes[index];
-  if (*proto_index != kIndexUnresolved) {
-    return *proto_index;
-  }
-
-  const ProtoDef& proto_def = kProtoCacheDefs[index];
-  uint32_t return_index = FindClassIndex(dex_file, cache, proto_def.return_type);
-  if (return_index == kIndexNotFound) {
-    *proto_index = kIndexNotFound;
-    return *proto_index;
-  }
-  uint16_t return_type = static_cast<uint16_t>(return_index);
-  DCHECK_EQ(static_cast<uint32_t>(return_type), return_index);
-
-  uint32_t signature_length = proto_def.param_count;
-  uint16_t signature_type_idxs[kProtoMaxParams];
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; i != signature_length; ++i) {
-    uint32_t param_index = FindClassIndex(dex_file, cache, proto_def.params[i]);
-    if (param_index == kIndexNotFound) {
-      *proto_index = kIndexNotFound;
-      return *proto_index;
-    }
-    signature_type_idxs[i] = static_cast<uint16_t>(param_index);
-    DCHECK_EQ(static_cast<uint32_t>(signature_type_idxs[i]), param_index);
-  }
-
-  const DexFile::ProtoId* proto_id = dex_file->FindProtoId(return_type, signature_type_idxs,
-                                                           signature_length);
-  if (proto_id == nullptr) {
-    *proto_index = kIndexNotFound;
-    return *proto_index;
-  }
-  *proto_index = dex_file->GetIndexForProtoId(*proto_id);
-  return *proto_index;
-}
-
-uint32_t DexFileMethodInliner::FindMethodIndex(const DexFile* dex_file, IndexCache* cache,
-                                               const MethodDef& method_def) {
-  uint32_t declaring_class_index = FindClassIndex(dex_file, cache, method_def.declaring_class);
-  if (declaring_class_index == kIndexNotFound) {
-    return kIndexNotFound;
-  }
-  uint32_t name_index = FindNameIndex(dex_file, cache, method_def.name);
-  if (name_index == kIndexNotFound) {
-    return kIndexNotFound;
-  }
-  uint32_t proto_index = FindProtoIndex(dex_file, cache, method_def.proto);
-  if (proto_index == kIndexNotFound) {
-    return kIndexNotFound;
-  }
-  const DexFile::MethodId* method_id =
-      dex_file->FindMethodId(dex_file->GetTypeId(declaring_class_index),
-                             dex_file->GetStringId(name_index),
-                             dex_file->GetProtoId(proto_index));
-  if (method_id == nullptr) {
-    return kIndexNotFound;
-  }
-  return dex_file->GetIndexForMethodId(*method_id);
-}
-
-DexFileMethodInliner::IndexCache::IndexCache() {
-  std::fill_n(class_indexes, arraysize(class_indexes), kIndexUnresolved);
-  std::fill_n(name_indexes, arraysize(name_indexes), kIndexUnresolved);
-  std::fill_n(proto_indexes, arraysize(proto_indexes), kIndexUnresolved);
-}
-
-void DexFileMethodInliner::FindIntrinsics(const DexFile* dex_file) {
-  DCHECK(dex_file != nullptr);
-  DCHECK(dex_file_ == nullptr);
-  IndexCache cache;
-  for (const IntrinsicDef& def : kIntrinsicMethods) {
-    uint32_t method_idx = FindMethodIndex(dex_file, &cache, def.method_def);
-    if (method_idx != kIndexNotFound) {
-      DCHECK(inline_methods_.find(method_idx) == inline_methods_.end());
-      inline_methods_.Put(method_idx, def.intrinsic);
-    }
-  }
-  dex_file_ = dex_file;
-}
-
-bool DexFileMethodInliner::AddInlineMethod(int32_t method_idx, const InlineMethod& method) {
-  WriterMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), lock_);
-  if (LIKELY(inline_methods_.find(method_idx) == inline_methods_.end())) {
-    inline_methods_.Put(method_idx, method);
-    return true;
-  } else {
-    if (PrettyMethod(method_idx, *dex_file_) == "int java.lang.String.length()") {
-      // TODO: String.length is both kIntrinsicIsEmptyOrLength and kInlineOpIGet.
-    } else {
-      LOG(WARNING) << "Inliner: " << PrettyMethod(method_idx, *dex_file_) << " already inline";
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-}
-
-}  // namespace art
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.h b/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.h
deleted file mode 100644
index f4ae5a5..0000000
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,395 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ART_COMPILER_DEX_QUICK_DEX_FILE_METHOD_INLINER_H_
-#define ART_COMPILER_DEX_QUICK_DEX_FILE_METHOD_INLINER_H_
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-#include "base/enums.h"
-#include "base/mutex.h"
-#include "base/macros.h"
-#include "safe_map.h"
-#include "dex_file.h"
-#include "quick/inline_method_analyser.h"
-
-namespace art {
-
-namespace verifier {
-class MethodVerifier;
-}  // namespace verifier
-
-enum OpSize {
-  k32,
-  k64,
-  kSignedHalf,
-  kSignedByte,
-};
-
-/**
- * Handles inlining of methods from a particular DexFile.
- *
- * Intrinsics are a special case of inline methods. The DexFile indices for
- * all the supported intrinsic methods are looked up once by the FindIntrinsics
- * function and cached by this class for quick lookup by the method index.
- *
- * TODO: Detect short methods (at least getters, setters and empty functions)
- * from the verifier and mark them for inlining. Inline these methods early
- * during compilation to allow further optimizations. Similarly, provide
- * additional information about intrinsics to the early phases of compilation.
- */
-class DexFileMethodInliner {
-  public:
-    DexFileMethodInliner();
-    ~DexFileMethodInliner();
-
-    /**
-     * Analyse method code to determine if the method is a candidate for inlining.
-     * If it is, record its data for later.
-     *
-     * @param verifier the method verifier holding data about the method to analyse.
-     * @return true if the method is a candidate for inlining, false otherwise.
-     */
-    bool AnalyseMethodCode(verifier::MethodVerifier* verifier)
-        REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!lock_);
-
-    /**
-     * Check whether a particular method index corresponds to an intrinsic or special function.
-     */
-    InlineMethodFlags IsIntrinsicOrSpecial(uint32_t method_index) REQUIRES(!lock_);
-
-    /**
-     * Check whether a particular method index corresponds to an intrinsic function.
-     */
-    bool IsIntrinsic(uint32_t method_index, InlineMethod* intrinsic) REQUIRES(!lock_);
-
-    /**
-     * Check whether a particular method index corresponds to a special function.
-     */
-    bool IsSpecial(uint32_t method_index) REQUIRES(!lock_);
-
-    /**
-     * To avoid multiple lookups of a class by its descriptor, we cache its
-     * type index in the IndexCache. These are the indexes into the IndexCache
-     * class_indexes array.
-     */
-    enum ClassCacheIndex : uint8_t {  // unit8_t to save space, make larger if needed
-      kClassCacheFirst = 0,
-      kClassCacheBoolean = kClassCacheFirst,
-      kClassCacheByte,
-      kClassCacheChar,
-      kClassCacheShort,
-      kClassCacheInt,
-      kClassCacheLong,
-      kClassCacheFloat,
-      kClassCacheDouble,
-      kClassCacheVoid,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangByteArray,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangCharArray,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangIntArray,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangObject,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangRefReference,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangString,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangStringBuffer,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangStringBuilder,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangStringFactory,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangDouble,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangFloat,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangInteger,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangLong,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangShort,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangMath,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangStrictMath,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangThread,
-      kClassCacheJavaNioCharsetCharset,
-      kClassCacheLibcoreIoMemory,
-      kClassCacheSunMiscUnsafe,
-      kClassCacheJavaLangSystem,
-      kClassCacheLast
-    };
-
-    /**
-     * To avoid multiple lookups of a method name string, we cache its string
-     * index in the IndexCache. These are the indexes into the IndexCache
-     * name_indexes array.
-     */
-    enum NameCacheIndex : uint8_t {  // unit8_t to save space, make larger if needed
-      kNameCacheFirst = 0,
-      kNameCacheReverse =  kNameCacheFirst,
-      kNameCacheReverseBytes,
-      kNameCacheDoubleToRawLongBits,
-      kNameCacheLongBitsToDouble,
-      kNameCacheFloatToRawIntBits,
-      kNameCacheIntBitsToFloat,
-      kNameCacheAbs,
-      kNameCacheMax,
-      kNameCacheMin,
-      kNameCacheCos,
-      kNameCacheSin,
-      kNameCacheAcos,
-      kNameCacheAsin,
-      kNameCacheAtan,
-      kNameCacheAtan2,
-      kNameCacheCbrt,
-      kNameCacheCosh,
-      kNameCacheExp,
-      kNameCacheExpm1,
-      kNameCacheHypot,
-      kNameCacheLog,
-      kNameCacheLog10,
-      kNameCacheNextAfter,
-      kNameCacheSinh,
-      kNameCacheTan,
-      kNameCacheTanh,
-      kNameCacheSqrt,
-      kNameCacheCeil,
-      kNameCacheFloor,
-      kNameCacheRint,
-      kNameCacheRound,
-      kNameCacheReferenceGetReferent,
-      kNameCacheCharAt,
-      kNameCacheCompareTo,
-      kNameCacheEquals,
-      kNameCacheGetCharsNoCheck,
-      kNameCacheIsEmpty,
-      kNameCacheFloatToIntBits,
-      kNameCacheDoubleToLongBits,
-      kNameCacheIsInfinite,
-      kNameCacheIsNaN,
-      kNameCacheIndexOf,
-      kNameCacheLength,
-      kNameCacheInit,
-      kNameCacheNewStringFromBytes,
-      kNameCacheNewStringFromChars,
-      kNameCacheNewStringFromString,
-      kNameCacheCurrentThread,
-      kNameCachePeekByte,
-      kNameCachePeekIntNative,
-      kNameCachePeekLongNative,
-      kNameCachePeekShortNative,
-      kNameCachePokeByte,
-      kNameCachePokeIntNative,
-      kNameCachePokeLongNative,
-      kNameCachePokeShortNative,
-      kNameCacheCompareAndSwapInt,
-      kNameCacheCompareAndSwapLong,
-      kNameCacheCompareAndSwapObject,
-      kNameCacheGetInt,
-      kNameCacheGetIntVolatile,
-      kNameCachePutInt,
-      kNameCachePutIntVolatile,
-      kNameCachePutOrderedInt,
-      kNameCacheGetLong,
-      kNameCacheGetLongVolatile,
-      kNameCachePutLong,
-      kNameCachePutLongVolatile,
-      kNameCachePutOrderedLong,
-      kNameCacheGetObject,
-      kNameCacheGetObjectVolatile,
-      kNameCachePutObject,
-      kNameCachePutObjectVolatile,
-      kNameCachePutOrderedObject,
-      kNameCacheGetAndAddInt,
-      kNameCacheGetAndAddLong,
-      kNameCacheGetAndSetInt,
-      kNameCacheGetAndSetLong,
-      kNameCacheGetAndSetObject,
-      kNameCacheLoadFence,
-      kNameCacheStoreFence,
-      kNameCacheFullFence,
-      kNameCacheArrayCopy,
-      kNameCacheBitCount,
-      kNameCacheCompare,
-      kNameCacheHighestOneBit,
-      kNameCacheLowestOneBit,
-      kNameCacheNumberOfLeadingZeros,
-      kNameCacheNumberOfTrailingZeros,
-      kNameCacheRotateRight,
-      kNameCacheRotateLeft,
-      kNameCacheSignum,
-      kNameCacheLast
-    };
-
-    /**
-     * To avoid multiple lookups of a method signature, we cache its proto
-     * index in the IndexCache. These are the indexes into the IndexCache
-     * proto_indexes array.
-     */
-    enum ProtoCacheIndex : uint8_t {  // unit8_t to save space, make larger if needed
-      kProtoCacheFirst = 0,
-      kProtoCacheI_I = kProtoCacheFirst,
-      kProtoCacheJ_J,
-      kProtoCacheS_S,
-      kProtoCacheD_D,
-      kProtoCacheDD_D,
-      kProtoCacheF_F,
-      kProtoCacheFF_F,
-      kProtoCacheD_J,
-      kProtoCacheD_Z,
-      kProtoCacheJ_D,
-      kProtoCacheF_I,
-      kProtoCacheF_Z,
-      kProtoCacheI_F,
-      kProtoCacheII_I,
-      kProtoCacheI_C,
-      kProtoCacheString_I,
-      kProtoCache_Z,
-      kProtoCache_I,
-      kProtoCache_Object,
-      kProtoCache_Thread,
-      kProtoCacheJ_B,
-      kProtoCacheJ_I,
-      kProtoCacheJ_S,
-      kProtoCacheJB_V,
-      kProtoCacheJI_V,
-      kProtoCacheJJ_J,
-      kProtoCacheJJ_I,
-      kProtoCacheJJ_V,
-      kProtoCacheJS_V,
-      kProtoCacheObject_Z,
-      kProtoCacheJI_J,
-      kProtoCacheObjectJII_Z,
-      kProtoCacheObjectJJJ_Z,
-      kProtoCacheObjectJObjectObject_Z,
-      kProtoCacheObjectJ_I,
-      kProtoCacheObjectJI_I,
-      kProtoCacheObjectJI_V,
-      kProtoCacheObjectJ_J,
-      kProtoCacheObjectJJ_J,
-      kProtoCacheObjectJJ_V,
-      kProtoCacheObjectJ_Object,
-      kProtoCacheObjectJObject_V,
-      kProtoCacheObjectJObject_Object,
-      kProtoCacheCharArrayICharArrayII_V,
-      kProtoCacheObjectIObjectII_V,
-      kProtoCacheIICharArrayI_V,
-      kProtoCacheByteArrayIII_String,
-      kProtoCacheIICharArray_String,
-      kProtoCacheString_String,
-      kProtoCache_V,
-      kProtoCacheByteArray_V,
-      kProtoCacheByteArrayI_V,
-      kProtoCacheByteArrayII_V,
-      kProtoCacheByteArrayIII_V,
-      kProtoCacheByteArrayIIString_V,
-      kProtoCacheByteArrayString_V,
-      kProtoCacheByteArrayIICharset_V,
-      kProtoCacheByteArrayCharset_V,
-      kProtoCacheCharArray_V,
-      kProtoCacheCharArrayII_V,
-      kProtoCacheIICharArray_V,
-      kProtoCacheIntArrayII_V,
-      kProtoCacheString_V,
-      kProtoCacheStringBuffer_V,
-      kProtoCacheStringBuilder_V,
-      kProtoCacheLast
-    };
-
-  private:
-    /**
-     * The maximum number of method parameters we support in the ProtoDef.
-     */
-    static constexpr uint32_t kProtoMaxParams = 6;
-
-    /**
-     * The method signature (proto) definition using cached class indexes.
-     * The return_type and params are used with the IndexCache to look up
-     * appropriate class indexes to be passed to DexFile::FindProtoId().
-     */
-    struct ProtoDef {
-      ClassCacheIndex return_type;
-      uint8_t param_count;
-      ClassCacheIndex params[kProtoMaxParams];
-    };
-
-    /**
-     * The method definition using cached class, name and proto indexes.
-     * The class index, method name index and proto index are used with
-     * IndexCache to look up appropriate parameters for DexFile::FindMethodId().
-     */
-    struct MethodDef {
-      ClassCacheIndex declaring_class;
-      NameCacheIndex name;
-      ProtoCacheIndex proto;
-    };
-
-    /**
-     * The definition of an intrinsic function binds the method definition
-     * to an Intrinsic.
-     */
-    struct IntrinsicDef {
-      MethodDef method_def;
-      InlineMethod intrinsic;
-    };
-
-    /**
-     * Cache for class, method name and method signature indexes used during
-     * intrinsic function lookup to avoid multiple lookups of the same items.
-     *
-     * Many classes have multiple intrinsics and/or they are used in multiple
-     * method signatures and we want to avoid repeated lookups since they are
-     * not exactly cheap. The method names and method signatures are sometimes
-     * reused and therefore cached as well.
-     */
-    struct IndexCache {
-      IndexCache();
-
-      uint32_t class_indexes[kClassCacheLast - kClassCacheFirst];
-      uint32_t name_indexes[kNameCacheLast - kNameCacheFirst];
-      uint32_t proto_indexes[kProtoCacheLast - kProtoCacheFirst];
-    };
-
-    static const char* const kClassCacheNames[];
-    static const char* const kNameCacheNames[];
-    static const ProtoDef kProtoCacheDefs[];
-    static const IntrinsicDef kIntrinsicMethods[];
-
-    static const uint32_t kIndexNotFound = static_cast<uint32_t>(-1);
-    static const uint32_t kIndexUnresolved = static_cast<uint32_t>(-2);
-
-    static uint32_t FindClassIndex(const DexFile* dex_file, IndexCache* cache,
-                                   ClassCacheIndex index);
-    static uint32_t FindNameIndex(const DexFile* dex_file, IndexCache* cache,
-                                  NameCacheIndex index);
-    static uint32_t FindProtoIndex(const DexFile* dex_file, IndexCache* cache,
-                                   ProtoCacheIndex index);
-    static uint32_t FindMethodIndex(const DexFile* dex_file, IndexCache* cache,
-                                    const MethodDef& method_def);
-
-    /**
-     * Find all known intrinsic methods in the dex_file and cache their indices.
-     *
-     * Only DexFileToMethodInlinerMap may call this function to initialize the inliner.
-     */
-    void FindIntrinsics(const DexFile* dex_file) REQUIRES(lock_);
-
-    friend class DexFileToMethodInlinerMap;
-
-    bool AddInlineMethod(int32_t method_idx, const InlineMethod& method) REQUIRES(!lock_);
-
-    ReaderWriterMutex lock_;
-    /*
-     * Maps method indexes (for the particular DexFile) to Intrinsic defintions.
-     */
-    SafeMap<uint32_t, InlineMethod> inline_methods_ GUARDED_BY(lock_);
-    const DexFile* dex_file_;
-
-    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(DexFileMethodInliner);
-};
-
-}  // namespace art
-
-#endif  // ART_COMPILER_DEX_QUICK_DEX_FILE_METHOD_INLINER_H_
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.cc b/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index 2fec183..0000000
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <utility>
-#include "thread.h"
-#include "thread-inl.h"
-#include "base/mutex.h"
-#include "base/mutex-inl.h"
-#include "base/logging.h"
-#include "driver/compiler_driver.h"
-
-#include "dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
-
-namespace art {
-
-DexFileToMethodInlinerMap::DexFileToMethodInlinerMap()
-    : lock_("DexFileToMethodInlinerMap lock", kDexFileToMethodInlinerMapLock) {
-}
-
-DexFileToMethodInlinerMap::~DexFileToMethodInlinerMap() {
-  for (auto& entry : inliners_) {
-    delete entry.second;
-  }
-}
-
-DexFileMethodInliner* DexFileToMethodInlinerMap::GetMethodInliner(const DexFile* dex_file) {
-  Thread* self = Thread::Current();
-  {
-    ReaderMutexLock mu(self, lock_);
-    auto it = inliners_.find(dex_file);
-    if (it != inliners_.end()) {
-      return it->second;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // We need to acquire our lock_ to modify inliners_ but we want to release it
-  // before we initialize the new inliner. However, we need to acquire the
-  // new inliner's lock_ before we release our lock_ to prevent another thread
-  // from using the uninitialized inliner. This requires explicit calls to
-  // ExclusiveLock()/ExclusiveUnlock() on one of the locks, the other one
-  // can use WriterMutexLock.
-  DexFileMethodInliner* locked_inliner;
-  {
-    WriterMutexLock mu(self, lock_);
-    DexFileMethodInliner** inliner = &inliners_[dex_file];  // inserts new entry if not found
-    if (*inliner) {
-      return *inliner;
-    }
-    *inliner = new DexFileMethodInliner;
-    DCHECK(*inliner != nullptr);
-    locked_inliner = *inliner;
-    locked_inliner->lock_.ExclusiveLock(self);  // Acquire inliner's lock_ before releasing lock_.
-  }
-  locked_inliner->FindIntrinsics(dex_file);
-  locked_inliner->lock_.ExclusiveUnlock(self);
-  return locked_inliner;
-}
-
-}  // namespace art
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h b/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 215dc12..0000000
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ART_COMPILER_DEX_QUICK_DEX_FILE_TO_METHOD_INLINER_MAP_H_
-#define ART_COMPILER_DEX_QUICK_DEX_FILE_TO_METHOD_INLINER_MAP_H_
-
-#include <map>
-#include <vector>
-#include "base/macros.h"
-#include "base/mutex.h"
-
-#include "dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.h"
-
-namespace art {
-
-class CompilerDriver;
-class DexFile;
-
-/**
- * Map each DexFile to its DexFileMethodInliner.
- *
- * The method inliner is created and initialized the first time it's requested
- * for a particular DexFile.
- */
-class DexFileToMethodInlinerMap {
-  public:
-    DexFileToMethodInlinerMap();
-    ~DexFileToMethodInlinerMap();
-
-    DexFileMethodInliner* GetMethodInliner(const DexFile* dex_file) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS;
-        // TODO: There is an irregular non-scoped use of locks that defeats annotalysis with -O0.
-        // Fix the NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS when this works and add the appropriate LOCKS_EXCLUDED.
-
-  private:
-    ReaderWriterMutex lock_;
-    std::map<const DexFile*, DexFileMethodInliner*> inliners_ GUARDED_BY(lock_);
-
-    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(DexFileToMethodInlinerMap);
-};
-
-}  // namespace art
-
-#endif  // ART_COMPILER_DEX_QUICK_DEX_FILE_TO_METHOD_INLINER_MAP_H_
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.cc b/compiler/dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.cc
index 2532bda..932eb51 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.cc
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #include "quick_compiler_callbacks.h"
 
-#include "quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
 #include "verifier/method_verifier-inl.h"
 #include "verification_results.h"
 
@@ -24,8 +23,6 @@
 
 void QuickCompilerCallbacks::MethodVerified(verifier::MethodVerifier* verifier) {
   verification_results_->ProcessVerifiedMethod(verifier);
-  MethodReference ref = verifier->GetMethodReference();
-  method_inliner_map_->GetMethodInliner(ref.dex_file)->AnalyseMethodCode(verifier);
 }
 
 void QuickCompilerCallbacks::ClassRejected(ClassReference ref) {
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.h b/compiler/dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.h
index 824194c..34fd88b 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.h
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.h
@@ -22,19 +22,15 @@
 namespace art {
 
 class VerificationResults;
-class DexFileToMethodInlinerMap;
 
 class QuickCompilerCallbacks FINAL : public CompilerCallbacks {
   public:
     QuickCompilerCallbacks(VerificationResults* verification_results,
-                           DexFileToMethodInlinerMap* method_inliner_map,
                            CompilerCallbacks::CallbackMode mode)
         : CompilerCallbacks(mode),
           verification_results_(verification_results),
-          method_inliner_map_(method_inliner_map),
           verifier_deps_(nullptr) {
       CHECK(verification_results != nullptr);
-      CHECK(method_inliner_map != nullptr);
     }
 
     ~QuickCompilerCallbacks() { }
@@ -59,7 +55,6 @@
 
   private:
     VerificationResults* const verification_results_;
-    DexFileToMethodInlinerMap* const method_inliner_map_;
     verifier::VerifierDeps* verifier_deps_;
 };
 
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiled_method_storage_test.cc b/compiler/driver/compiled_method_storage_test.cc
index 6863f42..b72d0ac 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiled_method_storage_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiled_method_storage_test.cc
@@ -21,22 +21,17 @@
 #include "compiler_driver.h"
 #include "compiler_options.h"
 #include "dex/verification_results.h"
-#include "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
 TEST(CompiledMethodStorage, Deduplicate) {
   CompilerOptions compiler_options;
   VerificationResults verification_results(&compiler_options);
-  DexFileToMethodInlinerMap method_inliner_map;
   CompilerDriver driver(&compiler_options,
                         &verification_results,
-                        &method_inliner_map,
                         Compiler::kOptimizing,
                         /* instruction_set_ */ kNone,
                         /* instruction_set_features */ nullptr,
-                        /* boot_image */ false,
-                        /* app_image */ false,
                         /* image_classes */ nullptr,
                         /* compiled_classes */ nullptr,
                         /* compiled_methods */ nullptr,
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver-inl.h b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver-inl.h
index 4b913f4..2d0dd3c 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver-inl.h
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver-inl.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "dex_compilation_unit.h"
 #include "mirror/class_loader.h"
 #include "mirror/dex_cache-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 
 inline mirror::ClassLoader* CompilerDriver::GetClassLoader(const ScopedObjectAccess& soa,
                                                            const DexCompilationUnit* mUnit) {
-  return soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(mUnit->GetClassLoader());
+  return soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(mUnit->GetClassLoader()).Decode();
 }
 
 inline mirror::Class* CompilerDriver::ResolveClass(
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, uint16_t cls_index,
     const DexCompilationUnit* mUnit) {
   DCHECK_EQ(dex_cache->GetDexFile(), mUnit->GetDexFile());
-  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(mUnit->GetClassLoader()));
+  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), GetClassLoader(soa, mUnit));
   mirror::Class* cls = mUnit->GetClassLinker()->ResolveType(
       *mUnit->GetDexFile(), cls_index, dex_cache, class_loader);
   DCHECK_EQ(cls == nullptr, soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending());
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
     const ScopedObjectAccess& soa, Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, const DexCompilationUnit* mUnit) {
   DCHECK_EQ(dex_cache->GetDexFile(), mUnit->GetDexFile());
-  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(mUnit->GetClassLoader()));
+  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), GetClassLoader(soa, mUnit));
   const DexFile::MethodId& referrer_method_id =
       mUnit->GetDexFile()->GetMethodId(mUnit->GetDexMethodIndex());
   return ResolveClass(soa, dex_cache, class_loader, referrer_method_id.class_idx_, mUnit);
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
     const ScopedObjectAccess& soa, Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, const DexCompilationUnit* mUnit,
     uint32_t field_idx, bool is_static) {
-  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(mUnit->GetClassLoader()));
+  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), GetClassLoader(soa, mUnit));
   return ResolveFieldWithDexFile(soa, dex_cache, class_loader, mUnit->GetDexFile(), field_idx,
                                  is_static);
 }
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess& soa, Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, const DexCompilationUnit* mUnit,
     uint32_t method_idx, InvokeType invoke_type, bool check_incompatible_class_change) {
-  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(mUnit->GetClassLoader()));
+  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), GetClassLoader(soa, mUnit));
   ArtMethod* resolved_method =
       check_incompatible_class_change
           ? mUnit->GetClassLinker()->ResolveMethod<ClassLinker::kForceICCECheck>(
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
index f1d3116..e2f8d92 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
@@ -44,9 +44,8 @@
 #include "dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.h"
 #include "dex/verification_results.h"
 #include "dex/verified_method.h"
-#include "dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.h"
-#include "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_options.h"
+#include "intrinsics_enum.h"
 #include "jni_internal.h"
 #include "object_lock.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/throwable.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
@@ -353,12 +352,9 @@
 CompilerDriver::CompilerDriver(
     const CompilerOptions* compiler_options,
     VerificationResults* verification_results,
-    DexFileToMethodInlinerMap* method_inliner_map,
     Compiler::Kind compiler_kind,
     InstructionSet instruction_set,
     const InstructionSetFeatures* instruction_set_features,
-    bool boot_image,
-    bool app_image,
     std::unordered_set<std::string>* image_classes,
     std::unordered_set<std::string>* compiled_classes,
     std::unordered_set<std::string>* compiled_methods,
@@ -370,7 +366,6 @@
     const ProfileCompilationInfo* profile_compilation_info)
     : compiler_options_(compiler_options),
       verification_results_(verification_results),
-      method_inliner_map_(method_inliner_map),
       compiler_(Compiler::Create(this, compiler_kind)),
       compiler_kind_(compiler_kind),
       instruction_set_(instruction_set == kArm ? kThumb2: instruction_set),
@@ -380,8 +375,6 @@
       compiled_methods_lock_("compiled method lock"),
       compiled_methods_(MethodTable::key_compare()),
       non_relative_linker_patch_count_(0u),
-      boot_image_(boot_image),
-      app_image_(app_image),
       image_classes_(image_classes),
       classes_to_compile_(compiled_classes),
       methods_to_compile_(compiled_methods),
@@ -401,14 +394,13 @@
       dex_to_dex_references_(),
       current_dex_to_dex_methods_(nullptr) {
   DCHECK(compiler_options_ != nullptr);
-  DCHECK(method_inliner_map_ != nullptr);
 
   compiler_->Init();
 
   if (compiler_options->VerifyOnlyProfile()) {
     CHECK(profile_compilation_info_ != nullptr) << "Requires profile";
   }
-  if (boot_image_) {
+  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
     CHECK(image_classes_.get() != nullptr) << "Expected image classes for boot image";
   }
 }
@@ -463,6 +455,29 @@
 }
 #undef CREATE_TRAMPOLINE
 
+static void SetupIntrinsic(Thread* self,
+                           Intrinsics intrinsic,
+                           InvokeType invoke_type,
+                           const char* class_name,
+                           const char* method_name,
+                           const char* signature)
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
+  PointerSize image_size = class_linker->GetImagePointerSize();
+  mirror::Class* cls = class_linker->FindSystemClass(self, class_name);
+  if (cls == nullptr) {
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Could not find class of intrinsic " << class_name;
+  }
+  ArtMethod* method = (invoke_type == kStatic || invoke_type == kDirect)
+      ? cls->FindDeclaredDirectMethod(method_name, signature, image_size)
+      : cls->FindDeclaredVirtualMethod(method_name, signature, image_size);
+  if (method == nullptr) {
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Could not find method of intrinsic " << class_name << method_name << signature;
+  }
+  DCHECK_EQ(method->GetInvokeType(), invoke_type);
+  method->SetIntrinsic(static_cast<uint32_t>(intrinsic));
+}
+
 void CompilerDriver::CompileAll(jobject class_loader,
                                 const std::vector<const DexFile*>& dex_files,
                                 TimingLogger* timings) {
@@ -477,6 +492,17 @@
   // 3) Attempt to verify all classes
   // 4) Attempt to initialize image classes, and trivially initialized classes
   PreCompile(class_loader, dex_files, timings);
+  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+    // We don't need to setup the intrinsics for non boot image compilation, as
+    // those compilations will pick up a boot image that have the ArtMethod already
+    // set with the intrinsics flag.
+    ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, InvokeType, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ClassName, MethodName, Signature) \
+  SetupIntrinsic(soa.Self(), Intrinsics::k##Name, InvokeType, ClassName, MethodName, Signature);
+#include "intrinsics_list.h"
+INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
+#undef INTRINSICS_LIST
+  }
   // Compile:
   // 1) Compile all classes and methods enabled for compilation. May fall back to dex-to-dex
   //    compilation.
@@ -535,7 +561,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
   return GetDexToDexCompilationLevel(self, driver, class_loader, dex_file, class_def);
 }
 
@@ -610,7 +636,7 @@
       ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
       StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
       Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_handle(hs.NewHandle(
-          soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader)));
+          soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader)));
 
       // TODO: Lookup annotation from DexFile directly without resolving method.
       ArtMethod* method =
@@ -952,7 +978,7 @@
     return;
   }
 
-  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsForceDeterminism() && IsBootImage()) {
+  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsForceDeterminism() && GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
     // Resolve strings from const-string. Do this now to have a deterministic image.
     ResolveConstStrings(this, dex_files, timings);
     VLOG(compiler) << "Resolve const-strings: " << GetMemoryUsageString(false);
@@ -980,7 +1006,7 @@
   }
   // No set of image classes, assume we include all the classes.
   // NOTE: Currently only reachable from InitImageMethodVisitor for the app image case.
-  return !IsBootImage();
+  return !GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage();
 }
 
 bool CompilerDriver::IsClassToCompile(const char* descriptor) const {
@@ -1104,7 +1130,7 @@
 // Make a list of descriptors for classes to include in the image
 void CompilerDriver::LoadImageClasses(TimingLogger* timings) {
   CHECK(timings != nullptr);
-  if (!IsBootImage()) {
+  if (!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
     return;
   }
 
@@ -1332,7 +1358,7 @@
 };
 
 void CompilerDriver::UpdateImageClasses(TimingLogger* timings) {
-  if (IsBootImage()) {
+  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
     TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t("UpdateImageClasses", timings);
 
     Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
@@ -1359,7 +1385,7 @@
     // Having the klass reference here implies that the klass is already loaded.
     return true;
   }
-  if (!IsBootImage()) {
+  if (!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
     // Assume loaded only if klass is in the boot image. App classes cannot be assumed
     // loaded because we don't even know what class loader will be used to load them.
     bool class_in_image = runtime->GetHeap()->FindSpaceFromObject(klass, false)->IsImageSpace();
@@ -1384,7 +1410,7 @@
 bool CompilerDriver::CanAssumeTypeIsPresentInDexCache(Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
                                                       uint32_t type_idx) {
   bool result = false;
-  if ((IsBootImage() &&
+  if ((GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage() &&
        IsImageClass(dex_cache->GetDexFile()->StringDataByIdx(
            dex_cache->GetDexFile()->GetTypeId(type_idx).descriptor_idx_))) ||
       Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation()) {
@@ -1405,13 +1431,13 @@
   // See also Compiler::ResolveDexFile
 
   bool result = false;
-  if (IsBootImage() || Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation()) {
+  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage() || Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation()) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
     StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
     ClassLinker* const class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
     Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(class_linker->FindDexCache(
         soa.Self(), dex_file, false)));
-    if (IsBootImage()) {
+    if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
       // We resolve all const-string strings when building for the image.
       class_linker->ResolveString(dex_file, string_idx, dex_cache);
       result = true;
@@ -1514,7 +1540,7 @@
   if (compiling_boot) {
     // boot -> boot class pointers.
     // True if the class is in the image at boot compiling time.
-    const bool is_image_class = IsBootImage() && IsImageClass(
+    const bool is_image_class = GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage() && IsImageClass(
         dex_file.StringDataByIdx(dex_file.GetTypeId(type_idx).descriptor_idx_));
     // True if pc relative load works.
     if (is_image_class && support_boot_image_fixup) {
@@ -1626,7 +1652,7 @@
   {
     StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_handle(
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(mUnit->GetClassLoader())));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(mUnit->GetClassLoader())));
     resolved_field = ResolveField(soa, dex_cache, class_loader_handle, mUnit, field_idx, false);
     referrer_class = resolved_field != nullptr
         ? ResolveCompilingMethodsClass(soa, dex_cache, class_loader_handle, mUnit) : nullptr;
@@ -1703,7 +1729,7 @@
 
   if (!use_dex_cache && force_relocations) {
     bool is_in_image;
-    if (IsBootImage()) {
+    if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
       is_in_image = IsImageClass(method->GetDeclaringClassDescriptor());
     } else {
       is_in_image = instruction_set_ != kX86 && instruction_set_ != kX86_64 &&
@@ -1970,7 +1996,7 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
     StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
     Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(class_linker->FindDexCache(
         soa.Self(), dex_file, false)));
     // Resolve the class.
@@ -2067,7 +2093,7 @@
     const DexFile& dex_file = *manager_->GetDexFile();
     StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(manager_->GetClassLoader())));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(manager_->GetClassLoader())));
     Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(class_linker->RegisterDexFile(
         dex_file,
         class_loader.Get())));
@@ -2102,7 +2128,7 @@
 
   ParallelCompilationManager context(class_linker, class_loader, this, &dex_file, dex_files,
                                      thread_pool);
-  if (IsBootImage()) {
+  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
     // For images we resolve all types, such as array, whereas for applications just those with
     // classdefs are resolved by ResolveClassFieldsAndMethods.
     TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t("Resolve Types", timings);
@@ -2166,7 +2192,7 @@
     jobject jclass_loader = manager_->GetClassLoader();
     StackHandleScope<3> hs(soa.Self());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
     Handle<mirror::Class> klass(
         hs.NewHandle(class_linker->FindClass(soa.Self(), descriptor, class_loader)));
     if (klass.Get() == nullptr) {
@@ -2212,7 +2238,7 @@
       // It is *very* problematic if there are verification errors in the boot classpath. For example,
       // we rely on things working OK without verification when the decryption dialog is brought up.
       // So abort in a debug build if we find this violated.
-      DCHECK(!manager_->GetCompiler()->IsBootImage() || klass->IsVerified())
+      DCHECK(!manager_->GetCompiler()->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage() || klass->IsVerified())
           << "Boot classpath class " << PrettyClass(klass.Get()) << " failed to fully verify.";
     }
     soa.Self()->AssertNoPendingException();
@@ -2254,7 +2280,7 @@
     jobject jclass_loader = manager_->GetClassLoader();
     StackHandleScope<3> hs(soa.Self());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
     Handle<mirror::Class> klass(
         hs.NewHandle(class_linker->FindClass(soa.Self(), descriptor, class_loader)));
     // Class might have failed resolution. Then don't set it to verified.
@@ -2316,7 +2342,7 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
     StackHandleScope<3> hs(soa.Self());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
     Handle<mirror::Class> klass(
         hs.NewHandle(manager_->GetClassLinker()->FindClass(soa.Self(), descriptor, class_loader)));
 
@@ -2343,7 +2369,8 @@
           if (!klass->IsInitialized()) {
             // We need to initialize static fields, we only do this for image classes that aren't
             // marked with the $NoPreloadHolder (which implies this should not be initialized early).
-            bool can_init_static_fields = manager_->GetCompiler()->IsBootImage() &&
+            bool can_init_static_fields =
+                manager_->GetCompiler()->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage() &&
                 manager_->GetCompiler()->IsImageClass(descriptor) &&
                 !StringPiece(descriptor).ends_with("$NoPreloadHolder;");
             if (can_init_static_fields) {
@@ -2415,7 +2442,7 @@
   ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
   ParallelCompilationManager context(class_linker, jni_class_loader, this, &dex_file, dex_files,
                                      init_thread_pool);
-  if (IsBootImage()) {
+  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
     // TODO: remove this when transactional mode supports multithreading.
     init_thread_count = 1U;
   }
@@ -2469,7 +2496,7 @@
     CHECK(dex_file != nullptr);
     InitializeClasses(class_loader, *dex_file, dex_files, timings);
   }
-  if (boot_image_ || app_image_) {
+  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage() || GetCompilerOptions().IsAppImage()) {
     // Make sure that we call EnsureIntiailized on all the array classes to call
     // SetVerificationAttempted so that the access flags are set. If we do not do this they get
     // changed at runtime resulting in more dirty image pages.
@@ -2479,7 +2506,7 @@
     InitializeArrayClassesAndCreateConflictTablesVisitor visitor;
     Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->VisitClassesWithoutClassesLock(&visitor);
   }
-  if (IsBootImage()) {
+  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
     // Prune garbage objects created during aborted transactions.
     Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->CollectGarbage(true);
   }
@@ -2551,7 +2578,7 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
     StackHandleScope<3> hs(soa.Self());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
     Handle<mirror::Class> klass(
         hs.NewHandle(class_linker->FindClass(soa.Self(), descriptor, class_loader)));
     Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache;
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
index 41f0d36..eb1222c 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@
 class CompiledMethod;
 class CompilerOptions;
 class DexCompilationUnit;
-class DexFileToMethodInlinerMap;
 struct InlineIGetIPutData;
 class InstructionSetFeatures;
 class ParallelCompilationManager;
@@ -88,12 +87,9 @@
   // classes.
   CompilerDriver(const CompilerOptions* compiler_options,
                  VerificationResults* verification_results,
-                 DexFileToMethodInlinerMap* method_inliner_map,
                  Compiler::Kind compiler_kind,
                  InstructionSet instruction_set,
                  const InstructionSetFeatures* instruction_set_features,
-                 bool boot_image,
-                 bool app_image,
                  std::unordered_set<std::string>* image_classes,
                  std::unordered_set<std::string>* compiled_classes,
                  std::unordered_set<std::string>* compiled_methods,
@@ -133,10 +129,6 @@
     return verification_results_;
   }
 
-  DexFileToMethodInlinerMap* GetMethodInlinerMap() const {
-    return method_inliner_map_;
-  }
-
   InstructionSet GetInstructionSet() const {
     return instruction_set_;
   }
@@ -153,11 +145,6 @@
     return compiler_.get();
   }
 
-  // Are we compiling and creating an image file?
-  bool IsBootImage() const {
-    return boot_image_;
-  }
-
   const std::unordered_set<std::string>* GetImageClasses() const {
     return image_classes_.get();
   }
@@ -603,7 +590,6 @@
 
   const CompilerOptions* const compiler_options_;
   VerificationResults* const verification_results_;
-  DexFileToMethodInlinerMap* const method_inliner_map_;
 
   std::unique_ptr<Compiler> compiler_;
   Compiler::Kind compiler_kind_;
@@ -635,9 +621,6 @@
   // in the .oat_patches ELF section if requested in the compiler options.
   size_t non_relative_linker_patch_count_ GUARDED_BY(compiled_methods_lock_);
 
-  const bool boot_image_;
-  const bool app_image_;
-
   // If image_ is true, specifies the classes that will be included in the image.
   // Note if image_classes_ is null, all classes are included in the image.
   std::unique_ptr<std::unordered_set<std::string>> image_classes_;
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver_test.cc b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver_test.cc
index b9a5a78..96f17ac 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver_test.cc
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "jit/offline_profiling_info.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
       ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
       StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
       Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(
-          hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader)));
+          hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader)));
       mirror::Class* c = class_linker->FindClass(soa.Self(), descriptor, loader);
       CHECK(c != nullptr);
       const auto pointer_size = class_linker->GetImagePointerSize();
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_options.cc b/compiler/driver/compiler_options.cc
index 30ba8c9..cbcc169 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_options.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_options.cc
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
       inline_depth_limit_(kUnsetInlineDepthLimit),
       inline_max_code_units_(kUnsetInlineMaxCodeUnits),
       no_inline_from_(nullptr),
+      boot_image_(false),
+      app_image_(false),
       include_patch_information_(kDefaultIncludePatchInformation),
       top_k_profile_threshold_(kDefaultTopKProfileThreshold),
       debuggable_(false),
@@ -78,34 +80,35 @@
                                  bool dump_cfg_append,
                                  bool force_determinism,
                                  RegisterAllocator::Strategy regalloc_strategy,
-                                 const std::vector<std::string>* passes_to_run
-                                 ) :  // NOLINT(whitespace/parens)
-    compiler_filter_(compiler_filter),
-    huge_method_threshold_(huge_method_threshold),
-    large_method_threshold_(large_method_threshold),
-    small_method_threshold_(small_method_threshold),
-    tiny_method_threshold_(tiny_method_threshold),
-    num_dex_methods_threshold_(num_dex_methods_threshold),
-    inline_depth_limit_(inline_depth_limit),
-    inline_max_code_units_(inline_max_code_units),
-    no_inline_from_(no_inline_from),
-    include_patch_information_(include_patch_information),
-    top_k_profile_threshold_(top_k_profile_threshold),
-    debuggable_(debuggable),
-    generate_debug_info_(generate_debug_info),
-    generate_mini_debug_info_(kDefaultGenerateMiniDebugInfo),
-    implicit_null_checks_(implicit_null_checks),
-    implicit_so_checks_(implicit_so_checks),
-    implicit_suspend_checks_(implicit_suspend_checks),
-    compile_pic_(compile_pic),
-    verbose_methods_(verbose_methods),
-    abort_on_hard_verifier_failure_(abort_on_hard_verifier_failure),
-    init_failure_output_(init_failure_output),
-    dump_cfg_file_name_(dump_cfg_file_name),
-    dump_cfg_append_(dump_cfg_append),
-    force_determinism_(force_determinism),
-    register_allocation_strategy_(regalloc_strategy),
-    passes_to_run_(passes_to_run) {
+                                 const std::vector<std::string>* passes_to_run)
+    : compiler_filter_(compiler_filter),
+      huge_method_threshold_(huge_method_threshold),
+      large_method_threshold_(large_method_threshold),
+      small_method_threshold_(small_method_threshold),
+      tiny_method_threshold_(tiny_method_threshold),
+      num_dex_methods_threshold_(num_dex_methods_threshold),
+      inline_depth_limit_(inline_depth_limit),
+      inline_max_code_units_(inline_max_code_units),
+      no_inline_from_(no_inline_from),
+      boot_image_(false),
+      app_image_(false),
+      include_patch_information_(include_patch_information),
+      top_k_profile_threshold_(top_k_profile_threshold),
+      debuggable_(debuggable),
+      generate_debug_info_(generate_debug_info),
+      generate_mini_debug_info_(kDefaultGenerateMiniDebugInfo),
+      implicit_null_checks_(implicit_null_checks),
+      implicit_so_checks_(implicit_so_checks),
+      implicit_suspend_checks_(implicit_suspend_checks),
+      compile_pic_(compile_pic),
+      verbose_methods_(verbose_methods),
+      abort_on_hard_verifier_failure_(abort_on_hard_verifier_failure),
+      init_failure_output_(init_failure_output),
+      dump_cfg_file_name_(dump_cfg_file_name),
+      dump_cfg_append_(dump_cfg_append),
+      force_determinism_(force_determinism),
+      register_allocation_strategy_(regalloc_strategy),
+      passes_to_run_(passes_to_run) {
 }
 
 void CompilerOptions::ParseHugeMethodMax(const StringPiece& option, UsageFn Usage) {
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_options.h b/compiler/driver/compiler_options.h
index abc58d7..8e4a775 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_options.h
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_options.h
@@ -203,6 +203,14 @@
     return include_patch_information_;
   }
 
+  bool IsBootImage() const {
+    return boot_image_;
+  }
+
+  bool IsAppImage() const {
+    return app_image_;
+  }
+
   // Should the code be compiled as position independent?
   bool GetCompilePic() const {
     return compile_pic_;
@@ -281,6 +289,8 @@
   // prefer vector<> over a lookup-oriented container, such as set<>.
   const std::vector<const DexFile*>* no_inline_from_;
 
+  bool boot_image_;
+  bool app_image_;
   bool include_patch_information_;
   // When using a profile file only the top K% of the profiled samples will be compiled.
   double top_k_profile_threshold_;
@@ -305,7 +315,7 @@
   std::string dump_cfg_file_name_;
   bool dump_cfg_append_;
 
-  // Whether the compiler should trade performance for determinism to guarantee exactly reproducable
+  // Whether the compiler should trade performance for determinism to guarantee exactly reproducible
   // outcomes.
   bool force_determinism_;
 
@@ -320,6 +330,7 @@
   const std::vector<std::string>* passes_to_run_;
 
   friend class Dex2Oat;
+  friend class CommonCompilerTest;
 
