runtime/utils.cc

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include "utils.h"

#include <inttypes.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <memory>

#include "base/stl_util.h"
#include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
#include "dex_file-inl.h"
#include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
#include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
#include "mirror/class-inl.h"
#include "mirror/class_loader.h"
#include "mirror/object-inl.h"
#include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
#include "mirror/string.h"
#include "os.h"
#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
#include "utf-inl.h"

#if defined(__APPLE__)
#include "AvailabilityMacros.h"  // For MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#endif

#include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>  // For DumpNativeStack.

#if defined(__linux__)
#include <linux/unistd.h>
#endif

namespace art {

#if defined(__linux__)
static constexpr bool kUseAddr2line = !kIsTargetBuild;
#endif

pid_t GetTid() {
#if defined(__APPLE__)
  uint64_t owner;
  CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_threadid_np, (NULL, &owner), __FUNCTION__);  // Requires Mac OS 10.6
  return owner;
#elif defined(__BIONIC__)
  return gettid();
#else
  return syscall(__NR_gettid);
#endif
}

std::string GetThreadName(pid_t tid) {
  std::string result;
  if (ReadFileToString(StringPrintf("/proc/self/task/%d/comm", tid), &result)) {
    result.resize(result.size() - 1);  // Lose the trailing '\n'.
  } else {
    result = "<unknown>";
  }
  return result;
}

void GetThreadStack(pthread_t thread, void** stack_base, size_t* stack_size, size_t* guard_size) {
#if defined(__APPLE__)
  *stack_size = pthread_get_stacksize_np(thread);
  void* stack_addr = pthread_get_stackaddr_np(thread);

  // Check whether stack_addr is the base or end of the stack.
  // (On Mac OS 10.7, it's the end.)
  int stack_variable;
  if (stack_addr > &stack_variable) {
    *stack_base = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(stack_addr) - *stack_size;
  } else {
    *stack_base = stack_addr;
  }

  // This is wrong, but there doesn't seem to be a way to get the actual value on the Mac.
  pthread_attr_t attributes;
  CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_attr_init, (&attributes), __FUNCTION__);
  CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_attr_getguardsize, (&attributes, guard_size), __FUNCTION__);
  CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_attr_destroy, (&attributes), __FUNCTION__);
#else
  pthread_attr_t attributes;
  CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_getattr_np, (thread, &attributes), __FUNCTION__);
  CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_attr_getstack, (&attributes, stack_base, stack_size), __FUNCTION__);
  CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_attr_getguardsize, (&attributes, guard_size), __FUNCTION__);
  CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_attr_destroy, (&attributes), __FUNCTION__);

#if defined(__GLIBC__)
  // If we're the main thread, check whether we were run with an unlimited stack. In that case,
  // glibc will have reported a 2GB stack for our 32-bit process, and our stack overflow detection
  // will be broken because we'll die long before we get close to 2GB.
  bool is_main_thread = (::art::GetTid() == getpid());
  if (is_main_thread) {
    rlimit stack_limit;
    if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &stack_limit) == -1) {
      PLOG(FATAL) << "getrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK) failed";
    }
    if (stack_limit.rlim_cur == RLIM_INFINITY) {
      size_t old_stack_size = *stack_size;

      // Use the kernel default limit as our size, and adjust the base to match.
      *stack_size = 8 * MB;
      *stack_base = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(*stack_base) + (old_stack_size - *stack_size);

      VLOG(threads) << "Limiting unlimited stack (reported as " << PrettySize(old_stack_size) << ")"
                    << " to " << PrettySize(*stack_size)
                    << " with base " << *stack_base;
    }
  }
#endif

#endif
}

bool ReadFileToString(const std::string& file_name, std::string* result) {
  File file;
  if (!file.Open(file_name, O_RDONLY)) {
    return false;
  }

  std::vector<char> buf(8 * KB);
  while (true) {
    int64_t n = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(file.Fd(), &buf[0], buf.size()));
    if (n == -1) {
      return false;
    }
    if (n == 0) {
      return true;
    }
    result->append(&buf[0], n);
  }
}

bool PrintFileToLog(const std::string& file_name, LogSeverity level) {
  File file;
  if (!file.Open(file_name, O_RDONLY)) {
    return false;
  }

  constexpr size_t kBufSize = 256;  // Small buffer. Avoid stack overflow and stack size warnings.
  char buf[kBufSize + 1];           // +1 for terminator.
  size_t filled_to = 0;
  while (true) {
    DCHECK_LT(filled_to, kBufSize);
    int64_t n = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(file.Fd(), &buf[filled_to], kBufSize - filled_to));
    if (n <= 0) {
      // Print the rest of the buffer, if it exists.
      if (filled_to > 0) {
        buf[filled_to] = 0;
        LOG(level) << buf;
      }
      return n == 0;
    }
    // Scan for '\n'.
    size_t i = filled_to;
    bool found_newline = false;
    for (; i < filled_to + n; ++i) {
      if (buf[i] == '\n') {
        // Found a line break, that's something to print now.
        buf[i] = 0;
        LOG(level) << buf;
        // Copy the rest to the front.
        if (i + 1 < filled_to + n) {
          memmove(&buf[0], &buf[i + 1], filled_to + n - i - 1);
          filled_to = filled_to + n - i - 1;
        } else {
          filled_to = 0;
        }
        found_newline = true;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (found_newline) {
      continue;
    } else {
      filled_to += n;
      // Check if we must flush now.
      if (filled_to == kBufSize) {
        buf[kBufSize] = 0;
        LOG(level) << buf;
        filled_to = 0;
      }
    }
  }
}