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(CompilerOptions);
 };
diff --git a/compiler/elf_builder.h b/compiler/elf_builder.h
index 02831c9..73240be 100644
--- a/compiler/elf_builder.h
+++ b/compiler/elf_builder.h
@@ -619,7 +619,8 @@
   void PrepareDynamicSection(const std::string& elf_file_path,
                              Elf_Word rodata_size,
                              Elf_Word text_size,
-                             Elf_Word bss_size) {
+                             Elf_Word bss_size,
+                             Elf_Word bss_roots_offset) {
     std::string soname(elf_file_path);
     size_t directory_separator_pos = soname.rfind('/');
     if (directory_separator_pos != std::string::npos) {
@@ -659,10 +660,20 @@
       Elf_Word oatlastword_address = rodata_address + rodata_size - 4;
       dynsym_.Add(oatlastword, rodata_index, oatlastword_address, 4, STB_GLOBAL, STT_OBJECT);
     }
+    DCHECK_LE(bss_roots_offset, bss_size);
     if (bss_size != 0u) {
       Elf_Word bss_index = rodata_index + 1u + (text_size != 0 ? 1u : 0u);
       Elf_Word oatbss = dynstr_.Add("oatbss");
-      dynsym_.Add(oatbss, bss_index, bss_address, bss_size, STB_GLOBAL, STT_OBJECT);
+      dynsym_.Add(oatbss, bss_index, bss_address, bss_roots_offset, STB_GLOBAL, STT_OBJECT);
+      // Add a symbol marking the start of the GC roots part of the .bss, if not empty.
+      if (bss_roots_offset != bss_size) {
+        DCHECK_LT(bss_roots_offset, bss_size);
+        Elf_Word bss_roots_address = bss_address + bss_roots_offset;
+        Elf_Word bss_roots_size = bss_size - bss_roots_offset;
+        Elf_Word oatbssroots = dynstr_.Add("oatbssroots");
+        dynsym_.Add(
+            oatbssroots, bss_index, bss_roots_address, bss_roots_size, STB_GLOBAL, STT_OBJECT);
+      }
       Elf_Word oatbsslastword = dynstr_.Add("oatbsslastword");
       Elf_Word bsslastword_address = bss_address + bss_size - 4;
       dynsym_.Add(oatbsslastword, bss_index, bsslastword_address, 4, STB_GLOBAL, STT_OBJECT);
diff --git a/compiler/elf_writer.cc b/compiler/elf_writer.cc
index ca0869a..0c06090 100644
--- a/compiler/elf_writer.cc
+++ b/compiler/elf_writer.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "invoke_type.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "oat.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/compiler/elf_writer.h b/compiler/elf_writer.h
index f8f9102..d55f745 100644
--- a/compiler/elf_writer.h
+++ b/compiler/elf_writer.h
@@ -52,7 +52,10 @@
   virtual ~ElfWriter() {}
 
   virtual void Start() = 0;
-  virtual void SetLoadedSectionSizes(size_t rodata_size, size_t text_size, size_t bss_size) = 0;
+  virtual void PrepareDynamicSection(size_t rodata_size,
+                                     size_t text_size,
+                                     size_t bss_size,
+                                     size_t bss_roots_offset) = 0;
   virtual void PrepareDebugInfo(const ArrayRef<const debug::MethodDebugInfo>& method_infos) = 0;
   virtual OutputStream* StartRoData() = 0;
   virtual void EndRoData(OutputStream* rodata) = 0;
diff --git a/compiler/elf_writer_quick.cc b/compiler/elf_writer_quick.cc
index bed864b..36cd232 100644
--- a/compiler/elf_writer_quick.cc
+++ b/compiler/elf_writer_quick.cc
@@ -93,7 +93,10 @@
   ~ElfWriterQuick();
 
   void Start() OVERRIDE;
-  void SetLoadedSectionSizes(size_t rodata_size, size_t text_size, size_t bss_size) OVERRIDE;
+  void PrepareDynamicSection(size_t rodata_size,
+                             size_t text_size,
+                             size_t bss_size,
+                             size_t bss_roots_offset) OVERRIDE;
   void PrepareDebugInfo(const ArrayRef<const debug::MethodDebugInfo>& method_infos) OVERRIDE;
   OutputStream* StartRoData() OVERRIDE;
   void EndRoData(OutputStream* rodata) OVERRIDE;
@@ -167,16 +170,21 @@
 }
 
 template <typename ElfTypes>
-void ElfWriterQuick<ElfTypes>::SetLoadedSectionSizes(size_t rodata_size,
+void ElfWriterQuick<ElfTypes>::PrepareDynamicSection(size_t rodata_size,
                                                      size_t text_size,
-                                                     size_t bss_size) {
+                                                     size_t bss_size,
+                                                     size_t bss_roots_offset) {
   DCHECK_EQ(rodata_size_, 0u);
   rodata_size_ = rodata_size;
   DCHECK_EQ(text_size_, 0u);
   text_size_ = text_size;
   DCHECK_EQ(bss_size_, 0u);
   bss_size_ = bss_size;
-  builder_->PrepareDynamicSection(elf_file_->GetPath(), rodata_size_, text_size_, bss_size_);
+  builder_->PrepareDynamicSection(elf_file_->GetPath(),
+                                  rodata_size_,
+                                  text_size_,
+                                  bss_size_,
+                                  bss_roots_offset);
 }
 
 template <typename ElfTypes>
diff --git a/compiler/exception_test.cc b/compiler/exception_test.cc
index 86f91c5..f9e5cb9 100644
--- a/compiler/exception_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/exception_test.cc
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
 #include "optimizing/stack_map_stream.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
     StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("ExceptionHandle"))));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("ExceptionHandle"))));
     my_klass_ = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LExceptionHandle;", class_loader);
     ASSERT_TRUE(my_klass_ != nullptr);
     Handle<mirror::Class> klass(hs.NewHandle(my_klass_));
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@
   ASSERT_TRUE(internal != nullptr);
   jobjectArray ste_array = Thread::InternalStackTraceToStackTraceElementArray(soa, internal);
   ASSERT_TRUE(ste_array != nullptr);
-  auto* trace_array = soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>*>(ste_array);
+  auto trace_array = soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>>(ste_array);
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(trace_array != nullptr);
   ASSERT_TRUE(trace_array->Get(0) != nullptr);
diff --git a/compiler/image_test.cc b/compiler/image_test.cc
index ea4b7ee..9e94b9d 100644
--- a/compiler/image_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/image_test.cc
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 #include "lock_word.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "oat_writer.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "signal_catcher.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
@@ -263,7 +263,10 @@
         oat_writer->PrepareLayout(driver, writer.get(), cur_dex_files, &patcher);
         size_t rodata_size = oat_writer->GetOatHeader().GetExecutableOffset();
         size_t text_size = oat_writer->GetOatSize() - rodata_size;
-        elf_writer->SetLoadedSectionSizes(rodata_size, text_size, oat_writer->GetBssSize());
+        elf_writer->PrepareDynamicSection(rodata_size,
+                                          text_size,
+                                          oat_writer->GetBssSize(),
+                                          oat_writer->GetBssRootsOffset());
 
         writer->UpdateOatFileLayout(i,
                                     elf_writer->GetLoadedSize(),
diff --git a/compiler/image_writer.cc b/compiler/image_writer.cc
index 6b5758b..41bda60 100644
--- a/compiler/image_writer.cc
+++ b/compiler/image_writer.cc
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 #include "oat_file.h"
 #include "oat_file_manager.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout-inl.h"
 
diff --git a/compiler/intrinsics_enum.h b/compiler/intrinsics_enum.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5528181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/intrinsics_enum.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ART_COMPILER_INTRINSICS_ENUM_H_
+#define ART_COMPILER_INTRINSICS_ENUM_H_
+
+namespace art {
+
+enum class Intrinsics {
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, ...) \
+  k ## Name,
+#include "intrinsics_list.h"
+  kNone,
+  INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
+#undef INTRINSICS_LIST
+#undef OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS
+};
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Intrinsics& intrinsic);
+
+}  // namespace art
+
+#endif  // ART_COMPILER_INTRINSICS_ENUM_H_
diff --git a/compiler/intrinsics_list.h b/compiler/intrinsics_list.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5877f57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/intrinsics_list.h
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C, "", "", "") 2015 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License", "", "", "");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ART_COMPILER_INTRINSICS_LIST_H_
+#define ART_COMPILER_INTRINSICS_LIST_H_
+
+// All intrinsics supported by ART. Format is name, then whether it is expected
+// to be a HInvokeStaticOrDirect node (compared to HInvokeVirtual), then whether it requires an
+// environment, may have side effects, or may throw exceptions.
+
+// Note: adding a new intrinsic requires an art image version change,
+// as the modifiers flag for some ArtMethods will need to be changed.
+
+#define INTRINSICS_LIST(V) \
+  V(DoubleDoubleToRawLongBits, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Double;", "doubleToRawLongBits", "(D)J") \
+  V(DoubleDoubleToLongBits, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Double;", "doubleToLongBits", "(D)J") \
+  V(DoubleIsInfinite, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Double;", "isInfinite", "(D)Z") \
+  V(DoubleIsNaN, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Double;", "isNaN", "(D)Z") \
+  V(DoubleLongBitsToDouble, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Double;", "longBitsToDouble", "(J)D") \
+  V(FloatFloatToRawIntBits, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Float;", "floatToRawIntBits", "(F)I") \
+  V(FloatFloatToIntBits, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Float;", "floatToIntBits", "(F)I") \
+  V(FloatIsInfinite, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Float;", "isInfinite", "(F)Z") \
+  V(FloatIsNaN, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Float;", "isNaN", "(F)Z") \
+  V(FloatIntBitsToFloat, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Float;", "intBitsToFloat", "(I)F") \
+  V(IntegerReverse, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Integer;", "reverse", "(I)I") \
+  V(IntegerReverseBytes, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Integer;", "reverseBytes", "(I)I") \
+  V(IntegerBitCount, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Integer;", "bitCount", "(I)I") \
+  V(IntegerCompare, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Integer;", "compare", "(II)I") \
+  V(IntegerHighestOneBit, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Integer;", "highestOneBit", "(I)I") \
+  V(IntegerLowestOneBit, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Integer;", "lowestOneBit", "(I)I") \
+  V(IntegerNumberOfLeadingZeros, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Integer;", "numberOfLeadingZeros", "(I)I") \
+  V(IntegerNumberOfTrailingZeros, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Integer;", "numberOfTrailingZeros", "(I)I") \
+  V(IntegerRotateRight, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Integer;", "rotateRight", "(II)I") \
+  V(IntegerRotateLeft, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Integer;", "rotateLeft", "(II)I") \
+  V(IntegerSignum, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Integer;", "signum", "(I)I") \
+  V(LongReverse, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Long;", "reverse", "(J)J") \
+  V(LongReverseBytes, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Long;", "reverseBytes", "(J)J") \
+  V(LongBitCount, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Long;", "bitCount", "(J)I") \
+  V(LongCompare, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Long;", "compare", "(JJ)I") \
+  V(LongHighestOneBit, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Long;", "highestOneBit", "(J)J") \
+  V(LongLowestOneBit, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Long;", "lowestOneBit", "(J)J") \
+  V(LongNumberOfLeadingZeros, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Long;", "numberOfLeadingZeros", "(J)I") \
+  V(LongNumberOfTrailingZeros, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Long;", "numberOfTrailingZeros", "(J)I") \
+  V(LongRotateRight, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Long;", "rotateRight", "(JI)J") \
+  V(LongRotateLeft, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Long;", "rotateLeft", "(JI)J") \
+  V(LongSignum, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Long;", "signum", "(J)I") \
+  V(ShortReverseBytes, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Short;", "reverseBytes", "(S)S") \
+  V(MathAbsDouble, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "abs", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathAbsFloat, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "abs", "(F)F") \
+  V(MathAbsLong, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "abs", "(J)J") \
+  V(MathAbsInt, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "abs", "(I)I") \
+  V(MathMinDoubleDouble, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "min", "(DD)D") \
+  V(MathMinFloatFloat, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "min", "(FF)F") \
+  V(MathMinLongLong, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "min", "(JJ)J") \
+  V(MathMinIntInt, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "min", "(II)I") \
+  V(MathMaxDoubleDouble, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "max", "(DD)D") \
+  V(MathMaxFloatFloat, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "max", "(FF)F") \
+  V(MathMaxLongLong, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "max", "(JJ)J") \
+  V(MathMaxIntInt, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "max", "(II)I") \
+  V(MathCos, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "cos", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathSin, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "sin", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathAcos, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "acos", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathAsin, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "asin", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathAtan, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "atan", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathAtan2, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "atan2", "(DD)D") \
+  V(MathCbrt, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "cbrt", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathCosh, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "cosh", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathExp, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "exp", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathExpm1, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "expm1", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathHypot, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "hypot", "(DD)D") \
+  V(MathLog, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "log", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathLog10, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "log10", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathNextAfter, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "nextAfter", "(DD)D") \
+  V(MathSinh, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "sinh", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathTan, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "tan", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathTanh, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "tanh", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathSqrt, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "sqrt", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathCeil, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "ceil", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathFloor, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "floor", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathRint, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "rint", "(D)D") \
+  V(MathRoundDouble, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "round", "(D)J") \
+  V(MathRoundFloat, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Math;", "round", "(F)I") \
+  V(SystemArrayCopyChar, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Ljava/lang/System;", "arraycopy", "([CI[CII)V") \
+  V(SystemArrayCopy, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Ljava/lang/System;", "arraycopy", "(Ljava/lang/Object;ILjava/lang/Object;II)V") \
+  V(ThreadCurrentThread, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/Thread;", "currentThread", "()Ljava/lang/Thread;") \
+  V(MemoryPeekByte, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Llibcore/io/Memory;", "peekByte", "(J)B") \
+  V(MemoryPeekIntNative, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Llibcore/io/Memory;", "peekIntNative", "(J)I") \
+  V(MemoryPeekLongNative, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Llibcore/io/Memory;", "peekLongNative", "(J)J") \
+  V(MemoryPeekShortNative, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Llibcore/io/Memory;", "peekShortNative", "(J)S") \
+  V(MemoryPokeByte, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kWriteSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Llibcore/io/Memory;", "pokeByte", "(JB)V") \
+  V(MemoryPokeIntNative, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kWriteSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Llibcore/io/Memory;", "pokeIntNative", "(JI)V") \
+  V(MemoryPokeLongNative, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kWriteSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Llibcore/io/Memory;", "pokeLongNative", "(JJ)V") \
+  V(MemoryPokeShortNative, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kWriteSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Llibcore/io/Memory;", "pokeShortNative", "(JS)V") \
+  V(StringCharAt, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Ljava/lang/String;", "charAt", "(I)C") \
+  V(StringCompareTo, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Ljava/lang/String;", "compareTo", "(Ljava/lang/String;)I") \
+  V(StringEquals, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Ljava/lang/String;", "equals", "(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z") \
+  V(StringGetCharsNoCheck, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Ljava/lang/String;", "getCharsNoCheck", "(II[CI)V") \
+  V(StringIndexOf, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Ljava/lang/String;", "indexOf", "(I)I") \
+  V(StringIndexOfAfter, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Ljava/lang/String;", "indexOf", "(II)I") \
+  V(StringIsEmpty, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/String;", "isEmpty", "()Z") \
+  V(StringLength, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kNoThrow, "Ljava/lang/String;", "length", "()I") \
+  V(StringNewStringFromBytes, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Ljava/lang/StringFactory;", "newStringFromBytes", "([BIII)Ljava/lang/String;") \
+  V(StringNewStringFromChars, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Ljava/lang/StringFactory;", "newStringFromChars", "(II[C)Ljava/lang/String;") \
+  V(StringNewStringFromString, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Ljava/lang/StringFactory;", "newStringFromString", "(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;") \
+  V(UnsafeCASInt, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "compareAndSwapInt", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JII)Z") \
+  V(UnsafeCASLong, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "compareAndSwapLong", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JJJ)Z") \
+  V(UnsafeCASObject, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "compareAndSwapObject", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JLjava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Z") \
+  V(UnsafeGet, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "getInt", "(Ljava/lang/Object;J)I") \
+  V(UnsafeGetVolatile, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "getIntVolatile", "(Ljava/lang/Object;J)I") \
+  V(UnsafeGetObject, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "getObject", "(Ljava/lang/Object;J)Ljava/lang/Object;") \
+  V(UnsafeGetObjectVolatile, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "getObjectVolatile", "(Ljava/lang/Object;J)Ljava/lang/Object;") \
+  V(UnsafeGetLong, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "getLong", "(Ljava/lang/Object;J)J") \
+  V(UnsafeGetLongVolatile, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "getLongVolatile", "(Ljava/lang/Object;J)J") \
+  V(UnsafePut, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "putInt", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JI)V") \
+  V(UnsafePutOrdered, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "putOrderedInt", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JI)V") \
+  V(UnsafePutVolatile, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "putIntVolatile", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JI)V") \
+  V(UnsafePutObject, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "putObject", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JLjava/lang/Object;)V") \
+  V(UnsafePutObjectOrdered, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "putOrderedObject", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JLjava/lang/Object;)V") \
+  V(UnsafePutObjectVolatile, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "putObjectVolatile", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JLjava/lang/Object;)V") \
+  V(UnsafePutLong, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "putLong", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JJ)V") \
+  V(UnsafePutLongOrdered, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "putOrderedLong", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JJ)V") \
+  V(UnsafePutLongVolatile, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "putLongVolatile", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JJ)V") \
+  V(UnsafeGetAndAddInt, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "getAndAddInt", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JI)I") \
+  V(UnsafeGetAndAddLong, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "getAndAddLong", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JJ)J") \
+  V(UnsafeGetAndSetInt, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "getAndSetInt", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JI)I") \
+  V(UnsafeGetAndSetLong, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "getAndSetLong", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JJ)J") \
+  V(UnsafeGetAndSetObject, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "getAndSetObject", "(Ljava/lang/Object;JLjava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;") \
+  V(UnsafeLoadFence, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "loadFence", "()V") \
+  V(UnsafeStoreFence, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "storeFence", "()V") \
+  V(UnsafeFullFence, kVirtual, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Lsun/misc/Unsafe;", "fullFence", "()V") \
+  V(ReferenceGetReferent, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow, "Ljava/lang/ref/Reference;", "getReferent", "()Ljava/lang/Object;")
+
+#endif  // ART_COMPILER_INTRINSICS_LIST_H_
+#undef ART_COMPILER_INTRINSICS_LIST_H_   // #define is only for lint.
diff --git a/compiler/jit/jit_compiler.cc b/compiler/jit/jit_compiler.cc
index 7246ace..4ef2db8 100644
--- a/compiler/jit/jit_compiler.cc
+++ b/compiler/jit/jit_compiler.cc
@@ -150,16 +150,12 @@
     instruction_set_features_.reset(InstructionSetFeatures::FromCppDefines());
   }
   cumulative_logger_.reset(new CumulativeLogger("jit times"));
-  method_inliner_map_.reset(new DexFileToMethodInlinerMap);
   compiler_driver_.reset(new CompilerDriver(
       compiler_options_.get(),
       /* verification_results */ nullptr,
-      method_inliner_map_.get(),
       Compiler::kOptimizing,
       instruction_set,
       instruction_set_features_.get(),
-      /* boot_image */ false,
-      /* app_image */ false,
       /* image_classes */ nullptr,
       /* compiled_classes */ nullptr,
       /* compiled_methods */ nullptr,
diff --git a/compiler/jit/jit_compiler.h b/compiler/jit/jit_compiler.h
index 18e3155..ea2747c 100644
--- a/compiler/jit/jit_compiler.h
+++ b/compiler/jit/jit_compiler.h
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 #include "base/mutex.h"
 #include "compiled_method.h"
-#include "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_driver.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_options.h"
 
@@ -49,7 +48,6 @@
  private:
   std::unique_ptr<CompilerOptions> compiler_options_;
   std::unique_ptr<CumulativeLogger> cumulative_logger_;
-  std::unique_ptr<DexFileToMethodInlinerMap> method_inliner_map_;
   std::unique_ptr<CompilerDriver> compiler_driver_;
   std::unique_ptr<const InstructionSetFeatures> instruction_set_features_;
   std::unique_ptr<File> perf_file_;
diff --git a/compiler/jni/jni_compiler_test.cc b/compiler/jni/jni_compiler_test.cc
index 1430188..19d55a3 100644
--- a/compiler/jni/jni_compiler_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/jni/jni_compiler_test.cc
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 #include "nativeloader/native_loader.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL Java_MyClassNatives_bar(JNIEnv*, jobject, jint count) {
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
     StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader)));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader)));
     // Compile the native method before starting the runtime
     mirror::Class* c = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LMyClassNatives;", loader);
     const auto pointer_size = class_linker_->GetImagePointerSize();
@@ -1140,8 +1140,8 @@
     // Build stack trace
     jobject internal = Thread::Current()->CreateInternalStackTrace<false>(soa);
     jobjectArray ste_array = Thread::InternalStackTraceToStackTraceElementArray(soa, internal);
-    mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>* trace_array =
-        soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>*>(ste_array);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>> trace_array =
+        soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>>(ste_array);
     EXPECT_TRUE(trace_array != nullptr);
     EXPECT_EQ(11, trace_array->GetLength());
 
@@ -1205,7 +1205,7 @@
   // Add 10 local references
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
   for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
-    soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(thisObj));
+    soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(thisObj));
   }
   return x+1;
 }
@@ -1283,7 +1283,7 @@
 
   Thread* self = Thread::Current();
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(self->HoldsLock(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(thisObj)));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(self->HoldsLock(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(thisObj).Decode()));
   return nullptr;
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/linker/arm64/relative_patcher_arm64.cc b/compiler/linker/arm64/relative_patcher_arm64.cc
index 4c8788e..3b77880 100644
--- a/compiler/linker/arm64/relative_patcher_arm64.cc
+++ b/compiler/linker/arm64/relative_patcher_arm64.cc
@@ -222,9 +222,10 @@
       }
       shift = 0u;  // No shift for ADD.
     } else {
-      // LDR 32-bit or 64-bit with imm12 == 0 (unset).
-      DCHECK(patch.GetType() == LinkerPatch::Type::kDexCacheArray) << patch.GetType();
-      DCHECK_EQ(insn & 0xbffffc00, 0xb9400000) << std::hex << insn;
+      // LDR/STR 32-bit or 64-bit with imm12 == 0 (unset).
+      DCHECK(patch.GetType() == LinkerPatch::Type::kDexCacheArray ||
+             patch.GetType() == LinkerPatch::Type::kStringBssEntry) << patch.GetType();
+      DCHECK_EQ(insn & 0xbfbffc00, 0xb9000000) << std::hex << insn;
     }
     if (kIsDebugBuild) {
       uint32_t adrp = GetInsn(code, pc_insn_offset);
diff --git a/compiler/linker/relative_patcher_test.h b/compiler/linker/relative_patcher_test.h
index 304b31c..0151789 100644
--- a/compiler/linker/relative_patcher_test.h
+++ b/compiler/linker/relative_patcher_test.h
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include "base/array_ref.h"
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "compiled_method.h"
-#include "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
 #include "dex/verification_results.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_driver.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_options.h"
@@ -43,15 +42,11 @@
   RelativePatcherTest(InstructionSet instruction_set, const std::string& variant)
       : compiler_options_(),
         verification_results_(&compiler_options_),
-        inliner_map_(),
         driver_(&compiler_options_,
                 &verification_results_,
-                &inliner_map_,
                 Compiler::kQuick,
                 instruction_set,
                 /* instruction_set_features*/ nullptr,
-                /* boot_image */ false,
-                /* app_image */ false,
                 /* image_classes */ nullptr,
                 /* compiled_classes */ nullptr,
                 /* compiled_methods */ nullptr,
@@ -269,7 +264,6 @@
 
   CompilerOptions compiler_options_;
   VerificationResults verification_results_;
-  DexFileToMethodInlinerMap inliner_map_;
   CompilerDriver driver_;  // Needed for constructing CompiledMethod.
   std::string error_msg_;
   InstructionSet instruction_set_;
diff --git a/compiler/oat_test.cc b/compiler/oat_test.cc
index 24d102d..3fddbde 100644
--- a/compiler/oat_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/oat_test.cc
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 #include "compiled_method.h"
 #include "compiler.h"
 #include "debug/method_debug_info.h"
-#include "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
 #include "dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.h"
 #include "dex/verification_results.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_driver.h"
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
 #include "oat_file-inl.h"
 #include "oat_writer.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "utils/test_dex_file_builder.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -100,20 +99,15 @@
       compiler_options_->ParseCompilerOption(option, Usage);
     }
     verification_results_.reset(new VerificationResults(compiler_options_.get()));
-    method_inliner_map_.reset(new DexFileToMethodInlinerMap);
     callbacks_.reset(new QuickCompilerCallbacks(verification_results_.get(),
-                                                method_inliner_map_.get(),
                                                 CompilerCallbacks::CallbackMode::kCompileApp));
     Runtime::Current()->SetCompilerCallbacks(callbacks_.get());
     timer_.reset(new CumulativeLogger("Compilation times"));
     compiler_driver_.reset(new CompilerDriver(compiler_options_.get(),
                                               verification_results_.get(),
-                                              method_inliner_map_.get(),
                                               compiler_kind,
                                               insn_set,
                                               insn_features_.get(),
-                                              /* boot_image */ false,
-                                              /* app_image */ false,
                                               /* image_classes */ nullptr,
                                               /* compiled_classes */ nullptr,
                                               /* compiled_methods */ nullptr,
@@ -211,7 +205,10 @@
     oat_writer.PrepareLayout(compiler_driver_.get(), nullptr, dex_files, &patcher);
     size_t rodata_size = oat_writer.GetOatHeader().GetExecutableOffset();
     size_t text_size = oat_writer.GetOatSize() - rodata_size;
-    elf_writer->SetLoadedSectionSizes(rodata_size, text_size, oat_writer.GetBssSize());
+    elf_writer->PrepareDynamicSection(rodata_size,
+                                      text_size,
+                                      oat_writer.GetBssSize(),
+                                      oat_writer.GetBssRootsOffset());
 
     if (!oat_writer.WriteRodata(oat_rodata)) {
       return false;
@@ -501,7 +498,8 @@
   ClassLinker* const class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
   for (const DexFile* dex_file : dex_files) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-    class_linker->RegisterDexFile(*dex_file, soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader));
+    class_linker->RegisterDexFile(*dex_file,
+                                  soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader).Decode());
   }
   compiler_driver_->SetDexFilesForOatFile(dex_files);
   compiler_driver_->CompileAll(class_loader, dex_files, &timings);
diff --git a/compiler/oat_writer.cc b/compiler/oat_writer.cc
index c840a9e..44c26ed 100644
--- a/compiler/oat_writer.cc
+++ b/compiler/oat_writer.cc
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
 #include "os.h"
 #include "safe_map.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "type_lookup_table.h"
 #include "utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout-inl.h"
 #include "vdex_file.h"
@@ -300,7 +300,10 @@
     vdex_dex_files_offset_(0u),
     vdex_verifier_deps_offset_(0u),
     oat_size_(0u),
+    bss_start_(0u),
     bss_size_(0u),
+    bss_roots_offset_(0u),
+    bss_string_entries_(),
     oat_data_offset_(0u),
     oat_header_(nullptr),
     size_vdex_header_(0),
@@ -554,15 +557,8 @@
   oat_size_ = offset;
 
   if (!HasBootImage()) {
-    // Allocate space for app dex cache arrays in the .bss section.
-    size_t bss_start = RoundUp(oat_size_, kPageSize);
-    PointerSize pointer_size = GetInstructionSetPointerSize(instruction_set);
-    bss_size_ = 0u;
-    for (const DexFile* dex_file : *dex_files_) {
-      dex_cache_arrays_offsets_.Put(dex_file, bss_start + bss_size_);
-      DexCacheArraysLayout layout(pointer_size, dex_file);
-      bss_size_ += layout.Size();
-    }
+    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming split("InitBssLayout", timings_);
+    InitBssLayout(instruction_set);
   }
 
   CHECK_EQ(dex_files_->size(), oat_dex_files_.size());
@@ -805,6 +801,10 @@
             if (!patch.IsPcRelative()) {
               writer_->absolute_patch_locations_.push_back(base_loc + patch.LiteralOffset());
             }
+            if (patch.GetType() == LinkerPatch::Type::kStringBssEntry) {
+              StringReference ref(patch.TargetStringDexFile(), patch.TargetStringIndex());
+              writer_->bss_string_entries_.Overwrite(ref, /* placeholder */ 0u);
+            }
           }
         }
       }
@@ -1115,6 +1115,15 @@
                                                                      target_offset);
                 break;
               }
+              case LinkerPatch::Type::kStringBssEntry: {
+                StringReference ref(patch.TargetStringDexFile(), patch.TargetStringIndex());
+                uint32_t target_offset = writer_->bss_string_entries_.Get(ref);
+                writer_->relative_patcher_->PatchPcRelativeReference(&patched_code_,
+                                                                     patch,
+                                                                     offset_ + literal_offset,
+                                                                     target_offset);
+                break;
+              }
               case LinkerPatch::Type::kTypeRelative: {
                 uint32_t target_offset = GetTargetObjectOffset(GetTargetType(patch));
                 writer_->relative_patcher_->PatchPcRelativeReference(&patched_code_,
@@ -1500,7 +1509,7 @@
   offset = RoundUp(offset, kPageSize);
   oat_header_->SetExecutableOffset(offset);
   size_executable_offset_alignment_ = offset - old_offset;
-  if (compiler_driver_->IsBootImage()) {
+  if (compiler_driver_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
     InstructionSet instruction_set = compiler_driver_->GetInstructionSet();
 
     #define DO_TRAMPOLINE(field, fn_name) \
@@ -1548,6 +1557,29 @@
   return offset;
 }
 
+void OatWriter::InitBssLayout(InstructionSet instruction_set) {
+  DCHECK(!HasBootImage());
+
+  // Allocate space for app dex cache arrays in the .bss section.
+  bss_start_ = RoundUp(oat_size_, kPageSize);
+  PointerSize pointer_size = GetInstructionSetPointerSize(instruction_set);
+  bss_size_ = 0u;
+  for (const DexFile* dex_file : *dex_files_) {
+    dex_cache_arrays_offsets_.Put(dex_file, bss_start_ + bss_size_);
+    DexCacheArraysLayout layout(pointer_size, dex_file);
+    bss_size_ += layout.Size();
+  }
+
+  bss_roots_offset_ = bss_size_;
+
+  // Prepare offsets for .bss String entries.
+  for (auto& entry : bss_string_entries_) {
+    DCHECK_EQ(entry.second, 0u);
+    entry.second = bss_start_ + bss_size_;
+    bss_size_ += sizeof(GcRoot<mirror::String>);
+  }
+}
+
 bool OatWriter::WriteRodata(OutputStream* out) {
   CHECK(write_state_ == WriteState::kWriteRoData);
 
@@ -1736,7 +1768,7 @@
 
   oat_header_->SetImageFileLocationOatChecksum(image_file_location_oat_checksum);
   oat_header_->SetImageFileLocationOatDataBegin(image_file_location_oat_begin);
-  if (compiler_driver_->IsBootImage()) {
+  if (compiler_driver_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
     CHECK_EQ(image_patch_delta, 0);
     CHECK_EQ(oat_header_->GetImagePatchDelta(), 0);
   } else {
@@ -1826,7 +1858,7 @@
 }
 
 size_t OatWriter::WriteCode(OutputStream* out, const size_t file_offset, size_t relative_offset) {
-  if (compiler_driver_->IsBootImage()) {
+  if (compiler_driver_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
     InstructionSet instruction_set = compiler_driver_->GetInstructionSet();
 
     #define DO_TRAMPOLINE(field) \
diff --git a/compiler/oat_writer.h b/compiler/oat_writer.h
index 670accb..1cc193b 100644
--- a/compiler/oat_writer.h
+++ b/compiler/oat_writer.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include "oat.h"
 #include "os.h"
 #include "safe_map.h"
+#include "string_reference.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -194,6 +195,10 @@
     return bss_size_;
   }
 
+  size_t GetBssRootsOffset() const {
+    return bss_roots_offset_;
+  }
+
   size_t GetOatDataOffset() const {
     return oat_data_offset_;
   }
@@ -265,6 +270,7 @@
   size_t InitOatMaps(size_t offset);
   size_t InitOatCode(size_t offset);
   size_t InitOatCodeDexFiles(size_t offset);
+  void InitBssLayout(InstructionSet instruction_set);
 
   bool WriteClassOffsets(OutputStream* out);
   bool WriteClasses(OutputStream* out);
@@ -322,9 +328,20 @@
   // Size required for Oat data structures.
   size_t oat_size_;
 
-  // The size of the required .bss section holding the DexCache data.
+  // The start of the required .bss section.
+  size_t bss_start_;
+
+  // The size of the required .bss section holding the DexCache data and GC roots.
   size_t bss_size_;
 
+  // The offset of the GC roots in .bss section.
+  size_t bss_roots_offset_;
+
+  // Map for allocating String entries in .bss. Indexed by StringReference for the source
+  // string in the dex file with the "string value comparator" for deduplication. The value
+  // is the target offset for patching, starting at `bss_start_ + bss_roots_offset_`.
+  SafeMap<StringReference, size_t, StringReferenceValueComparator> bss_string_entries_;
+
   // Offsets of the dex cache arrays for each app dex file. For the
   // boot image, this information is provided by the ImageWriter.
   SafeMap<const DexFile*, size_t> dex_cache_arrays_offsets_;  // DexFiles not owned.
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h
index 8500204..49f4f18 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h
@@ -531,40 +531,15 @@
   uint32_t GetReferenceDisableFlagOffset() const;
 
  protected:
-  // Method patch info used for recording locations of required linker patches and
-  // target methods. The target method can be used for various purposes, whether for
-  // patching the address of the method or the code pointer or a PC-relative call.
+  // Patch info used for recording locations of required linker patches and their targets,
+  // i.e. target method, string, type or code identified by their dex file and index.
   template <typename LabelType>
-  struct MethodPatchInfo {
-    explicit MethodPatchInfo(MethodReference m) : target_method(m), label() { }
-
-    MethodReference target_method;
-    LabelType label;
-  };
-
-  // String patch info used for recording locations of required linker patches and
-  // target strings. The actual string address can be absolute or PC-relative.
-  template <typename LabelType>
-  struct StringPatchInfo {
-    StringPatchInfo(const DexFile& df, uint32_t index)
-        : dex_file(df), string_index(index), label() { }
+  struct PatchInfo {
+    PatchInfo(const DexFile& target_dex_file, uint32_t target_index)
+        : dex_file(target_dex_file), index(target_index) { }
 
     const DexFile& dex_file;
-    uint32_t string_index;
-    LabelType label;
-  };
-
-  // Type patch info used for recording locations of required linker patches and
-  // target types. The actual type address can be absolute or PC-relative.
-  // TODO: Consider merging with MethodPatchInfo and StringPatchInfo - all these
-  // classes contain the dex file, some index and the label.
-  template <typename LabelType>
-  struct TypePatchInfo {
-    TypePatchInfo(const DexFile& df, uint32_t index)
-        : dex_file(df), type_index(index), label() { }
-
-    const DexFile& dex_file;
-    uint32_t type_index;
+    uint32_t index;
     LabelType label;
   };
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.cc
index 55e1221..e343657 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.cc
@@ -422,6 +422,50 @@
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LoadClassSlowPathARM);
 };
 
+class LoadStringSlowPathARM : public SlowPathCodeARM {
+ public:
+  explicit LoadStringSlowPathARM(HLoadString* instruction) : SlowPathCodeARM(instruction) {}
+
+  void EmitNativeCode(CodeGenerator* codegen) OVERRIDE {
+    LocationSummary* locations = instruction_->GetLocations();
+    DCHECK(!locations->GetLiveRegisters()->ContainsCoreRegister(locations->Out().reg()));
+
+    CodeGeneratorARM* arm_codegen = down_cast<CodeGeneratorARM*>(codegen);
+    __ Bind(GetEntryLabel());
+    SaveLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
+
+    InvokeRuntimeCallingConvention calling_convention;
+    HLoadString* load = instruction_->AsLoadString();
+    const uint32_t string_index = load->GetStringIndex();
+    __ LoadImmediate(calling_convention.GetRegisterAt(0), string_index);
+    arm_codegen->InvokeRuntime(kQuickResolveString, instruction_, instruction_->GetDexPc(), this);
+    CheckEntrypointTypes<kQuickResolveString, void*, uint32_t>();
+    arm_codegen->Move32(locations->Out(), Location::RegisterLocation(R0));
+
+    RestoreLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
+
+    // Store the resolved String to the BSS entry.
+    // TODO: Change art_quick_resolve_string to kSaveEverything and use a temporary for the
+    // .bss entry address in the fast path, so that we can avoid another calculation here.
+    CodeGeneratorARM::PcRelativePatchInfo* labels =
+        arm_codegen->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(load->GetDexFile(), string_index);
+    __ BindTrackedLabel(&labels->movw_label);
+    __ movw(IP, /* placeholder */ 0u);
+    __ BindTrackedLabel(&labels->movt_label);
+    __ movt(IP, /* placeholder */ 0u);
+    __ BindTrackedLabel(&labels->add_pc_label);
+    __ add(IP, IP, ShifterOperand(PC));
+    __ str(locations->Out().AsRegister<Register>(), Address(IP));
+
+    __ b(GetExitLabel());
+  }
+
+  const char* GetDescription() const OVERRIDE { return "LoadStringSlowPathARM"; }
+
+ private:
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LoadStringSlowPathARM);
+};
+
 class TypeCheckSlowPathARM : public SlowPathCodeARM {
  public:
   TypeCheckSlowPathARM(HInstruction* instruction, bool is_fatal)
@@ -5595,15 +5639,8 @@
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheAddress:
       DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
       break;
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative:
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
       DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
-      // We disable pc-relative load when there is an irreducible loop, as the optimization
-      // is incompatible with it.
-      // TODO: Create as many ArmDexCacheArraysBase instructions as needed for methods
-      // with irreducible loops.
-      if (GetGraph()->HasIrreducibleLoops()) {
-        return HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod;
-      }
       break;
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod:
       break;
@@ -5613,12 +5650,13 @@
 
 void LocationsBuilderARM::VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load) {
   LocationSummary::CallKind call_kind = load->NeedsEnvironment()
-      ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
+      ? ((load->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod)
+          ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
+          : LocationSummary::kCallOnSlowPath)
       : LocationSummary::kNoCall;
   LocationSummary* locations = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LocationSummary(load, call_kind);
 
   HLoadString::LoadKind load_kind = load->GetLoadKind();
-  DCHECK(load_kind != HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative) << "Not supported";
   if (load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod) {
     locations->SetInAt(0, Location::RequiresRegister());
     locations->SetOut(Location::RegisterLocation(R0));
@@ -5640,6 +5678,7 @@
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative: {
+      DCHECK(codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
       CodeGeneratorARM::PcRelativePatchInfo* labels =
           codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(load->GetDexFile(), load->GetStringIndex());
       __ BindTrackedLabel(&labels->movw_label);
@@ -5656,6 +5695,23 @@
       __ LoadLiteral(out, codegen_->DeduplicateBootImageAddressLiteral(address));
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry: {
+      DCHECK(!codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
+      CodeGeneratorARM::PcRelativePatchInfo* labels =
+          codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(load->GetDexFile(), load->GetStringIndex());
+      __ BindTrackedLabel(&labels->movw_label);
+      __ movw(out, /* placeholder */ 0u);
+      __ BindTrackedLabel(&labels->movt_label);
+      __ movt(out, /* placeholder */ 0u);
+      __ BindTrackedLabel(&labels->add_pc_label);
+      __ add(out, out, ShifterOperand(PC));
+      GenerateGcRootFieldLoad(load, out_loc, out, 0);
+      SlowPathCode* slow_path = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LoadStringSlowPathARM(load);
+      codegen_->AddSlowPath(slow_path);
+      __ CompareAndBranchIfZero(out, slow_path->GetEntryLabel());
+      __ Bind(slow_path->GetExitLabel());
+      return;
+    }
     default:
       break;
   }
@@ -6804,7 +6860,8 @@
       __ bl(GetFrameEntryLabel());
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::CodePtrLocation::kCallPCRelative:
-      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(invoke->GetTargetMethod());
+      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(*invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_file,
+                                          invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_method_index);
       __ BindTrackedLabel(&relative_call_patches_.back().label);
       // Arbitrarily branch to the BL itself, override at link time.
       __ bl(&relative_call_patches_.back().label);
@@ -6906,17 +6963,37 @@
   return DeduplicateUint32Literal(address, &uint32_literals_);
 }
 
+template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
+inline void CodeGeneratorARM::EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(
+    const ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>& infos,
+    ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
+  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : infos) {
+    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
+    size_t offset_or_index = info.offset_or_index;
+    DCHECK(info.add_pc_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t add_pc_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.add_pc_label.Position());
+    // Add MOVW patch.
+    DCHECK(info.movw_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t movw_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movw_label.Position());
+    linker_patches->push_back(Factory(movw_offset, &dex_file, add_pc_offset, offset_or_index));
+    // Add MOVT patch.
+    DCHECK(info.movt_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t movt_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movt_label.Position());
+    linker_patches->push_back(Factory(movt_offset, &dex_file, add_pc_offset, offset_or_index));
+  }
+}
+
 void CodeGeneratorARM::EmitLinkerPatches(ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
   DCHECK(linker_patches->empty());
   size_t size =
       method_patches_.size() +
       call_patches_.size() +
       relative_call_patches_.size() +
-      /* MOVW+MOVT for each base */ 2u * pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_.size() +
+      /* MOVW+MOVT for each entry */ 2u * pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_.size() +
       boot_image_string_patches_.size() +
-      /* MOVW+MOVT for each base */ 2u * pc_relative_string_patches_.size() +
+      /* MOVW+MOVT for each entry */ 2u * pc_relative_string_patches_.size() +
       boot_image_type_patches_.size() +
-      /* MOVW+MOVT for each base */ 2u * pc_relative_type_patches_.size() +
+      /* MOVW+MOVT for each entry */ 2u * pc_relative_type_patches_.size() +
       boot_image_address_patches_.size();
   linker_patches->reserve(size);
   for (const auto& entry : method_patches_) {
@@ -6937,32 +7014,13 @@
                                                      target_method.dex_file,
                                                      target_method.dex_method_index));
   }
-  for (const MethodPatchInfo<Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
+  for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
     uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position();
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(literal_offset,
-                                                             info.target_method.dex_file,
-                                                             info.target_method.dex_method_index));
+    linker_patches->push_back(
+        LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.index));
   }
-  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_) {
-    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
-    size_t base_element_offset = info.offset_or_index;
-    DCHECK(info.add_pc_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t add_pc_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.add_pc_label.Position());
-    // Add MOVW patch.
-    DCHECK(info.movw_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t movw_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movw_label.Position());
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch(movw_offset,
-                                                              &dex_file,
-                                                              add_pc_offset,
-                                                              base_element_offset));
-    // Add MOVT patch.
-    DCHECK(info.movt_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t movt_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movt_label.Position());
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch(movt_offset,
-                                                              &dex_file,
-                                                              add_pc_offset,
-                                                              base_element_offset));
-  }
+  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch>(pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_,
+                                                               linker_patches);
   for (const auto& entry : boot_image_string_patches_) {
     const StringReference& target_string = entry.first;
     Literal* literal = entry.second;
@@ -6972,25 +7030,12 @@
                                                        target_string.dex_file,
                                                        target_string.string_index));
   }
-  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_string_patches_) {
-    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
-    uint32_t string_index = info.offset_or_index;
-    DCHECK(info.add_pc_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t add_pc_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.add_pc_label.Position());
-    // Add MOVW patch.
-    DCHECK(info.movw_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t movw_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movw_label.Position());
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch(movw_offset,
-                                                               &dex_file,
-                                                               add_pc_offset,
-                                                               string_index));
-    // Add MOVT patch.
-    DCHECK(info.movt_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t movt_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movt_label.Position());
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch(movt_offset,
-                                                               &dex_file,
-                                                               add_pc_offset,
-                                                               string_index));
+  if (!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::StringBssEntryPatch>(pc_relative_string_patches_,
+                                                                  linker_patches);
+  } else {
+    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch>(pc_relative_string_patches_,
+                                                                  linker_patches);
   }
   for (const auto& entry : boot_image_type_patches_) {
     const TypeReference& target_type = entry.first;
@@ -7001,26 +7046,8 @@
                                                      target_type.dex_file,
                                                      target_type.type_index));
   }
-  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_type_patches_) {
-    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
-    uint32_t type_index = info.offset_or_index;
-    DCHECK(info.add_pc_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t add_pc_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.add_pc_label.Position());
-    // Add MOVW patch.
-    DCHECK(info.movw_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t movw_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movw_label.Position());
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch(movw_offset,
-                                                             &dex_file,
-                                                             add_pc_offset,
-                                                             type_index));
-    // Add MOVT patch.
-    DCHECK(info.movt_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t movt_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movt_label.Position());
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch(movt_offset,
-                                                             &dex_file,
-                                                             add_pc_offset,
-                                                             type_index));
-  }
+  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch>(pc_relative_type_patches_,
+                                                              linker_patches);
   for (const auto& entry : boot_image_address_patches_) {
     DCHECK(GetCompilerOptions().GetIncludePatchInformation());
     Literal* literal = entry.second;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.h
index 6416d40..ef2e23f 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.h
@@ -593,6 +593,10 @@
                                           uint32_t offset_or_index,
                                           ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>* patches);
 
+  template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
+  static void EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(const ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>& infos,
+                                          ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches);
+
   // Labels for each block that will be compiled.
   Label* block_labels_;  // Indexed by block id.
   Label frame_entry_label_;
@@ -609,12 +613,12 @@
   MethodToLiteralMap call_patches_;
   // Relative call patch info.
   // Using ArenaDeque<> which retains element addresses on push/emplace_back().
-  ArenaDeque<MethodPatchInfo<Label>> relative_call_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> relative_call_patches_;
   // PC-relative patch info for each HArmDexCacheArraysBase.
   ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo> pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_;
   // Deduplication map for boot string literals for kBootImageLinkTimeAddress.
   BootStringToLiteralMap boot_image_string_patches_;
-  // PC-relative String patch info.
+  // PC-relative String patch info; type depends on configuration (app .bss or boot image PIC).
   ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo> pc_relative_string_patches_;
   // Deduplication map for boot type literals for kBootImageLinkTimeAddress.
   BootTypeToLiteralMap boot_image_type_patches_;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.cc
index a2a2e42..5d00267 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.cc
@@ -329,6 +329,55 @@
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LoadClassSlowPathARM64);
 };
 
+class LoadStringSlowPathARM64 : public SlowPathCodeARM64 {
+ public:
+  explicit LoadStringSlowPathARM64(HLoadString* instruction) : SlowPathCodeARM64(instruction) {}
+
+  void EmitNativeCode(CodeGenerator* codegen) OVERRIDE {
+    LocationSummary* locations = instruction_->GetLocations();
+    DCHECK(!locations->GetLiveRegisters()->ContainsCoreRegister(locations->Out().reg()));
+    CodeGeneratorARM64* arm64_codegen = down_cast<CodeGeneratorARM64*>(codegen);
+
+    __ Bind(GetEntryLabel());
+    SaveLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
+
+    InvokeRuntimeCallingConvention calling_convention;
+    const uint32_t string_index = instruction_->AsLoadString()->GetStringIndex();
+    __ Mov(calling_convention.GetRegisterAt(0).W(), string_index);
+    arm64_codegen->InvokeRuntime(kQuickResolveString, instruction_, instruction_->GetDexPc(), this);
+    CheckEntrypointTypes<kQuickResolveString, void*, uint32_t>();
+    Primitive::Type type = instruction_->GetType();
+    arm64_codegen->MoveLocation(locations->Out(), calling_convention.GetReturnLocation(type), type);
+
+    RestoreLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
+
+    // Store the resolved String to the BSS entry.
+    UseScratchRegisterScope temps(arm64_codegen->GetVIXLAssembler());
+    Register temp = temps.AcquireX();
+    const DexFile& dex_file = instruction_->AsLoadString()->GetDexFile();
+    // TODO: Change art_quick_resolve_string to kSaveEverything and use a temporary
+    // for the ADRP in the fast path, so that we can avoid the ADRP here.
+    vixl::aarch64::Label* adrp_label =
+        arm64_codegen->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(dex_file, string_index);
+    arm64_codegen->EmitAdrpPlaceholder(adrp_label, temp);
+    vixl::aarch64::Label* strp_label =
+        arm64_codegen->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(dex_file, string_index, adrp_label);
+    {
+      SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(arm64_codegen->GetVIXLAssembler());
+      __ Bind(strp_label);
+      __ str(RegisterFrom(locations->Out(), Primitive::kPrimNot),
+             MemOperand(temp, /* offset placeholder */ 0));
+    }
+
+    __ B(GetExitLabel());
+  }
+
+  const char* GetDescription() const OVERRIDE { return "LoadStringSlowPathARM64"; }
+
+ private:
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LoadStringSlowPathARM64);
+};
+
 class NullCheckSlowPathARM64 : public SlowPathCodeARM64 {
  public:
   explicit NullCheckSlowPathARM64(HNullCheck* instr) : SlowPathCodeARM64(instr) {}
@@ -3594,19 +3643,11 @@
       const DexFile& dex_file = invoke->GetDexFile();
       uint32_t element_offset = invoke->GetDexCacheArrayOffset();
       vixl::aarch64::Label* adrp_label = NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(dex_file, element_offset);
-      {
-        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
-        __ Bind(adrp_label);
-        __ adrp(XRegisterFrom(temp), /* offset placeholder */ 0);
-      }
+      EmitAdrpPlaceholder(adrp_label, XRegisterFrom(temp));
       // Add LDR with its PC-relative DexCache access patch.
       vixl::aarch64::Label* ldr_label =
           NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(dex_file, element_offset, adrp_label);
-      {
-        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
-        __ Bind(ldr_label);
-        __ ldr(XRegisterFrom(temp), MemOperand(XRegisterFrom(temp), /* offset placeholder */ 0));
-      }
+      EmitLdrOffsetPlaceholder(ldr_label, XRegisterFrom(temp), XRegisterFrom(temp));
       break;
     }
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::MethodLoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod: {
@@ -3639,7 +3680,8 @@
       __ Bl(&frame_entry_label_);
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::CodePtrLocation::kCallPCRelative: {
-      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(invoke->GetTargetMethod());
+      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(*invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_file,
+                                          invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_method_index);
       vixl::aarch64::Label* label = &relative_call_patches_.back().label;
       SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
       __ Bind(label);
@@ -3761,6 +3803,45 @@
   return DeduplicateUint64Literal(address);
 }
 
+void CodeGeneratorARM64::EmitAdrpPlaceholder(vixl::aarch64::Label* fixup_label,
+                                             vixl::aarch64::Register reg) {
+  DCHECK(reg.IsX());
+  SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
+  __ Bind(fixup_label);
+  __ adrp(reg, /* offset placeholder */ 0);
+}
+
+void CodeGeneratorARM64::EmitAddPlaceholder(vixl::aarch64::Label* fixup_label,
+                                            vixl::aarch64::Register out,
+                                            vixl::aarch64::Register base) {
+  DCHECK(out.IsX());
+  DCHECK(base.IsX());
+  SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
+  __ Bind(fixup_label);
+  __ add(out, base, Operand(/* offset placeholder */ 0));
+}
+
+void CodeGeneratorARM64::EmitLdrOffsetPlaceholder(vixl::aarch64::Label* fixup_label,
+                                                  vixl::aarch64::Register out,
+                                                  vixl::aarch64::Register base) {
+  DCHECK(base.IsX());
+  SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
+  __ Bind(fixup_label);
+  __ ldr(out, MemOperand(base, /* offset placeholder */ 0));
+}
+
+template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
+inline void CodeGeneratorARM64::EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(
+    const ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>& infos,
+    ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
+  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : infos) {
+    linker_patches->push_back(Factory(info.label.GetLocation(),
+                                      &info.target_dex_file,
+                                      info.pc_insn_label->GetLocation(),
+                                      info.offset_or_index));
+  }
+}
+
 void CodeGeneratorARM64::EmitLinkerPatches(ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
   DCHECK(linker_patches->empty());
   size_t size =
@@ -3788,10 +3869,9 @@
                                                      target_method.dex_file,
                                                      target_method.dex_method_index));
   }
-  for (const MethodPatchInfo<vixl::aarch64::Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(info.label.GetLocation(),
-                                                             info.target_method.dex_file,
-                                                             info.target_method.dex_method_index));
+  for (const PatchInfo<vixl::aarch64::Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
+    linker_patches->push_back(
+        LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(info.label.GetLocation(), &info.dex_file, info.index));
   }
   for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_) {
     linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch(info.label.GetLocation(),
@@ -3806,11 +3886,12 @@
                                                        target_string.dex_file,
                                                        target_string.string_index));
   }
-  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_string_patches_) {
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch(info.label.GetLocation(),
-                                                               &info.target_dex_file,
-                                                               info.pc_insn_label->GetLocation(),
-                                                               info.offset_or_index));
+  if (!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::StringBssEntryPatch>(pc_relative_string_patches_,
+                                                                  linker_patches);
+  } else {
+    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch>(pc_relative_string_patches_,
+                                                                  linker_patches);
   }
   for (const auto& entry : boot_image_type_patches_) {
     const TypeReference& target_type = entry.first;
@@ -3819,12 +3900,8 @@
                                                      target_type.dex_file,
                                                      target_type.type_index));
   }
-  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_type_patches_) {
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch(info.label.GetLocation(),
-                                                             &info.target_dex_file,
-                                                             info.pc_insn_label->GetLocation(),
-                                                             info.offset_or_index));
-  }
+  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch>(pc_relative_type_patches_,
+                                                                linker_patches);
   for (const auto& entry : boot_image_address_patches_) {
     DCHECK(GetCompilerOptions().GetIncludePatchInformation());
     vixl::aarch64::Literal<uint32_t>* literal = entry.second;
@@ -3981,19 +4058,11 @@
       const DexFile& dex_file = cls->GetDexFile();
       uint32_t type_index = cls->GetTypeIndex();
       vixl::aarch64::Label* adrp_label = codegen_->NewPcRelativeTypePatch(dex_file, type_index);
-      {
-        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
-        __ Bind(adrp_label);
-        __ adrp(out.X(), /* offset placeholder */ 0);
-      }
+      codegen_->EmitAdrpPlaceholder(adrp_label, out.X());
       // Add ADD with its PC-relative type patch.
       vixl::aarch64::Label* add_label =
           codegen_->NewPcRelativeTypePatch(dex_file, type_index, adrp_label);
-      {
-        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
-        __ Bind(add_label);
-        __ add(out.X(), out.X(), Operand(/* offset placeholder */ 0));
-      }
+      codegen_->EmitAddPlaceholder(add_label, out.X(), out.X());
       break;
     }
     case HLoadClass::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress: {
@@ -4030,11 +4099,7 @@
       uint32_t element_offset = cls->GetDexCacheElementOffset();
       vixl::aarch64::Label* adrp_label =
           codegen_->NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(dex_file, element_offset);
-      {
-        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
-        __ Bind(adrp_label);
-        __ adrp(out.X(), /* offset placeholder */ 0);
-      }
+      codegen_->EmitAdrpPlaceholder(adrp_label, out.X());
       // Add LDR with its PC-relative DexCache access patch.
       vixl::aarch64::Label* ldr_label =
           codegen_->NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(dex_file, element_offset, adrp_label);
@@ -4119,7 +4184,7 @@
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheAddress:
       DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
       break;
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative:
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
       DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
       break;
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod:
@@ -4130,7 +4195,9 @@
 
 void LocationsBuilderARM64::VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load) {
   LocationSummary::CallKind call_kind = load->NeedsEnvironment()
-      ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
+      ? ((load->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod)
+          ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
+          : LocationSummary::kCallOnSlowPath)
       : LocationSummary::kNoCall;
   LocationSummary* locations = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LocationSummary(load, call_kind);
   if (load->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod) {
@@ -4154,20 +4221,13 @@
       // Add ADRP with its PC-relative String patch.
       const DexFile& dex_file = load->GetDexFile();
       uint32_t string_index = load->GetStringIndex();
+      DCHECK(codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
       vixl::aarch64::Label* adrp_label = codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(dex_file, string_index);
-      {
-        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
-        __ Bind(adrp_label);
-        __ adrp(out.X(), /* offset placeholder */ 0);
-      }
+      codegen_->EmitAdrpPlaceholder(adrp_label, out.X());
       // Add ADD with its PC-relative String patch.
       vixl::aarch64::Label* add_label =
           codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(dex_file, string_index, adrp_label);
-      {
-        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
-        __ Bind(add_label);
-        __ add(out.X(), out.X(), Operand(/* offset placeholder */ 0));
-      }
+      codegen_->EmitAddPlaceholder(add_label, out.X(), out.X());
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress: {
@@ -4175,6 +4235,28 @@
       __ Ldr(out.W(), codegen_->DeduplicateBootImageAddressLiteral(load->GetAddress()));
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry: {
+      // Add ADRP with its PC-relative String .bss entry patch.
+      const DexFile& dex_file = load->GetDexFile();
+      uint32_t string_index = load->GetStringIndex();
+      DCHECK(!codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
+      vixl::aarch64::Label* adrp_label = codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(dex_file, string_index);
+      codegen_->EmitAdrpPlaceholder(adrp_label, out.X());
+      // Add LDR with its PC-relative String patch.
+      vixl::aarch64::Label* ldr_label =
+          codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(dex_file, string_index, adrp_label);
+      // /* GcRoot<mirror::Class> */ out = *(base_address + offset)  /* PC-relative */
+      GenerateGcRootFieldLoad(load,
+                              load->GetLocations()->Out(),
+                              out.X(),
+                              /* placeholder */ 0u,
+                              ldr_label);
+      SlowPathCodeARM64* slow_path = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LoadStringSlowPathARM64(load);
+      codegen_->AddSlowPath(slow_path);
+      __ Cbz(out.X(), slow_path->GetEntryLabel());
+      __ Bind(slow_path->GetExitLabel());
+      return;
+    }
     default:
       break;
   }
@@ -4944,6 +5026,7 @@
                                                             uint32_t offset,
                                                             vixl::aarch64::Label* fixup_label,
                                                             bool requires_read_barrier) {
+  DCHECK(fixup_label == nullptr || offset == 0u);
   Register root_reg = RegisterFrom(root, Primitive::kPrimNot);
   if (requires_read_barrier) {
     DCHECK(kEmitCompilerReadBarrier);
@@ -4960,9 +5043,7 @@
       if (fixup_label == nullptr) {
         __ Ldr(root_reg, MemOperand(obj, offset));
       } else {
-        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
-        __ Bind(fixup_label);
-        __ ldr(root_reg, MemOperand(obj, offset));
+        codegen_->EmitLdrOffsetPlaceholder(fixup_label, root_reg, obj);
       }
       static_assert(
           sizeof(mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>) == sizeof(GcRoot<mirror::Object>),
@@ -4991,9 +5072,7 @@
       if (fixup_label == nullptr) {
         __ Add(root_reg.X(), obj.X(), offset);
       } else {
-        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
-        __ Bind(fixup_label);
-        __ add(root_reg.X(), obj.X(), offset);
+        codegen_->EmitAddPlaceholder(fixup_label, root_reg.X(), obj.X());
       }
       // /* mirror::Object* */ root = root->Read()
       codegen_->GenerateReadBarrierForRootSlow(instruction, root, root);
@@ -5004,9 +5083,7 @@
     if (fixup_label == nullptr) {
       __ Ldr(root_reg, MemOperand(obj, offset));
     } else {
-      SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
-      __ Bind(fixup_label);
-      __ ldr(root_reg, MemOperand(obj, offset));
+      codegen_->EmitLdrOffsetPlaceholder(fixup_label, root_reg, obj.X());
     }
     // Note that GC roots are not affected by heap poisoning, thus we
     // do not have to unpoison `root_reg` here.
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.h
index a152245..eb28ecb 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.h
@@ -564,6 +564,14 @@
   vixl::aarch64::Literal<uint32_t>* DeduplicateBootImageAddressLiteral(uint64_t address);
   vixl::aarch64::Literal<uint64_t>* DeduplicateDexCacheAddressLiteral(uint64_t address);
 
+  void EmitAdrpPlaceholder(vixl::aarch64::Label* fixup_label, vixl::aarch64::Register reg);
+  void EmitAddPlaceholder(vixl::aarch64::Label* fixup_label,
+                          vixl::aarch64::Register out,
+                          vixl::aarch64::Register base);
+  void EmitLdrOffsetPlaceholder(vixl::aarch64::Label* fixup_label,
+                                vixl::aarch64::Register out,
+                                vixl::aarch64::Register base);
+
   void EmitLinkerPatches(ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) OVERRIDE;
 
   // Fast path implementation of ReadBarrier::Barrier for a heap
@@ -691,6 +699,10 @@
 
   void EmitJumpTables();
 
+  template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
+  static void EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(const ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>& infos,
+                                          ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches);
+
   // Labels for each block that will be compiled.
   // We use a deque so that the `vixl::aarch64::Label` objects do not move in memory.
   ArenaDeque<vixl::aarch64::Label> block_labels_;  // Indexed by block id.
@@ -713,12 +725,12 @@
   MethodToLiteralMap call_patches_;
   // Relative call patch info.
   // Using ArenaDeque<> which retains element addresses on push/emplace_back().
-  ArenaDeque<MethodPatchInfo<vixl::aarch64::Label>> relative_call_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<vixl::aarch64::Label>> relative_call_patches_;
   // PC-relative DexCache access info.
   ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo> pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_;
   // Deduplication map for boot string literals for kBootImageLinkTimeAddress.
   BootStringToLiteralMap boot_image_string_patches_;
-  // PC-relative String patch info.
+  // PC-relative String patch info; type depends on configuration (app .bss or boot image PIC).
   ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo> pc_relative_string_patches_;
   // Deduplication map for boot type literals for kBootImageLinkTimeAddress.
   BootTypeToLiteralMap boot_image_type_patches_;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.cc
index 5c0ca85..f0118a4 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.cc
@@ -279,7 +279,8 @@
     SaveLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
 
     InvokeRuntimeCallingConvention calling_convention;
-    const uint32_t string_index = instruction_->AsLoadString()->GetStringIndex();
+    HLoadString* load = instruction_->AsLoadString();
+    const uint32_t string_index = load->GetStringIndex();
     __ LoadConst32(calling_convention.GetRegisterAt(0), string_index);
     mips_codegen->InvokeRuntime(kQuickResolveString, instruction_, instruction_->GetDexPc(), this);
     CheckEntrypointTypes<kQuickResolveString, void*, uint32_t>();
@@ -289,6 +290,19 @@
                                type);
 
     RestoreLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
+
+    // Store the resolved String to the BSS entry.
+    // TODO: Change art_quick_resolve_string to kSaveEverything and use a temporary for the
+    // .bss entry address in the fast path, so that we can avoid another calculation here.
+    bool isR6 = mips_codegen->GetInstructionSetFeatures().IsR6();
+    Register base = isR6 ? ZERO : locations->InAt(0).AsRegister<Register>();
+    Register out = locations->Out().AsRegister<Register>();
+    DCHECK_NE(out, AT);
+    CodeGeneratorMIPS::PcRelativePatchInfo* info =
+        mips_codegen->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(load->GetDexFile(), string_index);
+    mips_codegen->EmitPcRelativeAddressPlaceholder(info, AT, base);
+    __ StoreToOffset(kStoreWord, out, AT, 0);
+
     __ B(GetExitLabel());
   }
 
@@ -957,6 +971,24 @@
   }
 }
 
+template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
+inline void CodeGeneratorMIPS::EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(
+    const ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>& infos,
+    ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
+  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : infos) {
+    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
+    size_t offset_or_index = info.offset_or_index;
+    DCHECK(info.high_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t high_offset = __ GetLabelLocation(&info.high_label);
+    // On R2 we use HMipsComputeBaseMethodAddress and patch relative to
+    // the assembler's base label used for PC-relative addressing.
+    uint32_t pc_rel_offset = info.pc_rel_label.IsBound()
+        ? __ GetLabelLocation(&info.pc_rel_label)
+        : __ GetPcRelBaseLabelLocation();
+    linker_patches->push_back(Factory(high_offset, &dex_file, pc_rel_offset, offset_or_index));
+  }
+}
+
 void CodeGeneratorMIPS::EmitLinkerPatches(ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
   DCHECK(linker_patches->empty());
   size_t size =
@@ -987,48 +1019,17 @@
                                                      target_method.dex_file,
                                                      target_method.dex_method_index));
   }
-  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_) {
-    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
-    size_t base_element_offset = info.offset_or_index;
-    DCHECK(info.high_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t high_offset = __ GetLabelLocation(&info.high_label);
-    DCHECK(info.pc_rel_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t pc_rel_offset = __ GetLabelLocation(&info.pc_rel_label);
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch(high_offset,
-                                                              &dex_file,
-                                                              pc_rel_offset,
-                                                              base_element_offset));
+  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch>(pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_,
+                                                               linker_patches);
+  if (!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::StringBssEntryPatch>(pc_relative_string_patches_,
+                                                                  linker_patches);
+  } else {
+    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch>(pc_relative_string_patches_,
+                                                                  linker_patches);
   }
-  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_string_patches_) {
-    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
-    size_t string_index = info.offset_or_index;
-    DCHECK(info.high_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t high_offset = __ GetLabelLocation(&info.high_label);
-    // On R2 we use HMipsComputeBaseMethodAddress and patch relative to
-    // the assembler's base label used for PC-relative literals.
-    uint32_t pc_rel_offset = info.pc_rel_label.IsBound()
-        ? __ GetLabelLocation(&info.pc_rel_label)
-        : __ GetPcRelBaseLabelLocation();
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch(high_offset,
-                                                               &dex_file,
-                                                               pc_rel_offset,
-                                                               string_index));
-  }
-  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_type_patches_) {
-    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
-    size_t type_index = info.offset_or_index;
-    DCHECK(info.high_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t high_offset = __ GetLabelLocation(&info.high_label);
-    // On R2 we use HMipsComputeBaseMethodAddress and patch relative to
-    // the assembler's base label used for PC-relative literals.
-    uint32_t pc_rel_offset = info.pc_rel_label.IsBound()
-        ? __ GetLabelLocation(&info.pc_rel_label)
-        : __ GetPcRelBaseLabelLocation();
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch(high_offset,
-                                                             &dex_file,
-                                                             pc_rel_offset,
-                                                             type_index));
-  }
+  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch>(pc_relative_type_patches_,
+                                                              linker_patches);
   for (const auto& entry : boot_image_string_patches_) {
     const StringReference& target_string = entry.first;
     Literal* literal = entry.second;
@@ -1118,6 +1119,36 @@
   return DeduplicateUint32Literal(dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(address), map);
 }
 
+void CodeGeneratorMIPS::EmitPcRelativeAddressPlaceholder(
+    PcRelativePatchInfo* info, Register out, Register base) {
+  bool reordering = __ SetReorder(false);
+  if (GetInstructionSetFeatures().IsR6()) {
+    DCHECK_EQ(base, ZERO);
+    __ Bind(&info->high_label);
+    __ Bind(&info->pc_rel_label);
+    // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
+    __ Auipc(out, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
+    __ Addiu(out, out, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
+  } else {
+    // If base is ZERO, emit NAL to obtain the actual base.
+    if (base == ZERO) {
+      // Generate a dummy PC-relative call to obtain PC.
+      __ Nal();
+    }
+    __ Bind(&info->high_label);
+    __ Lui(out, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
+    // If we emitted the NAL, bind the pc_rel_label, otherwise base is a register holding
+    // the HMipsComputeBaseMethodAddress which has its own label stored in MipsAssembler.
+    if (base == ZERO) {
+      __ Bind(&info->pc_rel_label);
+    }
+    __ Ori(out, out, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
+    // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
+    __ Addu(out, out, (base == ZERO) ? RA : base);
+  }
+  __ SetReorder(reordering);
+}
+
 void CodeGeneratorMIPS::MarkGCCard(Register object, Register value) {
   MipsLabel done;
   Register card = AT;
@@ -4229,6 +4260,8 @@
   }
   // We disable PC-relative load when there is an irreducible loop, as the optimization
   // is incompatible with it.
+  // TODO: Create as many MipsDexCacheArraysBase instructions as needed for methods
+  // with irreducible loops.
   bool has_irreducible_loops = GetGraph()->HasIrreducibleLoops();
   bool fallback_load = has_irreducible_loops;
   switch (desired_string_load_kind) {
@@ -4244,10 +4277,8 @@
       DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
       fallback_load = false;
       break;
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative:
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
       DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
-      // TODO: Create as many MipsDexCacheArraysBase instructions as needed for methods
-      // with irreducible loops.
       break;
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod:
       fallback_load = false;
@@ -4627,23 +4658,7 @@
       DCHECK(!kEmitCompilerReadBarrier);
       CodeGeneratorMIPS::PcRelativePatchInfo* info =
           codegen_->NewPcRelativeTypePatch(cls->GetDexFile(), cls->GetTypeIndex());
-      bool reordering = __ SetReorder(false);
-      if (isR6) {
-        __ Bind(&info->high_label);
-        __ Bind(&info->pc_rel_label);
-        // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
-        __ Auipc(out, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
-        __ Addiu(out, out, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
-      } else {
-        __ Bind(&info->high_label);
-        __ Lui(out, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
-        // We do not bind info->pc_rel_label here, we'll use the assembler's label
-        // for PC-relative literals and the base from HMipsComputeBaseMethodAddress.
-        __ Ori(out, out, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
-        // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
-        __ Addu(out, out, base_or_current_method_reg);
-      }
-      __ SetReorder(reordering);
+      codegen_->EmitPcRelativeAddressPlaceholder(info, out, base_or_current_method_reg);
       break;
     }
     case HLoadClass::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress: {
@@ -4732,7 +4747,9 @@
 
 void LocationsBuilderMIPS::VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load) {
   LocationSummary::CallKind call_kind = (load->NeedsEnvironment() || kEmitCompilerReadBarrier)
-      ? LocationSummary::kCallOnSlowPath
+      ? ((load->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod)
+          ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
+          : LocationSummary::kCallOnSlowPath)
       : LocationSummary::kNoCall;
   LocationSummary* locations = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LocationSummary(load, call_kind);
   HLoadString::LoadKind load_kind = load->GetLoadKind();
@@ -4746,7 +4763,7 @@
       }
       FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
     // We need an extra register for PC-relative dex cache accesses.
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative:
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod:
       locations->SetInAt(0, Location::RequiresRegister());
       break;
@@ -4768,6 +4785,7 @@
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimeAddress:
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress:
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative:
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
       base_or_current_method_reg = isR6 ? ZERO : locations->InAt(0).AsRegister<Register>();
       break;
     default:
@@ -4785,25 +4803,10 @@
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative: {
       DCHECK(!kEmitCompilerReadBarrier);
+      DCHECK(codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
       CodeGeneratorMIPS::PcRelativePatchInfo* info =
           codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(load->GetDexFile(), load->GetStringIndex());
-      bool reordering = __ SetReorder(false);
-      if (isR6) {
-        __ Bind(&info->high_label);
-        __ Bind(&info->pc_rel_label);
-        // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
-        __ Auipc(out, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
-        __ Addiu(out, out, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
-      } else {
-        __ Bind(&info->high_label);
-        __ Lui(out, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
-        // We do not bind info->pc_rel_label here, we'll use the assembler's label
-        // for PC-relative literals and the base from HMipsComputeBaseMethodAddress.
-        __ Ori(out, out, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
-        // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
-        __ Addu(out, out, base_or_current_method_reg);
-      }
-      __ SetReorder(reordering);
+      codegen_->EmitPcRelativeAddressPlaceholder(info, out, base_or_current_method_reg);
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress: {
@@ -4815,6 +4818,18 @@
                      codegen_->DeduplicateBootImageAddressLiteral(address));
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry: {
+      DCHECK(!codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
+      CodeGeneratorMIPS::PcRelativePatchInfo* info =
+          codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(load->GetDexFile(), load->GetStringIndex());
+      codegen_->EmitPcRelativeAddressPlaceholder(info, out, base_or_current_method_reg);
+      __ LoadFromOffset(kLoadWord, out, out, 0);
+      SlowPathCodeMIPS* slow_path = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LoadStringSlowPathMIPS(load);
+      codegen_->AddSlowPath(slow_path);
+      __ Beqz(out, slow_path->GetEntryLabel());
+      __ Bind(slow_path->GetExitLabel());
+      return;
+    }
     default:
       break;
   }
@@ -6011,25 +6026,8 @@
   Register reg = base->GetLocations()->Out().AsRegister<Register>();
   CodeGeneratorMIPS::PcRelativePatchInfo* info =
       codegen_->NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(base->GetDexFile(), base->GetElementOffset());
-  bool reordering = __ SetReorder(false);
-  if (codegen_->GetInstructionSetFeatures().IsR6()) {
-    __ Bind(&info->high_label);
-    __ Bind(&info->pc_rel_label);
-    // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
-    __ Auipc(reg, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
-    __ Addiu(reg, reg, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
-  } else {
-    // Generate a dummy PC-relative call to obtain PC.
-    __ Nal();
-    __ Bind(&info->high_label);
-    __ Lui(reg, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
-    __ Bind(&info->pc_rel_label);
-    __ Ori(reg, reg, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
-    // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
-    __ Addu(reg, reg, RA);
-    // TODO: Can we share this code with that of VisitMipsComputeBaseMethodAddress()?
-  }
-  __ SetReorder(reordering);
+  // TODO: Reuse MipsComputeBaseMethodAddress on R2 instead of passing ZERO to force emitting NAL.
+  codegen_->EmitPcRelativeAddressPlaceholder(info, reg, ZERO);
 }
 
 void LocationsBuilderMIPS::VisitInvokeUnresolved(HInvokeUnresolved* invoke) {
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.h
index f943978..0e8d8d4 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.h
@@ -435,6 +435,8 @@
   Literal* DeduplicateBootImageTypeLiteral(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t type_index);
   Literal* DeduplicateBootImageAddressLiteral(uint32_t address);
 
+  void EmitPcRelativeAddressPlaceholder(PcRelativePatchInfo* info, Register out, Register base);
+
  private:
   Register GetInvokeStaticOrDirectExtraParameter(HInvokeStaticOrDirect* invoke, Register temp);
 
@@ -455,6 +457,10 @@
                                           uint32_t offset_or_index,
                                           ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>* patches);
 
+  template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
+  void EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(const ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>& infos,
+                                   ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches);
+
   // Labels for each block that will be compiled.
   MipsLabel* block_labels_;
   MipsLabel frame_entry_label_;
@@ -473,7 +479,7 @@
   ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo> pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_;
   // Deduplication map for boot string literals for kBootImageLinkTimeAddress.
   BootStringToLiteralMap boot_image_string_patches_;
-  // PC-relative String patch info.
+  // PC-relative String patch info; type depends on configuration (app .bss or boot image PIC).
   ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo> pc_relative_string_patches_;
   // Deduplication map for boot type literals for kBootImageLinkTimeAddress.
   BootTypeToLiteralMap boot_image_type_patches_;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.cc
index c300080..4942644 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.cc
@@ -209,6 +209,42 @@
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(SuspendCheckSlowPathX86);
 };
 
+class LoadStringSlowPathX86 : public SlowPathCode {
+ public:
+  explicit LoadStringSlowPathX86(HLoadString* instruction): SlowPathCode(instruction) {}
+
+  void EmitNativeCode(CodeGenerator* codegen) OVERRIDE {
+    LocationSummary* locations = instruction_->GetLocations();
+    DCHECK(!locations->GetLiveRegisters()->ContainsCoreRegister(locations->Out().reg()));
+
+    CodeGeneratorX86* x86_codegen = down_cast<CodeGeneratorX86*>(codegen);
+    __ Bind(GetEntryLabel());
+    SaveLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
+
+    InvokeRuntimeCallingConvention calling_convention;
+    const uint32_t string_index = instruction_->AsLoadString()->GetStringIndex();
+    __ movl(calling_convention.GetRegisterAt(0), Immediate(string_index));
+    x86_codegen->InvokeRuntime(kQuickResolveString, instruction_, instruction_->GetDexPc(), this);
+    CheckEntrypointTypes<kQuickResolveString, void*, uint32_t>();
+    x86_codegen->Move32(locations->Out(), Location::RegisterLocation(EAX));
+    RestoreLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
+
+    // Store the resolved String to the BSS entry.
+    Register method_address = locations->InAt(0).AsRegister<Register>();
+    __ movl(Address(method_address, CodeGeneratorX86::kDummy32BitOffset),
+            locations->Out().AsRegister<Register>());
+    Label* fixup_label = x86_codegen->NewStringBssEntryPatch(instruction_->AsLoadString());
+    __ Bind(fixup_label);
+
+    __ jmp(GetExitLabel());
+  }
+
+  const char* GetDescription() const OVERRIDE { return "LoadStringSlowPathX86"; }
+
+ private:
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LoadStringSlowPathX86);
+};
+
 class LoadClassSlowPathX86 : public SlowPathCode {
  public:
   LoadClassSlowPathX86(HLoadClass* cls,
@@ -4291,7 +4327,8 @@
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::MethodLoadKind::kDirectAddressWithFixup:
       __ movl(temp.AsRegister<Register>(), Immediate(/* placeholder */ 0));
-      method_patches_.emplace_back(invoke->GetTargetMethod());
+      method_patches_.emplace_back(*invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_file,
+                                   invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_method_index);
       __ Bind(&method_patches_.back().label);  // Bind the label at the end of the "movl" insn.
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::MethodLoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative: {
@@ -4336,7 +4373,8 @@
       __ call(GetFrameEntryLabel());
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::CodePtrLocation::kCallPCRelative: {
-      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(invoke->GetTargetMethod());
+      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(*invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_file,
+                                          invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_method_index);
       Label* label = &relative_call_patches_.back().label;
       __ call(label);  // Bind to the patch label, override at link time.
       __ Bind(label);  // Bind the label at the end of the "call" insn.
@@ -4395,7 +4433,8 @@
   }
 }
 
-void CodeGeneratorX86::RecordStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string) {
+void CodeGeneratorX86::RecordBootStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string) {
+  DCHECK(GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
   string_patches_.emplace_back(load_string->GetDexFile(), load_string->GetStringIndex());
   __ Bind(&string_patches_.back().label);
 }
@@ -4405,6 +4444,12 @@
   __ Bind(&type_patches_.back().label);
 }
 
+Label* CodeGeneratorX86::NewStringBssEntryPatch(HLoadString* load_string) {
+  DCHECK(!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
+  string_patches_.emplace_back(load_string->GetDexFile(), load_string->GetStringIndex());
+  return &string_patches_.back().label;
+}
+
 Label* CodeGeneratorX86::NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(const DexFile& dex_file,
                                                          uint32_t element_offset) {
   // Add the patch entry and bind its label at the end of the instruction.
@@ -4412,6 +4457,21 @@
   return &pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_.back().label;
 }
 
+// The label points to the end of the "movl" or another instruction but the literal offset
+// for method patch needs to point to the embedded constant which occupies the last 4 bytes.
+constexpr uint32_t kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment = 4u;
+
+template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
+inline void CodeGeneratorX86::EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(
+    const ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>>& infos,
+    ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
+  for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : infos) {
+    uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
+    linker_patches->push_back(
+        Factory(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, GetMethodAddressOffset(), info.index));
+  }
+}
+
 void CodeGeneratorX86::EmitLinkerPatches(ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
   DCHECK(linker_patches->empty());
   size_t size =
@@ -4422,59 +4482,38 @@
       string_patches_.size() +
       type_patches_.size();
   linker_patches->reserve(size);
-  // The label points to the end of the "movl" insn but the literal offset for method
-  // patch needs to point to the embedded constant which occupies the last 4 bytes.
-  constexpr uint32_t kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment = 4u;
-  for (const MethodPatchInfo<Label>& info : method_patches_) {
+  for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : method_patches_) {
     uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::MethodPatch(literal_offset,
-                                                       info.target_method.dex_file,
-                                                       info.target_method.dex_method_index));
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::MethodPatch(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.index));
   }
-  for (const MethodPatchInfo<Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
+  for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
     uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(literal_offset,
-                                                             info.target_method.dex_file,
-                                                             info.target_method.dex_method_index));
+    linker_patches->push_back(
+        LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.index));
   }
-  for (const PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo& info : pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_) {
-    uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch(literal_offset,
-                                                              &info.target_dex_file,
-                                                              GetMethodAddressOffset(),
-                                                              info.element_offset));
-  }
+  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch>(pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_,
+                                                               linker_patches);
   for (const Label& label : simple_patches_) {
     uint32_t literal_offset = label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
     linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RecordPosition(literal_offset));
   }
-  if (GetCompilerOptions().GetCompilePic()) {
-    for (const StringPatchInfo<Label>& info : string_patches_) {
-      uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-      linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch(literal_offset,
-                                                                 &info.dex_file,
-                                                                 GetMethodAddressOffset(),
-                                                                 info.string_index));
-    }
-    for (const TypePatchInfo<Label>& info : type_patches_) {
-      uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-      linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch(literal_offset,
-                                                               &info.dex_file,
-                                                               GetMethodAddressOffset(),
-                                                               info.type_index));
-    }
+  if (!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::StringBssEntryPatch>(string_patches_, linker_patches);
+  } else if (GetCompilerOptions().GetCompilePic()) {
+    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch>(string_patches_, linker_patches);
   } else {
-    for (const StringPatchInfo<Label>& info : string_patches_) {
+    for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : string_patches_) {
       uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-      linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::StringPatch(literal_offset,
-                                                         &info.dex_file,
-                                                         info.string_index));
+      linker_patches->push_back(
+          LinkerPatch::StringPatch(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.index));
     }
-    for (const TypePatchInfo<Label>& info : type_patches_) {
+  }
+  if (GetCompilerOptions().GetCompilePic()) {
+    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch>(type_patches_, linker_patches);
+  } else {
+    for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : type_patches_) {
       uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-      linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::TypePatch(literal_offset,
-                                                       &info.dex_file,
-                                                       info.type_index));
+      linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::TypePatch(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.index));
     }
   }
 }
@@ -5952,7 +5991,7 @@
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative:
       DCHECK(GetCompilerOptions().GetCompilePic());
       FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative:
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
       DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());  // Note: boot image is also non-JIT.
       // We disable pc-relative load when there is an irreducible loop, as the optimization
       // is incompatible with it.
@@ -5975,13 +6014,15 @@
 
 void LocationsBuilderX86::VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load) {
   LocationSummary::CallKind call_kind = (load->NeedsEnvironment() || kEmitCompilerReadBarrier)
-      ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
+      ? ((load->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod)
+          ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
+          : LocationSummary::kCallOnSlowPath)
       : LocationSummary::kNoCall;
   LocationSummary* locations = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LocationSummary(load, call_kind);
   HLoadString::LoadKind load_kind = load->GetLoadKind();
   if (load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod ||
       load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative ||
-      load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative) {
+      load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry) {
     locations->SetInAt(0, Location::RequiresRegister());
   }
   if (load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod) {
@@ -5999,13 +6040,13 @@
   switch (load->GetLoadKind()) {
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimeAddress: {
       __ movl(out, Immediate(/* placeholder */ 0));
-      codegen_->RecordStringPatch(load);
+      codegen_->RecordBootStringPatch(load);
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative: {
       Register method_address = locations->InAt(0).AsRegister<Register>();
       __ leal(out, Address(method_address, CodeGeneratorX86::kDummy32BitOffset));
-      codegen_->RecordStringPatch(load);
+      codegen_->RecordBootStringPatch(load);
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress: {
@@ -6015,6 +6056,19 @@
       codegen_->RecordSimplePatch();
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry: {
+      Register method_address = locations->InAt(0).AsRegister<Register>();
+      Address address = Address(method_address, CodeGeneratorX86::kDummy32BitOffset);
+      Label* fixup_label = codegen_->NewStringBssEntryPatch(load);
+      // /* GcRoot<mirror::Class> */ out = *address  /* PC-relative */
+      GenerateGcRootFieldLoad(load, out_loc, address, fixup_label);
+      SlowPathCode* slow_path = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LoadStringSlowPathX86(load);
+      codegen_->AddSlowPath(slow_path);
+      __ testl(out, out);
+      __ j(kEqual, slow_path->GetEntryLabel());
+      __ Bind(slow_path->GetExitLabel());
+      return;
+    }
     default:
       break;
   }
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.h
index 1ae9af3..27ea3bf 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.h
@@ -411,8 +411,9 @@
   void GenerateVirtualCall(HInvokeVirtual* invoke, Location temp) OVERRIDE;
 
   void RecordSimplePatch();
-  void RecordStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string);
+  void RecordBootStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string);
   void RecordTypePatch(HLoadClass* load_class);
+  Label* NewStringBssEntryPatch(HLoadString* load_string);
   Label* NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t element_offset);
 
   void MoveFromReturnRegister(Location trg, Primitive::Type type) OVERRIDE;
@@ -579,15 +580,9 @@
  private:
   Register GetInvokeStaticOrDirectExtraParameter(HInvokeStaticOrDirect* invoke, Register temp);
 
-  struct PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo {
-    PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t element_off)
-        : target_dex_file(dex_file), element_offset(element_off), label() { }
-
-    const DexFile& target_dex_file;
-    uint32_t element_offset;
-    // NOTE: Label is bound to the end of the instruction that has an embedded 32-bit offset.
-    Label label;
-  };
+  template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
+  void EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(const ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>>& infos,
+                                   ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches);
 
   // Labels for each block that will be compiled.
   Label* block_labels_;  // Indexed by block id.
@@ -599,16 +594,16 @@
   const X86InstructionSetFeatures& isa_features_;
 
   // Method patch info. Using ArenaDeque<> which retains element addresses on push/emplace_back().
-  ArenaDeque<MethodPatchInfo<Label>> method_patches_;
-  ArenaDeque<MethodPatchInfo<Label>> relative_call_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> method_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> relative_call_patches_;
   // PC-relative DexCache access info.
-  ArenaDeque<PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo> pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_;
   // Patch locations for patchoat where the linker doesn't do any other work.
   ArenaDeque<Label> simple_patches_;
-  // String patch locations.
-  ArenaDeque<StringPatchInfo<Label>> string_patches_;
+  // String patch locations; type depends on configuration (app .bss or boot image PIC/non-PIC).
+  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> string_patches_;
   // Type patch locations.
-  ArenaDeque<TypePatchInfo<Label>> type_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> type_patches_;
 
   // Offset to the start of the constant area in the assembled code.
   // Used for fixups to the constant area.
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.cc
index f9a3e42..95569a7 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.cc
@@ -284,6 +284,44 @@
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LoadClassSlowPathX86_64);
 };
 
+class LoadStringSlowPathX86_64 : public SlowPathCode {
+ public:
+  explicit LoadStringSlowPathX86_64(HLoadString* instruction) : SlowPathCode(instruction) {}
+
+  void EmitNativeCode(CodeGenerator* codegen) OVERRIDE {
+    LocationSummary* locations = instruction_->GetLocations();
+    DCHECK(!locations->GetLiveRegisters()->ContainsCoreRegister(locations->Out().reg()));
+
+    CodeGeneratorX86_64* x86_64_codegen = down_cast<CodeGeneratorX86_64*>(codegen);
+    __ Bind(GetEntryLabel());
+    SaveLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
+
+    InvokeRuntimeCallingConvention calling_convention;
+    const uint32_t string_index = instruction_->AsLoadString()->GetStringIndex();
+    __ movl(CpuRegister(calling_convention.GetRegisterAt(0)), Immediate(string_index));
+    x86_64_codegen->InvokeRuntime(kQuickResolveString,
+                                  instruction_,
+                                  instruction_->GetDexPc(),
+                                  this);
+    CheckEntrypointTypes<kQuickResolveString, void*, uint32_t>();
+    x86_64_codegen->Move(locations->Out(), Location::RegisterLocation(RAX));
+    RestoreLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
+
+    // Store the resolved String to the BSS entry.
+    __ movl(Address::Absolute(CodeGeneratorX86_64::kDummy32BitOffset, /* no_rip */ false),
+            locations->Out().AsRegister<CpuRegister>());
+    Label* fixup_label = x86_64_codegen->NewStringBssEntryPatch(instruction_->AsLoadString());
+    __ Bind(fixup_label);
+
+    __ jmp(GetExitLabel());
+  }
+
+  const char* GetDescription() const OVERRIDE { return "LoadStringSlowPathX86_64"; }
+
+ private:
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LoadStringSlowPathX86_64);
+};
+
 class TypeCheckSlowPathX86_64 : public SlowPathCode {
  public:
   TypeCheckSlowPathX86_64(HInstruction* instruction, bool is_fatal)
@@ -769,7 +807,8 @@
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::MethodLoadKind::kDirectAddressWithFixup:
       __ movl(temp.AsRegister<CpuRegister>(), Immediate(0));  // Placeholder.
-      method_patches_.emplace_back(invoke->GetTargetMethod());
+      method_patches_.emplace_back(*invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_file,
+                                   invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_method_index);
       __ Bind(&method_patches_.back().label);  // Bind the label at the end of the "movl" insn.
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::MethodLoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative: {
@@ -816,7 +855,8 @@
       __ call(&frame_entry_label_);
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::CodePtrLocation::kCallPCRelative: {
-      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(invoke->GetTargetMethod());
+      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(*invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_file,
+                                          invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_method_index);
       Label* label = &relative_call_patches_.back().label;
       __ call(label);  // Bind to the patch label, override at link time.
       __ Bind(label);  // Bind the label at the end of the "call" insn.
@@ -876,7 +916,8 @@
   }
 }
 
-void CodeGeneratorX86_64::RecordStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string) {
+void CodeGeneratorX86_64::RecordBootStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string) {
+  DCHECK(GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
   string_patches_.emplace_back(load_string->GetDexFile(), load_string->GetStringIndex());
   __ Bind(&string_patches_.back().label);
 }
@@ -886,6 +927,12 @@
   __ Bind(&type_patches_.back().label);
 }
 
+Label* CodeGeneratorX86_64::NewStringBssEntryPatch(HLoadString* load_string) {
+  DCHECK(!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
+  string_patches_.emplace_back(load_string->GetDexFile(), load_string->GetStringIndex());
+  return &string_patches_.back().label;
+}
+
 Label* CodeGeneratorX86_64::NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(const DexFile& dex_file,
                                                             uint32_t element_offset) {
   // Add a patch entry and return the label.
@@ -893,6 +940,21 @@
   return &pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_.back().label;
 }
 
+// The label points to the end of the "movl" or another instruction but the literal offset
+// for method patch needs to point to the embedded constant which occupies the last 4 bytes.
+constexpr uint32_t kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment = 4u;
+
+template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
+inline void CodeGeneratorX86_64::EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(
+    const ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>>& infos,
+    ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
+  for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : infos) {
+    uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
+    linker_patches->push_back(
+        Factory(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.label.Position(), info.index));
+  }
+}
+
 void CodeGeneratorX86_64::EmitLinkerPatches(ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
   DCHECK(linker_patches->empty());
   size_t size =
@@ -903,48 +965,29 @@
       string_patches_.size() +
       type_patches_.size();
   linker_patches->reserve(size);
-  // The label points to the end of the "movl" insn but the literal offset for method
-  // patch needs to point to the embedded constant which occupies the last 4 bytes.
-  constexpr uint32_t kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment = 4u;
-  for (const MethodPatchInfo<Label>& info : method_patches_) {
+  for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : method_patches_) {
     uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::MethodPatch(literal_offset,
-                                                       info.target_method.dex_file,
-                                                       info.target_method.dex_method_index));
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::MethodPatch(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.index));
   }
-  for (const MethodPatchInfo<Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
+  for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
     uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(literal_offset,
-                                                             info.target_method.dex_file,
-                                                             info.target_method.dex_method_index));
+    linker_patches->push_back(
+        LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.index));
   }
-  for (const PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo& info : pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_) {
-    uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch(literal_offset,
-                                                              &info.target_dex_file,
-                                                              info.label.Position(),
-                                                              info.element_offset));
-  }
+  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch>(pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_,
+                                                               linker_patches);
   for (const Label& label : simple_patches_) {
     uint32_t literal_offset = label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
     linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RecordPosition(literal_offset));
   }
-  for (const StringPatchInfo<Label>& info : string_patches_) {
+  if (!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::StringBssEntryPatch>(string_patches_, linker_patches);
+  } else {
     // These are always PC-relative, see GetSupportedLoadStringKind().
-    uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch(literal_offset,
-                                                               &info.dex_file,
-                                                               info.label.Position(),
-                                                               info.string_index));
+    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch>(string_patches_, linker_patches);
   }
-  for (const TypePatchInfo<Label>& info : type_patches_) {
-    // These are always PC-relative, see GetSupportedLoadClassKind().
-    uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch(literal_offset,
-                                                             &info.dex_file,
-                                                             info.label.Position(),
-                                                             info.type_index));
-  }
+  // These are always PC-relative, see GetSupportedLoadClassKind().
+  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch>(type_patches_, linker_patches);
 }
 
 void CodeGeneratorX86_64::DumpCoreRegister(std::ostream& stream, int reg) const {
@@ -5359,7 +5402,7 @@
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheAddress:
       DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
       break;
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative:
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
       DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
       break;
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod:
@@ -5370,7 +5413,9 @@
 
 void LocationsBuilderX86_64::VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load) {
   LocationSummary::CallKind call_kind = load->NeedsEnvironment()
-      ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
+      ? ((load->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod)
+          ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
+          : LocationSummary::kCallOnSlowPath)
       : LocationSummary::kNoCall;
   LocationSummary* locations = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LocationSummary(load, call_kind);
   if (load->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod) {
@@ -5389,7 +5434,7 @@
   switch (load->GetLoadKind()) {
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative: {
       __ leal(out, Address::Absolute(CodeGeneratorX86_64::kDummy32BitOffset, /* no_rip */ false));
-      codegen_->RecordStringPatch(load);
+      codegen_->RecordBootStringPatch(load);
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress: {
@@ -5399,6 +5444,19 @@
       codegen_->RecordSimplePatch();
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry: {
+      Address address = Address::Absolute(CodeGeneratorX86_64::kDummy32BitOffset,
+                                          /* no_rip */ false);
+      Label* fixup_label = codegen_->NewStringBssEntryPatch(load);
+      // /* GcRoot<mirror::Class> */ out = *address  /* PC-relative */
+      GenerateGcRootFieldLoad(load, out_loc, address, fixup_label);
+      SlowPathCode* slow_path = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LoadStringSlowPathX86_64(load);
+      codegen_->AddSlowPath(slow_path);
+      __ testl(out, out);
+      __ j(kEqual, slow_path->GetEntryLabel());
+      __ Bind(slow_path->GetExitLabel());
+      return;
+    }
     default:
       break;
   }
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.h
index 594f051..74b065d 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.h
@@ -406,8 +406,9 @@
   void GenerateVirtualCall(HInvokeVirtual* invoke, Location temp) OVERRIDE;
 
   void RecordSimplePatch();
-  void RecordStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string);
+  void RecordBootStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string);
   void RecordTypePatch(HLoadClass* load_class);
+  Label* NewStringBssEntryPatch(HLoadString* load_string);
   Label* NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t element_offset);
 
   void MoveFromReturnRegister(Location trg, Primitive::Type type) OVERRIDE;
@@ -554,14 +555,9 @@
   static constexpr int32_t kDummy32BitOffset = 256;
 
  private:
-  struct PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo {
-    PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t element_off)
-        : target_dex_file(dex_file), element_offset(element_off), label() { }
-
-    const DexFile& target_dex_file;
-    uint32_t element_offset;
-    Label label;
-  };
+  template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
+  static void EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(const ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>>& infos,
+                                          ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches);
 
   // Labels for each block that will be compiled.
   Label* block_labels_;  // Indexed by block id.
@@ -577,16 +573,16 @@
   int constant_area_start_;
 
   // Method patch info. Using ArenaDeque<> which retains element addresses on push/emplace_back().
-  ArenaDeque<MethodPatchInfo<Label>> method_patches_;
-  ArenaDeque<MethodPatchInfo<Label>> relative_call_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> method_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> relative_call_patches_;
   // PC-relative DexCache access info.
-  ArenaDeque<PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo> pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_;
   // Patch locations for patchoat where the linker doesn't do any other work.
   ArenaDeque<Label> simple_patches_;
-  // String patch locations.
-  ArenaDeque<StringPatchInfo<Label>> string_patches_;
+  // String patch locations; type depends on configuration (app .bss or boot image PIC).
+  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> string_patches_;
   // Type patch locations.
-  ArenaDeque<TypePatchInfo<Label>> type_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> type_patches_;
 
   // Fixups for jump tables need to be handled specially.
   ArenaVector<JumpTableRIPFixup*> fixups_to_jump_tables_;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_arm.cc b/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_arm.cc
index 7010171..82b8123 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_arm.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_arm.cc
@@ -62,21 +62,6 @@
     }
   }
 
-  void VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load_string) OVERRIDE {
-    // If this is a load with PC-relative access to the dex cache strings array,
-    // we need to add the dex cache arrays base as the special input.
-    if (load_string->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative) {
-      // Initialize base for target dex file if needed.
-      const DexFile& dex_file = load_string->GetDexFile();
-      HArmDexCacheArraysBase* base = GetOrCreateDexCacheArrayBase(dex_file);
-      // Update the element offset in base.
-      DexCacheArraysLayout layout(kArmPointerSize, &dex_file);
-      base->UpdateElementOffset(layout.StringOffset(load_string->GetStringIndex()));
-      // Add the special argument base to the load.
-      load_string->AddSpecialInput(base);
-    }
-  }
-
   void VisitInvokeStaticOrDirect(HInvokeStaticOrDirect* invoke) OVERRIDE {
     // If this is an invoke with PC-relative access to the dex cache methods array,
     // we need to add the dex cache arrays base as the special input.
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_mips.cc b/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_mips.cc
index 4456b49..31fff26 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_mips.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_mips.cc
@@ -68,21 +68,6 @@
     }
   }
 
-  void VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load_string) OVERRIDE {
-    // If this is a load with PC-relative access to the dex cache strings array,
-    // we need to add the dex cache arrays base as the special input.
-    if (load_string->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative) {
-      // Initialize base for target dex file if needed.
-      const DexFile& dex_file = load_string->GetDexFile();
-      HMipsDexCacheArraysBase* base = GetOrCreateDexCacheArrayBase(dex_file);
-      // Update the element offset in base.
-      DexCacheArraysLayout layout(kMipsPointerSize, &dex_file);
-      base->UpdateElementOffset(layout.StringOffset(load_string->GetStringIndex()));
-      // Add the special argument base to the load.
-      load_string->AddSpecialInput(base);
-    }
-  }
-
   void VisitInvokeStaticOrDirect(HInvokeStaticOrDirect* invoke) OVERRIDE {
     // If this is an invoke with PC-relative access to the dex cache methods array,
     // we need to add the dex cache arrays base as the special input.
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/inliner.cc b/compiler/optimizing/inliner.cc
index f21dc0e..af2fe9c 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/inliner.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/inliner.cc
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 #include "sharpening.h"
 #include "ssa_builder.h"
 #include "ssa_phi_elimination.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -1321,7 +1321,7 @@
   HConstantFolding fold(callee_graph);
   HSharpening sharpening(callee_graph, codegen_, dex_compilation_unit, compiler_driver_);
   InstructionSimplifier simplify(callee_graph, stats_);
-  IntrinsicsRecognizer intrinsics(callee_graph, compiler_driver_, stats_);
+  IntrinsicsRecognizer intrinsics(callee_graph, stats_);
 
   HOptimization* optimizations[] = {
     &intrinsics,
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.cc b/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.cc
index 3b08d9f..f7d67db 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.cc
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include "dex_instruction-inl.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_options.h"
 #include "imtable-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@
 
   ClassLinker* class_linker = dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLinker();
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader())));
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader())));
   Handle<mirror::Class> compiling_class(hs.NewHandle(GetCompilingClass()));
   // We fetch the referenced class eagerly (that is, the class pointed by in the MethodId
   // at method_idx), as `CanAccessResolvedMethod` expects it be be in the dex cache.
@@ -1284,7 +1284,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(compilation_unit.GetClassLoader())));
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(compilation_unit.GetClassLoader())));
   Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = compilation_unit.GetDexCache();
 
   return driver->ResolveCompilingMethodsClass(soa, dex_cache, class_loader, &compilation_unit);
@@ -1303,7 +1303,7 @@
   StackHandleScope<3> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexCache();
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader())));
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader())));
   Handle<mirror::Class> cls(hs.NewHandle(compiler_driver_->ResolveClass(
       soa, dex_cache, class_loader, type_index, dex_compilation_unit_)));
   Handle<mirror::Class> outer_class(hs.NewHandle(GetOutermostCompilingClass()));
@@ -1344,7 +1344,7 @@
   StackHandleScope<3> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexCache();
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader())));
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader())));
   ArtField* resolved_field = compiler_driver_->ResolveField(
       soa, dex_cache, class_loader, dex_compilation_unit_, field_index, true);
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/instruction_simplifier.cc b/compiler/optimizing/instruction_simplifier.cc
index ff829af..3bb1c1d 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/instruction_simplifier.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/instruction_simplifier.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "intrinsics.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics.cc b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics.cc
index 4d4bbcf..412ccfc 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics.cc
@@ -18,14 +18,11 @@
 
 #include "art_method.h"
 #include "class_linker.h"
-#include "dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.h"
-#include "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_driver.h"
 #include "invoke_type.h"
 #include "mirror/dex_cache-inl.h"
 #include "nodes.h"
-#include "quick/inline_method_analyser.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
@@ -36,7 +33,7 @@
   switch (i) {
     case Intrinsics::kNone:
       return kInterface;  // Non-sensical for intrinsic.
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
     case Intrinsics::k ## Name: \
       return IsStatic;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
@@ -52,7 +49,7 @@
   switch (i) {
     case Intrinsics::kNone:
       return kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache;  // Non-sensical for intrinsic.
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
     case Intrinsics::k ## Name: \
       return NeedsEnvironmentOrCache;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
@@ -68,7 +65,7 @@
   switch (i) {
     case Intrinsics::kNone:
       return kAllSideEffects;
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
     case Intrinsics::k ## Name: \
       return SideEffects;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
@@ -84,7 +81,7 @@
   switch (i) {
     case Intrinsics::kNone:
       return kCanThrow;
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
     case Intrinsics::k ## Name: \
       return Exceptions;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
@@ -95,430 +92,7 @@
   return kCanThrow;
 }
 
-static Primitive::Type GetType(uint64_t data, bool is_op_size) {
-  if (is_op_size) {
-    switch (static_cast<OpSize>(data)) {
-      case kSignedByte:
-        return Primitive::kPrimByte;
-      case kSignedHalf:
-        return Primitive::kPrimShort;
-      case k32:
-        return Primitive::kPrimInt;
-      case k64:
-        return Primitive::kPrimLong;
-      default:
-        LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << data;
-        UNREACHABLE();
-    }
-  } else {
-    if ((data & kIntrinsicFlagIsLong) != 0) {
-      return Primitive::kPrimLong;
-    }
-    if ((data & kIntrinsicFlagIsObject) != 0) {
-      return Primitive::kPrimNot;
-    }
-    return Primitive::kPrimInt;
-  }
-}
-
-static Intrinsics GetIntrinsic(InlineMethod method) {
-  switch (method.opcode) {
-    // Floating-point conversions.
-    case kIntrinsicDoubleCvt:
-      return ((method.d.data & kIntrinsicFlagToFloatingPoint) == 0) ?
-          Intrinsics::kDoubleDoubleToRawLongBits : Intrinsics::kDoubleLongBitsToDouble;
-    case kIntrinsicFloatCvt:
-      return ((method.d.data & kIntrinsicFlagToFloatingPoint) == 0) ?
-          Intrinsics::kFloatFloatToRawIntBits : Intrinsics::kFloatIntBitsToFloat;
-    case kIntrinsicFloat2Int:
-      return Intrinsics::kFloatFloatToIntBits;
-    case kIntrinsicDouble2Long:
-      return Intrinsics::kDoubleDoubleToLongBits;
-
-    // Floating-point tests.
-    case kIntrinsicFloatIsInfinite:
-      return Intrinsics::kFloatIsInfinite;
-    case kIntrinsicDoubleIsInfinite:
-      return Intrinsics::kDoubleIsInfinite;
-    case kIntrinsicFloatIsNaN:
-      return Intrinsics::kFloatIsNaN;
-    case kIntrinsicDoubleIsNaN:
-      return Intrinsics::kDoubleIsNaN;
-
-    // Bit manipulations.
-    case kIntrinsicReverseBits:
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, true)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return Intrinsics::kIntegerReverse;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return Intrinsics::kLongReverse;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-    case kIntrinsicReverseBytes:
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, true)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimShort:
-          return Intrinsics::kShortReverseBytes;
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return Intrinsics::kIntegerReverseBytes;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return Intrinsics::kLongReverseBytes;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-    case kIntrinsicRotateRight:
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, true)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return Intrinsics::kIntegerRotateRight;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return Intrinsics::kLongRotateRight;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-    case kIntrinsicRotateLeft:
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, true)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return Intrinsics::kIntegerRotateLeft;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return Intrinsics::kLongRotateLeft;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-
-    // Misc data processing.
-    case kIntrinsicBitCount:
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, true)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return Intrinsics::kIntegerBitCount;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return Intrinsics::kLongBitCount;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-    case kIntrinsicCompare:
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, true)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return Intrinsics::kIntegerCompare;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return Intrinsics::kLongCompare;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-    case kIntrinsicHighestOneBit:
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, true)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return Intrinsics::kIntegerHighestOneBit;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return Intrinsics::kLongHighestOneBit;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-    case kIntrinsicLowestOneBit:
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, true)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return Intrinsics::kIntegerLowestOneBit;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return Intrinsics::kLongLowestOneBit;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-    case kIntrinsicNumberOfLeadingZeros:
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, true)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return Intrinsics::kIntegerNumberOfLeadingZeros;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return Intrinsics::kLongNumberOfLeadingZeros;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-    case kIntrinsicNumberOfTrailingZeros:
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, true)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return Intrinsics::kIntegerNumberOfTrailingZeros;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return Intrinsics::kLongNumberOfTrailingZeros;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-    case kIntrinsicSignum:
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, true)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return Intrinsics::kIntegerSignum;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return Intrinsics::kLongSignum;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-
-    // Abs.
-    case kIntrinsicAbsDouble:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathAbsDouble;
-    case kIntrinsicAbsFloat:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathAbsFloat;
-    case kIntrinsicAbsInt:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathAbsInt;
-    case kIntrinsicAbsLong:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathAbsLong;
-
-    // Min/max.
-    case kIntrinsicMinMaxDouble:
-      return ((method.d.data & kIntrinsicFlagMin) == 0) ?
-          Intrinsics::kMathMaxDoubleDouble : Intrinsics::kMathMinDoubleDouble;
-    case kIntrinsicMinMaxFloat:
-      return ((method.d.data & kIntrinsicFlagMin) == 0) ?
-          Intrinsics::kMathMaxFloatFloat : Intrinsics::kMathMinFloatFloat;
-    case kIntrinsicMinMaxInt:
-      return ((method.d.data & kIntrinsicFlagMin) == 0) ?
-          Intrinsics::kMathMaxIntInt : Intrinsics::kMathMinIntInt;
-    case kIntrinsicMinMaxLong:
-      return ((method.d.data & kIntrinsicFlagMin) == 0) ?
-          Intrinsics::kMathMaxLongLong : Intrinsics::kMathMinLongLong;
-
-    // More math builtins.
-    case kIntrinsicCos:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathCos;
-    case kIntrinsicSin:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathSin;
-    case kIntrinsicAcos:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathAcos;
-    case kIntrinsicAsin:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathAsin;
-    case kIntrinsicAtan:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathAtan;
-    case kIntrinsicAtan2:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathAtan2;
-    case kIntrinsicCbrt:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathCbrt;
-    case kIntrinsicCosh:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathCosh;
-    case kIntrinsicExp:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathExp;
-    case kIntrinsicExpm1:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathExpm1;
-    case kIntrinsicHypot:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathHypot;
-    case kIntrinsicLog:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathLog;
-    case kIntrinsicLog10:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathLog10;
-    case kIntrinsicNextAfter:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathNextAfter;
-    case kIntrinsicSinh:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathSinh;
-    case kIntrinsicTan:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathTan;
-    case kIntrinsicTanh:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathTanh;
-
-    // Misc math.
-    case kIntrinsicSqrt:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathSqrt;
-    case kIntrinsicCeil:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathCeil;
-    case kIntrinsicFloor:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathFloor;
-    case kIntrinsicRint:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathRint;
-    case kIntrinsicRoundDouble:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathRoundDouble;
-    case kIntrinsicRoundFloat:
-      return Intrinsics::kMathRoundFloat;
-
-    // System.arraycopy.
-    case kIntrinsicSystemArrayCopyCharArray:
-      return Intrinsics::kSystemArrayCopyChar;
-
-    case kIntrinsicSystemArrayCopy:
-      return Intrinsics::kSystemArrayCopy;
-
-    // Thread.currentThread.
-    case kIntrinsicCurrentThread:
-      return Intrinsics::kThreadCurrentThread;
-
-    // Memory.peek.
-    case kIntrinsicPeek:
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, true)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimByte:
-          return Intrinsics::kMemoryPeekByte;
-        case Primitive::kPrimShort:
-          return Intrinsics::kMemoryPeekShortNative;
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return Intrinsics::kMemoryPeekIntNative;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return Intrinsics::kMemoryPeekLongNative;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-
-    // Memory.poke.
-    case kIntrinsicPoke:
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, true)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimByte:
-          return Intrinsics::kMemoryPokeByte;
-        case Primitive::kPrimShort:
-          return Intrinsics::kMemoryPokeShortNative;
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return Intrinsics::kMemoryPokeIntNative;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return Intrinsics::kMemoryPokeLongNative;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-
-    // String.
-    case kIntrinsicCharAt:
-      return Intrinsics::kStringCharAt;
-    case kIntrinsicCompareTo:
-      return Intrinsics::kStringCompareTo;
-    case kIntrinsicEquals:
-      return Intrinsics::kStringEquals;
-    case kIntrinsicGetCharsNoCheck:
-      return Intrinsics::kStringGetCharsNoCheck;
-    case kIntrinsicIsEmptyOrLength:
-      return ((method.d.data & kIntrinsicFlagIsEmpty) == 0) ?
-          Intrinsics::kStringLength : Intrinsics::kStringIsEmpty;
-    case kIntrinsicIndexOf:
-      return ((method.d.data & kIntrinsicFlagBase0) == 0) ?
-          Intrinsics::kStringIndexOfAfter : Intrinsics::kStringIndexOf;
-    case kIntrinsicNewStringFromBytes:
-      return Intrinsics::kStringNewStringFromBytes;
-    case kIntrinsicNewStringFromChars:
-      return Intrinsics::kStringNewStringFromChars;
-    case kIntrinsicNewStringFromString:
-      return Intrinsics::kStringNewStringFromString;
-
-    case kIntrinsicCas:
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, false)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimNot:
-          return Intrinsics::kUnsafeCASObject;
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return Intrinsics::kUnsafeCASInt;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return Intrinsics::kUnsafeCASLong;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-    case kIntrinsicUnsafeGet: {
-      const bool is_volatile = (method.d.data & kIntrinsicFlagIsVolatile);
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, false)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          return is_volatile ? Intrinsics::kUnsafeGetVolatile : Intrinsics::kUnsafeGet;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          return is_volatile ? Intrinsics::kUnsafeGetLongVolatile : Intrinsics::kUnsafeGetLong;
-        case Primitive::kPrimNot:
-          return is_volatile ? Intrinsics::kUnsafeGetObjectVolatile : Intrinsics::kUnsafeGetObject;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-    }
-    case kIntrinsicUnsafePut: {
-      enum Sync { kNoSync, kVolatile, kOrdered };
-      const Sync sync =
-          ((method.d.data & kIntrinsicFlagIsVolatile) != 0) ? kVolatile :
-          ((method.d.data & kIntrinsicFlagIsOrdered) != 0)  ? kOrdered :
-                                                              kNoSync;
-      switch (GetType(method.d.data, false)) {
-        case Primitive::kPrimInt:
-          switch (sync) {
-            case kNoSync:
-              return Intrinsics::kUnsafePut;
-            case kVolatile:
-              return Intrinsics::kUnsafePutVolatile;
-            case kOrdered:
-              return Intrinsics::kUnsafePutOrdered;
-          }
-          break;
-        case Primitive::kPrimLong:
-          switch (sync) {
-            case kNoSync:
-              return Intrinsics::kUnsafePutLong;
-            case kVolatile:
-              return Intrinsics::kUnsafePutLongVolatile;
-            case kOrdered:
-              return Intrinsics::kUnsafePutLongOrdered;
-          }
-          break;
-        case Primitive::kPrimNot:
-          switch (sync) {
-            case kNoSync:
-              return Intrinsics::kUnsafePutObject;
-            case kVolatile:
-              return Intrinsics::kUnsafePutObjectVolatile;
-            case kOrdered:
-              return Intrinsics::kUnsafePutObjectOrdered;
-          }
-          break;
-        default:
-          LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown/unsupported op size " << method.d.data;
-          UNREACHABLE();
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    // 1.8.
-    case kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndAddInt:
-      return Intrinsics::kUnsafeGetAndAddInt;
-    case kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndAddLong:
-      return Intrinsics::kUnsafeGetAndAddLong;
-    case kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndSetInt:
-      return Intrinsics::kUnsafeGetAndSetInt;
-    case kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndSetLong:
-      return Intrinsics::kUnsafeGetAndSetLong;
-    case kIntrinsicUnsafeGetAndSetObject:
-      return Intrinsics::kUnsafeGetAndSetObject;
-    case kIntrinsicUnsafeLoadFence:
-      return Intrinsics::kUnsafeLoadFence;
-    case kIntrinsicUnsafeStoreFence:
-      return Intrinsics::kUnsafeStoreFence;
-    case kIntrinsicUnsafeFullFence:
-      return Intrinsics::kUnsafeFullFence;
-
-    // Virtual cases.
-
-    case kIntrinsicReferenceGetReferent:
-      return Intrinsics::kReferenceGetReferent;
-
-    // Quick inliner cases. Remove after refactoring. They are here so that we can use the
-    // compiler to warn on missing cases.
-
-    case kInlineOpNop:
-    case kInlineOpReturnArg:
-    case kInlineOpNonWideConst:
-    case kInlineOpIGet:
-    case kInlineOpIPut:
-    case kInlineOpConstructor:
-      return Intrinsics::kNone;
-
-    // String init cases, not intrinsics.
-
-    case kInlineStringInit:
-      return Intrinsics::kNone;
-
-    // No default case to make the compiler warn on missing cases.
-  }
-  return Intrinsics::kNone;
-}
-
-static bool CheckInvokeType(Intrinsics intrinsic, HInvoke* invoke, const DexFile& dex_file) {
-  // The DexFileMethodInliner should have checked whether the methods are agreeing with
-  // what we expect, i.e., static methods are called as such. Add another check here for
-  // our expectations:
-  //
+static bool CheckInvokeType(Intrinsics intrinsic, HInvoke* invoke) {
   // Whenever the intrinsic is marked as static, report an error if we find an InvokeVirtual.
   //
   // Whenever the intrinsic is marked as direct and we find an InvokeVirtual, a devirtualization
@@ -542,13 +116,9 @@
         return true;
       }
       if (invoke_type == kVirtual) {
-        ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
+        ArtMethod* art_method = invoke->GetResolvedMethod();
         ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-        ArtMethod* art_method =
-            class_linker->FindDexCache(soa.Self(), dex_file)->GetResolvedMethod(
-                invoke->GetDexMethodIndex(), class_linker->GetImagePointerSize());
-        return art_method != nullptr &&
-            (art_method->IsFinal() || art_method->GetDeclaringClass()->IsFinal());
+        return (art_method->IsFinal() || art_method->GetDeclaringClass()->IsFinal());
       }
       return false;
 
@@ -561,8 +131,8 @@
   }
 }
 
-// TODO: Refactor DexFileMethodInliner and have something nicer than InlineMethod.
 void IntrinsicsRecognizer::Run() {
+  ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   for (HReversePostOrderIterator it(*graph_); !it.Done(); it.Advance()) {
     HBasicBlock* block = it.Current();
     for (HInstructionIterator inst_it(block->GetInstructions()); !inst_it.Done();
@@ -570,26 +140,20 @@
       HInstruction* inst = inst_it.Current();
       if (inst->IsInvoke()) {
         HInvoke* invoke = inst->AsInvoke();
-        InlineMethod method;
-        const DexFile& dex_file = invoke->GetDexFile();
-        DexFileMethodInliner* inliner = driver_->GetMethodInlinerMap()->GetMethodInliner(&dex_file);
-        DCHECK(inliner != nullptr);
-        if (inliner->IsIntrinsic(invoke->GetDexMethodIndex(), &method)) {
-          Intrinsics intrinsic = GetIntrinsic(method);
-
-          if (intrinsic != Intrinsics::kNone) {
-            if (!CheckInvokeType(intrinsic, invoke, dex_file)) {
-              LOG(WARNING) << "Found an intrinsic with unexpected invoke type: "
-                  << intrinsic << " for "
-                  << PrettyMethod(invoke->GetDexMethodIndex(), invoke->GetDexFile())
-                  << invoke->DebugName();
-            } else {
-              invoke->SetIntrinsic(intrinsic,
-                                   NeedsEnvironmentOrCache(intrinsic),
-                                   GetSideEffects(intrinsic),
-                                   GetExceptions(intrinsic));
-              MaybeRecordStat(MethodCompilationStat::kIntrinsicRecognized);
-            }
+        ArtMethod* art_method = invoke->GetResolvedMethod();
+        if (art_method != nullptr && art_method->IsIntrinsic()) {
+          Intrinsics intrinsic = static_cast<Intrinsics>(art_method->GetIntrinsic());
+          if (!CheckInvokeType(intrinsic, invoke)) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Found an intrinsic with unexpected invoke type: "
+                << intrinsic << " for "
+                << PrettyMethod(invoke->GetDexMethodIndex(), invoke->GetDexFile())
+                << invoke->DebugName();
+          } else {
+            invoke->SetIntrinsic(intrinsic,
+                                 NeedsEnvironmentOrCache(intrinsic),
+                                 GetSideEffects(intrinsic),
+                                 GetExceptions(intrinsic));
+            MaybeRecordStat(MethodCompilationStat::kIntrinsicRecognized);
           }
         }
       }
@@ -602,7 +166,7 @@
     case Intrinsics::kNone:
       os << "None";
       break;
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
     case Intrinsics::k ## Name: \
       os << # Name; \
       break;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics.h b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics.h
index 62f731d..1e73cf6 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics.h
@@ -34,17 +34,14 @@
 // Recognize intrinsics from HInvoke nodes.
 class IntrinsicsRecognizer : public HOptimization {
  public:
-  IntrinsicsRecognizer(HGraph* graph, CompilerDriver* driver, OptimizingCompilerStats* stats)
-      : HOptimization(graph, kIntrinsicsRecognizerPassName, stats),
-        driver_(driver) {}
+  IntrinsicsRecognizer(HGraph* graph, OptimizingCompilerStats* stats)
+      : HOptimization(graph, kIntrinsicsRecognizerPassName, stats) {}
 
   void Run() OVERRIDE;
 
   static constexpr const char* kIntrinsicsRecognizerPassName = "intrinsics_recognition";
 
  private:
-  CompilerDriver* driver_;
-
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(IntrinsicsRecognizer);
 };
 
@@ -58,7 +55,7 @@
     switch (invoke->GetIntrinsic()) {
       case Intrinsics::kNone:
         return;
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironment, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, ...) \
       case Intrinsics::k ## Name: \
         Visit ## Name(invoke);    \
         return;
@@ -73,7 +70,7 @@
 
   // Define visitor methods.
 
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironment, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, ...) \
   virtual void Visit ## Name(HInvoke* invoke ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) { \
   }
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_arm.h b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_arm.h
index c671700..7f20ea4 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_arm.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_arm.h
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 
   // Define visitor methods.
 
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
   void Visit ## Name(HInvoke* invoke) OVERRIDE;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
 INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 
   // Define visitor methods.
 
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
   void Visit ## Name(HInvoke* invoke) OVERRIDE;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
 INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_arm64.h b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_arm64.h
index 5251536..28e41cb 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_arm64.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_arm64.h
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 
   // Define visitor methods.
 
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
   void Visit ## Name(HInvoke* invoke) OVERRIDE;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
 INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
 
   // Define visitor methods.
 
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
   void Visit ## Name(HInvoke* invoke) OVERRIDE;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
 INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_list.h b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_list.h
deleted file mode 100644
index db60238..0000000
--- a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_list.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ART_COMPILER_OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS_LIST_H_
-#define ART_COMPILER_OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS_LIST_H_
-
-// All intrinsics supported by the optimizing compiler. Format is name, then whether it is expected
-// to be a HInvokeStaticOrDirect node (compared to HInvokeVirtual), then whether it requires an
-// environment, may have side effects, or may throw exceptions.
-
-#define INTRINSICS_LIST(V) \
-  V(DoubleDoubleToRawLongBits, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(DoubleDoubleToLongBits, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(DoubleIsInfinite, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(DoubleIsNaN, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(DoubleLongBitsToDouble, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(FloatFloatToRawIntBits, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(FloatFloatToIntBits, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(FloatIsInfinite, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(FloatIsNaN, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(FloatIntBitsToFloat, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(IntegerReverse, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(IntegerReverseBytes, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(IntegerBitCount, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(IntegerCompare, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(IntegerHighestOneBit, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(IntegerLowestOneBit, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(IntegerNumberOfLeadingZeros, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(IntegerNumberOfTrailingZeros, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(IntegerRotateRight, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(IntegerRotateLeft, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(IntegerSignum, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(LongReverse, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(LongReverseBytes, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(LongBitCount, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(LongCompare, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(LongHighestOneBit, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(LongLowestOneBit, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(LongNumberOfLeadingZeros, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(LongNumberOfTrailingZeros, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(LongRotateRight, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(LongRotateLeft, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(LongSignum, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(ShortReverseBytes, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathAbsDouble, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathAbsFloat, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathAbsLong, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathAbsInt, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathMinDoubleDouble, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathMinFloatFloat, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathMinLongLong, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathMinIntInt, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathMaxDoubleDouble, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathMaxFloatFloat, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathMaxLongLong, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathMaxIntInt, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathCos, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathSin, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathAcos, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathAsin, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathAtan, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathAtan2, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathCbrt, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathCosh, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathExp, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathExpm1, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathHypot, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathLog, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathLog10, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathNextAfter, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathSinh, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathTan, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathTanh, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathSqrt, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathCeil, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathFloor, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathRint, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathRoundDouble, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MathRoundFloat, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(SystemArrayCopyChar, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(SystemArrayCopy, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(ThreadCurrentThread, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kNoSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(MemoryPeekByte, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(MemoryPeekIntNative, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(MemoryPeekLongNative, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(MemoryPeekShortNative, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(MemoryPokeByte, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kWriteSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(MemoryPokeIntNative, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kWriteSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(MemoryPokeLongNative, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kWriteSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(MemoryPokeShortNative, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kWriteSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(StringCharAt, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(StringCompareTo, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(StringEquals, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(StringGetCharsNoCheck, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(StringIndexOf, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(StringIndexOfAfter, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(StringIsEmpty, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(StringLength, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kReadSideEffects, kNoThrow) \
-  V(StringNewStringFromBytes, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(StringNewStringFromChars, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(StringNewStringFromString, kStatic, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeCASInt, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeCASLong, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeCASObject, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeGet, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeGetVolatile, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeGetObject, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeGetObjectVolatile, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeGetLong, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeGetLongVolatile, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafePut, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafePutOrdered, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafePutVolatile, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafePutObject, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafePutObjectOrdered, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafePutObjectVolatile, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafePutLong, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafePutLongOrdered, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafePutLongVolatile, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeGetAndAddInt, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeGetAndAddLong, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeGetAndSetInt, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeGetAndSetLong, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeGetAndSetObject, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeLoadFence, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeStoreFence, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(UnsafeFullFence, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow) \
-  V(ReferenceGetReferent, kDirect, kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache, kAllSideEffects, kCanThrow)
-
-#endif  // ART_COMPILER_OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS_LIST_H_
-#undef ART_COMPILER_OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS_LIST_H_   // #define is only for lint.
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_mips.h b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_mips.h
index 575a7d0..e134cb8 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_mips.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_mips.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 
   // Define visitor methods.
 
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
   void Visit ## Name(HInvoke* invoke) OVERRIDE;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
 INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 
   // Define visitor methods.
 
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
   void Visit ## Name(HInvoke* invoke) OVERRIDE;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
 INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_mips64.h b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_mips64.h
index 4137fbd..5b95c26 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_mips64.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_mips64.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 
   // Define visitor methods.
 
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
   void Visit ## Name(HInvoke* invoke) OVERRIDE;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
 INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 
   // Define visitor methods.
 
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
   void Visit ## Name(HInvoke* invoke) OVERRIDE;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
 INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_x86.h b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_x86.h
index 08bd197..3743cb1 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_x86.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_x86.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 
   // Define visitor methods.
 
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
   void Visit ## Name(HInvoke* invoke) OVERRIDE;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
 INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 
   // Define visitor methods.
 
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
   void Visit ## Name(HInvoke* invoke) OVERRIDE;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
 INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_x86_64.h b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_x86_64.h
index 155ff65..97404aa 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_x86_64.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics_x86_64.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 
   // Define visitor methods.
 
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
   void Visit ## Name(HInvoke* invoke) OVERRIDE;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
 INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 
   // Define visitor methods.
 
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
+#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions, ...) \
   void Visit ## Name(HInvoke* invoke) OVERRIDE;
 #include "intrinsics_list.h"
 INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.cc b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.cc
index 9cfa89b..cea29bc 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include "base/stl_util.h"
 #include "intrinsics.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -2607,12 +2607,8 @@
   LoadKind load_kind = GetLoadKind();
   if (HasAddress(load_kind)) {
     return GetAddress() == other_load_string->GetAddress();
-  } else if (HasStringReference(load_kind)) {
-    return IsSameDexFile(GetDexFile(), other_load_string->GetDexFile());
   } else {
-    DCHECK(HasDexCacheReference(load_kind)) << load_kind;
-    // If the string indexes and dex files are the same, dex cache element offsets
-    // must also be the same, so we don't need to compare them.
+    DCHECK(HasStringReference(load_kind)) << load_kind;
     return IsSameDexFile(GetDexFile(), other_load_string->GetDexFile());
   }
 }
@@ -2642,8 +2638,8 @@
       return os << "BootImageAddress";
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheAddress:
       return os << "DexCacheAddress";
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative:
-      return os << "DexCachePcRelative";
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
+      return os << "BssEntry";
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod:
       return os << "DexCacheViaMethod";
     default:
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
index 4dc4c20..077e867 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "handle.h"
 #include "handle_scope.h"
 #include "invoke_type.h"
+#include "intrinsics_enum.h"
 #include "locations.h"
 #include "method_reference.h"
 #include "mirror/class.h"
@@ -3690,17 +3691,6 @@
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(HNewInstance);
 };
 
-enum class Intrinsics {
-#define OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS(Name, IsStatic, NeedsEnvironmentOrCache, SideEffects, Exceptions) \
-  k ## Name,
-#include "intrinsics_list.h"
-  kNone,
-  INTRINSICS_LIST(OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS)
-#undef INTRINSICS_LIST
-#undef OPTIMIZING_INTRINSICS
-};
-std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Intrinsics& intrinsic);
-
 enum IntrinsicNeedsEnvironmentOrCache {
   kNoEnvironmentOrCache,        // Intrinsic does not require an environment or dex cache.
   kNeedsEnvironmentOrCache      // Intrinsic requires an environment or requires a dex cache.
@@ -5660,10 +5650,9 @@
     // Used for strings outside the boot image referenced by JIT-compiled code.
     kDexCacheAddress,
 
-    // Load from resolved strings array in the dex cache using a PC-relative load.
-    // Used for strings outside boot image when we know that we can access
-    // the dex cache arrays using a PC-relative load.
-    kDexCachePcRelative,
+    // Load from an entry in the .bss section using a PC-relative load.
+    // Used for strings outside boot image when .bss is accessible with a PC-relative load.
+    kBssEntry,
 
     // Load from resolved strings array accessed through the class loaded from
     // the compiled method's own ArtMethod*. This is the default access type when
@@ -5682,7 +5671,7 @@
         string_index_(string_index) {
     SetPackedFlag<kFlagIsInDexCache>(false);
     SetPackedField<LoadKindField>(LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod);
-    load_data_.ref.dex_file = &dex_file;
+    load_data_.dex_file_ = &dex_file;
   }
 
   void SetLoadKindWithAddress(LoadKind load_kind, uint64_t address) {
@@ -5695,20 +5684,11 @@
                                       const DexFile& dex_file,
                                       uint32_t string_index) {
     DCHECK(HasStringReference(load_kind));
-    load_data_.ref.dex_file = &dex_file;
+    load_data_.dex_file_ = &dex_file;
     string_index_ = string_index;
     SetLoadKindInternal(load_kind);
   }
 
-  void SetLoadKindWithDexCacheReference(LoadKind load_kind,
-                                        const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                        uint32_t element_index) {
-    DCHECK(HasDexCacheReference(load_kind));
-    load_data_.ref.dex_file = &dex_file;
-    load_data_.ref.dex_cache_element_index = element_index;
-    SetLoadKindInternal(load_kind);
-  }
-
   LoadKind GetLoadKind() const {
     return GetPackedField<LoadKindField>();
   }
@@ -5720,8 +5700,6 @@
     return string_index_;
   }
 
-  uint32_t GetDexCacheElementOffset() const;
-
   uint64_t GetAddress() const {
     DCHECK(HasAddress(GetLoadKind()));
     return load_data_.address;
@@ -5791,6 +5769,7 @@
   static bool HasStringReference(LoadKind load_kind) {
     return load_kind == LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimeAddress ||
         load_kind == LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative ||
+        load_kind == LoadKind::kBssEntry ||
         load_kind == LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod;
   }
 
@@ -5798,10 +5777,6 @@
     return load_kind == LoadKind::kBootImageAddress || load_kind == LoadKind::kDexCacheAddress;
   }
 
-  static bool HasDexCacheReference(LoadKind load_kind) {
-    return load_kind == LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative;
-  }
-
   void SetLoadKindInternal(LoadKind load_kind);
 
   // The special input is the HCurrentMethod for kDexCacheViaMethod.
@@ -5814,10 +5789,7 @@
   uint32_t string_index_;
 
   union {
-    struct {
-      const DexFile* dex_file;            // For string reference and dex cache reference.
-      uint32_t dex_cache_element_index;   // Only for dex cache reference.
-    } ref;
+    const DexFile* dex_file_;            // For string reference.
     uint64_t address;  // Up to 64-bit, needed for kDexCacheAddress on 64-bit targets.
   } load_data_;
 
@@ -5827,15 +5799,8 @@
 
 // Note: defined outside class to see operator<<(., HLoadString::LoadKind).
 inline const DexFile& HLoadString::GetDexFile() const {
-  DCHECK(HasStringReference(GetLoadKind()) || HasDexCacheReference(GetLoadKind()))
-      << GetLoadKind();
-  return *load_data_.ref.dex_file;
-}
-
-// Note: defined outside class to see operator<<(., HLoadString::LoadKind).
-inline uint32_t HLoadString::GetDexCacheElementOffset() const {
-  DCHECK(HasDexCacheReference(GetLoadKind())) << GetLoadKind();
-  return load_data_.ref.dex_cache_element_index;
+  DCHECK(HasStringReference(GetLoadKind())) << GetLoadKind();
+  return *load_data_.dex_file_;
 }
 
 // Note: defined outside class to see operator<<(., HLoadString::LoadKind).
@@ -5843,7 +5808,7 @@
   // The special input is used for PC-relative loads on some architectures,
   // including literal pool loads, which are PC-relative too.
   DCHECK(GetLoadKind() == LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative ||
-         GetLoadKind() == LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative ||
+         GetLoadKind() == LoadKind::kBssEntry ||
          GetLoadKind() == LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimeAddress ||
          GetLoadKind() == LoadKind::kBootImageAddress) << GetLoadKind();
   // HLoadString::GetInputRecords() returns an empty array at this point,
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc b/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc
index c5d7611..d3a55dd 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@
 #include "dead_code_elimination.h"
 #include "debug/elf_debug_writer.h"
 #include "debug/method_debug_info.h"
-#include "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
 #include "dex/verification_results.h"
 #include "dex/verified_method.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_driver-inl.h"
@@ -479,7 +478,7 @@
   } else if (opt_name == InstructionSimplifier::kInstructionSimplifierPassName) {
     return new (arena) InstructionSimplifier(graph, stats, pass_name.c_str());
   } else if (opt_name == IntrinsicsRecognizer::kIntrinsicsRecognizerPassName) {
-    return new (arena) IntrinsicsRecognizer(graph, driver, stats);
+    return new (arena) IntrinsicsRecognizer(graph, stats);
   } else if (opt_name == LICM::kLoopInvariantCodeMotionPassName) {
     CHECK(most_recent_side_effects != nullptr);
     return new (arena) LICM(graph, *most_recent_side_effects, stats);
@@ -743,7 +742,7 @@
       graph, stats, "instruction_simplifier$after_bce");
   InstructionSimplifier* simplify3 = new (arena) InstructionSimplifier(
       graph, stats, "instruction_simplifier$before_codegen");
-  IntrinsicsRecognizer* intrinsics = new (arena) IntrinsicsRecognizer(graph, driver, stats);
+  IntrinsicsRecognizer* intrinsics = new (arena) IntrinsicsRecognizer(graph, stats);
 
   HOptimization* optimizations1[] = {
     intrinsics,
@@ -899,7 +898,7 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
     StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(hs.NewHandle(
-        soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader)));
+        soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader)));
     method = compiler_driver->ResolveMethod(
         soa, dex_cache, loader, &dex_compilation_unit, method_idx, invoke_type);
   }
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_unit_test.h b/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_unit_test.h
index dd5cb1c..2a23c92 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_unit_test.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_unit_test.h
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include "common_compiler_test.h"
 #include "dex_file.h"
 #include "dex_instruction.h"
-#include "handle_scope-inl.h"
+#include "handle_scope.h"
 #include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 #include "ssa_builder.h"
 #include "ssa_liveness_analysis.h"
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_mips.cc b/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_mips.cc
index 6006e6c..82feb95 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_mips.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_mips.cc
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@
       case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimeAddress:
       case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress:
       case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative:
+      case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
         // Add a base register for PC-relative literals on R2.
         InitializePCRelativeBasePointer();
         load_string->AddSpecialInput(base_);
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_x86.cc b/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_x86.cc
index 75587af..b1fdb17 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_x86.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_x86.cc
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
   void VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load_string) OVERRIDE {
     HLoadString::LoadKind load_kind = load_string->GetLoadKind();
     if (load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative ||
-        load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative) {
+        load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry) {
       InitializePCRelativeBasePointer();
       load_string->AddSpecialInput(base_);
     }
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation.cc b/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation.cc
index 4289cf7..5a47df1 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "class_linker-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/dex_cache.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/sharpening.cc b/compiler/optimizing/sharpening.cc
index abec55f..c1cfe8d 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/sharpening.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/sharpening.cc
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 #include "mirror/string.h"
 #include "nodes.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
         : hs.NewHandle(class_linker->FindDexCache(soa.Self(), dex_file));
     mirror::Class* klass = dex_cache->GetResolvedType(type_index);
 
-    if (compiler_driver_->IsBootImage()) {
+    if (codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
       // Compiling boot image. Check if the class is a boot image class.
       DCHECK(!runtime->UseJitCompilation());
       if (!compiler_driver_->GetSupportBootImageFixup()) {
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
         ? compilation_unit_.GetDexCache()
         : hs.NewHandle(class_linker->FindDexCache(soa.Self(), dex_file));
 
-    if (compiler_driver_->IsBootImage()) {
+    if (codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
       // Compiling boot image. Resolve the string and allocate it if needed.
       DCHECK(!runtime->UseJitCompilation());
       mirror::String* string = class_linker->ResolveString(dex_file, string_index, dex_cache);
@@ -311,6 +311,8 @@
           !codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().GetCompilePic()) {
         desired_load_kind = HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress;
         address = reinterpret_cast64<uint64_t>(string);
+      } else {
+        desired_load_kind = HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -319,6 +321,7 @@
   switch (load_kind) {
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimeAddress:
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative:
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod:
       load_string->SetLoadKindWithStringReference(load_kind, dex_file, string_index);
       break;
@@ -327,13 +330,6 @@
       DCHECK_NE(address, 0u);
       load_string->SetLoadKindWithAddress(load_kind, address);
       break;
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative: {
-      PointerSize pointer_size = InstructionSetPointerSize(codegen_->GetInstructionSet());
-      DexCacheArraysLayout layout(pointer_size, &dex_file);
-      size_t element_index = layout.StringOffset(string_index);
-      load_string->SetLoadKindWithDexCacheReference(load_kind, dex_file, element_index);
-      break;
-    }
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_arm.h b/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_arm.h
index ee5811c..0ed8a35 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_arm.h
+++ b/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_arm.h
@@ -262,12 +262,6 @@
     CHECK_NE(rm, PC);
   }
 
-  // LDR(literal) - pc relative load.
-  explicit Address(int32_t offset) :
-               rn_(PC), rm_(R0), offset_(offset),
-               am_(Offset), is_immed_offset_(false), shift_(LSL) {
-  }
-
   static bool CanHoldLoadOffsetArm(LoadOperandType type, int offset);
   static bool CanHoldStoreOffsetArm(StoreOperandType type, int offset);
 
diff --git a/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_thumb2.cc b/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_thumb2.cc
index 2269ba2..61b7f08 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_thumb2.cc
+++ b/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_thumb2.cc
@@ -2461,58 +2461,36 @@
     }
   } else {
     // Register shift.
-    if (ad.GetRegister() == PC) {
-       // PC relative literal encoding.
-      int32_t offset = ad.GetOffset();
-      if (must_be_32bit || offset < 0 || offset >= (1 << 10) || !load) {
-        int32_t up = B23;
-        if (offset < 0) {
-          offset = -offset;
-          up = 0;
-        }
-        CHECK_LT(offset, (1 << 12));
-        int32_t encoding = 0x1f << 27 | 0xf << 16 | B22 | (load ? B20 : 0) |
-            offset | up |
-            static_cast<uint32_t>(rd) << 12;
-        Emit32(encoding);
-      } else {
-        // 16 bit literal load.
-        CHECK_GE(offset, 0);
-        CHECK_LT(offset, (1 << 10));
-        int32_t encoding = B14 | (load ? B11 : 0) | static_cast<uint32_t>(rd) << 8 | offset >> 2;
-        Emit16(encoding);
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (ad.GetShiftCount() != 0) {
-        // If there is a shift count this must be 32 bit.
-        must_be_32bit = true;
-      } else if (IsHighRegister(ad.GetRegisterOffset())) {
-        must_be_32bit = true;
-      }
+    CHECK_NE(ad.GetRegister(), PC);
+    if (ad.GetShiftCount() != 0) {
+      // If there is a shift count this must be 32 bit.
+      must_be_32bit = true;
+    } else if (IsHighRegister(ad.GetRegisterOffset())) {
+      must_be_32bit = true;
+    }
 
-      if (must_be_32bit) {
-        int32_t encoding = 0x1f << 27 | (load ? B20 : 0) | static_cast<uint32_t>(rd) << 12 |
-            ad.encodingThumb(true);
-        if (half) {
-          encoding |= B21;
-        } else if (!byte) {
-          encoding |= B22;
-        }
-        if (load && is_signed && (byte || half)) {
-          encoding |= B24;
-        }
-        Emit32(encoding);
-      } else {
-        // 16 bit register offset.
-        int32_t encoding = B14 | B12 | (load ? B11 : 0) | static_cast<uint32_t>(rd) |
-            ad.encodingThumb(false);
-        if (byte) {
-          encoding |= B10;
-        } else if (half) {
-          encoding |= B9;
-        }
-        Emit16(encoding);
+    if (must_be_32bit) {
+      int32_t encoding = 0x1f << 27 | (load ? B20 : 0) | static_cast<uint32_t>(rd) << 12 |
+          ad.encodingThumb(true);
+      if (half) {
+        encoding |= B21;
+      } else if (!byte) {
+        encoding |= B22;
       }
+      if (load && is_signed && (byte || half)) {
+        encoding |= B24;
+      }
+      Emit32(encoding);
+    } else {
+      // 16 bit register offset.
+      int32_t encoding = B14 | B12 | (load ? B11 : 0) | static_cast<uint32_t>(rd) |
+          ad.encodingThumb(false);
+      if (byte) {
+        encoding |= B10;
+      } else if (half) {
+        encoding |= B9;
+      }
+      Emit16(encoding);
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test.cc b/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test.cc
index 3b05173..86a4aa2 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test.cc
@@ -1245,22 +1245,6 @@
   EmitAndCheck(&assembler, "LoadStoreRegOffset");
 }
 
-TEST_F(Thumb2AssemblerTest, LoadStoreLiteral) {
-  __ ldr(R0, Address(4));
-  __ str(R0, Address(4));
-
-  __ ldr(R0, Address(-8));
-  __ str(R0, Address(-8));
-
-  // Limits.
-  __ ldr(R0, Address(0x3ff));       // 10 bits (16 bit).
-  __ ldr(R0, Address(0x7ff));       // 11 bits (32 bit).
-  __ str(R0, Address(0x3ff));       // 32 bit (no 16 bit str(literal)).
-  __ str(R0, Address(0x7ff));       // 11 bits (32 bit).
-
-  EmitAndCheck(&assembler, "LoadStoreLiteral");
-}
-
 TEST_F(Thumb2AssemblerTest, LoadStoreLimits) {
   __ ldr(R0, Address(R4, 124));     // 16 bit.
   __ ldr(R0, Address(R4, 128));     // 32 bit.
diff --git a/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test_expected.cc.inc b/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test_expected.cc.inc
index 81c6ec5..91f3970 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test_expected.cc.inc
+++ b/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test_expected.cc.inc
@@ -5012,17 +5012,6 @@
   "  28:	f841 0008 	str.w	r0, [r1, r8]\n",
   nullptr
 };
-const char* const LoadStoreLiteralResults[] = {
-  "   0:   4801            ldr     r0, [pc, #4]    ; (8 <LoadStoreLiteral+0x8>)\n",
-  "   2:   f8cf 0004       str.w   r0, [pc, #4]    ; 8 <LoadStoreLiteral+0x8>\n",
-  "   6:   f85f 0008       ldr.w   r0, [pc, #-8]   ; 0 <LoadStoreLiteral>\n",
-  "   a:   f84f 0008       str.w   r0, [pc, #-8]   ; 4 <LoadStoreLiteral+0x4>\n",
-  "   e:   48ff            ldr     r0, [pc, #1020] ; (40c <LoadStoreLiteral+0x40c>)\n",
-  "  10:   f8df 07ff       ldr.w   r0, [pc, #2047] ; 813 <LoadStoreLiteral+0x813>\n",
-  "  14:   f8cf 03ff       str.w   r0, [pc, #1023] ; 417 <LoadStoreLiteral+0x417>\n",
-  "  18:   f8cf 07ff       str.w   r0, [pc, #2047] ; 81b <LoadStoreLiteral+0x81b>\n",
-  nullptr
-};
 const char* const LoadStoreLimitsResults[] = {
   "   0:   6fe0            ldr     r0, [r4, #124]  ; 0x7c\n",
   "   2:   f8d4 0080       ldr.w   r0, [r4, #128]  ; 0x80\n",
@@ -5708,7 +5697,6 @@
     test_results["MixedBranch32"] = MixedBranch32Results;
     test_results["Shifts"] = ShiftsResults;
     test_results["LoadStoreRegOffset"] = LoadStoreRegOffsetResults;
-    test_results["LoadStoreLiteral"] = LoadStoreLiteralResults;
     test_results["LoadStoreLimits"] = LoadStoreLimitsResults;
     test_results["CompareAndBranch"] = CompareAndBranchResults;
     test_results["AddConstant"] = AddConstantResults;
diff --git a/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc b/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
index 3b2715d..9cdd24b 100644
--- a/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
+++ b/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@
 #include "compiler_callbacks.h"
 #include "debug/elf_debug_writer.h"
 #include "debug/method_debug_info.h"
-#include "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
 #include "dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.h"
 #include "dex/verification_results.h"
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
@@ -77,7 +76,7 @@
 #include "runtime.h"
 #include "runtime_options.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 #include "verifier/verifier_deps.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
@@ -509,7 +508,6 @@
       image_patch_delta_(0),
       key_value_store_(nullptr),
       verification_results_(nullptr),
-      method_inliner_map_(),
       runtime_(nullptr),
       thread_count_(sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF)),
       start_ns_(NanoTime()),
@@ -525,8 +523,6 @@
       compiled_methods_zip_filename_(nullptr),
       compiled_methods_filename_(nullptr),
       passes_to_run_filename_(nullptr),
-      app_image_(false),
-      boot_image_(false),
       multi_image_(false),
       is_host_(false),
       class_loader_(nullptr),
@@ -693,8 +689,8 @@
   }
 
   void ProcessOptions(ParserOptions* parser_options) {
-    boot_image_ = !image_filenames_.empty();
-    app_image_ = app_image_fd_ != -1 || !app_image_file_name_.empty();
+    compiler_options_->boot_image_ = !image_filenames_.empty();
+    compiler_options_->app_image_ = app_image_fd_ != -1 || !app_image_file_name_.empty();
 
     if (IsAppImage() && IsBootImage()) {
       Usage("Can't have both --image and (--app-image-fd or --app-image-file)");
@@ -746,7 +742,7 @@
       android_root_ += android_root_env_var;
     }
 
-    if (!boot_image_ && parser_options->boot_image_filename.empty()) {
+    if (!IsBootImage() && parser_options->boot_image_filename.empty()) {
       parser_options->boot_image_filename += android_root_;
       parser_options->boot_image_filename += "/framework/boot.art";
     }
@@ -1327,7 +1323,7 @@
   }
 
   void LoadClassProfileDescriptors() {
-    if (profile_compilation_info_ != nullptr && app_image_) {
+    if (profile_compilation_info_ != nullptr && IsAppImage()) {
       Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
       CHECK(runtime != nullptr);
       std::set<DexCacheResolvedClasses> resolved_classes(
@@ -1372,7 +1368,6 @@
     verification_results_.reset(new VerificationResults(compiler_options_.get()));
     callbacks_.reset(new QuickCompilerCallbacks(
         verification_results_.get(),
-        &method_inliner_map_,
         IsBootImage() ?
             CompilerCallbacks::CallbackMode::kCompileBootImage :
             CompilerCallbacks::CallbackMode::kCompileApp));
@@ -1567,7 +1562,7 @@
       ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
       dex_caches_.push_back(soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(
           class_linker->RegisterDexFile(*dex_file,
-                                        soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader_))));
+                                        soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader_).Decode())));
     }
 
     return true;
@@ -1632,12 +1627,9 @@
 
     driver_.reset(new CompilerDriver(compiler_options_.get(),
                                      verification_results_.get(),
-                                     &method_inliner_map_,
                                      compiler_kind_,
                                      instruction_set_,
                                      instruction_set_features_.get(),
-                                     IsBootImage(),
-                                     IsAppImage(),
                                      image_classes_.release(),
                                      compiled_classes_.release(),
                                      compiled_methods_.release(),
@@ -1728,7 +1720,7 @@
     }
 
     if (IsImage()) {
-      if (app_image_ && image_base_ == 0) {
+      if (IsAppImage() && image_base_ == 0) {
         gc::Heap* const heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
         for (gc::space::ImageSpace* image_space : heap->GetBootImageSpaces()) {
           image_base_ = std::max(image_base_, RoundUp(
@@ -1796,7 +1788,10 @@
 
         size_t rodata_size = oat_writer->GetOatHeader().GetExecutableOffset();
         size_t text_size = oat_writer->GetOatSize() - rodata_size;
-        elf_writer->SetLoadedSectionSizes(rodata_size, text_size, oat_writer->GetBssSize());
+        elf_writer->PrepareDynamicSection(rodata_size,
+                                          text_size,
+                                          oat_writer->GetBssSize(),
+                                          oat_writer->GetBssRootsOffset());
 
         if (IsImage()) {
           // Update oat layout.
@@ -1979,11 +1974,11 @@
   }
 
   bool IsAppImage() const {
-    return app_image_;
+    return compiler_options_->IsAppImage();
   }
 
   bool IsBootImage() const {
-    return boot_image_;
+    return compiler_options_->IsBootImage();
   }
 
   bool IsHost() const {
@@ -2540,7 +2535,6 @@
 
   std::unique_ptr<VerificationResults> verification_results_;
 
-  DexFileToMethodInlinerMap method_inliner_map_;
   std::unique_ptr<QuickCompilerCallbacks> callbacks_;
 
   std::unique_ptr<Runtime> runtime_;
@@ -2578,8 +2572,6 @@
   std::unique_ptr<std::unordered_set<std::string>> compiled_classes_;
   std::unique_ptr<std::unordered_set<std::string>> compiled_methods_;
   std::unique_ptr<std::vector<std::string>> passes_to_run_;
-  bool app_image_;
-  bool boot_image_;
   bool multi_image_;
   bool is_host_;
   std::string android_root_;
diff --git a/imgdiag/imgdiag.cc b/imgdiag/imgdiag.cc
index 106cf2f..ace21aa 100644
--- a/imgdiag/imgdiag.cc
+++ b/imgdiag/imgdiag.cc
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "image.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "os.h"
 
 #include "cmdline.h"
diff --git a/oatdump/oatdump.cc b/oatdump/oatdump.cc
index 06d9814..f2062c3 100644
--- a/oatdump/oatdump.cc
+++ b/oatdump/oatdump.cc
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 #include "oat_file_manager.h"
 #include "os.h"
 #include "safe_map.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "stack_map.h"
 #include "string_reference.h"
@@ -154,8 +154,11 @@
     if (isa == kMips || isa == kMips64) {
       builder_->WriteMIPSabiflagsSection();
     }
-    builder_->PrepareDynamicSection(
-        elf_file->GetPath(), rodata_size, text_size, oat_file_->BssSize());
+    builder_->PrepareDynamicSection(elf_file->GetPath(),
+                                    rodata_size,
+                                    text_size,
+                                    oat_file_->BssSize(),
+                                    oat_file_->BssRootsOffset());
     builder_->WriteDynamicSection();
 
     Walk();
@@ -2474,7 +2477,7 @@
   // Use the class loader while dumping.
   StackHandleScope<1> scope(self);
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader_handle = scope.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader));
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader));
   options->class_loader_ = &loader_handle;
 
   OatDumper oat_dumper(*oat_file, *options);
diff --git a/patchoat/patchoat.cc b/patchoat/patchoat.cc
index 1af3660..d58f38c 100644
--- a/patchoat/patchoat.cc
+++ b/patchoat/patchoat.cc
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 #include "offsets.h"
 #include "os.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/arch/stub_test.cc b/runtime/arch/stub_test.cc
index 3424e3c..5e39f42 100644
--- a/runtime/arch/stub_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/arch/stub_test.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "linear_alloc.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -1796,7 +1796,7 @@
 
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
   StackHandleScope<3> hs(self);
-  Handle<mirror::Object> obj(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(o)));
+  Handle<mirror::Object> obj(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(o)));
   Handle<mirror::Class> c(hs.NewHandle(obj->GetClass()));
   // Need a method as a referrer
   ArtMethod* m = c->GetDirectMethod(0, kRuntimePointerSize);
@@ -1995,11 +1995,11 @@
 
   jobject jarray_list = env->NewObject(arraylist_jclass, arraylist_constructor);
   ASSERT_NE(nullptr, jarray_list);
-  Handle<mirror::Object> array_list(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jarray_list)));
+  Handle<mirror::Object> array_list(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jarray_list)));
 
   jobject jobj = env->NewObject(obj_jclass, obj_constructor);
   ASSERT_NE(nullptr, jobj);
-  Handle<mirror::Object> obj(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jobj)));
+  Handle<mirror::Object> obj(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jobj)));
 
   // Invocation tests.
 
diff --git a/runtime/art_field-inl.h b/runtime/art_field-inl.h
index ef75f94..ca96169 100644
--- a/runtime/art_field-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/art_field-inl.h
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "primitive.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/art_field.cc b/runtime/art_field.cc
index ea5078e..3b4db0b 100644
--- a/runtime/art_field.cc
+++ b/runtime/art_field.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/art_method-inl.h b/runtime/art_method-inl.h
index 73cce5e..73c6cf1 100644
--- a/runtime/art_method-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/art_method-inl.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 #include "quick/quick_method_frame_info.h"
 #include "read_barrier-inl.h"
 #include "runtime-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/art_method.cc b/runtime/art_method.cc
index 193bea1..c97c328 100644
--- a/runtime/art_method.cc
+++ b/runtime/art_method.cc
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/string.h"
 #include "oat_file-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 
 ArtMethod* ArtMethod::FromReflectedMethod(const ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable& soa,
                                           jobject jlr_method) {
-  auto* executable = soa.Decode<mirror::Executable*>(jlr_method);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Executable> executable = soa.Decode<mirror::Executable>(jlr_method);
   DCHECK(executable != nullptr);
   return executable->GetArtMethod();
 }
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
   StackHandleScope<1> shs(self);
 
-  mirror::Class* annotation = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(klass);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> annotation = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(klass);
   DCHECK(annotation->IsAnnotation());
   Handle<mirror::Class> annotation_handle(shs.NewHandle(annotation));
 
diff --git a/runtime/art_method.h b/runtime/art_method.h
index 3d2db69..7a8f479 100644
--- a/runtime/art_method.h
+++ b/runtime/art_method.h
@@ -137,7 +137,52 @@
     return (GetAccessFlags() & kAccFinal) != 0;
   }
 
+  bool IsIntrinsic() {
+    return (GetAccessFlags() & kAccIntrinsic) != 0;
+  }
+
+  void SetIntrinsic(uint32_t intrinsic) {
+    DCHECK(IsUint<8>(intrinsic));
+    uint32_t new_value = (GetAccessFlags() & kAccFlagsNotUsedByIntrinsic) |
+        kAccIntrinsic |
+        (intrinsic << POPCOUNT(kAccFlagsNotUsedByIntrinsic));
+    if (kIsDebugBuild) {
+      uint32_t java_flags = (GetAccessFlags() & kAccJavaFlagsMask);
+      bool is_constructor = IsConstructor();
+      bool is_synchronized = IsSynchronized();
+      bool skip_access_checks = SkipAccessChecks();
+      bool is_fast_native = IsFastNative();
+      bool is_copied = IsCopied();
+      bool is_miranda = IsMiranda();
+      bool is_default = IsDefault();
+      bool is_default_conflict = IsDefaultConflicting();
+      bool is_compilable = IsCompilable();
+      bool must_count_locks = MustCountLocks();
+      SetAccessFlags(new_value);
+      DCHECK_EQ(java_flags, (GetAccessFlags() & kAccJavaFlagsMask));
+      DCHECK_EQ(is_constructor, IsConstructor());
+      DCHECK_EQ(is_synchronized, IsSynchronized());
+      DCHECK_EQ(skip_access_checks, SkipAccessChecks());
+      DCHECK_EQ(is_fast_native, IsFastNative());
+      DCHECK_EQ(is_copied, IsCopied());
+      DCHECK_EQ(is_miranda, IsMiranda());
+      DCHECK_EQ(is_default, IsDefault());
+      DCHECK_EQ(is_default_conflict, IsDefaultConflicting());
+      DCHECK_EQ(is_compilable, IsCompilable());
+      DCHECK_EQ(must_count_locks, MustCountLocks());
+    } else {
+      SetAccessFlags(new_value);
+    }
+  }
+
+  uint32_t GetIntrinsic() {
+    DCHECK(IsIntrinsic());
+    return (GetAccessFlags() >> POPCOUNT(kAccFlagsNotUsedByIntrinsic)) & kAccMaxIntrinsic;
+  }
+
   bool IsCopied() {
+    static_assert((kAccCopied & kAccFlagsNotUsedByIntrinsic) == kAccCopied,
+                  "kAccCopied conflicts with intrinsic modifier");
     const bool copied = (GetAccessFlags() & kAccCopied) != 0;
     // (IsMiranda() || IsDefaultConflicting()) implies copied
     DCHECK(!(IsMiranda() || IsDefaultConflicting()) || copied)
@@ -146,6 +191,8 @@
   }
 
   bool IsMiranda() {
+    static_assert((kAccMiranda & kAccFlagsNotUsedByIntrinsic) == kAccMiranda,
+                  "kAccMiranda conflicts with intrinsic modifier");
     return (GetAccessFlags() & kAccMiranda) != 0;
   }
 
@@ -156,6 +203,9 @@
   }
 
   bool IsCompilable() {
+    if (IsIntrinsic()) {
+      return true;
+    }
     return (GetAccessFlags() & kAccCompileDontBother) == 0;
   }
 
@@ -163,11 +213,16 @@
   // multiple default methods. It cannot be invoked, throwing an IncompatibleClassChangeError if one
   // attempts to do so.
   bool IsDefaultConflicting() {
+    if (IsIntrinsic()) {
+      return false;
+    }
     return (GetAccessFlags() & kAccDefaultConflict) != 0u;
   }
 
   // This is set by the class linker.
   bool IsDefault() {
+    static_assert((kAccDefault & kAccFlagsNotUsedByIntrinsic) == kAccDefault,
+                  "kAccDefault conflicts with intrinsic modifier");
     return (GetAccessFlags() & kAccDefault) != 0;
   }
 
@@ -204,6 +259,9 @@
   // Should this method be run in the interpreter and count locks (e.g., failed structured-
   // locking verification)?
   bool MustCountLocks() {
+    if (IsIntrinsic()) {
+      return false;
+    }
     return (GetAccessFlags() & kAccMustCountLocks) != 0;
   }
 
diff --git a/runtime/base/mutex.cc b/runtime/base/mutex.cc
index 9d56954..1183dea 100644
--- a/runtime/base/mutex.cc
+++ b/runtime/base/mutex.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "base/value_object.h"
 #include "mutex-inl.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/base/mutex.h b/runtime/base/mutex.h
index 8af9fa5..91e31d8 100644
--- a/runtime/base/mutex.h
+++ b/runtime/base/mutex.h
@@ -78,7 +78,6 @@
   kAllocSpaceLock,
   kBumpPointerSpaceBlockLock,
   kArenaPoolLock,
-  kDexFileMethodInlinerLock,
   kDexFileToMethodInlinerMapLock,
   kInternTableLock,
   kOatFileSecondaryLookupLock,
diff --git a/runtime/check_jni.cc b/runtime/check_jni.cc
index a980535..9f07702 100644
--- a/runtime/check_jni.cc
+++ b/runtime/check_jni.cc
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/throwable.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
 
@@ -269,12 +269,12 @@
    */
   bool CheckInstanceFieldID(ScopedObjectAccess& soa, jobject java_object, jfieldID fid)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_object);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_object);
     if (o == nullptr) {
       AbortF("field operation on NULL object: %p", java_object);
       return false;
     }
-    if (!Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->IsValidObjectAddress(o)) {
+    if (!Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->IsValidObjectAddress(o.Decode())) {
       Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->DumpSpaces(LOG_STREAM(ERROR));
       AbortF("field operation on invalid %s: %p",
              ToStr<IndirectRefKind>(GetIndirectRefKind(java_object)).c_str(),
@@ -333,15 +333,15 @@
       return false;
     }
     if (invoke != kVirtual) {
-      mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(jc);
-      if (!m->GetDeclaringClass()->IsAssignableFrom(c)) {
+      ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(jc);
+      if (!m->GetDeclaringClass()->IsAssignableFrom(c.Decode())) {
         AbortF("can't call %s %s with class %s", invoke == kStatic ? "static" : "nonvirtual",
             PrettyMethod(m).c_str(), PrettyClass(c).c_str());
         return false;
       }
     }
     if (invoke != kStatic) {
-      mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jobj);
+      ObjPtr<mirror::Object> o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jobj);
       if (o == nullptr) {
         AbortF("can't call %s on null object", PrettyMethod(m).c_str());
         return false;
@@ -360,12 +360,12 @@
    */
   bool CheckStaticFieldID(ScopedObjectAccess& soa, jclass java_class, jfieldID fid)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(java_class);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(java_class);
     ArtField* f = CheckFieldID(soa, fid);
     if (f == nullptr) {
       return false;
     }
-    if (f->GetDeclaringClass() != c) {
+    if (c != f->GetDeclaringClass()) {
       AbortF("static jfieldID %p not valid for class %s", fid, PrettyClass(c).c_str());
       return false;
     }
@@ -387,8 +387,8 @@
     if (m == nullptr) {
       return false;
     }
-    mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(java_class);
-    if (!m->GetDeclaringClass()->IsAssignableFrom(c)) {
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(java_class);
+    if (!m->GetDeclaringClass()->IsAssignableFrom(c.Decode())) {
       AbortF("can't call static %s on class %s", PrettyMethod(m).c_str(), PrettyClass(c).c_str());
       return false;
     }
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@
     if (m == nullptr) {
       return false;
     }
-    mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_object);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_object);
     if (o == nullptr) {
       AbortF("can't call %s on null object", PrettyMethod(m).c_str());
       return false;
@@ -557,14 +557,14 @@
 
   bool CheckReflectedMethod(ScopedObjectAccess& soa, jobject jmethod)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    mirror::Object* method = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jmethod);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> method = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jmethod);
     if (method == nullptr) {
       AbortF("expected non-null method");
       return false;
     }
     mirror::Class* c = method->GetClass();
-    if (soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Method) != c &&
-        soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Constructor) != c) {
+    if (soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Method) != c &&
+        soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Constructor) != c) {
       AbortF("expected java.lang.reflect.Method or "
           "java.lang.reflect.Constructor but got object of type %s: %p",
           PrettyTypeOf(method).c_str(), jmethod);
@@ -589,13 +589,13 @@
 
   bool CheckReflectedField(ScopedObjectAccess& soa, jobject jfield)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    mirror::Object* field = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jfield);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> field = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jfield);
     if (field == nullptr) {
       AbortF("expected non-null java.lang.reflect.Field");
       return false;
     }
     mirror::Class* c = field->GetClass();
-    if (soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Field) != c) {
+    if (soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Field) != c) {
       AbortF("expected java.lang.reflect.Field but got object of type %s: %p",
              PrettyTypeOf(field).c_str(), jfield);
       return false;
@@ -605,10 +605,10 @@
 
   bool CheckThrowable(ScopedObjectAccess& soa, jthrowable jobj)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jobj);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jobj);
     if (!obj->GetClass()->IsThrowableClass()) {
       AbortF("expected java.lang.Throwable but got object of type "
-             "%s: %p", PrettyTypeOf(obj).c_str(), obj);
+             "%s: %p", PrettyTypeOf(obj).c_str(), obj.Decode());
       return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -616,10 +616,10 @@
 
   bool CheckThrowableClass(ScopedObjectAccess& soa, jclass jc)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(jc);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(jc);
     if (!c->IsThrowableClass()) {
       AbortF("expected java.lang.Throwable class but got object of "
-             "type %s: %p", PrettyDescriptor(c).c_str(), c);
+             "type %s: %p", PrettyDescriptor(c).c_str(), c.Decode());
       return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -647,9 +647,9 @@
 
   bool CheckInstantiableNonArray(ScopedObjectAccess& soa, jclass jc)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(jc);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(jc);
     if (!c->IsInstantiableNonArray()) {
-      AbortF("can't make objects of type %s: %p", PrettyDescriptor(c).c_str(), c);
+      AbortF("can't make objects of type %s: %p", PrettyDescriptor(c).c_str(), c.Decode());
       return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@
     if (!CheckArray(soa, array)) {
       return false;
     }
-    mirror::Array* a = soa.Decode<mirror::Array*>(array);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Array> a = soa.Decode<mirror::Array>(array);
     if (a->GetClass()->GetComponentType()->GetPrimitiveType() != type) {
       AbortF("incompatible array type %s expected %s[]: %p",
              PrettyDescriptor(a->GetClass()).c_str(), PrettyDescriptor(type).c_str(), array);
@@ -692,20 +692,20 @@
       return false;
     }
     if (is_static) {
-      mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(obj);
+      ObjPtr<mirror::Object> o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(obj);
       if (o == nullptr || !o->IsClass()) {
         AbortF("attempt to access static field %s with a class argument of type %s: %p",
                PrettyField(field).c_str(), PrettyTypeOf(o).c_str(), fid);
         return false;
       }
-      mirror::Class* c = o->AsClass();
-      if (field->GetDeclaringClass() != c) {
+      ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = o->AsClass();
+      if (c != field->GetDeclaringClass()) {
         AbortF("attempt to access static field %s with an incompatible class argument of %s: %p",
                PrettyField(field).c_str(), PrettyDescriptor(c).c_str(), fid);
         return false;
       }
     } else {
-      mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(obj);
+      ObjPtr<mirror::Object> o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(obj);
       if (o == nullptr || !field->GetDeclaringClass()->IsAssignableFrom(o->GetClass())) {
         AbortF("attempt to access field %s from an object argument of type %s: %p",
                PrettyField(field).c_str(), PrettyTypeOf(o).c_str(), fid);
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@
       }
     }
 
-    mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_object);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_object);
     if (obj == nullptr) {
       // Either java_object is invalid or is a cleared weak.
       IndirectRef ref = reinterpret_cast<IndirectRef>(java_object);
@@ -772,12 +772,12 @@
         okay = false;
       } else {
         obj = soa.Vm()->DecodeWeakGlobal(soa.Self(), ref);
-        okay = Runtime::Current()->IsClearedJniWeakGlobal(obj);
+        okay = Runtime::Current()->IsClearedJniWeakGlobal(obj.Decode());
       }
       if (!okay) {
         AbortF("%s is an invalid %s: %p (%p)",
                what, ToStr<IndirectRefKind>(GetIndirectRefKind(java_object)).c_str(),
-               java_object, obj);
+               java_object, obj.Decode());
         return false;
       }
     }
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@
       Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->DumpSpaces(LOG_STREAM(ERROR));
       AbortF("%s is an invalid %s: %p (%p)",
              what, ToStr<IndirectRefKind>(GetIndirectRefKind(java_object)).c_str(),
-             java_object, obj);
+             java_object, obj.Decode());
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -936,10 +936,10 @@
         break;
       case 'c': {  // jclass
         jclass jc = arg.c;
-        mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(jc);
+        ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(jc);
         if (c == nullptr) {
           *msg += "NULL";
-        } else if (!Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->IsValidObjectAddress(c)) {
+        } else if (!Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->IsValidObjectAddress(c.Decode())) {
           StringAppendF(msg, "INVALID POINTER:%p", jc);
         } else if (!c->IsClass()) {
           *msg += "INVALID NON-CLASS OBJECT OF TYPE:" + PrettyTypeOf(c);
@@ -1107,12 +1107,12 @@
       return false;
     }
 
-    mirror::Array* a = soa.Decode<mirror::Array*>(java_array);
-    if (UNLIKELY(!Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->IsValidObjectAddress(a))) {
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Array> a = soa.Decode<mirror::Array>(java_array);
+    if (UNLIKELY(!Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->IsValidObjectAddress(a.Decode()))) {
       Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->DumpSpaces(LOG_STREAM(ERROR));
       AbortF("jarray is an invalid %s: %p (%p)",
              ToStr<IndirectRefKind>(GetIndirectRefKind(java_array)).c_str(),
-             java_array, a);
+             java_array, a.Decode());
       return false;
     } else if (!a->IsArrayInstance()) {
       AbortF("jarray argument has non-array type: %s", PrettyTypeOf(a).c_str());
@@ -1411,7 +1411,7 @@
                                    void* original_ptr) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
 
-    mirror::Array* a = soa.Decode<mirror::Array*>(java_array);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Array> a = soa.Decode<mirror::Array>(java_array);
     size_t component_size = a->GetClass()->GetComponentSize();
     size_t byte_count = a->GetLength() * component_size;
     void* result = Create(original_ptr, byte_count, true);
diff --git a/runtime/check_reference_map_visitor.h b/runtime/check_reference_map_visitor.h
index 843d4c1..ab712f9 100644
--- a/runtime/check_reference_map_visitor.h
+++ b/runtime/check_reference_map_visitor.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "stack_map.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker-inl.h b/runtime/class_linker-inl.h
index d5b3090..51e5aae 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/class_linker-inl.h
@@ -67,9 +67,9 @@
   // MethodVerifier refuses methods with string_idx out of bounds.
   DCHECK_LT(string_idx, declaring_class->GetDexFile().NumStringIds());;
   mirror::String* string =
-        mirror::StringDexCachePair::LookupString(declaring_class->GetDexCacheStrings(),
-                                                 string_idx,
-                                                 mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheStringCacheSize).Read();
+        mirror::StringDexCachePair::Lookup(declaring_class->GetDexCacheStrings(),
+                                           string_idx,
+                                           mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheStringCacheSize).Read();
   Thread::PoisonObjectPointersIfDebug();
   if (UNLIKELY(string == nullptr)) {
     StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker.cc b/runtime/class_linker.cc
index 5106aec..0a1f7a9 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_linker.cc
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
 #include "os.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "trace.h"
 #include "utils.h"
@@ -1085,8 +1085,8 @@
 bool ClassLinker::IsBootClassLoader(ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable& soa,
                                     mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader) {
   return class_loader == nullptr ||
-      class_loader->GetClass() ==
-          soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_BootClassLoader);
+       soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_BootClassLoader) ==
+           class_loader->GetClass();
 }
 
 static mirror::String* GetDexPathListElementName(ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked& soa,
@@ -1125,8 +1125,8 @@
   CHECK(dex_path_list_field != nullptr);
   CHECK(dex_elements_field != nullptr);
   while (!ClassLinker::IsBootClassLoader(soa, class_loader)) {
-    if (class_loader->GetClass() !=
-        soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader)) {
+    if (soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader) !=
+        class_loader->GetClass()) {
       *error_msg = StringPrintf("Unknown class loader type %s", PrettyTypeOf(class_loader).c_str());
       // Unsupported class loader.
       return false;
@@ -1308,8 +1308,8 @@
           mirror::StringDexCacheType* const strings =
               reinterpret_cast<mirror::StringDexCacheType*>(raw_arrays + layout.StringsOffset());
           for (size_t j = 0; j < num_strings; ++j) {
-            DCHECK_EQ(strings[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).string_index, 0u);
-            DCHECK(strings[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).string_pointer.IsNull());
+            DCHECK_EQ(strings[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).index, 0u);
+            DCHECK(strings[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).object.IsNull());
             strings[j].store(image_resolved_strings[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed),
                              std::memory_order_relaxed);
           }
@@ -1703,7 +1703,7 @@
         return false;
       }
       // Add the temporary dex path list elements at the end.
-      auto* elements = soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>*>(dex_elements);
+      auto elements = soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>>(dex_elements);
       for (size_t i = 0, num_elems = elements->GetLength(); i < num_elems; ++i) {
         mirror::Object* element = elements->GetWithoutChecks(i);
         if (element != nullptr) {
@@ -2127,8 +2127,8 @@
   if (kIsDebugBuild) {
     // Sanity check to make sure all the dex cache arrays are empty. b/28992179
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_strings; ++i) {
-      CHECK_EQ(strings[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).string_index, 0u);
-      CHECK(strings[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).string_pointer.IsNull());
+      CHECK_EQ(strings[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).index, 0u);
+      CHECK(strings[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).object.IsNull());
     }
     for (size_t i = 0; i < dex_file.NumTypeIds(); ++i) {
       CHECK(types[i].Read<kWithoutReadBarrier>() == nullptr);
@@ -2187,7 +2187,7 @@
                                            const char* descriptor,
                                            mirror::Class* klass) {
   DCHECK(klass != nullptr);
-  self->PoisonObjectPointers();
+  Thread::PoisonObjectPointersIfDebug();
 
   // For temporary classes we must wait for them to be retired.
   if (init_done_ && klass->IsTemp()) {
@@ -2304,8 +2304,8 @@
   }
 
   // Unsupported class-loader?
-  if (class_loader->GetClass() !=
-      soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader)) {
+  if (soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader) !=
+      class_loader->GetClass()) {
     *result = nullptr;
     return false;
   }
@@ -2482,7 +2482,7 @@
       return nullptr;
     } else {
       // success, return mirror::Class*
-      return soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(result.get());
+      return soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(result.get()).Decode();
     }
   }
   UNREACHABLE();
@@ -4205,9 +4205,9 @@
   // Set the class access flags incl. VerificationAttempted, so we do not try to set the flag on
   // the methods.
   klass->SetAccessFlags(kAccClassIsProxy | kAccPublic | kAccFinal | kAccVerificationAttempted);
-  klass->SetClassLoader(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(loader));
+  klass->SetClassLoader(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(loader).Decode());
   DCHECK_EQ(klass->GetPrimitiveType(), Primitive::kPrimNot);
-  klass->SetName(soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(name));
+  klass->SetName(soa.Decode<mirror::String>(name).Decode());
   klass->SetDexCache(GetClassRoot(kJavaLangReflectProxy)->GetDexCache());
   mirror::Class::SetStatus(klass, mirror::Class::kStatusIdx, self);
   std::string descriptor(GetDescriptorForProxy(klass.Get()));
@@ -4245,7 +4245,7 @@
   const size_t num_direct_methods = 1;
 
   // They have as many virtual methods as the array
-  auto h_methods = hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Method>*>(methods));
+  auto h_methods = hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Method>>(methods));
   DCHECK_EQ(h_methods->GetClass(), mirror::Method::ArrayClass())
       << PrettyClass(h_methods->GetClass());
   const size_t num_virtual_methods = h_methods->GetLength();
@@ -4287,7 +4287,7 @@
     // Link the fields and virtual methods, creating vtable and iftables.
     // The new class will replace the old one in the class table.
     Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>> h_interfaces(
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>*>(interfaces)));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>>(interfaces)));
     if (!LinkClass(self, descriptor.c_str(), klass, h_interfaces, &new_class)) {
       mirror::Class::SetStatus(klass, mirror::Class::kStatusError, self);
       return nullptr;
@@ -4298,11 +4298,13 @@
   klass.Assign(new_class.Get());
 
   CHECK_EQ(interfaces_sfield.GetDeclaringClass(), klass.Get());
-  interfaces_sfield.SetObject<false>(klass.Get(),
-                                     soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>*>(interfaces));
+  interfaces_sfield.SetObject<false>(
+      klass.Get(),
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>>(interfaces).Decode());
   CHECK_EQ(throws_sfield.GetDeclaringClass(), klass.Get());
   throws_sfield.SetObject<false>(
-      klass.Get(), soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class> >*>(throws));
+      klass.Get(),
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>>>(throws).Decode());
 
   {
     // Lock on klass is released. Lock new class object.
@@ -4322,7 +4324,7 @@
     }
 
     StackHandleScope<1> hs2(self);
-    Handle<mirror::String> decoded_name = hs2.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(name));
+    Handle<mirror::String> decoded_name = hs2.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String>(name));
     std::string interfaces_field_name(StringPrintf("java.lang.Class[] %s.interfaces",
                                                    decoded_name->ToModifiedUtf8().c_str()));
     CHECK_EQ(PrettyField(klass->GetStaticField(0)), interfaces_field_name);
@@ -4332,9 +4334,9 @@
     CHECK_EQ(PrettyField(klass->GetStaticField(1)), throws_field_name);
 
     CHECK_EQ(klass.Get()->GetInterfaces(),
-             soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>*>(interfaces));
+             soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>>(interfaces).Decode());
     CHECK_EQ(klass.Get()->GetThrows(),
-             soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>>*>(throws));
+             soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>>>(throws).Decode());
   }
   return klass.Get();
 }
@@ -8193,7 +8195,7 @@
 
   // Create PathClassLoader.
   Handle<mirror::Class> h_path_class_class = hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader));
+      soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader));
   Handle<mirror::Object> h_path_class_loader = hs.NewHandle(
       h_path_class_class->AllocObject(self));
   DCHECK(h_path_class_loader.Get() != nullptr);
@@ -8210,7 +8212,7 @@
                                "Ljava/lang/ClassLoader;");
   DCHECK(parent_field != nullptr);
   mirror::Object* boot_cl =
-      soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_BootClassLoader)->AllocObject(self);
+      soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_BootClassLoader)->AllocObject(self);
   parent_field->SetObject<false>(h_path_class_loader.Get(), boot_cl);
 
   // Make it a global ref and return.
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker_test.cc b/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
index 4f73218..a5aa0d0 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 #include "mirror/stack_trace_element.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("Nested"))));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("Nested"))));
 
   mirror::Class* outer = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LNested;", class_loader);
   ASSERT_TRUE(outer != nullptr);
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@
 
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("MyClass"))));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("MyClass"))));
   AssertNonExistentClass("LMyClass;");
   mirror::Class* MyClass = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LMyClass;", class_loader);
   ASSERT_TRUE(MyClass != nullptr);
@@ -937,9 +937,9 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_1(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("MyClass"))));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("MyClass"))));
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_2(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("MyClass"))));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("MyClass"))));
   mirror::Class* MyClass_1 = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LMyClass;", class_loader_1);
   mirror::Class* MyClass_2 = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LMyClass;", class_loader_2);
   EXPECT_TRUE(MyClass_1 != nullptr);
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("Statics"))));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("Statics"))));
   Handle<mirror::Class> statics(
       hs.NewHandle(class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LStatics;", class_loader)));
   class_linker_->EnsureInitialized(soa.Self(), statics, true, true);
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   StackHandleScope<6> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("Interfaces"))));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("Interfaces"))));
   Handle<mirror::Class> I(
       hs.NewHandle(class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LInterfaces$I;", class_loader)));
   Handle<mirror::Class> J(
@@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@
   const DexFile* dex_file = GetFirstDexFile(jclass_loader);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
   mirror::Class* klass = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LStaticsFromCode;", class_loader);
   ArtMethod* clinit = klass->FindClassInitializer(kRuntimePointerSize);
   ArtMethod* getS0 = klass->FindDirectMethod("getS0", "()Ljava/lang/Object;", kRuntimePointerSize);
@@ -1227,7 +1227,7 @@
 
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("Statics"))));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("Statics"))));
   Handle<mirror::Class> statics(
       hs.NewHandle(class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LStatics;", class_loader)));
 
@@ -1242,7 +1242,7 @@
 
   StackHandleScope<3> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("Statics"))));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("Statics"))));
 
   // java.lang.Object is a bootstrap class.
   Handle<mirror::Class> jlo_class(
diff --git a/runtime/common_runtime_test.cc b/runtime/common_runtime_test.cc
index 11722b2..eda1ddd 100644
--- a/runtime/common_runtime_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/common_runtime_test.cc
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 #include "os.h"
 #include "primitive.h"
 #include "runtime-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
 
@@ -511,12 +511,12 @@
 
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader = hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader));
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader));
 
   DCHECK_EQ(class_loader->GetClass(),
-            soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader));
+            soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader).Decode());
   DCHECK_EQ(class_loader->GetParent()->GetClass(),
-            soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_BootClassLoader));
+            soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_BootClassLoader).Decode());
 
   // The class loader is a PathClassLoader which inherits from BaseDexClassLoader.
   // We need to get the DexPathList and loop through it.
diff --git a/runtime/debugger.cc b/runtime/debugger.cc
index 6ed44fc..0206cae 100644
--- a/runtime/debugger.cc
+++ b/runtime/debugger.cc
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 #include "mirror/throwable.h"
 #include "reflection.h"
 #include "safe_map.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "ScopedPrimitiveArray.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
@@ -390,7 +390,8 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
 
-  mirror::Class* java_lang_Thread = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> java_lang_Thread =
+      soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread);
   if (!java_lang_Thread->IsAssignableFrom(thread_peer->GetClass())) {
     // This isn't a thread.
     *error = JDWP::ERR_INVALID_THREAD;
@@ -431,21 +432,22 @@
     return JDWP::JT_CLASS_OBJECT;
   }
   {
-    mirror::Class* thread_class = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> thread_class =
+        soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread);
     if (thread_class->IsAssignableFrom(c)) {
       return JDWP::JT_THREAD;
     }
   }
   {
-    mirror::Class* thread_group_class =
-        soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ThreadGroup);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> thread_group_class =
+        soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ThreadGroup);
     if (thread_group_class->IsAssignableFrom(c)) {
       return JDWP::JT_THREAD_GROUP;
     }
   }
   {
-    mirror::Class* class_loader_class =
-        soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ClassLoader);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> class_loader_class =
+        soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ClassLoader);
     if (class_loader_class->IsAssignableFrom(c)) {
       return JDWP::JT_CLASS_LOADER;
     }
@@ -1946,7 +1948,8 @@
   }
   {
     ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(Thread::Current());
-    mirror::Class* java_lang_String = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_String);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> java_lang_String =
+        soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_String);
     if (!java_lang_String->IsAssignableFrom(obj->GetClass())) {
       // This isn't a string.
       return JDWP::ERR_INVALID_STRING;
@@ -2014,7 +2017,7 @@
     expandBufAddObjectId(pReply, JDWP::ObjectId(0));
     error = JDWP::ERR_NONE;
   } else if (error == JDWP::ERR_NONE) {
-    mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread);
     CHECK(c != nullptr);
     ArtField* f = soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread_group);
     CHECK(f != nullptr);
@@ -2038,7 +2041,8 @@
     *error = JDWP::ERR_INVALID_OBJECT;
     return nullptr;
   }
-  mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ThreadGroup);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c =
+      soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ThreadGroup);
   CHECK(c != nullptr);
   if (!c->IsAssignableFrom(thread_group->GetClass())) {
     // This is not a java.lang.ThreadGroup.
diff --git a/runtime/dex_file_annotations.cc b/runtime/dex_file_annotations.cc
index 789a5bd..5763479 100644
--- a/runtime/dex_file_annotations.cc
+++ b/runtime/dex_file_annotations.cc
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@
   }
 
   mirror::Class* annotation_member_class =
-      soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::libcore_reflect_AnnotationMember);
+      soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::libcore_reflect_AnnotationMember).Decode();
   mirror::Class* annotation_member_array_class =
       class_linker->FindArrayClass(self, &annotation_member_class);
   if (annotation_member_array_class == nullptr) {
@@ -782,7 +782,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(self);
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(self);
   Handle<mirror::Class> annotation_array_class(hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_annotation_Annotation__array)));
+      soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_annotation_Annotation__array)));
   if (annotation_set == nullptr) {
     return mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>::Alloc(self, annotation_array_class.Get(), 0);
   }
@@ -840,7 +840,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(self);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
   mirror::Class* annotation_array_class =
-      soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_annotation_Annotation__array);
+      soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_annotation_Annotation__array).Decode();
   mirror::Class* annotation_array_array_class =
       Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->FindArrayClass(self, &annotation_array_class);
   if (annotation_array_array_class == nullptr) {
diff --git a/runtime/dex_file_test.cc b/runtime/dex_file_test.cc
index 8dd5f37..8e1501f 100644
--- a/runtime/dex_file_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/dex_file_test.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
 #include "mem_map.h"
 #include "os.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/dex_file_verifier_test.cc b/runtime/dex_file_verifier_test.cc
index c5a4d75..e392870 100644
--- a/runtime/dex_file_verifier_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/dex_file_verifier_test.cc
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
 #include "leb128.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/dex_method_iterator_test.cc b/runtime/dex_method_iterator_test.cc
index 2681ad0..9f28c8c 100644
--- a/runtime/dex_method_iterator_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/dex_method_iterator_test.cc
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include "base/stl_util.h"
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "oat_file.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/entrypoints/entrypoint_utils.cc b/runtime/entrypoints/entrypoint_utils.cc
index bfa2b69..38ee468 100644
--- a/runtime/entrypoints/entrypoint_utils.cc
+++ b/runtime/entrypoints/entrypoint_utils.cc
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 #include "nth_caller_visitor.h"
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
 #include "reflection.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
           CHECK(soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending());
           return zero;
         }
-        soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* >(args_jobj)->Set<false>(i, val);
+        soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>>(args_jobj)->Set<false>(i, val);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -187,13 +187,13 @@
       return zero;
     } else {
       ArtMethod* interface_method =
-          soa.Decode<mirror::Method*>(interface_method_jobj)->GetArtMethod();
+          soa.Decode<mirror::Method>(interface_method_jobj)->GetArtMethod();
       // This can cause thread suspension.
       PointerSize pointer_size = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->GetImagePointerSize();
       mirror::Class* result_type = interface_method->GetReturnType(true /* resolve */, pointer_size);
-      mirror::Object* result_ref = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(result);
+      ObjPtr<mirror::Object> result_ref = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(result);
       JValue result_unboxed;
-      if (!UnboxPrimitiveForResult(result_ref, result_type, &result_unboxed)) {
+      if (!UnboxPrimitiveForResult(result_ref.Decode(), result_type, &result_unboxed)) {
         DCHECK(soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending());
         return zero;
       }
@@ -207,9 +207,9 @@
       bool declares_exception = false;
       {
         ScopedAssertNoThreadSuspension ants(__FUNCTION__);
-        mirror::Object* rcvr = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(rcvr_jobj);
+        ObjPtr<mirror::Object> rcvr = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(rcvr_jobj);
         mirror::Class* proxy_class = rcvr->GetClass();
-        mirror::Method* interface_method = soa.Decode<mirror::Method*>(interface_method_jobj);
+        ObjPtr<mirror::Method> interface_method = soa.Decode<mirror::Method>(interface_method_jobj);
         ArtMethod* proxy_method = rcvr->GetClass()->FindVirtualMethodForInterface(
             interface_method->GetArtMethod(), kRuntimePointerSize);
         auto virtual_methods = proxy_class->GetVirtualMethodsSlice(kRuntimePointerSize);
diff --git a/runtime/entrypoints/jni/jni_entrypoints.cc b/runtime/entrypoints/jni/jni_entrypoints.cc
index 22226c1..fd23ced 100644
--- a/runtime/entrypoints/jni/jni_entrypoints.cc
+++ b/runtime/entrypoints/jni/jni_entrypoints.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "entrypoints/entrypoint_utils.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/entrypoints/quick/quick_trampoline_entrypoints.cc b/runtime/entrypoints/quick/quick_trampoline_entrypoints.cc
index cfd948e..c52bc8e 100644
--- a/runtime/entrypoints/quick/quick_trampoline_entrypoints.cc
+++ b/runtime/entrypoints/quick/quick_trampoline_entrypoints.cc
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
 #include "quick_exception_handler.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "stack.h"
 #include "debugger.h"
 
@@ -834,7 +834,7 @@
 void BuildQuickArgumentVisitor::FixupReferences() {
   // Fixup any references which may have changed.
   for (const auto& pair : references_) {
-    pair.second->Assign(soa_->Decode<mirror::Object*>(pair.first));
+    pair.second->Assign(soa_->Decode<mirror::Object>(pair.first).Decode());
     soa_->Env()->DeleteLocalRef(pair.first);
   }
 }
@@ -926,7 +926,7 @@
 void RememberForGcArgumentVisitor::FixupReferences() {
   // Fixup any references which may have changed.
   for (const auto& pair : references_) {
-    pair.second->Assign(soa_->Decode<mirror::Object*>(pair.first));
+    pair.second->Assign(soa_->Decode<mirror::Object>(pair.first).Decode());
     soa_->Env()->DeleteLocalRef(pair.first);
   }
 }
diff --git a/runtime/gc/accounting/card_table_test.cc b/runtime/gc/accounting/card_table_test.cc
index 819cb85..67ab14c 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/accounting/card_table_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/accounting/card_table_test.cc
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"  // Strings are easiest to allocate
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread_pool.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/gc/collector/concurrent_copying.cc b/runtime/gc/collector/concurrent_copying.cc
index ab8942a..8b91075 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/collector/concurrent_copying.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/collector/concurrent_copying.cc
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 #include "intern_table.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
diff --git a/runtime/gc/collector/mark_sweep.cc b/runtime/gc/collector/mark_sweep.cc
index ad3dd33..b89d99c 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/collector/mark_sweep.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/collector/mark_sweep.cc
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 #include "mark_sweep-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/gc/heap.cc b/runtime/gc/heap.cc
index 4e6dd2b..88e4624 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/heap.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/heap.cc
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
 #include "intern_table.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "jit/jit_code_cache.h"
+#include "obj_ptr-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@
 #include "reflection.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
@@ -1507,13 +1508,14 @@
       << static_cast<int>(100 * managed_utilization) << "%.";
 }
 
-bool Heap::IsValidObjectAddress(const mirror::Object* obj) const {
+bool Heap::IsValidObjectAddress(ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj) const {
   // Note: we deliberately don't take the lock here, and mustn't test anything that would require
   // taking the lock.
   if (obj == nullptr) {
     return true;
   }
-  return IsAligned<kObjectAlignment>(obj) && FindSpaceFromObject(obj, true) != nullptr;
+  return IsAligned<kObjectAlignment>(obj.Decode()) &&
+      FindSpaceFromObject(obj.Decode(), true) != nullptr;
 }
 
 bool Heap::IsNonDiscontinuousSpaceHeapAddress(const mirror::Object* obj) const {
@@ -3565,9 +3567,9 @@
   max_allowed_footprint_ = max_allowed_footprint;
 }
 
-bool Heap::IsMovableObject(const mirror::Object* obj) const {
+bool Heap::IsMovableObject(ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj) const {
   if (kMovingCollector) {
-    space::Space* space = FindContinuousSpaceFromObject(obj, true);
+    space::Space* space = FindContinuousSpaceFromObject(obj.Decode(), true);
     if (space != nullptr) {
       // TODO: Check large object?
       return space->CanMoveObjects();
@@ -3727,7 +3729,7 @@
   args[0].l = arg.get();
   InvokeWithJValues(soa, nullptr, WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ref_FinalizerReference_add, args);
   // Restore object in case it gets moved.
-  *object = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(arg.get());
+  *object = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(arg.get()).Decode();
 }
 
 void Heap::RequestConcurrentGCAndSaveObject(Thread* self, bool force_full, mirror::Object** obj) {
diff --git a/runtime/gc/heap.h b/runtime/gc/heap.h
index 10bebef..e32f057 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/heap.h
+++ b/runtime/gc/heap.h
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include "gc/collector_type.h"
 #include "gc/space/large_object_space.h"
 #include "globals.h"
+#include "obj_ptr.h"
 #include "object_callbacks.h"
 #include "offsets.h"
 #include "process_state.h"
@@ -274,7 +275,7 @@
   // A weaker test than IsLiveObject or VerifyObject that doesn't require the heap lock,
   // and doesn't abort on error, allowing the caller to report more
   // meaningful diagnostics.
-  bool IsValidObjectAddress(const mirror::Object* obj) const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  bool IsValidObjectAddress(ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj) const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Faster alternative to IsHeapAddress since finding if an object is in the large object space is
   // very slow.
@@ -290,7 +291,7 @@
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_, Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Returns true if there is any chance that the object (obj) will move.
-  bool IsMovableObject(const mirror::Object* obj) const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  bool IsMovableObject(ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj) const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Enables us to compacting GC until objects are released.
   void IncrementDisableMovingGC(Thread* self) REQUIRES(!*gc_complete_lock_);
diff --git a/runtime/gc/heap_test.cc b/runtime/gc/heap_test.cc
index a3cefd9..515a6fd 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/heap_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/heap_test.cc
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace gc {
diff --git a/runtime/gc/reference_processor.cc b/runtime/gc/reference_processor.cc
index e172f85..9694597 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/reference_processor.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/reference_processor.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "reference_processor-inl.h"
 #include "reflection.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "task_processor.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
diff --git a/runtime/gc/reference_queue_test.cc b/runtime/gc/reference_queue_test.cc
index 2a1635d..5b8a3c2 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/reference_queue_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/reference_queue_test.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "reference_queue.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace gc {
diff --git a/runtime/gc/space/large_object_space.cc b/runtime/gc/space/large_object_space.cc
index 16d1f93..0030326 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/space/large_object_space.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/space/large_object_space.cc
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include "base/stl_util.h"
 #include "image.h"
 #include "os.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "space-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/gc/space/space_create_test.cc b/runtime/gc/space/space_create_test.cc
index 170f927..7bc4dc4 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/space/space_create_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/space/space_create_test.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "dlmalloc_space.h"
 #include "rosalloc_space.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace gc {
diff --git a/runtime/gc/space/space_test.h b/runtime/gc/space/space_test.h
index bd600fe..17d7c87 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/space/space_test.h
+++ b/runtime/gc/space/space_test.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class_loader.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 #include "zygote_space.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/gc/system_weak_test.cc b/runtime/gc/system_weak_test.cc
index 7c1ec8a..af8a444 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/system_weak_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/system_weak_test.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "heap.h"
 #include "mirror/string.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/gc/task_processor.cc b/runtime/gc/task_processor.cc
index a49121b..0704a68 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/task_processor.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/task_processor.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include "task_processor.h"
 
 #include "base/time_utils.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace gc {
diff --git a/runtime/handle_scope-inl.h b/runtime/handle_scope-inl.h
index 2e1b8ed..75a0391 100644
--- a/runtime/handle_scope-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/handle_scope-inl.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include "base/mutex.h"
 #include "handle.h"
+#include "obj_ptr-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "verify_object-inl.h"
 
@@ -107,12 +108,21 @@
   return h;
 }
 
+template<size_t kNumReferences> template<class MirrorType, bool kPoison>
+inline MutableHandle<MirrorType> StackHandleScope<kNumReferences>::NewHandle(
+    ObjPtr<MirrorType, kPoison> object) {
+  return NewHandle(object.Decode());
+}
+
 template<size_t kNumReferences> template<class T>
 inline HandleWrapper<T> StackHandleScope<kNumReferences>::NewHandleWrapper(T** object) {
-  SetReference(pos_, *object);
-  MutableHandle<T> h(GetHandle<T>(pos_));
-  pos_++;
-  return HandleWrapper<T>(object, h);
+  return HandleWrapper<T>(object, NewHandle(*object));
+}
+
+template<size_t kNumReferences> template<class T>
+inline HandleWrapperObjPtr<T> StackHandleScope<kNumReferences>::NewHandleWrapper(
+    ObjPtr<T>* object) {
+  return HandleWrapperObjPtr<T>(object, NewHandle(*object));
 }
 
 template<size_t kNumReferences>
diff --git a/runtime/handle_scope.h b/runtime/handle_scope.h
index 37eed99..2b283ae 100644
--- a/runtime/handle_scope.h
+++ b/runtime/handle_scope.h
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
 #include "verify_object.h"
 
 namespace art {
+
+template<class MirrorType, bool kPoison> class ObjPtr;
+
 namespace mirror {
 class Object;
 }
@@ -125,7 +128,7 @@
 };
 
 // A wrapper which wraps around Object** and restores the pointer in the destructor.
-// TODO: Add more functionality.
+// TODO: Delete
 template<class T>
 class HandleWrapper : public MutableHandle<T> {
  public:
@@ -143,6 +146,26 @@
   T** const obj_;
 };
 
+
+// A wrapper which wraps around ObjPtr<Object>* and restores the pointer in the destructor.
+// TODO: Add more functionality.
+template<class T>
+class HandleWrapperObjPtr : public MutableHandle<T> {
+ public:
+  HandleWrapperObjPtr(ObjPtr<T>* obj, const MutableHandle<T>& handle)
+      : MutableHandle<T>(handle), obj_(obj) {}
+
+  HandleWrapperObjPtr(const HandleWrapperObjPtr&) = default;
+
+  ~HandleWrapperObjPtr() {
+    *obj_ = ObjPtr<T>(MutableHandle<T>::Get());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  ObjPtr<T>* const obj_;
+};
+
+
 // Scoped handle storage of a fixed size that is usually stack allocated.
 template<size_t kNumReferences>
 class PACKED(4) StackHandleScope FINAL : public HandleScope {
@@ -157,6 +180,14 @@
   ALWAYS_INLINE HandleWrapper<T> NewHandleWrapper(T** object)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  template<class T>
+  ALWAYS_INLINE HandleWrapperObjPtr<T> NewHandleWrapper(ObjPtr<T>* object)
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
+  template<class MirrorType, bool kPoison>
+  ALWAYS_INLINE MutableHandle<MirrorType> NewHandle(ObjPtr<MirrorType, kPoison> object)
+    REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   ALWAYS_INLINE void SetReference(size_t i, mirror::Object* object)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
diff --git a/runtime/handle_scope_test.cc b/runtime/handle_scope_test.cc
index 58f3800..c269a37 100644
--- a/runtime/handle_scope_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/handle_scope_test.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include "base/enums.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/hprof/hprof.cc b/runtime/hprof/hprof.cc
index 921dde1..ecb2157 100644
--- a/runtime/hprof/hprof.cc
+++ b/runtime/hprof/hprof.cc
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "os.h"
 #include "safe_map.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/image.cc b/runtime/image.cc
index 7e6790a..299d5fd 100644
--- a/runtime/image.cc
+++ b/runtime/image.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 namespace art {
 
 const uint8_t ImageHeader::kImageMagic[] = { 'a', 'r', 't', '\n' };
-const uint8_t ImageHeader::kImageVersion[] = { '0', '3', '0', '\0' };
+const uint8_t ImageHeader::kImageVersion[] = { '0', '3', '1', '\0' };
 
 ImageHeader::ImageHeader(uint32_t image_begin,
                          uint32_t image_size,
diff --git a/runtime/indirect_reference_table.cc b/runtime/indirect_reference_table.cc
index 1f39a1e..202e472 100644
--- a/runtime/indirect_reference_table.cc
+++ b/runtime/indirect_reference_table.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include "nth_caller_visitor.h"
 #include "reference_table.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 #include "verify_object-inl.h"
diff --git a/runtime/indirect_reference_table_test.cc b/runtime/indirect_reference_table_test.cc
index 61bcadd..58d487d 100644
--- a/runtime/indirect_reference_table_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/indirect_reference_table_test.cc
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include "class_linker-inl.h"
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/instrumentation_test.cc b/runtime/instrumentation_test.cc
index abe3184..7f9f04f 100644
--- a/runtime/instrumentation_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/instrumentation_test.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "jvalue.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@
   instrumentation::Instrumentation* instr = runtime->GetInstrumentation();
   ClassLinker* class_linker = runtime->GetClassLinker();
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader)));
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader)));
   mirror::Class* klass = class_linker->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LInstrumentation;", loader);
   ASSERT_TRUE(klass != nullptr);
   ArtMethod* method_to_deoptimize = klass->FindDeclaredDirectMethod("instanceMethod", "()V",
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@
   instrumentation::Instrumentation* instr = runtime->GetInstrumentation();
   ClassLinker* class_linker = runtime->GetClassLinker();
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader)));
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader)));
   mirror::Class* klass = class_linker->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LInstrumentation;", loader);
   ASSERT_TRUE(klass != nullptr);
   ArtMethod* method_to_deoptimize = klass->FindDeclaredDirectMethod("instanceMethod", "()V",
diff --git a/runtime/intern_table_test.cc b/runtime/intern_table_test.cc
index 620e15b..74cec57 100644
--- a/runtime/intern_table_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/intern_table_test.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/string.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter.cc b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter.cc
index 0003e72..c270df7 100644
--- a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter.cc
+++ b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter.cc
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include "interpreter_mterp_impl.h"
 #include "interpreter_switch_impl.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "stack.h"
 #include "unstarted_runtime.h"
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
         ScopedThreadStateChange tsc(self, kNative);
         jresult = fn(soa.Env(), klass.get());
       }
-      result->SetL(soa.Decode<Object*>(jresult));
+      result->SetL(soa.Decode<Object>(jresult).Decode());
     } else if (shorty == "V") {
       typedef void (fntype)(JNIEnv*, jclass);
       fntype* const fn = reinterpret_cast<fntype*>(method->GetEntryPointFromJni());
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
         ScopedThreadStateChange tsc(self, kNative);
         jresult = fn(soa.Env(), klass.get(), arg0.get());
       }
-      result->SetL(soa.Decode<Object*>(jresult));
+      result->SetL(soa.Decode<Object>(jresult).Decode());
     } else if (shorty == "IIZ") {
       typedef jint (fntype)(JNIEnv*, jclass, jint, jboolean);
       fntype* const fn = reinterpret_cast<fntype*>(method->GetEntryPointFromJni());
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
         ScopedThreadStateChange tsc(self, kNative);
         jresult = fn(soa.Env(), rcvr.get());
       }
-      result->SetL(soa.Decode<Object*>(jresult));
+      result->SetL(soa.Decode<Object>(jresult).Decode());
     } else if (shorty == "V") {
       typedef void (fntype)(JNIEnv*, jobject);
       fntype* const fn = reinterpret_cast<fntype*>(method->GetEntryPointFromJni());
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@
         ScopedThreadStateChange tsc(self, kNative);
         jresult = fn(soa.Env(), rcvr.get(), arg0.get());
       }
-      result->SetL(soa.Decode<Object*>(jresult));
+      result->SetL(soa.Decode<Object>(jresult).Decode());
       ScopedThreadStateChange tsc(self, kNative);
     } else if (shorty == "III") {
       typedef jint (fntype)(JNIEnv*, jobject, jint, jint);
diff --git a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.h b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.h
index 814adf7..0feb013 100644
--- a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.h
+++ b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.h
@@ -254,9 +254,9 @@
   DCHECK_LT(string_idx % mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheStringCacheSize,
             declaring_class->GetDexFile().NumStringIds());
   mirror::String* string_ptr =
-      mirror::StringDexCachePair::LookupString(declaring_class->GetDexCacheStrings(),
-                                               string_idx,
-                                               mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheStringCacheSize).Read();
+      mirror::StringDexCachePair::Lookup(declaring_class->GetDexCacheStrings(),
+                                         string_idx,
+                                         mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheStringCacheSize).Read();
   if (UNLIKELY(string_ptr == nullptr)) {
     StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
     Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(declaring_class->GetDexCache()));
diff --git a/runtime/interpreter/unstarted_runtime.cc b/runtime/interpreter/unstarted_runtime.cc
index 98e358b..39846da 100644
--- a/runtime/interpreter/unstarted_runtime.cc
+++ b/runtime/interpreter/unstarted_runtime.cc
@@ -1619,9 +1619,9 @@
     uint32_t* args ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, JValue* result) {
   ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(self);
   if (Runtime::Current()->IsActiveTransaction()) {
-    result->SetL(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(self->CreateInternalStackTrace<true>(soa)));
+    result->SetL(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(self->CreateInternalStackTrace<true>(soa)).Decode());
   } else {
-    result->SetL(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(self->CreateInternalStackTrace<false>(soa)));
+    result->SetL(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(self->CreateInternalStackTrace<false>(soa)).Decode());
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/interpreter/unstarted_runtime_test.cc b/runtime/interpreter/unstarted_runtime_test.cc
index ba751ec..6a4add3 100644
--- a/runtime/interpreter/unstarted_runtime_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/interpreter/unstarted_runtime_test.cc
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class_loader.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 #include "transaction.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/java_vm_ext.cc b/runtime/java_vm_ext.cc
index 979495a..0c752ef 100644
--- a/runtime/java_vm_ext.cc
+++ b/runtime/java_vm_ext.cc
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 #include "runtime-inl.h"
 #include "runtime_options.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 
@@ -532,17 +532,17 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-jobject JavaVMExt::AddGlobalRef(Thread* self, mirror::Object* obj) {
+jobject JavaVMExt::AddGlobalRef(Thread* self, ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj) {
   // Check for null after decoding the object to handle cleared weak globals.
   if (obj == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
   WriterMutexLock mu(self, globals_lock_);
-  IndirectRef ref = globals_.Add(IRT_FIRST_SEGMENT, obj);
+  IndirectRef ref = globals_.Add(IRT_FIRST_SEGMENT, obj.Decode());
   return reinterpret_cast<jobject>(ref);
 }
 
-jweak JavaVMExt::AddWeakGlobalRef(Thread* self, mirror::Object* obj) {
+jweak JavaVMExt::AddWeakGlobalRef(Thread* self, ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj) {
   if (obj == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@
   while (UNLIKELY(!MayAccessWeakGlobals(self))) {
     weak_globals_add_condition_.WaitHoldingLocks(self);
   }
-  IndirectRef ref = weak_globals_.Add(IRT_FIRST_SEGMENT, obj);
+  IndirectRef ref = weak_globals_.Add(IRT_FIRST_SEGMENT, obj.Decode());
   return reinterpret_cast<jweak>(ref);
 }
 
@@ -755,15 +755,15 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
     // As the incoming class loader is reachable/alive during the call of this function,
     // it's okay to decode it without worrying about unexpectedly marking it alive.
-    mirror::ClassLoader* loader = soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> loader = soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader);
 
     ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
-    if (class_linker->IsBootClassLoader(soa, loader)) {
+    if (class_linker->IsBootClassLoader(soa, loader.Decode())) {
       loader = nullptr;
       class_loader = nullptr;
     }
 
-    class_loader_allocator = class_linker->GetAllocatorForClassLoader(loader);
+    class_loader_allocator = class_linker->GetAllocatorForClassLoader(loader.Decode());
     CHECK(class_loader_allocator != nullptr);
   }
   if (library != nullptr) {
diff --git a/runtime/java_vm_ext.h b/runtime/java_vm_ext.h
index a10a72f..558ffff 100644
--- a/runtime/java_vm_ext.h
+++ b/runtime/java_vm_ext.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "base/mutex.h"
 #include "indirect_reference_table.h"
+#include "obj_ptr.h"
 #include "reference_table.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -123,10 +124,10 @@
   void BroadcastForNewWeakGlobals() REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       REQUIRES(!weak_globals_lock_);
 
-  jobject AddGlobalRef(Thread* self, mirror::Object* obj)
+  jobject AddGlobalRef(Thread* self, ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!globals_lock_);
 
-  jweak AddWeakGlobalRef(Thread* self, mirror::Object* obj)
+  jweak AddWeakGlobalRef(Thread* self, ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!weak_globals_lock_);
 
   void DeleteGlobalRef(Thread* self, jobject obj) REQUIRES(!globals_lock_);
diff --git a/runtime/jdwp/jdwp_event.cc b/runtime/jdwp/jdwp_event.cc
index e2d29fe..6aebe9f 100644
--- a/runtime/jdwp/jdwp_event.cc
+++ b/runtime/jdwp/jdwp_event.cc
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 #include "jdwp/jdwp_expand_buf.h"
 #include "jdwp/jdwp_priv.h"
 #include "jdwp/object_registry.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
diff --git a/runtime/jdwp/jdwp_handler.cc b/runtime/jdwp/jdwp_handler.cc
index f6008ac..0f2d188 100644
--- a/runtime/jdwp/jdwp_handler.cc
+++ b/runtime/jdwp/jdwp_handler.cc
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 #include "jdwp/jdwp_expand_buf.h"
 #include "jdwp/jdwp_priv.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/jdwp/jdwp_main.cc b/runtime/jdwp/jdwp_main.cc
index dbf04fe..e3bf3e5 100644
--- a/runtime/jdwp/jdwp_main.cc
+++ b/runtime/jdwp/jdwp_main.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include "base/time_utils.h"
 #include "debugger.h"
 #include "jdwp/jdwp_priv.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/jdwp/object_registry.cc b/runtime/jdwp/object_registry.cc
index 5989b61..9ba62c9 100644
--- a/runtime/jdwp/object_registry.cc
+++ b/runtime/jdwp/object_registry.cc
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "jni_internal.h"
 #include "mirror/class.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/jit/jit_code_cache.cc b/runtime/jit/jit_code_cache.cc
index c9227b1..2c6b249 100644
--- a/runtime/jit/jit_code_cache.cc
+++ b/runtime/jit/jit_code_cache.cc
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 #include "linear_alloc.h"
 #include "mem_map.h"
 #include "oat_file-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/jit/profile_compilation_info_test.cc b/runtime/jit/profile_compilation_info_test.cc
index c8f4d94..764458a 100644
--- a/runtime/jit/profile_compilation_info_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/jit/profile_compilation_info_test.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class_loader.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "jit/offline_profiling_info.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/jit/profile_saver.cc b/runtime/jit/profile_saver.cc
index a4bc3fc..d23821b 100644
--- a/runtime/jit/profile_saver.cc
+++ b/runtime/jit/profile_saver.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "base/time_utils.h"
 #include "compiler_filter.h"
 #include "oat_file_manager.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/jit/profiling_info.cc b/runtime/jit/profiling_info.cc
index 216df2f..6ba187e 100644
--- a/runtime/jit/profiling_info.cc
+++ b/runtime/jit/profiling_info.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "dex_instruction.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "jit/jit_code_cache.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/jni_internal.cc b/runtime/jni_internal.cc
index a11f9ab..7b27578 100644
--- a/runtime/jni_internal.cc
+++ b/runtime/jni_internal.cc
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 #include "reflection.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
 #include "safe_map.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 #include "utf.h"
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
                                  "%s is null at index %d", kind, idx);
 }
 
-static mirror::Class* EnsureInitialized(Thread* self, mirror::Class* klass)
+static ObjPtr<mirror::Class> EnsureInitialized(Thread* self, ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   if (LIKELY(klass->IsInitialized())) {
     return klass;
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
 static jmethodID FindMethodID(ScopedObjectAccess& soa, jclass jni_class,
                               const char* name, const char* sig, bool is_static)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  mirror::Class* c = EnsureInitialized(soa.Self(), soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(jni_class));
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = EnsureInitialized(soa.Self(), soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(jni_class));
   if (c == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -143,31 +143,31 @@
     }
   }
   if (method == nullptr || method->IsStatic() != is_static) {
-    ThrowNoSuchMethodError(soa, c, name, sig, is_static ? "static" : "non-static");
+    ThrowNoSuchMethodError(soa, c.Decode(), name, sig, is_static ? "static" : "non-static");
     return nullptr;
   }
   return soa.EncodeMethod(method);
 }
 
-static mirror::ClassLoader* GetClassLoader(const ScopedObjectAccess& soa)
+static ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> GetClassLoader(const ScopedObjectAccess& soa)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   ArtMethod* method = soa.Self()->GetCurrentMethod(nullptr);
   // If we are running Runtime.nativeLoad, use the overriding ClassLoader it set.
   if (method == soa.DecodeMethod(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Runtime_nativeLoad)) {
-    return soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(soa.Self()->GetClassLoaderOverride());
+    return soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(soa.Self()->GetClassLoaderOverride());
   }
   // If we have a method, use its ClassLoader for context.
   if (method != nullptr) {
     return method->GetDeclaringClass()->GetClassLoader();
   }
   // We don't have a method, so try to use the system ClassLoader.
-  mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader =
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(Runtime::Current()->GetSystemClassLoader());
+  ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader =
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(Runtime::Current()->GetSystemClassLoader());
   if (class_loader != nullptr) {
     return class_loader;
   }
   // See if the override ClassLoader is set for gtests.
-  class_loader = soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(soa.Self()->GetClassLoaderOverride());
+  class_loader = soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(soa.Self()->GetClassLoaderOverride());
   if (class_loader != nullptr) {
     // If so, CommonCompilerTest should have marked the runtime as a compiler not compiling an
     // image.
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::Class> c(
-      hs.NewHandle(EnsureInitialized(soa.Self(), soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(jni_class))));
+      hs.NewHandle(EnsureInitialized(soa.Self(), soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(jni_class))));
   if (c.Get() == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@
   if (mid == nullptr) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
     LOG(ERROR) << "No <init>" << signature << " in "
-        << PrettyClass(soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(exception_class));
+        << PrettyClass(soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(exception_class));
     return JNI_ERR;
   }
 
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@
     return JNI_ERR;
   }
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  soa.Self()->SetException(soa.Decode<mirror::Throwable*>(exception.get()));
+  soa.Self()->SetException(soa.Decode<mirror::Throwable>(exception.get()).Decode());
   return JNI_OK;
 }
 
@@ -363,12 +363,12 @@
   static jfieldID FromReflectedField(JNIEnv* env, jobject jlr_field) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT(jlr_field);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* obj_field = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jlr_field);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj_field = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jlr_field);
     if (obj_field->GetClass() != mirror::Field::StaticClass()) {
       // Not even a java.lang.reflect.Field, return null. TODO, is this check necessary?
       return nullptr;
     }
-    auto* field = static_cast<mirror::Field*>(obj_field);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Field> field = down_cast<mirror::Field*>(obj_field.Decode());
     return soa.EncodeField(field->GetArtField());
   }
 
@@ -398,14 +398,14 @@
   static jclass GetObjectClass(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_object) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT(java_object);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_object);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_object);
     return soa.AddLocalReference<jclass>(o->GetClass());
   }
 
   static jclass GetSuperclass(JNIEnv* env, jclass java_class) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT(java_class);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(java_class);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(java_class);
     return soa.AddLocalReference<jclass>(c->IsInterface() ? nullptr : c->GetSuperClass());
   }
 
@@ -415,9 +415,9 @@
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN(java_class1, JNI_FALSE);
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN(java_class2, JNI_FALSE);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Class* c1 = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(java_class1);
-    mirror::Class* c2 = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(java_class2);
-    return c2->IsAssignableFrom(c1) ? JNI_TRUE : JNI_FALSE;
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c1 = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(java_class1);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c2 = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(java_class2);
+    return c2->IsAssignableFrom(c1.Decode()) ? JNI_TRUE : JNI_FALSE;
   }
 
   static jboolean IsInstanceOf(JNIEnv* env, jobject jobj, jclass java_class) {
@@ -427,19 +427,19 @@
       return JNI_TRUE;
     } else {
       ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-      mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jobj);
-      mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(java_class);
+      ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jobj);
+      ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(java_class);
       return obj->InstanceOf(c) ? JNI_TRUE : JNI_FALSE;
     }
   }
 
   static jint Throw(JNIEnv* env, jthrowable java_exception) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Throwable* exception = soa.Decode<mirror::Throwable*>(java_exception);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Throwable> exception = soa.Decode<mirror::Throwable>(java_exception);
     if (exception == nullptr) {
       return JNI_ERR;
     }
-    soa.Self()->SetException(exception);
+    soa.Self()->SetException(exception.Decode());
     return JNI_OK;
   }
 
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@
 
   static jobject PopLocalFrame(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_survivor) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* survivor = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_survivor);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> survivor = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_survivor);
     soa.Env()->PopFrame();
     return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(survivor);
   }
@@ -522,8 +522,8 @@
 
   static jobject NewGlobalRef(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* decoded_obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(obj);
-    return soa.Vm()->AddGlobalRef(soa.Self(), decoded_obj);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> decoded_obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(obj);
+    return soa.Vm()->AddGlobalRef(soa.Self(), decoded_obj.Decode());
   }
 
   static void DeleteGlobalRef(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj) {
@@ -534,8 +534,8 @@
 
   static jweak NewWeakGlobalRef(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* decoded_obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(obj);
-    return soa.Vm()->AddWeakGlobalRef(soa.Self(), decoded_obj);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> decoded_obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(obj);
+    return soa.Vm()->AddWeakGlobalRef(soa.Self(), decoded_obj.Decode());
   }
 
   static void DeleteWeakGlobalRef(JNIEnv* env, jweak obj) {
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@
 
   static jobject NewLocalRef(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* decoded_obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(obj);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> decoded_obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(obj);
     // Check for null after decoding the object to handle cleared weak globals.
     if (decoded_obj == nullptr) {
       return nullptr;
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@
       return JNI_TRUE;
     } else {
       ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-      return (soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(obj1) == soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(obj2))
+      return (soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(obj1) == soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(obj2))
               ? JNI_TRUE : JNI_FALSE;
     }
   }
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@
   static jobject AllocObject(JNIEnv* env, jclass java_class) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT(java_class);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Class* c = EnsureInitialized(soa.Self(), soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(java_class));
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = EnsureInitialized(soa.Self(), soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(java_class));
     if (c == nullptr) {
       return nullptr;
     }
@@ -613,7 +613,8 @@
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT(java_class);
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT(mid);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Class* c = EnsureInitialized(soa.Self(), soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(java_class));
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = EnsureInitialized(soa.Self(),
+                                                soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(java_class));
     if (c == nullptr) {
       return nullptr;
     }
@@ -639,7 +640,8 @@
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT(java_class);
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT(mid);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Class* c = EnsureInitialized(soa.Self(), soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(java_class));
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = EnsureInitialized(soa.Self(),
+                                                soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(java_class));
     if (c == nullptr) {
       return nullptr;
     }
@@ -1223,9 +1225,9 @@
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT(obj);
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT(fid);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(obj);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(obj);
     ArtField* f = soa.DecodeField(fid);
-    return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(f->GetObject(o));
+    return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(f->GetObject(o.Decode()));
   }
 
   static jobject GetStaticObjectField(JNIEnv* env, jclass, jfieldID fid) {
@@ -1239,27 +1241,27 @@
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_VOID(java_object);
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_VOID(fid);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_object);
-    mirror::Object* v = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_value);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_object);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> v = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_value);
     ArtField* f = soa.DecodeField(fid);
-    f->SetObject<false>(o, v);
+    f->SetObject<false>(o.Decode(), v.Decode());
   }
 
   static void SetStaticObjectField(JNIEnv* env, jclass, jfieldID fid, jobject java_value) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_VOID(fid);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* v = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_value);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> v = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_value);
     ArtField* f = soa.DecodeField(fid);
-    f->SetObject<false>(f->GetDeclaringClass(), v);
+    f->SetObject<false>(f->GetDeclaringClass(), v.Decode());
   }
 
 #define GET_PRIMITIVE_FIELD(fn, instance) \
   CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_ZERO(instance); \
   CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_ZERO(fid); \
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env); \
-  mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(instance); \
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(instance); \
   ArtField* f = soa.DecodeField(fid); \
-  return f->Get ##fn (o)
+  return f->Get ##fn (o.Decode())
 
 #define GET_STATIC_PRIMITIVE_FIELD(fn) \
   CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_ZERO(fid); \
@@ -1271,9 +1273,9 @@
   CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_VOID(instance); \
   CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_VOID(fid); \
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env); \
-  mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(instance); \
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(instance); \
   ArtField* f = soa.DecodeField(fid); \
-  f->Set ##fn <false>(o, value)
+  f->Set ##fn <false>(o.Decode(), value)
 
 #define SET_STATIC_PRIMITIVE_FIELD(fn, value) \
   CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_VOID(fid); \
@@ -1657,20 +1659,20 @@
   static jsize GetStringLength(JNIEnv* env, jstring java_string) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_ZERO(java_string);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    return soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_string)->GetLength();
+    return soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_string)->GetLength();
   }
 
   static jsize GetStringUTFLength(JNIEnv* env, jstring java_string) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_ZERO(java_string);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    return soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_string)->GetUtfLength();
+    return soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_string)->GetUtfLength();
   }
 
   static void GetStringRegion(JNIEnv* env, jstring java_string, jsize start, jsize length,
                               jchar* buf) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_VOID(java_string);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::String* s = soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_string);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::String> s = soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_string);
     if (start < 0 || length < 0 || length > s->GetLength() - start) {
       ThrowSIOOBE(soa, start, length, s->GetLength());
     } else {
@@ -1690,7 +1692,7 @@
                                  char* buf) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_VOID(java_string);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::String* s = soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_string);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::String> s = soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_string);
     if (start < 0 || length < 0 || length > s->GetLength() - start) {
       ThrowSIOOBE(soa, start, length, s->GetLength());
     } else {
@@ -1710,7 +1712,7 @@
   static const jchar* GetStringChars(JNIEnv* env, jstring java_string, jboolean* is_copy) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT(java_string);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::String* s = soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_string);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::String> s = soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_string);
     gc::Heap* heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
     if (heap->IsMovableObject(s) || s->IsCompressed()) {
       jchar* chars = new jchar[s->GetLength()];
@@ -1736,7 +1738,7 @@
   static void ReleaseStringChars(JNIEnv* env, jstring java_string, const jchar* chars) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_VOID(java_string);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::String* s = soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_string);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::String> s = soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_string);
     if (s->IsCompressed() || (s->IsCompressed() == false && chars != s->GetValue())) {
       delete[] chars;
     }
@@ -1745,11 +1747,11 @@
   static const jchar* GetStringCritical(JNIEnv* env, jstring java_string, jboolean* is_copy) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT(java_string);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::String* s = soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_string);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::String> s = soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_string);
     gc::Heap* heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
     if (heap->IsMovableObject(s)) {
       StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-      HandleWrapper<mirror::String> h(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&s));
+      HandleWrapperObjPtr<mirror::String> h(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&s));
       if (!kUseReadBarrier) {
         heap->IncrementDisableMovingGC(soa.Self());
       } else {
@@ -1782,7 +1784,7 @@
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_VOID(java_string);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
     gc::Heap* heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
-    mirror::String* s = soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_string);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::String> s = soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_string);
     if (heap->IsMovableObject(s)) {
       if (!kUseReadBarrier) {
         heap->DecrementDisableMovingGC(soa.Self());
@@ -1803,7 +1805,7 @@
       *is_copy = JNI_TRUE;
     }
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::String* s = soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_string);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::String> s = soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_string);
     size_t byte_count = s->GetUtfLength();
     char* bytes = new char[byte_count + 1];
     CHECK(bytes != nullptr);  // bionic aborts anyway.
@@ -1826,7 +1828,7 @@
   static jsize GetArrayLength(JNIEnv* env, jarray java_array) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_ZERO(java_array);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_array);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_array);
     if (UNLIKELY(!obj->IsArrayInstance())) {
       soa.Vm()->JniAbortF("GetArrayLength", "not an array: %s", PrettyTypeOf(obj).c_str());
       return 0;
@@ -1838,8 +1840,8 @@
   static jobject GetObjectArrayElement(JNIEnv* env, jobjectArray java_array, jsize index) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT(java_array);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* array =
-        soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>*>(java_array);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>> array =
+        soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>>(java_array);
     return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(array->Get(index));
   }
 
@@ -1847,10 +1849,10 @@
                                     jobject java_value) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_VOID(java_array);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* array =
-        soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>*>(java_array);
-    mirror::Object* value = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_value);
-    array->Set<false>(index, value);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>> array =
+        soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>>(java_array);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> value = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_value);
+    array->Set<false>(index, value.Decode());
   }
 
   static jbooleanArray NewBooleanArray(JNIEnv* env, jsize length) {
@@ -1893,7 +1895,7 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
     mirror::Class* array_class;
     {
-      mirror::Class* element_class = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(element_jclass);
+      mirror::Class* element_class = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(element_jclass).Decode();
       if (UNLIKELY(element_class->IsPrimitive())) {
         soa.Vm()->JniAbortF("NewObjectArray", "not an object type: %s",
                             PrettyDescriptor(element_class).c_str());
@@ -1910,7 +1912,7 @@
     mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* result =
         mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>::Alloc(soa.Self(), array_class, length);
     if (result != nullptr && initial_element != nullptr) {
-      mirror::Object* initial_object = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(initial_element);
+      ObjPtr<mirror::Object> initial_object = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(initial_element);
       if (initial_object != nullptr) {
         mirror::Class* element_class = result->GetClass()->GetComponentType();
         if (UNLIKELY(!element_class->IsAssignableFrom(initial_object->GetClass()))) {
@@ -1921,7 +1923,7 @@
           return nullptr;
         } else {
           for (jsize i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
-            result->SetWithoutChecks<false>(i, initial_object);
+            result->SetWithoutChecks<false>(i, initial_object.Decode());
           }
         }
       }
@@ -1936,7 +1938,7 @@
   static void* GetPrimitiveArrayCritical(JNIEnv* env, jarray java_array, jboolean* is_copy) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT(java_array);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Array* array = soa.Decode<mirror::Array*>(java_array);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Array> array = soa.Decode<mirror::Array>(java_array);
     if (UNLIKELY(!array->GetClass()->IsPrimitiveArray())) {
       soa.Vm()->JniAbortF("GetPrimitiveArrayCritical", "expected primitive array, given %s",
                           PrettyDescriptor(array->GetClass()).c_str());
@@ -1952,7 +1954,7 @@
         heap->IncrementDisableThreadFlip(soa.Self());
       }
       // Re-decode in case the object moved since IncrementDisableGC waits for GC to complete.
-      array = soa.Decode<mirror::Array*>(java_array);
+      array = soa.Decode<mirror::Array>(java_array);
     }
     if (is_copy != nullptr) {
       *is_copy = JNI_FALSE;
@@ -1964,14 +1966,14 @@
                                             jint mode) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN_VOID(java_array);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Array* array = soa.Decode<mirror::Array*>(java_array);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Array> array = soa.Decode<mirror::Array>(java_array);
     if (UNLIKELY(!array->GetClass()->IsPrimitiveArray())) {
       soa.Vm()->JniAbortF("ReleasePrimitiveArrayCritical", "expected primitive array, given %s",
                           PrettyDescriptor(array->GetClass()).c_str());
       return;
     }
     const size_t component_size = array->GetClass()->GetComponentSize();
-    ReleasePrimitiveArray(soa, array, component_size, elements, mode);
+    ReleasePrimitiveArray(soa, array.Decode(), component_size, elements, mode);
   }
 
   static jboolean* GetBooleanArrayElements(JNIEnv* env, jbooleanArray array, jboolean* is_copy) {
@@ -2145,7 +2147,7 @@
     }
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_FN_NAME("RegisterNatives", java_class, JNI_ERR);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(java_class);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(java_class);
     if (UNLIKELY(method_count == 0)) {
       LOG(WARNING) << "JNI RegisterNativeMethods: attempt to register 0 native methods for "
           << PrettyDescriptor(c);
@@ -2157,13 +2159,13 @@
       const char* sig = methods[i].signature;
       const void* fnPtr = methods[i].fnPtr;
       if (UNLIKELY(name == nullptr)) {
-        ReportInvalidJNINativeMethod(soa, c, "method name", i, return_errors);
+        ReportInvalidJNINativeMethod(soa, c.Decode(), "method name", i, return_errors);
         return JNI_ERR;
       } else if (UNLIKELY(sig == nullptr)) {
-        ReportInvalidJNINativeMethod(soa, c, "method signature", i, return_errors);
+        ReportInvalidJNINativeMethod(soa, c.Decode(), "method signature", i, return_errors);
         return JNI_ERR;
       } else if (UNLIKELY(fnPtr == nullptr)) {
-        ReportInvalidJNINativeMethod(soa, c, "native function", i, return_errors);
+        ReportInvalidJNINativeMethod(soa, c.Decode(), "native function", i, return_errors);
         return JNI_ERR;
       }
       bool is_fast = false;
@@ -2206,17 +2208,17 @@
       // the parent.
       ArtMethod* m = nullptr;
       bool warn_on_going_to_parent = down_cast<JNIEnvExt*>(env)->vm->IsCheckJniEnabled();
-      for (mirror::Class* current_class = c;
+      for (ObjPtr<mirror::Class> current_class = c;
            current_class != nullptr;
            current_class = current_class->GetSuperClass()) {
         // Search first only comparing methods which are native.
-        m = FindMethod<true>(current_class, name, sig);
+        m = FindMethod<true>(current_class.Decode(), name, sig);
         if (m != nullptr) {
           break;
         }
 
         // Search again comparing to all methods, to find non-native methods that match.
-        m = FindMethod<false>(current_class, name, sig);
+        m = FindMethod<false>(current_class.Decode(), name, sig);
         if (m != nullptr) {
           break;
         }
@@ -2238,14 +2240,14 @@
             << "Failed to register native method "
             << PrettyDescriptor(c) << "." << name << sig << " in "
             << c->GetDexCache()->GetLocation()->ToModifiedUtf8();
-        ThrowNoSuchMethodError(soa, c, name, sig, "static or non-static");
+        ThrowNoSuchMethodError(soa, c.Decode(), name, sig, "static or non-static");
         return JNI_ERR;
       } else if (!m->IsNative()) {
         LOG(return_errors ? ::android::base::ERROR : ::android::base::FATAL)
             << "Failed to register non-native method "
             << PrettyDescriptor(c) << "." << name << sig
             << " as native";
-        ThrowNoSuchMethodError(soa, c, name, sig, "native");
+        ThrowNoSuchMethodError(soa, c.Decode(), name, sig, "native");
         return JNI_ERR;
       }
 
@@ -2260,7 +2262,7 @@
   static jint UnregisterNatives(JNIEnv* env, jclass java_class) {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN(java_class, JNI_ERR);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(java_class);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(java_class);
 
     VLOG(jni) << "[Unregistering JNI native methods for " << PrettyClass(c) << "]";
 
@@ -2283,24 +2285,24 @@
   static jint MonitorEnter(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_object) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN(java_object, JNI_ERR);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_object);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_object);
     o = o->MonitorEnter(soa.Self());
     if (soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending()) {
       return JNI_ERR;
     }
-    soa.Env()->monitors.Add(o);
+    soa.Env()->monitors.Add(o.Decode());
     return JNI_OK;
   }
 
   static jint MonitorExit(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_object) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
     CHECK_NON_NULL_ARGUMENT_RETURN(java_object, JNI_ERR);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_object);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_object);
     o->MonitorExit(soa.Self());
     if (soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending()) {
       return JNI_ERR;
     }
-    soa.Env()->monitors.Remove(o);
+    soa.Env()->monitors.Remove(o.Decode());
     return JNI_OK;
   }
 
@@ -2409,7 +2411,7 @@
   static ArtArrayT* DecodeAndCheckArrayType(ScopedObjectAccess& soa, JArrayT java_array,
                                            const char* fn_name, const char* operation)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    ArtArrayT* array = soa.Decode<ArtArrayT*>(java_array);
+    ObjPtr<ArtArrayT> array = soa.Decode<ArtArrayT>(java_array);
     if (UNLIKELY(ArtArrayT::GetArrayClass() != array->GetClass())) {
       soa.Vm()->JniAbortF(fn_name,
                           "attempt to %s %s primitive array elements with an object of type %s",
@@ -2419,7 +2421,7 @@
       return nullptr;
     }
     DCHECK_EQ(sizeof(ElementT), array->GetClass()->GetComponentSize());
-    return array;
+    return array.Decode();
   }
 
   template <typename ArrayT, typename ElementT, typename ArtArrayT>
diff --git a/runtime/jni_internal_test.cc b/runtime/jni_internal_test.cc
index fe0081c..9bd6f6d 100644
--- a/runtime/jni_internal_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/jni_internal_test.cc
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include "java_vm_ext.h"
 #include "jni_env_ext.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
   void ExpectException(jclass exception_class) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env_);
     EXPECT_TRUE(env_->ExceptionCheck())
-        << PrettyDescriptor(soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(exception_class));
+        << PrettyDescriptor(soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(exception_class));
     jthrowable exception = env_->ExceptionOccurred();
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, exception);
     env_->ExceptionClear();
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@
         class_loader_ = LoadDex("MyClassNatives");
         StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
         Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(
-            hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader_)));
+            hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader_)));
         mirror::Class* c = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LMyClassNatives;", loader);
         const auto pointer_size = class_linker_->GetImagePointerSize();
         ArtMethod* method = direct ? c->FindDirectMethod(method_name, method_sig, pointer_size) :
@@ -1598,7 +1598,7 @@
 TEST_F(JniInternalTest, GetStringChars_ReleaseStringChars) {
   jstring s = env_->NewStringUTF("hello");
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env_);
-  mirror::String* s_m = soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(s);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::String> s_m = soa.Decode<mirror::String>(s);
   ASSERT_TRUE(s != nullptr);
 
   jchar expected[] = { 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o' };
@@ -2236,7 +2236,7 @@
 
 static bool IsLocked(JNIEnv* env, jobject jobj) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  LockWord lock_word = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jobj)->GetLockWord(true);
+  LockWord lock_word = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jobj)->GetLockWord(true);
   switch (lock_word.GetState()) {
     case LockWord::kHashCode:
     case LockWord::kUnlocked:
diff --git a/runtime/jobject_comparator.cc b/runtime/jobject_comparator.cc
index 1f424b3..443f095 100644
--- a/runtime/jobject_comparator.cc
+++ b/runtime/jobject_comparator.cc
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include "mirror/array-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@
   }
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::Object> obj1(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jobj1)));
-  Handle<mirror::Object> obj2(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(jobj2)));
+  Handle<mirror::Object> obj1(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jobj1)));
+  Handle<mirror::Object> obj2(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(jobj2)));
   if (obj1.Get() == nullptr) {
     return true;
   } else if (obj2.Get() == nullptr) {
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/class.h b/runtime/mirror/class.h
index 548087e..6c1259b 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/class.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/class.h
@@ -54,9 +54,10 @@
 class DexCache;
 class IfTable;
 class Method;
-struct StringDexCachePair;
+template <typename T> struct PACKED(8) DexCachePair;
 
-using StringDexCacheType = std::atomic<mirror::StringDexCachePair>;
+using StringDexCachePair = DexCachePair<mirror::String>;
+using StringDexCacheType = std::atomic<StringDexCachePair>;
 
 // C++ mirror of java.lang.Class
 class MANAGED Class FINAL : public Object {
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h
index 220979a..477402a 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "base/enums.h"
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "mirror/class.h"
+#include "oat_file.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
 
 #include <atomic>
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@
 
 inline mirror::String* DexCache::GetResolvedString(uint32_t string_idx) {
   DCHECK_LT(string_idx, GetDexFile()->NumStringIds());
-  return StringDexCachePair::LookupString(GetStrings(), string_idx, NumStrings()).Read();
+  return StringDexCachePair::Lookup(GetStrings(), string_idx, NumStrings()).Read();
 }
 
 inline void DexCache::SetResolvedString(uint32_t string_idx, mirror::String* resolved) {
@@ -61,10 +62,10 @@
   DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->IsAotCompiler());
   StringDexCacheType* slot = &GetStrings()[slot_idx];
   // This is racy but should only be called from the transactional interpreter.
-  if (slot->load(std::memory_order_relaxed).string_index == string_idx) {
+  if (slot->load(std::memory_order_relaxed).index == string_idx) {
     StringDexCachePair cleared(
         nullptr,
-        StringDexCachePair::InvalidStringIndexForSlot(slot_idx));
+        StringDexCachePair::InvalidIndexForSlot(slot_idx));
     slot->store(cleared, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   }
 }
@@ -155,11 +156,11 @@
     mirror::StringDexCacheType* strings = GetStrings();
     for (size_t i = 0, num_strings = NumStrings(); i != num_strings; ++i) {
       StringDexCachePair source = strings[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-      mirror::String* before = source.string_pointer.Read<kReadBarrierOption>();
+      mirror::String* before = source.object.Read<kReadBarrierOption>();
       GcRoot<mirror::String> root(before);
       visitor.VisitRootIfNonNull(root.AddressWithoutBarrier());
       if (root.Read() != before) {
-        source.string_pointer = GcRoot<String>(root.Read());
+        source.object = GcRoot<String>(root.Read());
         strings[i].store(source, std::memory_order_relaxed);
       }
     }
@@ -167,6 +168,11 @@
     for (size_t i = 0, num_types = NumResolvedTypes(); i != num_types; ++i) {
       visitor.VisitRootIfNonNull(resolved_types[i].AddressWithoutBarrier());
     }
+    if (GetDexFile() != nullptr && GetDexFile()->GetOatDexFile() != nullptr) {
+      for (GcRoot<Object>& root : OatFile::GetBssRoots(GetDexFile()->GetOatDexFile())) {
+        visitor.VisitRootIfNonNull(root.AddressWithoutBarrier());
+      }
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -175,9 +181,9 @@
   mirror::StringDexCacheType* src = GetStrings();
   for (size_t i = 0, count = NumStrings(); i < count; ++i) {
     StringDexCachePair source = src[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-    mirror::String* ptr = source.string_pointer.Read<kReadBarrierOption>();
+    mirror::String* ptr = source.object.Read<kReadBarrierOption>();
     mirror::String* new_source = visitor(ptr);
-    source.string_pointer = GcRoot<String>(new_source);
+    source.object = GcRoot<String>(new_source);
     dest[i].store(source, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   }
 }
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.h b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.h
index 7d4021f..d81dedc 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.h
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@
 
 class String;
 
-struct PACKED(8) StringDexCachePair {
-  GcRoot<String> string_pointer;
-  uint32_t string_index;
+template <typename T> struct PACKED(8) DexCachePair {
+  GcRoot<T> object;
+  uint32_t index;
   // The array is initially [ {0,0}, {0,0}, {0,0} ... ]
   // We maintain the invariant that once a dex cache entry is populated,
   // the pointer is always non-0
@@ -45,47 +45,51 @@
   // {non-0, non-0} OR {0,0}
   //
   // It's generally sufficiently enough then to check if the
-  // lookup string index matches the stored string index (for a >0 string index)
+  // lookup index matches the stored index (for a >0 lookup index)
   // because if it's true the pointer is also non-null.
   //
   // For the 0th entry which is a special case, the value is either
   // {0,0} (initial state) or {non-0, 0} which indicates
-  // that a valid string is stored at that index for a dex string id of 0.
+  // that a valid object is stored at that index for a dex section id of 0.
   //
-  // As an optimization, we want to avoid branching on the string pointer since
-  // it's always non-null if the string id branch succeeds (except for the 0th string id).
+  // As an optimization, we want to avoid branching on the object pointer since
+  // it's always non-null if the id branch succeeds (except for the 0th id).
   // Set the initial state for the 0th entry to be {0,1} which is guaranteed to fail
-  // the lookup string id == stored id branch.
-  StringDexCachePair(String* string, uint32_t string_idx)
-      : string_pointer(string),
-        string_index(string_idx) {}
-  StringDexCachePair() = default;
-  StringDexCachePair(const StringDexCachePair&) = default;
-  StringDexCachePair& operator=(const StringDexCachePair&) = default;
+  // the lookup id == stored id branch.
+  DexCachePair(T* object, uint32_t index)
+      : object(object),
+        index(index) {}
+  DexCachePair() = default;
+  DexCachePair(const DexCachePair<T>&) = default;
+  DexCachePair& operator=(const DexCachePair<T>&) = default;
 
-  static void Initialize(StringDexCacheType* strings) {
-    mirror::StringDexCachePair first_elem;
-    first_elem.string_pointer = GcRoot<String>(nullptr);
-    first_elem.string_index = InvalidStringIndexForSlot(0);
-    strings[0].store(first_elem, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  static void Initialize(std::atomic<DexCachePair<T>>* dex_cache) {
+    DexCachePair<T> first_elem;
+    first_elem.object = GcRoot<T>(nullptr);
+    first_elem.index = InvalidIndexForSlot(0);
+    dex_cache[0].store(first_elem, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   }
 
-  static GcRoot<String> LookupString(StringDexCacheType* dex_cache,
-                                     uint32_t string_idx,
-                                     uint32_t cache_size) {
-    StringDexCachePair index_string = dex_cache[string_idx % cache_size]
-        .load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-    if (string_idx != index_string.string_index) return GcRoot<String>(nullptr);
-    DCHECK(!index_string.string_pointer.IsNull());
-    return index_string.string_pointer;
+  static GcRoot<T> Lookup(std::atomic<DexCachePair<T>>* dex_cache,
+                          uint32_t idx,
+                          uint32_t cache_size) {
+    DexCachePair<T> element = dex_cache[idx % cache_size].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    if (idx != element.index) {
+      return GcRoot<T>(nullptr);
+    }
+
+    DCHECK(!element.object.IsNull());
+    return element.object;
   }
 
-  static uint32_t InvalidStringIndexForSlot(uint32_t slot) {
+  static uint32_t InvalidIndexForSlot(uint32_t slot) {
     // Since the cache size is a power of two, 0 will always map to slot 0.
     // Use 1 for slot 0 and 0 for all other slots.
     return (slot == 0) ? 1u : 0u;
   }
 };
+
+using StringDexCachePair = DexCachePair<mirror::String>;
 using StringDexCacheType = std::atomic<StringDexCachePair>;
 
 // C++ mirror of java.lang.DexCache.
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache_test.cc b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache_test.cc
index 43ba362..ac04200 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache_test.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class_loader-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/dex_cache-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace mirror {
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
   ClassLinker* const class_linker = runtime->GetClassLinker();
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
   mirror::Class* klass = class_linker->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LMain;", class_loader);
   ASSERT_TRUE(klass != nullptr);
   LinearAlloc* const linear_alloc = klass->GetClassLoader()->GetAllocator();
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
   ClassLinker* const class_linker = runtime->GetClassLinker();
   StackHandleScope<3> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
   Handle<mirror::Class> klass1 =
       hs.NewHandle(class_linker->FindClass(soa.Self(), "Lpackage1/Package1;", class_loader));
   ASSERT_TRUE(klass1.Get() != nullptr);
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/object_test.cc b/runtime/mirror/object_test.cc
index 0f3447e..40ee3a2 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/object_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/object_test.cc
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 #include "obj_ptr.h"
 #include "object-inl.h"
 #include "object_array-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "string-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@
   const DexFile* dex_file = GetFirstDexFile(class_loader);
 
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<ClassLoader*>(class_loader)));
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<ClassLoader>(class_loader)));
   Class* klass = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LStaticsFromCode;", loader);
   ArtMethod* clinit = klass->FindClassInitializer(kRuntimePointerSize);
   const DexFile::TypeId* klass_type_id = dex_file->FindTypeId("LStaticsFromCode;");
@@ -495,8 +495,8 @@
   jobject jclass_loader_1 = LoadDex("ProtoCompare");
   jobject jclass_loader_2 = LoadDex("ProtoCompare2");
   StackHandleScope<4> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<ClassLoader> class_loader_1(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader_1)));
-  Handle<ClassLoader> class_loader_2(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader_2)));
+  Handle<ClassLoader> class_loader_1(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<ClassLoader>(jclass_loader_1)));
+  Handle<ClassLoader> class_loader_2(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<ClassLoader>(jclass_loader_2)));
 
   Class* klass1 = linker->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LProtoCompare;", class_loader_1);
   ASSERT_TRUE(klass1 != nullptr);
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   jobject jclass_loader = LoadDex("XandY");
   StackHandleScope<3> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+  Handle<ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
 
   Class* X = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LX;", class_loader);
   Class* Y = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LY;", class_loader);
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   jobject jclass_loader = LoadDex("XandY");
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+  Handle<ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
   Class* X = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LX;", class_loader);
   Class* Y = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LY;", class_loader);
 
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   jobject jclass_loader = LoadDex("XandY");
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+  Handle<ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
   Class* X = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LX;", class_loader);
   Class* Y = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LY;", class_loader);
   ASSERT_TRUE(X != nullptr);
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@
   EXPECT_FALSE(null_ptr != null_ptr);
   EXPECT_FALSE(null_ptr != nullptr);
   null_ptr.AssertValid();
-  Handle<ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+  Handle<ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
   Handle<mirror::Class> h_X(
       hs.NewHandle(class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LX;", class_loader)));
   ObjPtr<Class, /*kPoison*/ true> X(h_X.Get());
diff --git a/runtime/modifiers.h b/runtime/modifiers.h
index fd7a125..dd32df6 100644
--- a/runtime/modifiers.h
+++ b/runtime/modifiers.h
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@
 
 // Set by the verifier for a method that could not be verified to follow structured locking.
 static constexpr uint32_t kAccMustCountLocks =        0x02000000;  // method (runtime)
+static constexpr uint32_t kAccIntrinsic  =            0x80000000;  // method (runtime)
 
 // Special runtime-only flags.
 // Interface and all its super-interfaces with default methods have been recursively initialized.
@@ -76,6 +77,9 @@
 // class/ancestor overrides finalize()
 static constexpr uint32_t kAccClassIsFinalizable        = 0x80000000;
 
+static constexpr uint32_t kAccFlagsNotUsedByIntrinsic   = 0x007FFFFF;
+static constexpr uint32_t kAccMaxIntrinsic              = 0xFF;
+
 // Valid (meaningful) bits for a field.
 static constexpr uint32_t kAccValidFieldFlags = kAccPublic | kAccPrivate | kAccProtected |
     kAccStatic | kAccFinal | kAccVolatile | kAccTransient | kAccSynthetic | kAccEnum;
diff --git a/runtime/monitor.cc b/runtime/monitor.cc
index 49b83a7..3bc1b06 100644
--- a/runtime/monitor.cc
+++ b/runtime/monitor.cc
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 #include "verifier/method_verifier.h"
diff --git a/runtime/monitor_pool_test.cc b/runtime/monitor_pool_test.cc
index e1837f5..a111c6c 100644
--- a/runtime/monitor_pool_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/monitor_pool_test.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include "monitor_pool.h"
 
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/monitor_test.cc b/runtime/monitor_test.cc
index ac6a4f3..4ee46dc 100644
--- a/runtime/monitor_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/monitor_test.cc
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"  // Strings are easiest to allocate
 #include "object_lock.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread_pool.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_DexFile.cc b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_DexFile.cc
index 384de34..0677d5b 100644
--- a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_DexFile.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_DexFile.cc
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 #include "oat_file_manager.h"
 #include "os.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 #include "utils.h"
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@
   bool all_deleted = true;
   {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* dex_files_object = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(cookie);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Object> dex_files_object = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(cookie);
     mirror::LongArray* long_dex_files = dex_files_object->AsLongArray();
     // Delete dex files associated with this dalvik.system.DexFile since there should not be running
     // code using it. dex_files is a vector due to multidex.
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@
       ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
       StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
       Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-          hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(javaLoader)));
+          hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(javaLoader)));
       class_linker->RegisterDexFile(*dex_file, class_loader.Get());
       mirror::Class* result = class_linker->DefineClass(soa.Self(),
                                                         descriptor.c_str(),
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@
                                                         *dex_class_def);
       // Add the used dex file. This only required for the DexFile.loadClass API since normal
       // class loaders already keep their dex files live.
-      class_linker->InsertDexFileInToClassLoader(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(dexFile),
+      class_linker->InsertDexFileInToClassLoader(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(dexFile).Decode(),
                                                  class_loader.Get());
       if (result != nullptr) {
         VLOG(class_linker) << "DexFile_defineClassNative returning " << result
diff --git a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_InMemoryDexClassLoader_DexData.cc b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_InMemoryDexClassLoader_DexData.cc
index 94933bc..fdced21 100644
--- a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_InMemoryDexClassLoader_DexData.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_InMemoryDexClassLoader_DexData.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class_loader.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "oat_file.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
     ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
     StackHandleScope<1> handle_scope(soa.Self());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-        handle_scope.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(loader)));
+        handle_scope.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(loader)));
     class_linker->RegisterDexFile(*dex_file, class_loader.Get());
     mirror::Class* result = class_linker->DefineClass(
         soa.Self(), class_descriptor, hash, class_loader, *dex_file, *dex_class_def);
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@
       // InMemoryClassLoader/DexData instance now that a class has
       // been loaded.
       class_linker->InsertDexFileInToClassLoader(
-          soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(dexData), class_loader.Get());
+          soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(dexData).Decode(), class_loader.Get());
       return soa.AddLocalReference<jclass>(result);
     }
   }
diff --git a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMDebug.cc b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMDebug.cc
index f09c067..73c4664 100644
--- a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMDebug.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMDebug.cc
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "trace.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
 
@@ -259,11 +259,11 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
   gc::Heap* const heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
   // Caller's responsibility to do GC if desired.
-  mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(javaClass);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(javaClass);
   if (c == nullptr) {
     return 0;
   }
-  std::vector<mirror::Class*> classes {c};
+  std::vector<mirror::Class*> classes {c.Decode()};
   uint64_t count = 0;
   heap->CountInstances(classes, countAssignable, &count);
   return count;
@@ -274,7 +274,8 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
   gc::Heap* const heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
   // Caller's responsibility to do GC if desired.
-  auto* decoded_classes = soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>*>(javaClasses);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>> decoded_classes =
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>>(javaClasses);
   if (decoded_classes == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
diff --git a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMRuntime.cc b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMRuntime.cc
index d88c9d4..c7fb44ec 100644
--- a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMRuntime.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMRuntime.cc
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@
 #include "mirror/dex_cache-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
     ThrowNegativeArraySizeException(length);
     return nullptr;
   }
-  mirror::Class* element_class = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(javaElementClass);
+  mirror::Class* element_class = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(javaElementClass).Decode();
   if (UNLIKELY(element_class == nullptr)) {
     ThrowNullPointerException("element class == null");
     return nullptr;
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
     ThrowNegativeArraySizeException(length);
     return nullptr;
   }
-  mirror::Class* element_class = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(javaElementClass);
+  mirror::Class* element_class = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(javaElementClass).Decode();
   if (UNLIKELY(element_class == nullptr)) {
     ThrowNullPointerException("element class == null");
     return nullptr;
@@ -122,12 +122,12 @@
     return 0;
   }
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Array* array = soa.Decode<mirror::Array*>(javaArray);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Array> array = soa.Decode<mirror::Array>(javaArray);
   if (!array->IsArrayInstance()) {
     ThrowIllegalArgumentException("not an array");
     return 0;
   }
-  if (Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->IsMovableObject(array)) {
+  if (Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->IsMovableObject(array.Decode())) {
     ThrowRuntimeException("Trying to get address of movable array object");
     return 0;
   }
diff --git a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMStack.cc b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMStack.cc
index 9da40b9..0dd8cdd 100644
--- a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMStack.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMStack.cc
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class_loader.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 static jobject GetThreadStack(const ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess& soa, jobject peer)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   jobject trace = nullptr;
-  if (soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(peer) == soa.Self()->GetPeer()) {
+  if (soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(peer) == soa.Self()->GetPeer()) {
     trace = soa.Self()->CreateInternalStackTrace<false>(soa);
   } else {
     // Suspend thread to build stack trace.
diff --git a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_ZygoteHooks.cc b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_ZygoteHooks.cc
index fe3cbe7..a78909b 100644
--- a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_ZygoteHooks.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_ZygoteHooks.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "jni_internal.h"
 #include "JNIHelp.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "trace.h"
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_Class.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_Class.cc
index b6260e9..34bd57b 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_Class.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_Class.cc
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
 #include "obj_ptr-inl.h"
 #include "reflection.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 #include "utf.h"
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@
 
 namespace art {
 
-ALWAYS_INLINE static inline mirror::Class* DecodeClass(
+ALWAYS_INLINE static inline ObjPtr<mirror::Class> DecodeClass(
     const ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess& soa, jobject java_class)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(java_class);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(java_class);
   DCHECK(c != nullptr);
   DCHECK(c->IsClass());
   // TODO: we could EnsureInitialized here, rather than on every reflective get/set or invoke .
@@ -76,16 +76,19 @@
 
   std::string descriptor(DotToDescriptor(name.c_str()));
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(javaLoader)));
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(javaLoader)));
   ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
   Handle<mirror::Class> c(
       hs.NewHandle(class_linker->FindClass(soa.Self(), descriptor.c_str(), class_loader)));
   if (c.Get() == nullptr) {
     ScopedLocalRef<jthrowable> cause(env, env->ExceptionOccurred());
     env->ExceptionClear();
-    jthrowable cnfe = reinterpret_cast<jthrowable>(env->NewObject(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ClassNotFoundException,
-                                                                  WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ClassNotFoundException_init,
-                                                                  javaName, cause.get()));
+    jthrowable cnfe = reinterpret_cast<jthrowable>(
+        env->NewObject(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ClassNotFoundException,
+                       WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ClassNotFoundException_init,
+                       javaName,
+                       cause.get()));
     if (cnfe != nullptr) {
       // Make sure allocation didn't fail with an OOME.
       env->Throw(cnfe);
@@ -101,18 +104,18 @@
 static jstring Class_getNameNative(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaThis) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  mirror::Class* const c = DecodeClass(soa, javaThis);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = DecodeClass(soa, javaThis);
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jstring>(mirror::Class::ComputeName(hs.NewHandle(c)));
 }
 
 static jobjectArray Class_getProxyInterfaces(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaThis) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Class* c = DecodeClass(soa, javaThis);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = DecodeClass(soa, javaThis);
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobjectArray>(c->GetInterfaces()->Clone(soa.Self()));
 }
 
 static mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Field>* GetDeclaredFields(
-    Thread* self, mirror::Class* klass, bool public_only, bool force_resolve)
+    Thread* self, ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass, bool public_only, bool force_resolve)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
   IterationRange<StrideIterator<ArtField>> ifields = klass->GetIFields();
@@ -192,8 +195,8 @@
 // Performs a binary search through an array of fields, TODO: Is this fast enough if we don't use
 // the dex cache for lookups? I think CompareModifiedUtf8ToUtf16AsCodePointValues should be fairly
 // fast.
-ALWAYS_INLINE static inline ArtField* FindFieldByName(
-    Thread* self ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, mirror::String* name, LengthPrefixedArray<ArtField>* fields)
+ALWAYS_INLINE static inline ArtField* FindFieldByName(ObjPtr<mirror::String> name,
+                                                      LengthPrefixedArray<ArtField>* fields)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   if (fields == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
@@ -237,14 +240,15 @@
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-ALWAYS_INLINE static inline mirror::Field* GetDeclaredField(
-    Thread* self, mirror::Class* c, mirror::String* name)
+ALWAYS_INLINE static inline mirror::Field* GetDeclaredField(Thread* self,
+                                                            ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c,
+                                                            ObjPtr<mirror::String> name)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  ArtField* art_field = FindFieldByName(self, name, c->GetIFieldsPtr());
+  ArtField* art_field = FindFieldByName(name, c->GetIFieldsPtr());
   if (art_field != nullptr) {
     return mirror::Field::CreateFromArtField<kRuntimePointerSize>(self, art_field, true);
   }
-  art_field = FindFieldByName(self, name, c->GetSFieldsPtr());
+  art_field = FindFieldByName(name, c->GetSFieldsPtr());
   if (art_field != nullptr) {
     return mirror::Field::CreateFromArtField<kRuntimePointerSize>(self, art_field, true);
   }
@@ -252,7 +256,7 @@
 }
 
 static mirror::Field* GetPublicFieldRecursive(
-    Thread* self, mirror::Class* clazz, mirror::String* name)
+    Thread* self, ObjPtr<mirror::Class> clazz, ObjPtr<mirror::String> name)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   DCHECK(clazz != nullptr);
   DCHECK(name != nullptr);
@@ -302,7 +306,7 @@
 
 static jobject Class_getPublicFieldRecursive(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaThis, jstring name) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  auto* name_string = soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(name);
+  auto name_string = soa.Decode<mirror::String>(name);
   if (UNLIKELY(name_string == nullptr)) {
     ThrowNullPointerException("name == null");
     return nullptr;
@@ -313,16 +317,18 @@
 
 static jobject Class_getDeclaredField(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaThis, jstring name) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  auto* name_string = soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(name);
-  if (name_string == nullptr) {
+  StackHandleScope<3> hs(soa.Self());
+  Handle<mirror::String> h_string = hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String>(name));
+  if (h_string.Get() == nullptr) {
     ThrowNullPointerException("name == null");
     return nullptr;
   }
-  auto* klass = DecodeClass(soa, javaThis);
-  mirror::Field* result = GetDeclaredField(soa.Self(), klass, name_string);
-  if (result == nullptr) {
-    std::string name_str = name_string->ToModifiedUtf8();
-    if (name_str == "value" && klass->IsStringClass()) {
+  Handle<mirror::Class> h_klass = hs.NewHandle(DecodeClass(soa, javaThis));
+  Handle<mirror::Field> result =
+      hs.NewHandle(GetDeclaredField(soa.Self(), h_klass.Get(), h_string.Get()));
+  if (result.Get() == nullptr) {
+    std::string name_str = h_string->ToModifiedUtf8();
+    if (name_str == "value" && h_klass->IsStringClass()) {
       // We log the error for this specific case, as the user might just swallow the exception.
       // This helps diagnose crashes when applications rely on the String#value field being
       // there.
@@ -333,11 +339,11 @@
     }
     // We may have a pending exception if we failed to resolve.
     if (!soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending()) {
-      ThrowNoSuchFieldException(DecodeClass(soa, javaThis), name_str.c_str());
+      ThrowNoSuchFieldException(h_klass.Get(), name_str.c_str());
     }
     return nullptr;
   }
-  return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(result);
+  return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(result.Get());
 }
 
 static jobject Class_getDeclaredConstructorInternal(
@@ -345,11 +351,11 @@
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
   DCHECK_EQ(Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->GetImagePointerSize(), kRuntimePointerSize);
   DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->IsActiveTransaction());
-  mirror::Constructor* result = mirror::Class::GetDeclaredConstructorInternal<kRuntimePointerSize,
-                                                                              false>(
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Constructor> result =
+      mirror::Class::GetDeclaredConstructorInternal<kRuntimePointerSize, false>(
       soa.Self(),
-      DecodeClass(soa, javaThis),
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>*>(args));
+      DecodeClass(soa, javaThis).Decode(),
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>>(args).Decode());
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(result);
 }
 
@@ -399,9 +405,9 @@
   DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->IsActiveTransaction());
   mirror::Method* result = mirror::Class::GetDeclaredMethodInternal<kRuntimePointerSize, false>(
       soa.Self(),
-      DecodeClass(soa, javaThis),
-      soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(name),
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>*>(args));
+      DecodeClass(soa, javaThis).Decode(),
+      soa.Decode<mirror::String>(name).Decode(),
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>>(args).Decode());
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(result);
 }
 
@@ -454,7 +460,7 @@
   if (klass->IsProxyClass() || klass->GetDexCache() == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
-  Handle<mirror::Class> annotation_class(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(annotationClass)));
+  Handle<mirror::Class> annotation_class(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(annotationClass)));
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(
       annotations::GetAnnotationForClass(klass, annotation_class));
 }
@@ -465,10 +471,12 @@
   Handle<mirror::Class> klass(hs.NewHandle(DecodeClass(soa, javaThis)));
   if (klass->IsProxyClass() || klass->GetDexCache() == nullptr) {
     // Return an empty array instead of a null pointer.
-    mirror::Class* annotation_array_class =
-        soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_annotation_Annotation__array);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class>  annotation_array_class =
+        soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_annotation_Annotation__array);
     mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* empty_array =
-        mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>::Alloc(soa.Self(), annotation_array_class, 0);
+        mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>::Alloc(soa.Self(),
+                                                   annotation_array_class.Decode(),
+                                                   0);
     return soa.AddLocalReference<jobjectArray>(empty_array);
   }
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobjectArray>(annotations::GetAnnotationsForClass(klass));
@@ -520,8 +528,8 @@
   }
   mirror::Object* method = annotations::GetEnclosingMethod(klass);
   if (method != nullptr) {
-    if (method->GetClass() ==
-        soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Constructor)) {
+    if (soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Constructor) ==
+        method->GetClass()) {
       return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(method);
     }
   }
@@ -537,8 +545,8 @@
   }
   mirror::Object* method = annotations::GetEnclosingMethod(klass);
   if (method != nullptr) {
-    if (method->GetClass() ==
-        soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Method)) {
+    if (soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Method) ==
+        method->GetClass()) {
       return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(method);
     }
   }
@@ -599,7 +607,7 @@
   if (klass->IsProxyClass() || klass->GetDexCache() == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
-  Handle<mirror::Class> annotation_class(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(annotationType)));
+  Handle<mirror::Class> annotation_class(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(annotationType)));
   return annotations::IsClassAnnotationPresent(klass, annotation_class);
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_DexCache.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_DexCache.cc
index f0140a3..5efafe7 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_DexCache.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_DexCache.cc
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/dex_cache-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
 static jobject DexCache_getDexNative(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaDexCache) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::DexCache*>(javaDexCache);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::DexCache>(javaDexCache);
   // Should only be called while holding the lock on the dex cache.
   DCHECK_EQ(dex_cache->GetLockOwnerThreadId(), soa.Self()->GetThreadId());
   const DexFile* dex_file = dex_cache->GetDexFile();
@@ -51,14 +51,14 @@
 
 static jobject DexCache_getResolvedType(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaDexCache, jint type_index) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::DexCache*>(javaDexCache);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::DexCache>(javaDexCache);
   CHECK_LT(static_cast<size_t>(type_index), dex_cache->NumResolvedTypes());
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(dex_cache->GetResolvedType(type_index));
 }
 
 static jobject DexCache_getResolvedString(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaDexCache, jint string_index) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::DexCache*>(javaDexCache);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::DexCache>(javaDexCache);
   CHECK_LT(static_cast<size_t>(string_index), dex_cache->GetDexFile()->NumStringIds());
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(dex_cache->GetResolvedString(string_index));
 }
@@ -66,17 +66,17 @@
 static void DexCache_setResolvedType(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaDexCache, jint type_index,
                                      jobject type) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::DexCache*>(javaDexCache);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::DexCache>(javaDexCache);
   CHECK_LT(static_cast<size_t>(type_index), dex_cache->NumResolvedTypes());
-  dex_cache->SetResolvedType(type_index, soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(type));
+  dex_cache->SetResolvedType(type_index, soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(type).Decode());
 }
 
 static void DexCache_setResolvedString(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaDexCache, jint string_index,
                                        jobject string) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::DexCache*>(javaDexCache);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::DexCache>(javaDexCache);
   CHECK_LT(static_cast<size_t>(string_index), dex_cache->GetDexFile()->NumStringIds());
-  dex_cache->SetResolvedString(string_index, soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(string));
+  dex_cache->SetResolvedString(string_index, soa.Decode<mirror::String>(string).Decode());
 }
 
 static JNINativeMethod gMethods[] = {
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_Object.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_Object.cc
index 2a36059..6493865 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_Object.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_Object.cc
@@ -18,39 +18,35 @@
 
 #include "jni_internal.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 
 
 namespace art {
 
 static jobject Object_internalClone(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_this) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_this);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_this);
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(o->Clone(soa.Self()));
 }
 
 static void Object_notify(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_this) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_this);
-  o->Notify(soa.Self());
+  soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_this)->Notify(soa.Self());
 }
 
 static void Object_notifyAll(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_this) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_this);
-  o->NotifyAll(soa.Self());
+  soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_this)->NotifyAll(soa.Self());
 }
 
 static void Object_wait(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_this) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_this);
-  o->Wait(soa.Self());
+  soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_this)->Wait(soa.Self());
 }
 
 static void Object_waitJI(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_this, jlong ms, jint ns) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_this);
-  o->Wait(soa.Self(), ms, ns);
+  soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_this)->Wait(soa.Self(), ms, ns);
 }
 
 static JNINativeMethod gMethods[] = {
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_String.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_String.cc
index aa64b79..b3a967d 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_String.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_String.cc
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/string.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "verify_object-inl.h"
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 
 static jchar String_charAt(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_this, jint index) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  return soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_this)->CharAt(index);
+  return soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_this)->CharAt(index);
 }
 
 static jint String_compareTo(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_this, jobject java_rhs) {
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@
     ThrowNullPointerException("rhs == null");
     return -1;
   } else {
-    return soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_this)->CompareTo(soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_rhs));
+    return soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_this)->CompareTo(
+        soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_rhs).Decode());
   }
 }
 
@@ -51,8 +52,8 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::String> string_this(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_this)));
-  Handle<mirror::String> string_arg(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_string_arg)));
+  Handle<mirror::String> string_this(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_this)));
+  Handle<mirror::String> string_arg(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_string_arg)));
   int32_t length_this = string_this->GetLength();
   int32_t length_arg = string_arg->GetLength();
   if (length_arg > 0 && length_this > 0) {
@@ -67,13 +68,13 @@
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
   // This method does not handle supplementary characters. They're dealt with in managed code.
   DCHECK_LE(ch, 0xffff);
-  return soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_this)->FastIndexOf(ch, start);
+  return soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_this)->FastIndexOf(ch, start);
 }
 
 static jstring String_fastSubstring(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_this, jint start, jint length) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::String> string_this(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_this)));
+  Handle<mirror::String> string_this(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_this)));
   gc::AllocatorType allocator_type = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->GetCurrentAllocator();
   mirror::String* result = mirror::String::AllocFromString<true>(soa.Self(), length, string_this,
                                                                  start, allocator_type);
@@ -84,25 +85,24 @@
                                    jcharArray buffer, jint index) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::CharArray> char_array(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::CharArray*>(buffer)));
-  soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_this)->GetChars(start, end, char_array, index);
+  Handle<mirror::CharArray> char_array(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::CharArray>(buffer)));
+  soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_this)->GetChars(start, end, char_array, index);
 }
 
 static jstring String_intern(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_this) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::String* s = soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_this);
-  mirror::String* result = s->Intern();
+  ObjPtr<mirror::String> result = soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_this)->Intern();
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jstring>(result);
 }
 
 static void String_setCharAt(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_this, jint index, jchar c) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_this)->SetCharAt(index, c);
+  soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_this)->SetCharAt(index, c);
 }
 
 static jcharArray String_toCharArray(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_this) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::String* s = soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_this);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::String> s = soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_this);
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jcharArray>(s->ToCharArray(soa.Self()));
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_StringFactory.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_StringFactory.cc
index 5a219ef..119f2b8 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_StringFactory.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_StringFactory.cc
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
 #include "jni_internal.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/string.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "ScopedPrimitiveArray.h"
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::ByteArray> byte_array(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ByteArray*>(java_data)));
+  Handle<mirror::ByteArray> byte_array(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ByteArray>(java_data)));
   int32_t data_size = byte_array->GetLength();
   if ((offset | byte_count) < 0 || byte_count > data_size - offset) {
     soa.Self()->ThrowNewExceptionF("Ljava/lang/StringIndexOutOfBoundsException;",
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
   DCHECK(java_data != nullptr);
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::CharArray> char_array(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::CharArray*>(java_data)));
+  Handle<mirror::CharArray> char_array(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::CharArray>(java_data)));
   gc::AllocatorType allocator_type = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->GetCurrentAllocator();
   mirror::String* result = mirror::String::AllocFromCharArray<true>(soa.Self(), char_count,
                                                                     char_array, offset,
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::String> string(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(to_copy)));
+  Handle<mirror::String> string(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String>(to_copy)));
   gc::AllocatorType allocator_type = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->GetCurrentAllocator();
   mirror::String* result = mirror::String::AllocFromString<true>(soa.Self(), string->GetLength(),
                                                                  string, 0, allocator_type);
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_System.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_System.cc
index 1b399aa..8b9d0c7 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_System.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_System.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -60,14 +60,14 @@
   }
 
   // Make sure source and destination are both arrays.
-  mirror::Object* srcObject = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaSrc);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> srcObject = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaSrc);
   if (UNLIKELY(!srcObject->IsArrayInstance())) {
-    ThrowArrayStoreException_NotAnArray("source", srcObject);
+    ThrowArrayStoreException_NotAnArray("source", srcObject.Decode());
     return;
   }
-  mirror::Object* dstObject = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaDst);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> dstObject = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaDst);
   if (UNLIKELY(!dstObject->IsArrayInstance())) {
-    ThrowArrayStoreException_NotAnArray("destination", dstObject);
+    ThrowArrayStoreException_NotAnArray("destination", dstObject.Decode());
     return;
   }
   mirror::Array* srcArray = srcObject->AsArray();
@@ -164,8 +164,8 @@
 inline void System_arraycopyTUnchecked(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaSrc, jint srcPos,
                                        jobject javaDst, jint dstPos, jint count) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* srcObject = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaSrc);
-  mirror::Object* dstObject = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaDst);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> srcObject = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaSrc);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> dstObject = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaDst);
   DCHECK(dstObject != nullptr);
   mirror::Array* srcArray = srcObject->AsArray();
   mirror::Array* dstArray = dstObject->AsArray();
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@
     return 0;
   }
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObject);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> o = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObject);
   return static_cast<jint>(o->IdentityHashCode());
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_Thread.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_Thread.cc
index a742e81..0635261 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_Thread.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_Thread.cc
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
 #include "jni_internal.h"
 #include "monitor.h"
 #include "mirror/object.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
@@ -109,14 +109,14 @@
 
 static jboolean Thread_nativeHoldsLock(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_thread, jobject java_object) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* object = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_object);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> object = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_object);
   if (object == nullptr) {
     ThrowNullPointerException("object == null");
     return JNI_FALSE;
   }
   MutexLock mu(soa.Self(), *Locks::thread_list_lock_);
   Thread* thread = Thread::FromManagedThread(soa, java_thread);
-  return thread->HoldsLock(object);
+  return thread->HoldsLock(object.Decode());
 }
 
 static void Thread_nativeInterrupt(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_thread) {
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
   ScopedUtfChars name(env, java_name);
   {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    if (soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(peer) == soa.Self()->GetPeer()) {
+    if (soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(peer) == soa.Self()->GetPeer()) {
       soa.Self()->SetThreadName(name.c_str());
       return;
     }
@@ -172,8 +172,8 @@
 
 static void Thread_sleep(JNIEnv* env, jclass, jobject java_lock, jlong ms, jint ns) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* lock = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_lock);
-  Monitor::Wait(Thread::Current(), lock, ms, ns, true, kSleeping);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> lock = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_lock);
+  Monitor::Wait(Thread::Current(), lock.Decode(), ms, ns, true, kSleeping);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_Throwable.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_Throwable.cc
index cb8a869..ff3e044 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_Throwable.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_Throwable.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include "java_lang_Throwable.h"
 
 #include "jni_internal.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_VMClassLoader.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_VMClassLoader.cc
index 6f735aa..0694c4d 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_VMClassLoader.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_VMClassLoader.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "jni_internal.h"
 #include "mirror/class_loader.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 #include "zip_archive.h"
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 static jclass VMClassLoader_findLoadedClass(JNIEnv* env, jclass, jobject javaLoader,
                                             jstring javaName) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::ClassLoader* loader = soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(javaLoader);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> loader = soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(javaLoader);
   ScopedUtfChars name(env, javaName);
   if (name.c_str() == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
@@ -37,7 +37,10 @@
   ClassLinker* cl = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
   std::string descriptor(DotToDescriptor(name.c_str()));
   const size_t descriptor_hash = ComputeModifiedUtf8Hash(descriptor.c_str());
-  mirror::Class* c = cl->LookupClass(soa.Self(), descriptor.c_str(), descriptor_hash, loader);
+  mirror::Class* c = cl->LookupClass(soa.Self(),
+                                     descriptor.c_str(),
+                                     descriptor_hash,
+                                     loader.Decode());
   if (c != nullptr && c->IsResolved()) {
     return soa.AddLocalReference<jclass>(c);
   }
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_ref_FinalizerReference.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_ref_FinalizerReference.cc
index 0532c35..08bcc38 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_ref_FinalizerReference.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_ref_FinalizerReference.cc
@@ -21,14 +21,15 @@
 #include "jni_internal.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/reference-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
 static jboolean FinalizerReference_makeCircularListIfUnenqueued(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaThis) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::FinalizerReference* const ref = soa.Decode<mirror::FinalizerReference*>(javaThis);
-  return Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->GetReferenceProcessor()->MakeCircularListIfUnenqueued(ref);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::FinalizerReference> ref = soa.Decode<mirror::FinalizerReference>(javaThis);
+  return Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->GetReferenceProcessor()->MakeCircularListIfUnenqueued(
+      ref.Decode());
 }
 
 static JNINativeMethod gMethods[] = {
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_ref_Reference.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_ref_Reference.cc
index d232059..9a088ed 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_ref_Reference.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_ref_Reference.cc
@@ -21,15 +21,15 @@
 #include "jni_internal.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/reference-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
 static jobject Reference_getReferent(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaThis) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Reference* const ref = soa.Decode<mirror::Reference*>(javaThis);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Reference> ref = soa.Decode<mirror::Reference>(javaThis);
   mirror::Object* const referent =
-      Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->GetReferenceProcessor()->GetReferent(soa.Self(), ref);
+      Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->GetReferenceProcessor()->GetReferent(soa.Self(), ref.Decode());
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(referent);
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Array.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Array.cc
index beb953b..3718ce8 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Array.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Array.cc
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include "jni_internal.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -32,15 +32,15 @@
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
   DCHECK(javaElementClass != nullptr);
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> element_class(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(javaElementClass)));
+  Handle<mirror::Class> element_class(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(javaElementClass)));
   DCHECK(element_class->IsClass());
   DCHECK(javaDimArray != nullptr);
-  mirror::Object* dimensions_obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaDimArray);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> dimensions_obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaDimArray);
   DCHECK(dimensions_obj->IsArrayInstance());
   DCHECK_EQ(dimensions_obj->GetClass()->GetComponentType()->GetPrimitiveType(),
             Primitive::kPrimInt);
   Handle<mirror::IntArray> dimensions_array(
-      hs.NewHandle(down_cast<mirror::IntArray*>(dimensions_obj)));
+      hs.NewHandle(down_cast<mirror::IntArray*>(dimensions_obj.Decode())));
   mirror::Array* new_array = mirror::Array::CreateMultiArray(soa.Self(), element_class,
                                                              dimensions_array);
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(new_array);
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
     ThrowNegativeArraySizeException(length);
     return nullptr;
   }
-  mirror::Class* element_class = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(javaElementClass);
+  mirror::Class* element_class = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(javaElementClass).Decode();
   Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
   ClassLinker* class_linker = runtime->GetClassLinker();
   mirror::Class* array_class = class_linker->FindArrayClass(soa.Self(), &element_class);
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Constructor.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Constructor.cc
index 47c49d5..7de0147 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Constructor.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Constructor.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "mirror/method.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "reflection.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
  */
 static jobject Constructor_newInstance0(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaMethod, jobjectArray javaArgs) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Constructor* m = soa.Decode<mirror::Constructor*>(javaMethod);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Constructor> m = soa.Decode<mirror::Constructor>(javaMethod);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::Class> c(hs.NewHandle(m->GetDeclaringClass()));
   if (UNLIKELY(c->IsAbstract())) {
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Executable.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Executable.cc
index f345c09..c7c8008 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Executable.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Executable.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
 #include "reflection.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@
   ArtMethod* method = ArtMethod::FromReflectedMethod(soa, javaMethod);
   if (method->GetDeclaringClass()->IsProxyClass()) {
     // Return an empty array instead of a null pointer.
-    mirror::Class* annotation_array_class =
-        soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_annotation_Annotation__array);
-    mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* empty_array =
-        mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>::Alloc(soa.Self(), annotation_array_class, 0);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> annotation_array_class =
+        soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_annotation_Annotation__array);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>> empty_array =
+        mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>::Alloc(soa.Self(), annotation_array_class.Decode(), 0);
     return soa.AddLocalReference<jobjectArray>(empty_array);
   }
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobjectArray>(annotations::GetAnnotationsForMethod(method));
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
   if (method->IsProxyMethod()) {
     return nullptr;
   } else {
-    Handle<mirror::Class> klass(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(annotationType)));
+    Handle<mirror::Class> klass(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(annotationType)));
     return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(annotations::GetAnnotationForMethod(method, klass));
   }
 }
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
   Thread* self = soa.Self();
   StackHandleScope<8> hs(self);
 
-  Handle<mirror::Method> executable = hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Method*>(javaMethod));
+  Handle<mirror::Method> executable = hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Method>(javaMethod));
   ArtMethod* art_method = executable.Get()->GetArtMethod();
   if (art_method->GetDeclaringClass()->IsProxyClass()) {
     return nullptr;
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
   // Instantiate a Parameter[] to hold the result.
   Handle<mirror::Class> parameter_array_class =
       hs.NewHandle(
-          soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Parameter__array));
+          soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Parameter__array));
   Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>> parameter_array =
       hs.NewHandle(
           mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>::Alloc(self,
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
   }
 
   Handle<mirror::Class> parameter_class =
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Parameter));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Parameter));
   ArtMethod* parameter_init =
       soa.DecodeMethod(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_reflect_Parameter_init);
 
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@
     return false;
   }
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> klass(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(annotationType)));
+  Handle<mirror::Class> klass(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(annotationType)));
   return annotations::IsMethodAnnotationPresent(method, klass);
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Field.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Field.cc
index dab510d..2519225 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Field.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Field.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/field.h"
 #include "reflection-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
     *class_or_rcvr = declaringClass;
     return true;
   }
-  *class_or_rcvr = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(j_rcvr);
+  *class_or_rcvr = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(j_rcvr).Decode();
   if (!VerifyObjectIsClass(MakeObjPtr(*class_or_rcvr), MakeObjPtr(declaringClass))) {
     DCHECK(soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending());
     return false;
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
 
 static jobject Field_get(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaField, jobject javaObj) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Field* f = soa.Decode<mirror::Field*>(javaField);
+  mirror::Field* f = soa.Decode<mirror::Field>(javaField).Decode();
   mirror::Object* o = nullptr;
   if (!CheckReceiver(soa, javaObj, &f, &o)) {
     DCHECK(soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending());
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
 ALWAYS_INLINE inline static JValue GetPrimitiveField(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaField,
                                                      jobject javaObj) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Field* f = soa.Decode<mirror::Field*>(javaField);
+  mirror::Field* f = soa.Decode<mirror::Field>(javaField).Decode();
   mirror::Object* o = nullptr;
   if (!CheckReceiver(soa, javaObj, &f, &o)) {
     DCHECK(soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending());
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@
 
 static void Field_set(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaField, jobject javaObj, jobject javaValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Field* f = soa.Decode<mirror::Field*>(javaField);
+  mirror::Field* f = soa.Decode<mirror::Field>(javaField).Decode();
   // Check that the receiver is non-null and an instance of the field's declaring class.
   mirror::Object* o = nullptr;
   if (!CheckReceiver(soa, javaObj, &f, &o)) {
@@ -325,9 +325,9 @@
   }
   // We now don't expect suspension unless an exception is thrown.
   // Unbox the value, if necessary.
-  mirror::Object* boxed_value = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaValue);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> boxed_value = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaValue);
   JValue unboxed_value;
-  if (!UnboxPrimitiveForField(MakeObjPtr(boxed_value),
+  if (!UnboxPrimitiveForField(boxed_value,
                               MakeObjPtr(field_type),
                               f->GetArtField(),
                               &unboxed_value)) {
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@
 static void SetPrimitiveField(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaField, jobject javaObj,
                               const JValue& new_value) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Field* f = soa.Decode<mirror::Field*>(javaField);
+  mirror::Field* f = soa.Decode<mirror::Field>(javaField).Decode();
   mirror::Object* o = nullptr;
   if (!CheckReceiver(soa, javaObj, &f, &o)) {
     return;
@@ -426,21 +426,22 @@
 static jobject Field_getAnnotationNative(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaField, jclass annotationType) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  ArtField* field = soa.Decode<mirror::Field*>(javaField)->GetArtField();
+  ArtField* field = soa.Decode<mirror::Field>(javaField)->GetArtField();
   if (field->GetDeclaringClass()->IsProxyClass()) {
     return nullptr;
   }
-  Handle<mirror::Class> klass(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(annotationType)));
+  Handle<mirror::Class> klass(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(annotationType)));
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(annotations::GetAnnotationForField(field, klass));
 }
 
 static jobjectArray Field_getDeclaredAnnotations(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaField) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  ArtField* field = soa.Decode<mirror::Field*>(javaField)->GetArtField();
+  ArtField* field = soa.Decode<mirror::Field>(javaField)->GetArtField();
   if (field->GetDeclaringClass()->IsProxyClass()) {
     // Return an empty array instead of a null pointer.
     mirror::Class* annotation_array_class =
-        soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_annotation_Annotation__array);
+        soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(
+            WellKnownClasses::java_lang_annotation_Annotation__array).Decode();
     mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* empty_array =
         mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>::Alloc(soa.Self(), annotation_array_class, 0);
     return soa.AddLocalReference<jobjectArray>(empty_array);
@@ -450,7 +451,7 @@
 
 static jobjectArray Field_getSignatureAnnotation(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaField) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  ArtField* field = soa.Decode<mirror::Field*>(javaField)->GetArtField();
+  ArtField* field = soa.Decode<mirror::Field>(javaField)->GetArtField();
   if (field->GetDeclaringClass()->IsProxyClass()) {
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -461,11 +462,11 @@
                                                 jclass annotationType) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  ArtField* field = soa.Decode<mirror::Field*>(javaField)->GetArtField();
+  ArtField* field = soa.Decode<mirror::Field>(javaField)->GetArtField();
   if (field->GetDeclaringClass()->IsProxyClass()) {
     return false;
   }
-  Handle<mirror::Class> klass(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(annotationType)));
+  Handle<mirror::Class> klass(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(annotationType)));
   return annotations::IsFieldAnnotationPresent(field, klass);
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Method.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Method.cc
index b8efb14..b5f2f7c 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Method.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Method.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
 #include "reflection.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Parameter.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Parameter.cc
index c2a803c..6060b8a 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Parameter.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Parameter.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
 #include "dex_file_annotations.h"
 #include "jni_internal.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
   }
 
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> klass(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(annotationType)));
+  Handle<mirror::Class> klass(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(annotationType)));
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(
       annotations::GetAnnotationForMethodParameter(method, parameterIndex, klass));
 }
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Proxy.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Proxy.cc
index 4a6ab40..ece0338 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Proxy.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Proxy.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class_loader.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array.h"
 #include "mirror/string.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "verify_object-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/native/libcore_util_CharsetUtils.cc b/runtime/native/libcore_util_CharsetUtils.cc
index 64d56f6..2590452 100644
--- a/runtime/native/libcore_util_CharsetUtils.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/libcore_util_CharsetUtils.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include "mirror/string.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
 #include "native/libcore_util_CharsetUtils.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedPrimitiveArray.h"
 #include "unicode/utf16.h"
 
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
                                jchar maxValidChar) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::String> string(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_string)));
+  Handle<mirror::String> string(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_string)));
   if (string.Get() == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
                                            jint length) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::String> string(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(java_string)));
+  Handle<mirror::String> string(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::String>(java_string)));
   if (string.Get() == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
diff --git a/runtime/native/org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmServer.cc b/runtime/native/org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmServer.cc
index 0ab2979..5356498 100644
--- a/runtime/native/org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmServer.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmServer.cc
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "debugger.h"
 #include "jni_internal.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedPrimitiveArray.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/native/org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmVmInternal.cc b/runtime/native/org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmVmInternal.cc
index 9ed0e7e..ca17c26 100644
--- a/runtime/native/org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmVmInternal.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmVmInternal.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "base/mutex.h"
 #include "debugger.h"
 #include "jni_internal.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "ScopedPrimitiveArray.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
diff --git a/runtime/native/scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h b/runtime/native/scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d73813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/native/scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ART_RUNTIME_NATIVE_SCOPED_FAST_NATIVE_OBJECT_ACCESS_INL_H_
+#define ART_RUNTIME_NATIVE_SCOPED_FAST_NATIVE_OBJECT_ACCESS_INL_H_
+
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+
+#include "art_method-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
+
+namespace art {
+
+inline ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess::ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess(JNIEnv* env)
+    : ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable(env) {
+  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
+  DCHECK((*Self()->GetManagedStack()->GetTopQuickFrame())->IsFastNative());
+  // Don't work with raw objects in non-runnable states.
+  DCHECK_EQ(Self()->GetState(), kRunnable);
+}
+
+}  // namespace art
+
+#endif  // ART_RUNTIME_NATIVE_SCOPED_FAST_NATIVE_OBJECT_ACCESS_INL_H_
diff --git a/runtime/native/scoped_fast_native_object_access.h b/runtime/native/scoped_fast_native_object_access.h
index c4a33df..6a9365d 100644
--- a/runtime/native/scoped_fast_native_object_access.h
+++ b/runtime/native/scoped_fast_native_object_access.h
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@
 #ifndef ART_RUNTIME_NATIVE_SCOPED_FAST_NATIVE_OBJECT_ACCESS_H_
 #define ART_RUNTIME_NATIVE_SCOPED_FAST_NATIVE_OBJECT_ACCESS_H_
 
-#include "art_method-inl.h"
+#include <jni.h>
+
 #include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -26,18 +27,11 @@
 // JNI methods.
 class ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess : public ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable {
  public:
-  explicit ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess(JNIEnv* env)
+  ALWAYS_INLINE explicit ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess(JNIEnv* env)
     REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_)
-    SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_) ALWAYS_INLINE
-     : ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable(env) {
-    Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
-    DCHECK((*Self()->GetManagedStack()->GetTopQuickFrame())->IsFastNative());
-    // Don't work with raw objects in non-runnable states.
-    DCHECK_EQ(Self()->GetState(), kRunnable);
-  }
+    SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  ~ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess() UNLOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_) ALWAYS_INLINE {
-  }
+  ALWAYS_INLINE ~ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess() UNLOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_) {}
 
  private:
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess);
diff --git a/runtime/native/sun_misc_Unsafe.cc b/runtime/native/sun_misc_Unsafe.cc
index 472340c..2fae3cc 100644
--- a/runtime/native/sun_misc_Unsafe.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/sun_misc_Unsafe.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include "mirror/array.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -33,61 +33,64 @@
 static jboolean Unsafe_compareAndSwapInt(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset,
                                          jint expectedValue, jint newValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   // JNI must use non transactional mode.
   bool success = obj->CasFieldStrongSequentiallyConsistent32<false>(MemberOffset(offset),
-                                                                    expectedValue, newValue);
+                                                                    expectedValue,
+                                                                    newValue);
   return success ? JNI_TRUE : JNI_FALSE;
 }
 
 static jboolean Unsafe_compareAndSwapLong(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset,
                                           jlong expectedValue, jlong newValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   // JNI must use non transactional mode.
   bool success = obj->CasFieldStrongSequentiallyConsistent64<false>(MemberOffset(offset),
-                                                                    expectedValue, newValue);
+                                                                    expectedValue,
+                                                                    newValue);
   return success ? JNI_TRUE : JNI_FALSE;
 }
 
 static jboolean Unsafe_compareAndSwapObject(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset,
                                             jobject javaExpectedValue, jobject javaNewValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
-  mirror::Object* expectedValue = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaExpectedValue);
-  mirror::Object* newValue = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaNewValue);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> expectedValue = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaExpectedValue);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> newValue = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaNewValue);
   // JNI must use non transactional mode.
   if (kUseReadBarrier) {
     // Need to make sure the reference stored in the field is a to-space one before attempting the
     // CAS or the CAS could fail incorrectly.
     mirror::HeapReference<mirror::Object>* field_addr =
         reinterpret_cast<mirror::HeapReference<mirror::Object>*>(
-            reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(obj) + static_cast<size_t>(offset));
+            reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(obj.Decode()) + static_cast<size_t>(offset));
     ReadBarrier::Barrier<mirror::Object, kWithReadBarrier, /*kAlwaysUpdateField*/true>(
-        obj,
+        obj.Decode(),
         MemberOffset(offset),
         field_addr);
   }
   bool success = obj->CasFieldStrongSequentiallyConsistentObject<false>(MemberOffset(offset),
-                                                                        expectedValue, newValue);
+                                                                        expectedValue.Decode(),
+                                                                        newValue.Decode());
   return success ? JNI_TRUE : JNI_FALSE;
 }
 
 static jint Unsafe_getInt(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   return obj->GetField32(MemberOffset(offset));
 }
 
 static jint Unsafe_getIntVolatile(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   return obj->GetField32Volatile(MemberOffset(offset));
 }
 
 static void Unsafe_putInt(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset, jint newValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   // JNI must use non transactional mode.
   obj->SetField32<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
 }
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@
 static void Unsafe_putIntVolatile(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset,
                                   jint newValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   // JNI must use non transactional mode.
   obj->SetField32Volatile<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
 }
@@ -103,7 +106,7 @@
 static void Unsafe_putOrderedInt(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset,
                                  jint newValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   QuasiAtomic::ThreadFenceRelease();
   // JNI must use non transactional mode.
   obj->SetField32<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
@@ -111,19 +114,19 @@
 
 static jlong Unsafe_getLong(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   return obj->GetField64(MemberOffset(offset));
 }
 
 static jlong Unsafe_getLongVolatile(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   return obj->GetField64Volatile(MemberOffset(offset));
 }
 
 static void Unsafe_putLong(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset, jlong newValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   // JNI must use non transactional mode.
   obj->SetField64<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
 }
@@ -131,7 +134,7 @@
 static void Unsafe_putLongVolatile(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset,
                                    jlong newValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   // JNI must use non transactional mode.
   obj->SetField64Volatile<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
 }
@@ -139,7 +142,7 @@
 static void Unsafe_putOrderedLong(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset,
                                   jlong newValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   QuasiAtomic::ThreadFenceRelease();
   // JNI must use non transactional mode.
   obj->SetField64<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
@@ -147,56 +150,56 @@
 
 static jobject Unsafe_getObjectVolatile(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
-  mirror::Object* value = obj->GetFieldObjectVolatile<mirror::Object>(MemberOffset(offset));
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> value = obj->GetFieldObjectVolatile<mirror::Object>(MemberOffset(offset));
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(value);
 }
 
 static jobject Unsafe_getObject(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
-  mirror::Object* value = obj->GetFieldObject<mirror::Object>(MemberOffset(offset));
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> value = obj->GetFieldObject<mirror::Object>(MemberOffset(offset));
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(value);
 }
 
 static void Unsafe_putObject(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset,
                              jobject javaNewValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
-  mirror::Object* newValue = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaNewValue);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> newValue = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaNewValue);
   // JNI must use non transactional mode.
-  obj->SetFieldObject<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
+  obj->SetFieldObject<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue.Decode());
 }
 
 static void Unsafe_putObjectVolatile(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset,
                                      jobject javaNewValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
-  mirror::Object* newValue = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaNewValue);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> newValue = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaNewValue);
   // JNI must use non transactional mode.
-  obj->SetFieldObjectVolatile<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
+  obj->SetFieldObjectVolatile<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue.Decode());
 }
 
 static void Unsafe_putOrderedObject(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset,
                                     jobject javaNewValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
-  mirror::Object* newValue = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaNewValue);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> newValue = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaNewValue);
   QuasiAtomic::ThreadFenceRelease();
   // JNI must use non transactional mode.
-  obj->SetFieldObject<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
+  obj->SetFieldObject<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue.Decode());
 }
 
 static jint Unsafe_getArrayBaseOffsetForComponentType(JNIEnv* env, jclass, jobject component_class) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Class* component = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(component_class);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> component = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(component_class);
   Primitive::Type primitive_type = component->GetPrimitiveType();
   return mirror::Array::DataOffset(Primitive::ComponentSize(primitive_type)).Int32Value();
 }
 
 static jint Unsafe_getArrayIndexScaleForComponentType(JNIEnv* env, jclass, jobject component_class) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Class* component = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(component_class);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> component = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(component_class);
   Primitive::Type primitive_type = component->GetPrimitiveType();
   return Primitive::ComponentSize(primitive_type);
 }
@@ -289,16 +292,16 @@
 
 static void Unsafe_copyMemory(JNIEnv *env, jobject unsafe ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, jlong src,
                               jlong dst, jlong size) {
-    if (size == 0) {
-        return;
-    }
-    // size is nonnegative and fits into size_t
-    if (size < 0 || size != (jlong)(size_t) size) {
-        ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-        ThrowIllegalAccessException("wrong number of bytes");
-    }
-    size_t sz = (size_t)size;
-    memcpy(reinterpret_cast<void *>(dst), reinterpret_cast<void *>(src), sz);
+  if (size == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+  // size is nonnegative and fits into size_t
+  if (size < 0 || size != (jlong)(size_t) size) {
+    ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
+    ThrowIllegalAccessException("wrong number of bytes");
+  }
+  size_t sz = (size_t)size;
+  memcpy(reinterpret_cast<void *>(dst), reinterpret_cast<void *>(src), sz);
 }
 
 template<typename T>
@@ -306,12 +309,12 @@
                         size_t array_offset,
                         size_t size)
         REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    const T* src = reinterpret_cast<T*>(srcAddr);
-    size_t sz = size / sizeof(T);
-    size_t of = array_offset / sizeof(T);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < sz; ++i) {
-        array->Set(i + of, *(src + i));
-    }
+  const T* src = reinterpret_cast<T*>(srcAddr);
+  size_t sz = size / sizeof(T);
+  size_t of = array_offset / sizeof(T);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < sz; ++i) {
+    array->Set(i + of, *(src + i));
+  }
 }
 
 template<typename T>
@@ -319,12 +322,12 @@
                           size_t array_offset,
                           size_t size)
         REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    T* dst = reinterpret_cast<T*>(dstAddr);
-    size_t sz = size / sizeof(T);
-    size_t of = array_offset / sizeof(T);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < sz; ++i) {
-        *(dst + i) = array->Get(i + of);
-    }
+  T* dst = reinterpret_cast<T*>(dstAddr);
+  size_t sz = size / sizeof(T);
+  size_t of = array_offset / sizeof(T);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < sz; ++i) {
+    *(dst + i) = array->Get(i + of);
+  }
 }
 
 static void Unsafe_copyMemoryToPrimitiveArray(JNIEnv *env,
@@ -333,29 +336,29 @@
                                               jobject dstObj,
                                               jlong dstOffset,
                                               jlong size) {
-    ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    if (size == 0) {
-        return;
-    }
-    // size is nonnegative and fits into size_t
-    if (size < 0 || size != (jlong)(size_t) size) {
-        ThrowIllegalAccessException("wrong number of bytes");
-    }
-    size_t sz = (size_t)size;
-    size_t dst_offset = (size_t)dstOffset;
-    mirror::Object* dst = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(dstObj);
-    mirror::Class* component_type = dst->GetClass()->GetComponentType();
-    if (component_type->IsPrimitiveByte() || component_type->IsPrimitiveBoolean()) {
-        copyToArray(srcAddr, dst->AsByteSizedArray(), dst_offset, sz);
-    } else if (component_type->IsPrimitiveShort() || component_type->IsPrimitiveChar()) {
-        copyToArray(srcAddr, dst->AsShortSizedArray(), dst_offset, sz);
-    } else if (component_type->IsPrimitiveInt() || component_type->IsPrimitiveFloat()) {
-        copyToArray(srcAddr, dst->AsIntArray(), dst_offset, sz);
-    } else if (component_type->IsPrimitiveLong() || component_type->IsPrimitiveDouble()) {
-        copyToArray(srcAddr, dst->AsLongArray(), dst_offset, sz);
-    } else {
-        ThrowIllegalAccessException("not a primitive array");
-    }
+  ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
+  if (size == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+  // size is nonnegative and fits into size_t
+  if (size < 0 || size != (jlong)(size_t) size) {
+    ThrowIllegalAccessException("wrong number of bytes");
+  }
+  size_t sz = (size_t)size;
+  size_t dst_offset = (size_t)dstOffset;
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> dst = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(dstObj);
+  mirror::Class* component_type = dst->GetClass()->GetComponentType();
+  if (component_type->IsPrimitiveByte() || component_type->IsPrimitiveBoolean()) {
+    copyToArray(srcAddr, dst->AsByteSizedArray(), dst_offset, sz);
+  } else if (component_type->IsPrimitiveShort() || component_type->IsPrimitiveChar()) {
+    copyToArray(srcAddr, dst->AsShortSizedArray(), dst_offset, sz);
+  } else if (component_type->IsPrimitiveInt() || component_type->IsPrimitiveFloat()) {
+    copyToArray(srcAddr, dst->AsIntArray(), dst_offset, sz);
+  } else if (component_type->IsPrimitiveLong() || component_type->IsPrimitiveDouble()) {
+    copyToArray(srcAddr, dst->AsLongArray(), dst_offset, sz);
+  } else {
+    ThrowIllegalAccessException("not a primitive array");
+  }
 }
 
 static void Unsafe_copyMemoryFromPrimitiveArray(JNIEnv *env,
@@ -364,85 +367,85 @@
                                                 jlong srcOffset,
                                                 jlong dstAddr,
                                                 jlong size) {
-    ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    if (size == 0) {
-        return;
-    }
-    // size is nonnegative and fits into size_t
-    if (size < 0 || size != (jlong)(size_t) size) {
-        ThrowIllegalAccessException("wrong number of bytes");
-    }
-    size_t sz = (size_t)size;
-    size_t src_offset = (size_t)srcOffset;
-    mirror::Object* src = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(srcObj);
-    mirror::Class* component_type = src->GetClass()->GetComponentType();
-    if (component_type->IsPrimitiveByte() || component_type->IsPrimitiveBoolean()) {
-        copyFromArray(dstAddr, src->AsByteSizedArray(), src_offset, sz);
-    } else if (component_type->IsPrimitiveShort() || component_type->IsPrimitiveChar()) {
-        copyFromArray(dstAddr, src->AsShortSizedArray(), src_offset, sz);
-    } else if (component_type->IsPrimitiveInt() || component_type->IsPrimitiveFloat()) {
-        copyFromArray(dstAddr, src->AsIntArray(), src_offset, sz);
-    } else if (component_type->IsPrimitiveLong() || component_type->IsPrimitiveDouble()) {
-        copyFromArray(dstAddr, src->AsLongArray(), src_offset, sz);
-    } else {
-        ThrowIllegalAccessException("not a primitive array");
-    }
+  ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
+  if (size == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+  // size is nonnegative and fits into size_t
+  if (size < 0 || size != (jlong)(size_t) size) {
+    ThrowIllegalAccessException("wrong number of bytes");
+  }
+  size_t sz = (size_t)size;
+  size_t src_offset = (size_t)srcOffset;
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> src = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(srcObj);
+  mirror::Class* component_type = src->GetClass()->GetComponentType();
+  if (component_type->IsPrimitiveByte() || component_type->IsPrimitiveBoolean()) {
+    copyFromArray(dstAddr, src->AsByteSizedArray(), src_offset, sz);
+  } else if (component_type->IsPrimitiveShort() || component_type->IsPrimitiveChar()) {
+    copyFromArray(dstAddr, src->AsShortSizedArray(), src_offset, sz);
+  } else if (component_type->IsPrimitiveInt() || component_type->IsPrimitiveFloat()) {
+    copyFromArray(dstAddr, src->AsIntArray(), src_offset, sz);
+  } else if (component_type->IsPrimitiveLong() || component_type->IsPrimitiveDouble()) {
+    copyFromArray(dstAddr, src->AsLongArray(), src_offset, sz);
+  } else {
+    ThrowIllegalAccessException("not a primitive array");
+  }
 }
 static jboolean Unsafe_getBoolean(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset) {
-    ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
-    return obj->GetFieldBoolean(MemberOffset(offset));
+  ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
+  return obj->GetFieldBoolean(MemberOffset(offset));
 }
 
 static void Unsafe_putBoolean(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset, jboolean newValue) {
-    ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
-    // JNI must use non transactional mode (SetField8 is non-transactional).
-    obj->SetFieldBoolean<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
+  ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
+  // JNI must use non transactional mode (SetField8 is non-transactional).
+  obj->SetFieldBoolean<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
 }
 
 static jbyte Unsafe_getByte(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset) {
-    ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
-    return obj->GetFieldByte(MemberOffset(offset));
+  ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
+  return obj->GetFieldByte(MemberOffset(offset));
 }
 
 static void Unsafe_putByte(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset, jbyte newValue) {
-    ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
-    // JNI must use non transactional mode.
-    obj->SetFieldByte<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
+  ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
+  // JNI must use non transactional mode.
+  obj->SetFieldByte<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
 }
 
 static jchar Unsafe_getChar(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset) {
-    ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
-    return obj->GetFieldChar(MemberOffset(offset));
+  ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
+  return obj->GetFieldChar(MemberOffset(offset));
 }
 
 static void Unsafe_putChar(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset, jchar newValue) {
-    ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
-    // JNI must use non transactional mode.
-    obj->SetFieldChar<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
+  ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
+  // JNI must use non transactional mode.
+  obj->SetFieldChar<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
 }
 
 static jshort Unsafe_getShort(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset) {
-    ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
-    return obj->GetFieldShort(MemberOffset(offset));
+  ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
+  return obj->GetFieldShort(MemberOffset(offset));
 }
 
 static void Unsafe_putShort(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset, jshort newValue) {
-    ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-    mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
-    // JNI must use non transactional mode.
-    obj->SetFieldShort<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
+  ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
+  // JNI must use non transactional mode.
+  obj->SetFieldShort<false>(MemberOffset(offset), newValue);
 }
 
 static jfloat Unsafe_getFloat(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   union {int32_t val; jfloat converted;} conv;
   conv.val = obj->GetField32(MemberOffset(offset));
   return conv.converted;
@@ -450,7 +453,7 @@
 
 static void Unsafe_putFloat(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset, jfloat newValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   union {int32_t converted; jfloat val;} conv;
   conv.val = newValue;
   // JNI must use non transactional mode.
@@ -459,7 +462,7 @@
 
 static jdouble Unsafe_getDouble(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   union {int64_t val; jdouble converted;} conv;
   conv.val = obj->GetField64(MemberOffset(offset));
   return conv.converted;
@@ -467,7 +470,7 @@
 
 static void Unsafe_putDouble(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jobject javaObj, jlong offset, jdouble newValue) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Object* obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaObj);
   union {int64_t converted; jdouble val;} conv;
   conv.val = newValue;
   // JNI must use non transactional mode.
diff --git a/runtime/native_bridge_art_interface.cc b/runtime/native_bridge_art_interface.cc
index 155c008..059dc5a 100644
--- a/runtime/native_bridge_art_interface.cc
+++ b/runtime/native_bridge_art_interface.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "sigchain.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
   }
 
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(clazz);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(clazz);
 
   uint32_t native_method_count = 0;
   for (auto& m : c->GetMethods(kRuntimePointerSize)) {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
     return 0;
   }
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Class* c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(clazz);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(clazz);
 
   uint32_t count = 0;
   for (auto& m : c->GetMethods(kRuntimePointerSize)) {
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file.cc b/runtime/oat_file.cc
index ea692cd..52baddd 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file.cc
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 #include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
 #include "elf_file.h"
 #include "elf_utils.h"
+#include "gc_root.h"
 #include "oat.h"
 #include "mem_map.h"
 #include "mirror/class.h"
@@ -239,6 +240,8 @@
     }
     // Readjust to be non-inclusive upper bound.
     bss_end_ += sizeof(uint32_t);
+    // Find bss roots if present.
+    bss_roots_ = const_cast<uint8_t*>(FindDynamicSymbolAddress("oatbssroots", &symbol_error_msg));
   }
 
   return true;
@@ -291,8 +294,31 @@
     return false;
   }
 
+  if (!IsAligned<alignof(GcRoot<mirror::Object>)>(bss_begin_) ||
+      !IsAligned<alignof(GcRoot<mirror::Object>)>(bss_roots_) ||
+      !IsAligned<alignof(GcRoot<mirror::Object>)>(bss_end_)) {
+    *error_msg = StringPrintf("In oat file '%s' found unaligned bss symbol(s): "
+                                  "begin = %p, roots = %p, end = %p",
+                              GetLocation().c_str(),
+                              bss_begin_,
+                              bss_roots_,
+                              bss_end_);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (bss_roots_ != nullptr && (bss_roots_ < bss_begin_ || bss_roots_ > bss_end_)) {
+    *error_msg = StringPrintf("In oat file '%s' found bss roots outside .bss: "
+                                  "%p is outside range [%p, %p]",
+                              GetLocation().c_str(),
+                              bss_roots_,
+                              bss_begin_,
+                              bss_end_);
+    return false;
+  }
+
   PointerSize pointer_size = GetInstructionSetPointerSize(GetOatHeader().GetInstructionSet());
   uint8_t* dex_cache_arrays = bss_begin_;
+  uint8_t* dex_cache_arrays_end = (bss_roots_ != nullptr) ? bss_roots_ : bss_end_;
   uint32_t dex_file_count = GetOatHeader().GetDexFileCount();
   oat_dex_files_storage_.reserve(dex_file_count);
   for (size_t i = 0; i < dex_file_count; i++) {
@@ -469,13 +495,13 @@
     if (dex_cache_arrays != nullptr) {
       DexCacheArraysLayout layout(pointer_size, *header);
       if (layout.Size() != 0u) {
-        if (static_cast<size_t>(bss_end_ - dex_cache_arrays) < layout.Size()) {
+        if (static_cast<size_t>(dex_cache_arrays_end - dex_cache_arrays) < layout.Size()) {
           *error_msg = StringPrintf("In oat file '%s' found OatDexFile #%zu for '%s' with "
                                         "truncated dex cache arrays, %zu < %zu.",
                                     GetLocation().c_str(),
                                     i,
                                     dex_file_location.c_str(),
-                                    static_cast<size_t>(bss_end_ - dex_cache_arrays),
+                                    static_cast<size_t>(dex_cache_arrays_end - dex_cache_arrays),
                                     layout.Size());
           return false;
         }
@@ -506,9 +532,9 @@
     }
   }
 
-  if (dex_cache_arrays != bss_end_) {
+  if (dex_cache_arrays != dex_cache_arrays_end) {
     // We expect the bss section to be either empty (dex_cache_arrays and bss_end_
-    // both null) or contain just the dex cache arrays and nothing else.
+    // both null) or contain just the dex cache arrays and optionally some GC roots.
     *error_msg = StringPrintf("In oat file '%s' found unexpected bss size bigger by %zu bytes.",
                               GetLocation().c_str(),
                               static_cast<size_t>(bss_end_ - dex_cache_arrays));
@@ -1082,6 +1108,7 @@
       end_(nullptr),
       bss_begin_(nullptr),
       bss_end_(nullptr),
+      bss_roots_(nullptr),
       is_executable_(is_executable),
       secondary_lookup_lock_("OatFile secondary lookup lock", kOatFileSecondaryLookupLock) {
   CHECK(!location_.empty());
@@ -1497,4 +1524,18 @@
   return true;
 }
 
+ArrayRef<GcRoot<mirror::Object>> OatFile::GetBssRoots(const OatDexFile* oat_dex_file) {
+  const OatFile* oat_file = oat_dex_file->GetOatFile();
+  DCHECK(ContainsElement(oat_file->oat_dex_files_storage_, oat_dex_file));
+  // Arbitrarily attribute all the roots to the first oat_dex_file.
+  if (oat_file->bss_roots_ != nullptr &&
+      oat_file->oat_dex_files_storage_.front() == oat_dex_file) {
+    auto* roots = reinterpret_cast<GcRoot<mirror::Object>*>(oat_file->bss_roots_);
+    auto* roots_end = reinterpret_cast<GcRoot<mirror::Object>*>(oat_file->bss_end_);
+    return ArrayRef<GcRoot<mirror::Object>>(roots, roots_end - roots);
+  } else {
+    return ArrayRef<GcRoot<mirror::Object>>();
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file.h b/runtime/oat_file.h
index a61b941..a4aef3a 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file.h
+++ b/runtime/oat_file.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "base/array_ref.h"
 #include "base/mutex.h"
 #include "base/stringpiece.h"
 #include "dex_file.h"
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@
 
 class BitVector;
 class ElfFile;
+template <class MirrorType> class GcRoot;
 class MemMap;
 class OatMethodOffsets;
 class OatHeader;
@@ -253,6 +255,10 @@
     return BssEnd() - BssBegin();
   }
 
+  size_t BssRootsOffset() const {
+    return bss_roots_ - BssBegin();
+  }
+
   size_t DexSize() const {
     return DexEnd() - DexBegin();
   }
@@ -290,6 +296,8 @@
   static bool GetDexLocationsFromDependencies(const char* dex_dependencies,
                                               std::vector<std::string>* locations);
 
+  static ArrayRef<GcRoot<mirror::Object>> GetBssRoots(const OatDexFile* oat_dex_file);
+
  protected:
   OatFile(const std::string& filename, bool executable);
 
@@ -314,6 +322,9 @@
   // Pointer to the end of the .bss section, if present, otherwise null.
   uint8_t* bss_end_;
 
+  // Pointer to the beginning of the GC roots in .bss section, if present, otherwise null.
+  uint8_t* bss_roots_;
+
   // Was this oat_file loaded executable?
   const bool is_executable_;
 
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc b/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc
index 415f991..ff00451 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include "oat.h"
 #include "os.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file_assistant_test.cc b/runtime/oat_file_assistant_test.cc
index 6ec5e55..d18e946 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file_assistant_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file_assistant_test.cc
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 #include "oat_file_assistant.h"
 #include "oat_file_manager.h"
 #include "os.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file_manager.cc b/runtime/oat_file_manager.cc
index 6d4b2f6..acad2a9 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file_manager.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file_manager.cc
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class_loader.h"
 #include "oat_file_assistant.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 
@@ -294,8 +294,8 @@
   }
 
   // Unsupported class-loader?
-  if (class_loader->GetClass() !=
-      soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader)) {
+  if (soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader) !=
+      class_loader->GetClass()) {
     VLOG(class_linker) << "Unsupported class-loader " << PrettyClass(class_loader->GetClass());
     return false;
   }
@@ -338,10 +338,10 @@
   ArtField* const cookie_field = soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexFile_cookie);
   ArtField* const dex_file_field =
       soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexPathList__Element_dexFile);
-  const mirror::Class* const element_class = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> const element_class = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(
       WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexPathList__Element);
-  const mirror::Class* const dexfile_class = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(
-        WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexFile);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> const dexfile_class = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(
+      WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexFile);
 
   // Collect all the dex files.
   auto GetDexFilesFn = [&] (const DexFile* cp_dex_file)
@@ -361,9 +361,9 @@
     // We support this being dalvik.system.DexPathList$Element and dalvik.system.DexFile.
 
     mirror::Object* dex_file;
-    if (element->GetClass() == element_class) {
+    if (element_class == element->GetClass()) {
       dex_file = dex_file_field->GetObject(element);
-    } else if (element->GetClass() == dexfile_class) {
+    } else if (dexfile_class == element->GetClass()) {
       dex_file = element;
     } else {
       LOG(WARNING) << "Unsupported element in dex_elements: " << PrettyClass(element->GetClass());
@@ -442,9 +442,9 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
     StackHandleScope<2> hs(Thread::Current());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> h_class_loader =
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader));
     Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>> h_dex_elements =
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>*>(dex_elements));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>>(dex_elements));
     if (h_class_loader.Get() != nullptr &&
         GetDexFilesFromClassLoader(soa, h_class_loader.Get(), &queue)) {
       class_loader_ok = true;
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@
         ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
         StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
         Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> h_loader(
-            hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader)));
+            hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader)));
         // Can not load app image without class loader.
         if (h_loader.Get() != nullptr) {
           std::string temp_error_msg;
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file_test.cc b/runtime/oat_file_test.cc
index a88553c..b416b9d 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file_test.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/oat_quick_method_header.cc b/runtime/oat_quick_method_header.cc
index 0ab2bfe..a68d9f8 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_quick_method_header.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_quick_method_header.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
 
 #include "art_method.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/obj_ptr-inl.h b/runtime/obj_ptr-inl.h
index 3dfcf9e..1c698b5 100644
--- a/runtime/obj_ptr-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/obj_ptr-inl.h
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 template<class MirrorType, bool kPoison>
 inline uintptr_t ObjPtr<MirrorType, kPoison>::Encode(MirrorType* ptr) {
   uintptr_t ref = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr);
+  DCHECK_ALIGNED(ref, kObjectAlignment);
   if (kPoison && ref != 0) {
     DCHECK_LE(ref, 0xFFFFFFFFU);
     ref >>= kObjectAlignmentShift;
@@ -52,6 +53,12 @@
   return ref;
 }
 
+template<class MirrorType, bool kPoison>
+inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, ObjPtr<MirrorType, kPoison> ptr) {
+  // May be used for dumping bad pointers, do not use the checked version.
+  return os << ptr.DecodeUnchecked();
+}
+
 }  // namespace art
 
 #endif  // ART_RUNTIME_OBJ_PTR_INL_H_
diff --git a/runtime/obj_ptr.h b/runtime/obj_ptr.h
index d4076be..d5ac33d 100644
--- a/runtime/obj_ptr.h
+++ b/runtime/obj_ptr.h
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #ifndef ART_RUNTIME_OBJ_PTR_H_
 #define ART_RUNTIME_OBJ_PTR_H_
 
+#include <ostream>
+
 #include "base/mutex.h"  // For Locks::mutator_lock_.
 #include "globals.h"
 #include "mirror/object_reference.h"
@@ -45,10 +47,13 @@
   ALWAYS_INLINE ObjPtr(Type* ptr) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       : reference_(Encode(static_cast<MirrorType*>(ptr))) {}
 
-  ALWAYS_INLINE ObjPtr(const ObjPtr& other) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) = default;
+  template <typename Type>
+  ALWAYS_INLINE ObjPtr(const ObjPtr<Type>& other) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
+      : reference_(Encode(static_cast<MirrorType*>(other.Decode()))) {}
 
+  template <typename Type>
   ALWAYS_INLINE ObjPtr& operator=(const ObjPtr& other) {
-    reference_ = other.reference_;
+    reference_ = Encode(static_cast<MirrorType*>(other.Decode()));
     return *this;
   }
 
@@ -65,7 +70,6 @@
     return Decode();
   }
 
-
   ALWAYS_INLINE bool IsNull() const {
     return reference_ == 0;
   }
@@ -104,6 +108,16 @@
     return !IsNull();
   }
 
+  // Decode unchecked does not check that object pointer is valid. Do not use if you can avoid it.
+  ALWAYS_INLINE MirrorType* DecodeUnchecked() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    if (kPoison) {
+      return reinterpret_cast<MirrorType*>(
+          static_cast<uintptr_t>(static_cast<uint32_t>(reference_ << kObjectAlignmentShift)));
+    } else {
+      return reinterpret_cast<MirrorType*>(reference_);
+    }
+  }
+
  private:
   // Trim off high bits of thread local cookie.
   ALWAYS_INLINE static uintptr_t TrimCookie(uintptr_t cookie) {
@@ -114,16 +128,6 @@
     return reference_ >> kCookieShift;
   }
 
-  // Decode makes sure that the object pointer is valid.
-  ALWAYS_INLINE MirrorType* DecodeUnchecked() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    if (kPoison) {
-      return reinterpret_cast<MirrorType*>(
-          static_cast<uintptr_t>(static_cast<uint32_t>(reference_ << kObjectAlignmentShift)));
-    } else {
-      return reinterpret_cast<MirrorType*>(reference_);
-    }
-  }
-
   ALWAYS_INLINE static uintptr_t Encode(MirrorType* ptr) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   // The encoded reference and cookie.
   uintptr_t reference_;
@@ -134,6 +138,10 @@
   return ObjPtr<MirrorType, kPoison>(ptr);
 }
 
+template<class MirrorType, bool kPoison>
+ALWAYS_INLINE std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, ObjPtr<MirrorType, kPoison> ptr)
+    REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
 }  // namespace art
 
 #endif  // ART_RUNTIME_OBJ_PTR_H_
diff --git a/runtime/openjdkjvm/OpenjdkJvm.cc b/runtime/openjdkjvm/OpenjdkJvm.cc
index 4a62ecd..d46d78c 100644
--- a/runtime/openjdkjvm/OpenjdkJvm.cc
+++ b/runtime/openjdkjvm/OpenjdkJvm.cc
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 #include "thread_list.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 #include "mirror/class_loader.h"
 #include "verify_object-inl.h"
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 #include "../../libcore/ojluni/src/main/native/jvm.h"  // TODO(narayan): fix it
 #include "jni_internal.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
-#include "native/scoped_fast_native_object_access.h"
+#include "native/scoped_fast_native_object_access-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
@@ -286,9 +286,8 @@
 
 JNIEXPORT jstring JVM_InternString(JNIEnv* env, jstring jstr) {
   art::ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  art::mirror::String* s = soa.Decode<art::mirror::String*>(jstr);
-  art::mirror::String* result = s->Intern();
-  return soa.AddLocalReference<jstring>(result);
+  art::ObjPtr<art::mirror::String> s = soa.Decode<art::mirror::String>(jstr);
+  return soa.AddLocalReference<jstring>(s->Intern());
 }
 
 JNIEXPORT jlong JVM_FreeMemory(void) {
@@ -364,8 +363,8 @@
 JNIEXPORT void JVM_Sleep(JNIEnv* env, jclass threadClass ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
                          jobject java_lock, jlong millis) {
   art::ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
-  art::mirror::Object* lock = soa.Decode<art::mirror::Object*>(java_lock);
-  art::Monitor::Wait(art::Thread::Current(), lock, millis, 0, true, art::kSleeping);
+  art::ObjPtr<art::mirror::Object> lock = soa.Decode<art::mirror::Object>(java_lock);
+  art::Monitor::Wait(art::Thread::Current(), lock.Decode(), millis, 0, true, art::kSleeping);
 }
 
 JNIEXPORT jobject JVM_CurrentThread(JNIEnv* env, jclass unused ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) {
@@ -395,19 +394,19 @@
 
 JNIEXPORT jboolean JVM_HoldsLock(JNIEnv* env, jclass unused ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, jobject jobj) {
   art::ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  art::mirror::Object* object = soa.Decode<art::mirror::Object*>(jobj);
-  if (object == NULL) {
+  art::ObjPtr<art::mirror::Object> object = soa.Decode<art::mirror::Object>(jobj);
+  if (object == nullptr) {
     art::ThrowNullPointerException("object == null");
     return JNI_FALSE;
   }
-  return soa.Self()->HoldsLock(object);
+  return soa.Self()->HoldsLock(object.Decode());
 }
 
 JNIEXPORT void JVM_SetNativeThreadName(JNIEnv* env, jobject jthread, jstring java_name) {
   ScopedUtfChars name(env, java_name);
   {
     art::ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-    if (soa.Decode<art::mirror::Object*>(jthread) == soa.Self()->GetPeer()) {
+    if (soa.Decode<art::mirror::Object>(jthread) == soa.Self()->GetPeer()) {
       soa.Self()->SetThreadName(name.c_str());
       return;
     }
diff --git a/runtime/openjdkjvmti/transform.cc b/runtime/openjdkjvmti/transform.cc
index b5622b5..ac348e7 100644
--- a/runtime/openjdkjvmti/transform.cc
+++ b/runtime/openjdkjvmti/transform.cc
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class_loader-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 #include "transform.h"
 #include "utf.h"
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
   JNIEnv* jni_env = *jni_env_ptr;
   art::ScopedObjectAccess soa(jni_env);
   art::StackHandleScope<3> hs(art::Thread::Current());
-  art::Handle<art::mirror::Class> hs_klass(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<art::mirror::Class*>(klass)));
+  art::Handle<art::mirror::Class> hs_klass(hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<art::mirror::Class>(klass)));
   *loader = soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(hs_klass->GetClassLoader());
   *name = art::mirror::Class::ComputeName(hs_klass)->ToModifiedUtf8();
   // TODO is this always null?
diff --git a/runtime/proxy_test.cc b/runtime/proxy_test.cc
index e3f92c7..43b0b3d 100644
--- a/runtime/proxy_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/proxy_test.cc
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include "common_compiler_test.h"
 #include "mirror/field-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/method.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
   jobject jclass_loader = LoadDex("Interfaces");
   StackHandleScope<4> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
 
   Handle<mirror::Class> I(hs.NewHandle(
       class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LInterfaces$I;", class_loader)));
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
   jobject jclass_loader = LoadDex("Interfaces");
   StackHandleScope<9> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
 
   Handle<mirror::Class> I(hs.NewHandle(
       class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LInterfaces$I;", class_loader)));
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
   jobject jclass_loader = LoadDex("Interfaces");
   StackHandleScope<7> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
 
   Handle<mirror::Class> proxyClass0;
   Handle<mirror::Class> proxyClass1;
diff --git a/runtime/reference_table_test.cc b/runtime/reference_table_test.cc
index 819e17a..489db9a 100644
--- a/runtime/reference_table_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/reference_table_test.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include "mirror/string.h"
 #include "primitive.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/reflection.cc b/runtime/reflection.cc
index 7c0f2b5..b663b4c 100644
--- a/runtime/reflection.cc
+++ b/runtime/reflection.cc
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 #include "mirror/executable.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
 #include "nth_caller_visitor.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "stack_reference.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
           AppendFloat(va_arg(ap, jdouble));
           break;
         case 'L':
-          Append(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(va_arg(ap, jobject)));
+          Append(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(va_arg(ap, jobject)));
           break;
         case 'D':
           AppendDouble(va_arg(ap, jdouble));
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@
           Append(args[args_offset].i);
           break;
         case 'L':
-          Append(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(args[args_offset].l));
+          Append(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(args[args_offset].l));
           break;
         case 'D':
         case 'J':
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@
     // Replace calls to String.<init> with equivalent StringFactory call.
     method = WellKnownClasses::StringInitToStringFactory(method);
   }
-  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> receiver = method->IsStatic() ? nullptr : soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(obj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> receiver = method->IsStatic() ? nullptr : soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(obj);
   uint32_t shorty_len = 0;
   const char* shorty =
       method->GetInterfaceMethodIfProxy(kRuntimePointerSize)->GetShorty(&shorty_len);
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@
     // Replace calls to String.<init> with equivalent StringFactory call.
     method = WellKnownClasses::StringInitToStringFactory(method);
   }
-  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> receiver = method->IsStatic() ? nullptr : soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(obj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> receiver = method->IsStatic() ? nullptr : soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(obj);
   uint32_t shorty_len = 0;
   const char* shorty =
       method->GetInterfaceMethodIfProxy(kRuntimePointerSize)->GetShorty(&shorty_len);
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@
     return JValue();
   }
 
-  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> receiver = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(obj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> receiver = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(obj);
   ArtMethod* method = FindVirtualMethod(receiver, soa.DecodeMethod(mid));
   bool is_string_init = method->GetDeclaringClass()->IsStringClass() && method->IsConstructor();
   if (is_string_init) {
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@
     return JValue();
   }
 
-  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> receiver = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(obj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Object> receiver = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(obj);
   ArtMethod* method = FindVirtualMethod(receiver, soa.DecodeMethod(mid));
   bool is_string_init = method->GetDeclaringClass()->IsStringClass() && method->IsConstructor();
   if (is_string_init) {
@@ -580,18 +580,17 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
 
-  ObjPtr<mirror::Executable> executable = soa.Decode<mirror::Executable*>(javaMethod);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Executable> executable = soa.Decode<mirror::Executable>(javaMethod);
   const bool accessible = executable->IsAccessible();
   ArtMethod* m = executable->GetArtMethod();
 
   ObjPtr<mirror::Class> declaring_class = m->GetDeclaringClass();
   if (UNLIKELY(!declaring_class->IsInitialized())) {
     StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-    Handle<mirror::Class> h_class(hs.NewHandle(declaring_class.Decode()));
+    HandleWrapperObjPtr<mirror::Class> h_class(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&declaring_class));
     if (!Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->EnsureInitialized(soa.Self(), h_class, true, true)) {
       return nullptr;
     }
-    declaring_class = h_class.Get();
   }
 
   ObjPtr<mirror::Object> receiver;
@@ -602,7 +601,7 @@
       CHECK(javaReceiver == nullptr);
     } else {
       // Check that the receiver is non-null and an instance of the field's declaring class.
-      receiver = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaReceiver);
+      receiver = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(javaReceiver);
       if (!VerifyObjectIsClass(receiver, declaring_class)) {
         return nullptr;
       }
@@ -613,7 +612,8 @@
   }
 
   // Get our arrays of arguments and their types, and check they're the same size.
-  auto* objects = soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>*>(javaArgs);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>> objects =
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>>(javaArgs);
   auto* np_method = m->GetInterfaceMethodIfProxy(kRuntimePointerSize);
   const DexFile::TypeList* classes = np_method->GetParameterTypeList();
   uint32_t classes_size = (classes == nullptr) ? 0 : classes->Size();
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@
 
 ObjPtr<mirror::Object> BoxPrimitive(Primitive::Type src_class, const JValue& value) {
   if (src_class == Primitive::kPrimNot) {
-    return value.GetL();
+    return MakeObjPtr(value.GetL());
   }
   if (src_class == Primitive::kPrimVoid) {
     // There's no such thing as a void field, and void methods invoked via reflection return null.
diff --git a/runtime/reflection_test.cc b/runtime/reflection_test.cc
index 4876ff0..189ed03 100644
--- a/runtime/reflection_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/reflection_test.cc
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
 #include "base/enums.h"
 #include "common_compiler_test.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -93,16 +93,12 @@
     StackHandleScope<2> hs(self);
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
         hs.NewHandle(
-            ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(self).Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
-    if (is_static) {
-      MakeExecutable(ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(self).Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader),
-                     class_name);
-    } else {
+            ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(self).Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
+    if (!is_static) {
       MakeExecutable(nullptr, "java.lang.Class");
       MakeExecutable(nullptr, "java.lang.Object");
-      MakeExecutable(ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(self).Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader),
-                     class_name);
     }
+    MakeExecutable(class_loader.Get(), class_name);
 
     mirror::Class* c = class_linker_->FindClass(self, DotToDescriptor(class_name).c_str(),
                                                 class_loader);
@@ -512,7 +508,7 @@
   jobject jclass_loader = LoadDex("Main");
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
   CompileDirectMethod(class_loader, "Main", "main", "([Ljava/lang/String;)V");
 
   mirror::Class* klass = class_linker_->FindClass(soa.Self(), "LMain;", class_loader);
diff --git a/runtime/runtime.cc b/runtime/runtime.cc
index 65b894f..df0dca0 100644
--- a/runtime/runtime.cc
+++ b/runtime/runtime.cc
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@
 #include "reflection.h"
 #include "runtime_options.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "sigchain.h"
 #include "signal_catcher.h"
 #include "signal_set.h"
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@
 
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::Class> class_loader_class(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ClassLoader)));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_ClassLoader)));
   CHECK(cl->EnsureInitialized(soa.Self(), class_loader_class, true, true));
 
   ArtMethod* getSystemClassLoader = class_loader_class->FindDirectMethod(
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@
   soa.Self()->SetClassLoaderOverride(system_class_loader.get());
 
   Handle<mirror::Class> thread_class(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread)));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread)));
   CHECK(cl->EnsureInitialized(soa.Self(), thread_class, true, true));
 
   ArtField* contextClassLoader =
@@ -553,8 +553,9 @@
   CHECK(contextClassLoader != nullptr);
 
   // We can't run in a transaction yet.
-  contextClassLoader->SetObject<false>(soa.Self()->GetPeer(),
-                                       soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(system_class_loader.get()));
+  contextClassLoader->SetObject<false>(
+      soa.Self()->GetPeer(),
+      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(system_class_loader.get()).Decode());
 
   return env->NewGlobalRef(system_class_loader.get());
 }
diff --git a/runtime/scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h b/runtime/scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf020d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ART_RUNTIME_SCOPED_THREAD_STATE_CHANGE_INL_H_
+#define ART_RUNTIME_SCOPED_THREAD_STATE_CHANGE_INL_H_
+
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+
+#include "jni_env_ext-inl.h"
+#include "obj_ptr-inl.h"
+#include "thread-inl.h"
+
+namespace art {
+
+inline ScopedThreadStateChange::ScopedThreadStateChange(Thread* self, ThreadState new_thread_state)
+    : self_(self), thread_state_(new_thread_state), expected_has_no_thread_(false) {
+  if (UNLIKELY(self_ == nullptr)) {
+    // Value chosen arbitrarily and won't be used in the destructor since thread_ == null.
+    old_thread_state_ = kTerminated;
+    Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
+    CHECK(runtime == nullptr || !runtime->IsStarted() || runtime->IsShuttingDown(self_));
+  } else {
+    DCHECK_EQ(self, Thread::Current());
+    // Read state without locks, ok as state is effectively thread local and we're not interested
+    // in the suspend count (this will be handled in the runnable transitions).
+    old_thread_state_ = self->GetState();
+    if (old_thread_state_ != new_thread_state) {
+      if (new_thread_state == kRunnable) {
+        self_->TransitionFromSuspendedToRunnable();
+      } else if (old_thread_state_ == kRunnable) {
+        self_->TransitionFromRunnableToSuspended(new_thread_state);
+      } else {
+        // A suspended transition to another effectively suspended transition, ok to use Unsafe.
+        self_->SetState(new_thread_state);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+inline ScopedThreadStateChange::~ScopedThreadStateChange() {
+  if (UNLIKELY(self_ == nullptr)) {
+    if (!expected_has_no_thread_) {
+      Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
+      bool shutting_down = (runtime == nullptr) || runtime->IsShuttingDown(nullptr);
+      CHECK(shutting_down);
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (old_thread_state_ != thread_state_) {
+      if (old_thread_state_ == kRunnable) {
+        self_->TransitionFromSuspendedToRunnable();
+      } else if (thread_state_ == kRunnable) {
+        self_->TransitionFromRunnableToSuspended(old_thread_state_);
+      } else {
+        // A suspended transition to another effectively suspended transition, ok to use Unsafe.
+        self_->SetState(old_thread_state_);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+inline T ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable::AddLocalReference(mirror::Object* obj) const {
+  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
+  DCHECK(IsRunnable());  // Don't work with raw objects in non-runnable states.
+  DCHECK_NE(obj, Runtime::Current()->GetClearedJniWeakGlobal());
+  return obj == nullptr ? nullptr : Env()->AddLocalReference<T>(obj);
+}
+
+template<typename T, typename MirrorType, bool kPoison>
+inline T ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable::AddLocalReference(
+    ObjPtr<MirrorType, kPoison> obj) const {
+  return AddLocalReference<T>(obj.Decode());
+}
+
+template<typename T, bool kPoison>
+inline ObjPtr<T, kPoison> ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable::Decode(jobject obj) const {
+  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
+  DCHECK(IsRunnable());  // Don't work with raw objects in non-runnable states.
+  return down_cast<T*>(Self()->DecodeJObject(obj));
+}
+
+inline ArtField* ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable::DecodeField(jfieldID fid) const {
+  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
+  DCHECK(IsRunnable());  // Don't work with raw objects in non-runnable states.
+  return reinterpret_cast<ArtField*>(fid);
+}
+
+inline jfieldID ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable::EncodeField(ArtField* field) const {
+  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
+  DCHECK(IsRunnable());  // Don't work with raw objects in non-runnable states.
+  return reinterpret_cast<jfieldID>(field);
+}
+
+inline ArtMethod* ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable::DecodeMethod(jmethodID mid) const {
+  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
+  DCHECK(IsRunnable());  // Don't work with raw objects in non-runnable states.
+  return reinterpret_cast<ArtMethod*>(mid);
+}
+
+inline jmethodID ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable::EncodeMethod(ArtMethod* method) const {
+  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
+  DCHECK(IsRunnable());  // Don't work with raw objects in non-runnable states.
+  return reinterpret_cast<jmethodID>(method);
+}
+
+inline bool ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable::IsRunnable() const {
+  return self_->GetState() == kRunnable;
+}
+
+inline ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable::ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable(JNIEnv* env)
+    : self_(ThreadForEnv(env)), env_(down_cast<JNIEnvExt*>(env)), vm_(env_->vm) {}
+
+inline ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable::ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable(Thread* self)
+    : self_(self),
+      env_(down_cast<JNIEnvExt*>(self->GetJniEnv())),
+      vm_(env_ != nullptr ? env_->vm : nullptr) {}
+
+inline ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked::ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(JNIEnv* env)
+    : ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable(env), tsc_(Self(), kRunnable) {
+  Self()->VerifyStack();
+  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
+}
+
+inline ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked::ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(Thread* self)
+    : ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable(self), tsc_(self, kRunnable) {
+  Self()->VerifyStack();
+  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
+}
+
+inline ScopedThreadSuspension::ScopedThreadSuspension(Thread* self, ThreadState suspended_state)
+    : self_(self), suspended_state_(suspended_state) {
+  DCHECK(self_ != nullptr);
+  self_->TransitionFromRunnableToSuspended(suspended_state);
+}
+
+inline ScopedThreadSuspension::~ScopedThreadSuspension() {
+  DCHECK_EQ(self_->GetState(), suspended_state_);
+  self_->TransitionFromSuspendedToRunnable();
+}
+
+}  // namespace art
+
+#endif  // ART_RUNTIME_SCOPED_THREAD_STATE_CHANGE_INL_H_
diff --git a/runtime/scoped_thread_state_change.h b/runtime/scoped_thread_state_change.h
index 8a1aca5..175bec5 100644
--- a/runtime/scoped_thread_state_change.h
+++ b/runtime/scoped_thread_state_change.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2012 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -17,85 +17,43 @@
 #ifndef ART_RUNTIME_SCOPED_THREAD_STATE_CHANGE_H_
 #define ART_RUNTIME_SCOPED_THREAD_STATE_CHANGE_H_
 
-#include "base/casts.h"
-#include "java_vm_ext.h"
-#include "jni_env_ext-inl.h"
 #include "art_field.h"
-#include "read_barrier.h"
-#include "thread-inl.h"
+#include "base/casts.h"
+#include "base/value_object.h"
+#include "java_vm_ext.h"
+#include "thread_state.h"
 #include "verify_object.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
+struct JNIEnvExt;
+template<class MirrorType, bool kPoison> class ObjPtr;
+
 // Scoped change into and out of a particular state. Handles Runnable transitions that require
 // more complicated suspension checking. The subclasses ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked and
 // ScopedObjectAccess are used to handle the change into Runnable to Get direct access to objects,
 // the unchecked variant doesn't aid annotalysis.
 class ScopedThreadStateChange : public ValueObject {
  public:
-  ScopedThreadStateChange(Thread* self, ThreadState new_thread_state)
-      REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_) ALWAYS_INLINE
-      : self_(self), thread_state_(new_thread_state), expected_has_no_thread_(false) {
-    if (UNLIKELY(self_ == nullptr)) {
-      // Value chosen arbitrarily and won't be used in the destructor since thread_ == null.
-      old_thread_state_ = kTerminated;
-      Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
-      CHECK(runtime == nullptr || !runtime->IsStarted() || runtime->IsShuttingDown(self_));
-    } else {
-      DCHECK_EQ(self, Thread::Current());
-      // Read state without locks, ok as state is effectively thread local and we're not interested
-      // in the suspend count (this will be handled in the runnable transitions).
-      old_thread_state_ = self->GetState();
-      if (old_thread_state_ != new_thread_state) {
-        if (new_thread_state == kRunnable) {
-          self_->TransitionFromSuspendedToRunnable();
-        } else if (old_thread_state_ == kRunnable) {
-          self_->TransitionFromRunnableToSuspended(new_thread_state);
-        } else {
-          // A suspended transition to another effectively suspended transition, ok to use Unsafe.
-          self_->SetState(new_thread_state);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
+  ALWAYS_INLINE ScopedThreadStateChange(Thread* self, ThreadState new_thread_state)
+      REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_);
 
-  ~ScopedThreadStateChange() REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_) ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    if (UNLIKELY(self_ == nullptr)) {
-      if (!expected_has_no_thread_) {
-        Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
-        bool shutting_down = (runtime == nullptr) || runtime->IsShuttingDown(nullptr);
-        CHECK(shutting_down);
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (old_thread_state_ != thread_state_) {
-        if (old_thread_state_ == kRunnable) {
-          self_->TransitionFromSuspendedToRunnable();
-        } else if (thread_state_ == kRunnable) {
-          self_->TransitionFromRunnableToSuspended(old_thread_state_);
-        } else {
-          // A suspended transition to another effectively suspended transition, ok to use Unsafe.
-          self_->SetState(old_thread_state_);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
+  ALWAYS_INLINE ~ScopedThreadStateChange() REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_);
 
-  Thread* Self() const {
+  ALWAYS_INLINE Thread* Self() const {
     return self_;
   }
 
  protected:
   // Constructor used by ScopedJniThreadState for an unattached thread that has access to the VM*.
-  ScopedThreadStateChange()
-      : self_(nullptr), thread_state_(kTerminated), old_thread_state_(kTerminated),
-        expected_has_no_thread_(true) {}
+  ScopedThreadStateChange() {}
 
-  Thread* const self_;
-  const ThreadState thread_state_;
+  Thread* const self_ = nullptr;
+  const ThreadState thread_state_ = kTerminated;
 
  private:
-  ThreadState old_thread_state_;
-  const bool expected_has_no_thread_;
+  ThreadState old_thread_state_ = kTerminated;
+  const bool expected_has_no_thread_ = true;
 
   friend class ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked;
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ScopedThreadStateChange);
@@ -129,62 +87,34 @@
    * This will be called on otherwise unreferenced objects. We cannot do GC allocations here, and
    * it's best if we don't grab a mutex.
    */
+  template<typename T, typename MirrorType, bool kPoison = kIsDebugBuild>
+  T AddLocalReference(ObjPtr<MirrorType, kPoison> obj) const
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
+  // TODO: Delete
   template<typename T>
-  T AddLocalReference(mirror::Object* obj) const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
-    DCHECK(IsRunnable());  // Don't work with raw objects in non-runnable states.
-    DCHECK_NE(obj, Runtime::Current()->GetClearedJniWeakGlobal());
-    return obj == nullptr ? nullptr : Env()->AddLocalReference<T>(obj);
-  }
+  T AddLocalReference(mirror::Object* obj) const
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  template<typename T>
-  T Decode(jobject obj) const
-      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
-    DCHECK(IsRunnable());  // Don't work with raw objects in non-runnable states.
-    return down_cast<T>(Self()->DecodeJObject(obj));
-  }
+  template<typename T, bool kPoison = kIsDebugBuild>
+  ObjPtr<T, kPoison> Decode(jobject obj) const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  ArtField* DecodeField(jfieldID fid) const
-      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
-    DCHECK(IsRunnable());  // Don't work with raw objects in non-runnable states.
-    return reinterpret_cast<ArtField*>(fid);
-  }
+  ArtField* DecodeField(jfieldID fid) const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  jfieldID EncodeField(ArtField* field) const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
-    DCHECK(IsRunnable());  // Don't work with raw objects in non-runnable states.
-    return reinterpret_cast<jfieldID>(field);
-  }
+  jfieldID EncodeField(ArtField* field) const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  ArtMethod* DecodeMethod(jmethodID mid) const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
-    DCHECK(IsRunnable());  // Don't work with raw objects in non-runnable states.
-    return reinterpret_cast<ArtMethod*>(mid);
-  }
+  ArtMethod* DecodeMethod(jmethodID mid) const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  jmethodID EncodeMethod(ArtMethod* method) const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
-    DCHECK(IsRunnable());  // Don't work with raw objects in non-runnable states.
-    return reinterpret_cast<jmethodID>(method);
-  }
+  jmethodID EncodeMethod(ArtMethod* method) const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  bool IsRunnable() const {
-    return self_->GetState() == kRunnable;
-  }
+  ALWAYS_INLINE bool IsRunnable() const;
 
  protected:
-  explicit ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable(JNIEnv* env)
-      REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_) ALWAYS_INLINE
-      : self_(ThreadForEnv(env)), env_(down_cast<JNIEnvExt*>(env)), vm_(env_->vm) {
-  }
+  ALWAYS_INLINE explicit ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable(JNIEnv* env)
+      REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_);
 
-  explicit ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable(Thread* self)
-      REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_) ALWAYS_INLINE
-      : self_(self), env_(down_cast<JNIEnvExt*>(self->GetJniEnv())),
-        vm_(env_ != nullptr ? env_->vm : nullptr) {
-  }
+  ALWAYS_INLINE explicit ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable(Thread* self)
+      REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_);
 
   // Used when we want a scoped JNI thread state but have no thread/JNIEnv. Consequently doesn't
   // change into Runnable or acquire a share on the mutator_lock_.
@@ -192,8 +122,7 @@
       : self_(nullptr), env_(nullptr), vm_(down_cast<JavaVMExt*>(vm)) {}
 
   // Here purely to force inlining.
-  ~ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable() ALWAYS_INLINE {
-  }
+  ALWAYS_INLINE ~ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable() {}
 
   // Self thread, can be null.
   Thread* const self_;
@@ -219,19 +148,11 @@
 // the mutator_lock_ will be acquired on construction.
 class ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked : public ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable {
  public:
-  explicit ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(JNIEnv* env)
-      REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_) ALWAYS_INLINE
-      : ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable(env), tsc_(Self(), kRunnable) {
-    Self()->VerifyStack();
-    Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
-  }
+  ALWAYS_INLINE explicit ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(JNIEnv* env)
+      REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_);
 
-  explicit ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(Thread* self)
-      REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_) ALWAYS_INLINE
-      : ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable(self), tsc_(self, kRunnable) {
-    Self()->VerifyStack();
-    Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertSharedHeld(Self());
-  }
+  ALWAYS_INLINE explicit ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(Thread* self)
+      REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_);
 
   // Used when we want a scoped JNI thread state but have no thread/JNIEnv. Consequently doesn't
   // change into Runnable or acquire a share on the mutator_lock_.
@@ -249,28 +170,24 @@
 // Annotalysis helping variant of the above.
 class ScopedObjectAccess : public ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked {
  public:
-  explicit ScopedObjectAccess(JNIEnv* env)
+  ALWAYS_INLINE explicit ScopedObjectAccess(JNIEnv* env)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_)
-      SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_) ALWAYS_INLINE
-      : ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(env) {
-  }
+      SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_)
+      : ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(env) {}
 
-  explicit ScopedObjectAccess(Thread* self)
+  ALWAYS_INLINE explicit ScopedObjectAccess(Thread* self)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_)
-      SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_) ALWAYS_INLINE
-      : ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(self) {
-  }
+      SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_)
+      : ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(self) {}
 
-  ~ScopedObjectAccess() UNLOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_) ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    // Base class will release share of lock. Invoked after this destructor.
-  }
+  // Base class will release share of lock. Invoked after this destructor.
+  ~ScopedObjectAccess() UNLOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_) ALWAYS_INLINE {}
 
  private:
   // TODO: remove this constructor. It is used by check JNI's ScopedCheck to make it believe that
   //       routines operating with just a VM are sound, they are not, but when you have just a VM
   //       you cannot call the unsound routines.
-  explicit ScopedObjectAccess(JavaVM* vm)
-      SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_)
+  explicit ScopedObjectAccess(JavaVM* vm) SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       : ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked(vm) {}
 
   friend class ScopedCheck;
@@ -280,19 +197,11 @@
 // Annotalysis helper for going to a suspended state from runnable.
 class ScopedThreadSuspension : public ValueObject {
  public:
-  explicit ScopedThreadSuspension(Thread* self, ThreadState suspended_state)
+  ALWAYS_INLINE explicit ScopedThreadSuspension(Thread* self, ThreadState suspended_state)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::thread_suspend_count_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_)
-      UNLOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      ALWAYS_INLINE
-      : self_(self), suspended_state_(suspended_state) {
-    DCHECK(self_ != nullptr);
-    self_->TransitionFromRunnableToSuspended(suspended_state);
-  }
+      UNLOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  ~ScopedThreadSuspension() SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_) ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    DCHECK_EQ(self_->GetState(), suspended_state_);
-    self_->TransitionFromSuspendedToRunnable();
-  }
+  ALWAYS_INLINE ~ScopedThreadSuspension() SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
  private:
   Thread* const self_;
diff --git a/runtime/signal_catcher.cc b/runtime/signal_catcher.cc
index 848c0e3..674459d 100644
--- a/runtime/signal_catcher.cc
+++ b/runtime/signal_catcher.cc
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 #include "gc/heap.h"
 #include "os.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "signal_set.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
diff --git a/runtime/thread.cc b/runtime/thread.cc
index d0ea2d7..ec1bb3f 100644
--- a/runtime/thread.cc
+++ b/runtime/thread.cc
@@ -59,12 +59,13 @@
 #include "native_stack_dump.h"
 #include "nth_caller_visitor.h"
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
+#include "obj_ptr-inl.h"
 #include "object_lock.h"
 #include "quick_exception_handler.h"
 #include "quick/quick_method_frame_info.h"
 #include "reflection.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 #include "stack.h"
@@ -406,7 +407,7 @@
 
     // Copy peer into self, deleting global reference when done.
     CHECK(self->tlsPtr_.jpeer != nullptr);
-    self->tlsPtr_.opeer = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(self->tlsPtr_.jpeer);
+    self->tlsPtr_.opeer = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(self->tlsPtr_.jpeer).Decode();
     self->GetJniEnv()->DeleteGlobalRef(self->tlsPtr_.jpeer);
     self->tlsPtr_.jpeer = nullptr;
     self->SetThreadName(self->GetThreadName(soa)->ToModifiedUtf8().c_str());
@@ -444,7 +445,7 @@
 
 Thread* Thread::FromManagedThread(const ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable& soa,
                                   jobject java_thread) {
-  return FromManagedThread(soa, soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_thread));
+  return FromManagedThread(soa, soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_thread).Decode());
 }
 
 static size_t FixStackSize(size_t stack_size) {
@@ -563,7 +564,7 @@
 
     ArtField* f = soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread_name);
     mirror::String* java_name = reinterpret_cast<mirror::String*>(f->GetObject(
-        soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(java_peer)));
+        soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(java_peer).Decode()));
     std::string thread_name;
     if (java_name != nullptr) {
       thread_name = java_name->ToModifiedUtf8();
@@ -802,7 +803,7 @@
   }
   {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(this);
-    tlsPtr_.opeer = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(peer.get());
+    tlsPtr_.opeer = soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(peer.get()).Decode();
   }
   env->CallNonvirtualVoidMethod(peer.get(),
                                 WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread,
@@ -844,9 +845,11 @@
   soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread_daemon)->
       SetBoolean<kTransactionActive>(tlsPtr_.opeer, thread_is_daemon);
   soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread_group)->
-      SetObject<kTransactionActive>(tlsPtr_.opeer, soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(thread_group));
+      SetObject<kTransactionActive>(tlsPtr_.opeer,
+                                    soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(thread_group).Decode());
   soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread_name)->
-      SetObject<kTransactionActive>(tlsPtr_.opeer, soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(thread_name));
+      SetObject<kTransactionActive>(tlsPtr_.opeer,
+                                    soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(thread_name).Decode());
   soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread_priority)->
       SetInt<kTransactionActive>(tlsPtr_.opeer, thread_priority);
 }
@@ -2123,7 +2126,7 @@
     int* stack_depth) {
   // Decode the internal stack trace into the depth, method trace and PC trace.
   // Subtract one for the methods and PC trace.
-  int32_t depth = soa.Decode<mirror::Array*>(internal)->GetLength() - 1;
+  int32_t depth = soa.Decode<mirror::Array>(internal)->GetLength() - 1;
   DCHECK_GE(depth, 0);
 
   ClassLinker* const class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
@@ -2135,7 +2138,7 @@
     result = output_array;
     // ...adjusting the number of frames we'll write to not exceed the array length.
     const int32_t traces_length =
-        soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>*>(result)->GetLength();
+        soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>>(result)->GetLength();
     depth = std::min(depth, traces_length);
   } else {
     // Create java_trace array and place in local reference table
@@ -2153,7 +2156,7 @@
 
   for (int32_t i = 0; i < depth; ++i) {
     mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* decoded_traces =
-        soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(internal)->AsObjectArray<mirror::Object>();
+        soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(internal)->AsObjectArray<mirror::Object>();
     // Methods and dex PC trace is element 0.
     DCHECK(decoded_traces->Get(0)->IsIntArray() || decoded_traces->Get(0)->IsLongArray());
     mirror::PointerArray* const method_trace =
@@ -2205,7 +2208,7 @@
       return nullptr;
     }
     // We are called from native: use non-transactional mode.
-    soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>*>(result)->Set<false>(i, obj);
+    soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::StackTraceElement>>(result)->Set<false>(i, obj);
   }
   return result;
 }
@@ -3044,11 +3047,10 @@
   interpreter::EnterInterpreterFromDeoptimize(this, shadow_frame, from_code, result);
 }
 
-void Thread::SetException(mirror::Throwable* new_exception) {
+void Thread::SetException(ObjPtr<mirror::Throwable> new_exception) {
   CHECK(new_exception != nullptr);
   // TODO: DCHECK(!IsExceptionPending());
-  tlsPtr_.exception = new_exception;
-  // LOG(ERROR) << new_exception->Dump();
+  tlsPtr_.exception = new_exception.Decode();
 }
 
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/thread.h b/runtime/thread.h
index 55f1489..f2c22d1 100644
--- a/runtime/thread.h
+++ b/runtime/thread.h
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@
   void AssertNoPendingException() const;
   void AssertNoPendingExceptionForNewException(const char* msg) const;
 
-  void SetException(mirror::Throwable* new_exception) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  void SetException(ObjPtr<mirror::Throwable> new_exception) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void ClearException() REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     tlsPtr_.exception = nullptr;
@@ -902,7 +902,9 @@
 
   // Returns the fake exception used to activate deoptimization.
   static mirror::Throwable* GetDeoptimizationException() {
-    return reinterpret_cast<mirror::Throwable*>(-1);
+    // Note that the mirror::Throwable must be aligned to kObjectAlignment or else it cannot be
+    // represented by ObjPtr.
+    return reinterpret_cast<mirror::Throwable*>(0x100);
   }
 
   // Currently deoptimization invokes verifier which can trigger class loading
diff --git a/runtime/thread_list.cc b/runtime/thread_list.cc
index 17c6c2e..e2aca6a 100644
--- a/runtime/thread_list.cc
+++ b/runtime/thread_list.cc
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 #include "lock_word.h"
 #include "monitor.h"
 #include "native_stack_dump.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 #include "trace.h"
 #include "well_known_classes.h"
diff --git a/runtime/trace.cc b/runtime/trace.cc
index 23591c2..f846746 100644
--- a/runtime/trace.cc
+++ b/runtime/trace.cc
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "os.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
diff --git a/runtime/transaction_test.cc b/runtime/transaction_test.cc
index 82e529c..77c2b76 100644
--- a/runtime/transaction_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/transaction_test.cc
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "dex_file.h"
 #include "mirror/array-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
     jobject jclass_loader = LoadDex("Transaction");
     StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(jclass_loader)));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(jclass_loader)));
     ASSERT_TRUE(class_loader.Get() != nullptr);
 
     // Load and initialize java.lang.ExceptionInInitializerError and the exception class used
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   StackHandleScope<4> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("Transaction"))));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("Transaction"))));
   ASSERT_TRUE(class_loader.Get() != nullptr);
 
   Handle<mirror::Class> h_klass(
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   StackHandleScope<5> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("Transaction"))));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("Transaction"))));
   ASSERT_TRUE(class_loader.Get() != nullptr);
 
   Handle<mirror::Class> h_klass(
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   StackHandleScope<4> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("Transaction"))));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("Transaction"))));
   ASSERT_TRUE(class_loader.Get() != nullptr);
 
   Handle<mirror::Class> h_klass(
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   StackHandleScope<3> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("Transaction"))));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("Transaction"))));
   ASSERT_TRUE(class_loader.Get() != nullptr);
 
   Handle<mirror::Class> h_klass(
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("Transaction"))));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("Transaction"))));
   ASSERT_TRUE(class_loader.Get() != nullptr);
 
   Handle<mirror::Class> h_klass(
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
-      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(LoadDex("Transaction"))));
+      hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(LoadDex("Transaction"))));
   ASSERT_TRUE(class_loader.Get() != nullptr);
 
   Handle<mirror::Class> h_klass(
diff --git a/runtime/type_lookup_table_test.cc b/runtime/type_lookup_table_test.cc
index ea4d8b5..ec38b41 100644
--- a/runtime/type_lookup_table_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/type_lookup_table_test.cc
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "type_lookup_table.h"
 #include "utf-inl.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/utils.cc b/runtime/utils.cc
index 0803ca7..a40e313 100644
--- a/runtime/utils.cc
+++ b/runtime/utils.cc
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
 #include "obj_ptr-inl.h"
 #include "os.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "utf-inl.h"
 
 #if defined(__APPLE__)
diff --git a/runtime/utils_test.cc b/runtime/utils_test.cc
index 3ba20a4..ef42222 100644
--- a/runtime/utils_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/utils_test.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/string.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 
 #include "base/memory_tool.h"
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc
index 13ef043..87b6dc3 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 #include "reg_type-inl.h"
 #include "register_line-inl.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 #include "verifier_deps.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier_test.cc b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier_test.cc
index 646987a..837ee2d 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier_test.cc
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include "class_linker-inl.h"
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "dex_file.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "verifier_log_mode.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/reg_type.cc b/runtime/verifier/reg_type.cc
index 3bc2acc..a84668b 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/reg_type.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/reg_type.cc
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
 #include "reg_type_cache-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 #include <limits>
 #include <sstream>
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/reg_type_test.cc b/runtime/verifier/reg_type_test.cc
index f2411b5..49dac26 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/reg_type_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/reg_type_test.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "reg_type_cache-inl.h"
 #include "reg_type-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/verifier_deps_test.cc b/runtime/verifier/verifier_deps_test.cc
index bbaf59f..4533464 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/verifier_deps_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/verifier_deps_test.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class_loader.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
 #include "thread.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace verifier {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_handle(
-        hs.NewHandle(soa->Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader_)));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa->Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader_)));
     mirror::Class* klass = class_linker_->FindClass(Thread::Current(),
                                                     name.c_str(),
                                                     class_loader_handle);
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@
 
     SetVerifierDeps(dex_files);
 
-    mirror::ClassLoader* loader = soa->Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader_);
-    class_linker_->RegisterDexFile(*dex_file_, loader);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> loader = soa->Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader_);
+    class_linker_->RegisterDexFile(*dex_file_, loader.Decode());
 
     klass_Main_ = FindClassByName("LMain;", soa);
     CHECK(klass_Main_ != nullptr);
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
 
     StackHandleScope<2> hs(Thread::Current());
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_handle(
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader_)));
+        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader_)));
     Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache_handle(hs.NewHandle(klass_Main_->GetDexCache()));
 
     const DexFile::ClassDef* class_def = klass_Main_->GetClassDef();
diff --git a/runtime/well_known_classes.cc b/runtime/well_known_classes.cc
index e5216fb..4dcf58f 100644
--- a/runtime/well_known_classes.cc
+++ b/runtime/well_known_classes.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class.h"
 #include "mirror/throwable.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/test/004-ThreadStress/thread_stress.cc b/test/004-ThreadStress/thread_stress.cc
index 573c352..8ae3dfb 100644
--- a/test/004-ThreadStress/thread_stress.cc
+++ b/test/004-ThreadStress/thread_stress.cc
@@ -19,18 +19,18 @@
 #include "jni.h"
 #include "mirror/string.h"
 #include "mirror/throwable.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_Main_printString(JNIEnv*, jclass, jstring s) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  std::cout << soa.Decode<mirror::String*>(s)->ToModifiedUtf8();
+  std::cout << soa.Decode<mirror::String>(s)->ToModifiedUtf8();
 }
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_Main_printThrowable(JNIEnv*, jclass, jthrowable t) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  std::cout << soa.Decode<mirror::Throwable*>(t)->Dump();
+  std::cout << soa.Decode<mirror::Throwable>(t)->Dump();
 }
 
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/test/004-UnsafeTest/unsafe_test.cc b/test/004-UnsafeTest/unsafe_test.cc
index 3b0cf23..4f6ae5a 100644
--- a/test/004-UnsafeTest/unsafe_test.cc
+++ b/test/004-UnsafeTest/unsafe_test.cc
@@ -20,20 +20,20 @@
 #include "mirror/class.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL Java_Main_vmArrayBaseOffset(JNIEnv* env, jclass, jobject classObj) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Class* klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(classObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(classObj);
   return mirror::Array::DataOffset(
       Primitive::ComponentSize(klass->GetComponentType()->GetPrimitiveType())).Int32Value();
 }
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL Java_Main_vmArrayIndexScale(JNIEnv* env, jclass, jobject classObj) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  mirror::Class* klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(classObj);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(classObj);
   return Primitive::ComponentSize(klass->GetComponentType()->GetPrimitiveType());
 }
 
diff --git a/test/117-nopatchoat/nopatchoat.cc b/test/117-nopatchoat/nopatchoat.cc
index c6a2e9a..56c0dcd 100644
--- a/test/117-nopatchoat/nopatchoat.cc
+++ b/test/117-nopatchoat/nopatchoat.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "gc/space/image_space.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
  public:
   static const OatFile::OatDexFile* getOatDexFile(jclass cls) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-    mirror::Class* klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(cls);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(cls);
     const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
     return dex_file.GetOatDexFile();
   }
diff --git a/test/1337-gc-coverage/gc_coverage.cc b/test/1337-gc-coverage/gc_coverage.cc
index 7cf30bd..1e60bd9 100644
--- a/test/1337-gc-coverage/gc_coverage.cc
+++ b/test/1337-gc-coverage/gc_coverage.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include "gc/heap.h"
 #include "jni.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL Java_Main_objectAddress(JNIEnv* env, jclass, jobject object) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(object));
+  return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(object).Decode());
 }
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jboolean JNICALL Java_Main_supportCollectorTransition(JNIEnv*, jclass) {
diff --git a/test/148-multithread-gc-annotations/gc_coverage.cc b/test/148-multithread-gc-annotations/gc_coverage.cc
index 263eefd..cb12df4 100644
--- a/test/148-multithread-gc-annotations/gc_coverage.cc
+++ b/test/148-multithread-gc-annotations/gc_coverage.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include "gc/heap.h"
 #include "jni.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL Java_MovingGCThread_objectAddress(JNIEnv* env, jclass, jobject object) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(object));
+  return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(object).Decode());
 }
 
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/test/454-get-vreg/get_vreg_jni.cc b/test/454-get-vreg/get_vreg_jni.cc
index 5762754..9058af4 100644
--- a/test/454-get-vreg/get_vreg_jni.cc
+++ b/test/454-get-vreg/get_vreg_jni.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
 #include "jni.h"
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "stack.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL Java_Main_doNativeCall(JNIEnv*, jobject value) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   std::unique_ptr<Context> context(Context::Create());
-  TestVisitor visitor(soa.Self(), context.get(), soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(value));
+  TestVisitor visitor(soa.Self(), context.get(), soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(value).Decode());
   visitor.WalkStack();
   return visitor.found_method_index_;
 }
diff --git a/test/457-regs/regs_jni.cc b/test/457-regs/regs_jni.cc
index 08db775..f62a77d 100644
--- a/test/457-regs/regs_jni.cc
+++ b/test/457-regs/regs_jni.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
 #include "jni.h"
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "stack.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
     JNIEnv*, jclass value ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, jobject main, jint int_value, jfloat float_value) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   std::unique_ptr<Context> context(Context::Create());
-  CHECK(soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(main) == nullptr);
+  CHECK(soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(main) == nullptr);
   CHECK_EQ(int_value, 0);
   int32_t cast = bit_cast<int32_t, float>(float_value);
   CHECK_EQ(cast, 0);
diff --git a/test/461-get-reference-vreg/get_reference_vreg_jni.cc b/test/461-get-reference-vreg/get_reference_vreg_jni.cc
index 8122c6d..7b1ab9c 100644
--- a/test/461-get-reference-vreg/get_reference_vreg_jni.cc
+++ b/test/461-get-reference-vreg/get_reference_vreg_jni.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include "arch/context.h"
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "stack.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL Java_Main_doNativeCallRef(JNIEnv*, jobject value) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   std::unique_ptr<Context> context(Context::Create());
-  TestVisitor visitor(soa.Self(), context.get(), soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(value));
+  TestVisitor visitor(soa.Self(), context.get(), soa.Decode<mirror::Object>(value).Decode());
   visitor.WalkStack();
   return visitor.found_method_index_;
 }
diff --git a/test/466-get-live-vreg/get_live_vreg_jni.cc b/test/466-get-live-vreg/get_live_vreg_jni.cc
index 3618b4f..d3a033b 100644
--- a/test/466-get-live-vreg/get_live_vreg_jni.cc
+++ b/test/466-get-live-vreg/get_live_vreg_jni.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
 #include "jni.h"
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "stack.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
diff --git a/test/497-inlining-and-class-loader/clear_dex_cache.cc b/test/497-inlining-and-class-loader/clear_dex_cache.cc
index 1597c4a..3f2df29 100644
--- a/test/497-inlining-and-class-loader/clear_dex_cache.cc
+++ b/test/497-inlining-and-class-loader/clear_dex_cache.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
 #include "base/enums.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "stack.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
                                                                     jclass,
                                                                     jclass cls) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(cls)->GetDexCache();
+  mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(cls)->GetDexCache();
   size_t num_methods = dex_cache->NumResolvedMethods();
   ArtMethod** methods = dex_cache->GetResolvedMethods();
   CHECK_EQ(num_methods != 0u, methods != nullptr);
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
     array = env->NewLongArray(num_methods);
   }
   CHECK(array != nullptr);
-  mirror::PointerArray* pointer_array = soa.Decode<mirror::PointerArray*>(array);
+  mirror::PointerArray* pointer_array = soa.Decode<mirror::PointerArray>(array).Decode();
   for (size_t i = 0; i != num_methods; ++i) {
     ArtMethod* method = mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(methods, i, kRuntimePointerSize);
     pointer_array->SetElementPtrSize(i, method, kRuntimePointerSize);
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_Main_restoreResolvedMethods(
     JNIEnv*, jclass, jclass cls, jobject old_cache) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(cls)->GetDexCache();
+  mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(cls)->GetDexCache();
   size_t num_methods = dex_cache->NumResolvedMethods();
-  ArtMethod** methods = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(cls)->GetDexCache()->GetResolvedMethods();
+  ArtMethod** methods = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(cls)->GetDexCache()->GetResolvedMethods();
   CHECK_EQ(num_methods != 0u, methods != nullptr);
-  mirror::PointerArray* old = soa.Decode<mirror::PointerArray*>(old_cache);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::PointerArray> old = soa.Decode<mirror::PointerArray>(old_cache);
   CHECK_EQ(methods != nullptr, old != nullptr);
   CHECK_EQ(num_methods, static_cast<size_t>(old->GetLength()));
   for (size_t i = 0; i != num_methods; ++i) {
diff --git a/test/543-env-long-ref/env_long_ref.cc b/test/543-env-long-ref/env_long_ref.cc
index 557def6..cd127ef 100644
--- a/test/543-env-long-ref/env_long_ref.cc
+++ b/test/543-env-long-ref/env_long_ref.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include "arch/context.h"
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "stack.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
       uint32_t value = 0;
       CHECK(GetVReg(m, 1, kReferenceVReg, &value));
       CHECK_EQ(reinterpret_cast<mirror::Object*>(value),
-               soa_.Decode<mirror::Object*>(expected_value_));
+               soa_.Decode<mirror::Object>(expected_value_).Decode());
     }
     return true;
   }
diff --git a/test/552-checker-sharpening/src/Main.java b/test/552-checker-sharpening/src/Main.java
index 2232ff4..3c053cf 100644
--- a/test/552-checker-sharpening/src/Main.java
+++ b/test/552-checker-sharpening/src/Main.java
@@ -285,31 +285,27 @@
   /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:DexCacheViaMethod
 
   /// CHECK-START-X86: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() sharpening (after)
-  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
+  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:BssEntry
 
   /// CHECK-START-X86: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() pc_relative_fixups_x86 (after)
   /// CHECK-DAG:            X86ComputeBaseMethodAddress
-  /// CHECK-DAG:            LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
+  /// CHECK-DAG:            LoadString load_kind:BssEntry
 
   /// CHECK-START-X86_64: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() sharpening (after)
-  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
+  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:BssEntry
 
   /// CHECK-START-ARM: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() sharpening (after)
-  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
-
-  /// CHECK-START-ARM: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() dex_cache_array_fixups_arm (after)
-  /// CHECK-DAG:            ArmDexCacheArraysBase
-  /// CHECK-DAG:            LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
+  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:BssEntry
 
   /// CHECK-START-ARM64: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() sharpening (after)
-  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
+  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:BssEntry
 
   /// CHECK-START-MIPS: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() sharpening (after)
-  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
+  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:BssEntry
 
-  /// CHECK-START-MIPS: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() dex_cache_array_fixups_mips (after)
-  /// CHECK-DAG:            MipsDexCacheArraysBase
-  /// CHECK-DAG:            LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
+  /// CHECK-START-MIPS: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() pc_relative_fixups_mips (after)
+  /// CHECK-DAG:            MipsComputeBaseMethodAddress
+  /// CHECK-DAG:            LoadString load_kind:BssEntry
 
   public static String $noinline$getNonBootImageString() {
     // Prevent inlining to avoid the string comparison being optimized away.
diff --git a/test/566-polymorphic-inlining/polymorphic_inline.cc b/test/566-polymorphic-inlining/polymorphic_inline.cc
index 89293cc..00c1b02 100644
--- a/test/566-polymorphic-inlining/polymorphic_inline.cc
+++ b/test/566-polymorphic-inlining/polymorphic_inline.cc
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@
 #include "jit/jit_code_cache.h"
 #include "jit/profiling_info.h"
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "stack_map.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
 static void do_checks(jclass cls, const char* method_name) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  mirror::Class* klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(cls);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(cls);
   jit::Jit* jit = Runtime::Current()->GetJit();
   jit::JitCodeCache* code_cache = jit->GetCodeCache();
   ArtMethod* method = klass->FindDeclaredDirectMethodByName(method_name, kRuntimePointerSize);
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
 
 static void allocate_profiling_info(jclass cls, const char* method_name) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  mirror::Class* klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(cls);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(cls);
   ArtMethod* method = klass->FindDeclaredDirectMethodByName(method_name, kRuntimePointerSize);
   ProfilingInfo::Create(soa.Self(), method, /* retry_allocation */ true);
 }
diff --git a/test/570-checker-osr/osr.cc b/test/570-checker-osr/osr.cc
index adda3cc..50e8382 100644
--- a/test/570-checker-osr/osr.cc
+++ b/test/570-checker-osr/osr.cc
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include "jit/jit_code_cache.h"
 #include "jit/profiling_info.h"
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 #include "stack_map.h"
 
diff --git a/test/595-profile-saving/profile-saving.cc b/test/595-profile-saving/profile-saving.cc
index a265dce..bf3d812 100644
--- a/test/595-profile-saving/profile-saving.cc
+++ b/test/595-profile-saving/profile-saving.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "oat_file_assistant.h"
 #include "oat_file_manager.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
   ScopedUtfChars filename_chars(env, filename);
   CHECK(filename_chars.c_str() != nullptr);
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  const DexFile* dex_file = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(cls)->GetDexCache()->GetDexFile();
+  const DexFile* dex_file = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(cls)->GetDexCache()->GetDexFile();
   return ProfileSaver::HasSeenMethod(std::string(filename_chars.c_str()),
                                      dex_file,
                                      static_cast<uint16_t>(method_index));
diff --git a/test/596-app-images/app_images.cc b/test/596-app-images/app_images.cc
index a5bbf5f..78cc3fd 100644
--- a/test/596-app-images/app_images.cc
+++ b/test/596-app-images/app_images.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "jni.h"
 #include "mirror/class.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -48,13 +48,13 @@
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jboolean JNICALL Java_Main_checkAppImageContains(JNIEnv*, jclass, jclass c) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  mirror::Class* klass_ptr = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(c);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass_ptr = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(c);
   for (auto* space : Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->GetContinuousSpaces()) {
     if (space->IsImageSpace()) {
       auto* image_space = space->AsImageSpace();
       const auto& image_header = image_space->GetImageHeader();
       if (image_header.IsAppImage()) {
-        if (image_space->HasAddress(klass_ptr)) {
+        if (image_space->HasAddress(klass_ptr.Decode())) {
           return JNI_TRUE;
         }
       }
diff --git a/test/Android.run-test.mk b/test/Android.run-test.mk
index 211a69f..d5a93b2 100644
--- a/test/Android.run-test.mk
+++ b/test/Android.run-test.mk
@@ -233,11 +233,9 @@
 
 # Disable 149-suspend-all-stress, its output is flaky (b/28988206).
 # Disable 577-profile-foreign-dex (b/27454772).
-# Disable 552-checker-sharpening, until compiler component of new string dex cache is added (@cwadsworth, @vmarko)
 TEST_ART_BROKEN_ALL_TARGET_TESTS := \
   149-suspend-all-stress \
   577-profile-foreign-dex \
-  552-checker-sharpening \
 
 ART_TEST_KNOWN_BROKEN += $(call all-run-test-names,$(TARGET_TYPES),$(RUN_TYPES),$(PREBUILD_TYPES), \
     $(COMPILER_TYPES), $(RELOCATE_TYPES),$(TRACE_TYPES),$(GC_TYPES),$(JNI_TYPES), \
diff --git a/test/common/runtime_state.cc b/test/common/runtime_state.cc
index fd1ba02..4248148 100644
--- a/test/common/runtime_state.cc
+++ b/test/common/runtime_state.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "oat_quick_method_header.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jboolean JNICALL Java_Main_hasOatFile(JNIEnv* env, jclass cls) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
 
-  mirror::Class* klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(cls);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(cls);
   const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
   const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = dex_file.GetOatDexFile();
   return (oat_dex_file != nullptr) ? JNI_TRUE : JNI_FALSE;
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jboolean JNICALL Java_Main_compiledWithOptimizing(JNIEnv* env, jclass cls) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
 
-  mirror::Class* klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(cls);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(cls);
   const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
   const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = dex_file.GetOatDexFile();
   if (oat_dex_file == nullptr) {
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
 
     ScopedUtfChars chars(env, method_name);
     CHECK(chars.c_str() != nullptr);
-    method = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(cls)->FindDeclaredDirectMethodByName(
+    method = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(cls)->FindDeclaredDirectMethodByName(
         chars.c_str(), kRuntimePointerSize);
   }
 
diff --git a/test/common/stack_inspect.cc b/test/common/stack_inspect.cc
index 85ea1c8..d2aacf0 100644
--- a/test/common/stack_inspect.cc
+++ b/test/common/stack_inspect.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "nth_caller_visitor.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "stack.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 static jboolean IsManaged(JNIEnv* env, jclass cls, size_t level) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
 
-  mirror::Class* klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(cls);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(cls);
   const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
   const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = dex_file.GetOatDexFile();
   if (oat_dex_file == nullptr) {