std::string GetIsoDate() {
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  tm tmbuf;
  tm* ptm = localtime_r(&now, &tmbuf);
  return StringPrintf("%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d",
      ptm->tm_year + 1900, ptm->tm_mon+1, ptm->tm_mday,
      ptm->tm_hour, ptm->tm_min, ptm->tm_sec);
}

uint64_t MilliTime() {
#if defined(__linux__)
  timespec now;
  clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
  return static_cast<uint64_t>(now.tv_sec) * UINT64_C(1000) + now.tv_nsec / UINT64_C(1000000);
#else  // __APPLE__
  timeval now;
  gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
  return static_cast<uint64_t>(now.tv_sec) * UINT64_C(1000) + now.tv_usec / UINT64_C(1000);
#endif
}

uint64_t MicroTime() {
#if defined(__linux__)
  timespec now;
  clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
  return static_cast<uint64_t>(now.tv_sec) * UINT64_C(1000000) + now.tv_nsec / UINT64_C(1000);
#else  // __APPLE__
  timeval now;
  gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
  return static_cast<uint64_t>(now.tv_sec) * UINT64_C(1000000) + now.tv_usec;
#endif
}

uint64_t NanoTime() {
#if defined(__linux__)
  timespec now;
  clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
  return static_cast<uint64_t>(now.tv_sec) * UINT64_C(1000000000) + now.tv_nsec;
#else  // __APPLE__
  timeval now;
  gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
  return static_cast<uint64_t>(now.tv_sec) * UINT64_C(1000000000) + now.tv_usec * UINT64_C(1000);
#endif
}

uint64_t ThreadCpuNanoTime() {
#if defined(__linux__)
  timespec now;
  clock_gettime(CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID, &now);
  return static_cast<uint64_t>(now.tv_sec) * UINT64_C(1000000000) + now.tv_nsec;
#else  // __APPLE__
  UNIMPLEMENTED(WARNING);
  return -1;
#endif
}

void NanoSleep(uint64_t ns) {
  timespec tm;
  tm.tv_sec = 0;
  tm.tv_nsec = ns;
  nanosleep(&tm, NULL);
}

void InitTimeSpec(bool absolute, int clock, int64_t ms, int32_t ns, timespec* ts) {
  int64_t endSec;

  if (absolute) {
#if !defined(__APPLE__)
    clock_gettime(clock, ts);
#else
    UNUSED(clock);
    timeval tv;
    gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
    ts->tv_sec = tv.tv_sec;
    ts->tv_nsec = tv.tv_usec * 1000;
#endif
  } else {
    ts->tv_sec = 0;
    ts->tv_nsec = 0;
  }
  endSec = ts->tv_sec + ms / 1000;
  if (UNLIKELY(endSec >= 0x7fffffff)) {
    std::ostringstream ss;
    LOG(INFO) << "Note: end time exceeds epoch: " << ss.str();
    endSec = 0x7ffffffe;
  }
  ts->tv_sec = endSec;
  ts->tv_nsec = (ts->tv_nsec + (ms % 1000) * 1000000) + ns;

  // Catch rollover.
  if (ts->tv_nsec >= 1000000000L) {
    ts->tv_sec++;
    ts->tv_nsec -= 1000000000L;
  }
}

std::string PrettyDescriptor(mirror::String* java_descriptor) {
  if (java_descriptor == NULL) {
    return "null";
  }
  return PrettyDescriptor(java_descriptor->ToModifiedUtf8().c_str());
}

std::string PrettyDescriptor(mirror::Class* klass) {
  if (klass == NULL) {
    return "null";
  }
  std::string temp;
  return PrettyDescriptor(klass->GetDescriptor(&temp));
}

std::string PrettyDescriptor(const char* descriptor) {
  // Count the number of '['s to get the dimensionality.
  const char* c = descriptor;
  size_t dim = 0;
  while (*c == '[') {
    dim++;
    c++;
  }

  // Reference or primitive?
  if (*c == 'L') {
    // "[[La/b/C;" -> "a.b.C[][]".
    c++;  // Skip the 'L'.
  } else {
    // "[[B" -> "byte[][]".
    // To make life easier, we make primitives look like unqualified
    // reference types.
    switch (*c) {
    case 'B': c = "byte;"; break;
    case 'C': c = "char;"; break;
    case 'D': c = "double;"; break;
    case 'F': c = "float;"; break;
    case 'I': c = "int;"; break;
    case 'J': c = "long;"; break;
    case 'S': c = "short;"; break;
    case 'Z': c = "boolean;"; break;
    case 'V': c = "void;"; break;  // Used when decoding return types.
    default: return descriptor;
    }
  }

  // At this point, 'c' is a string of the form "fully/qualified/Type;"
  // or "primitive;". Rewrite the type with '.' instead of '/':
  std::string result;
  const char* p = c;
  while (*p != ';') {
    char ch = *p++;
    if (ch == '/') {
      ch = '.';
    }
    result.push_back(ch);
  }
  // ...and replace the semicolon with 'dim' "[]" pairs:
  for (size_t i = 0; i < dim; ++i) {
    result += "[]";
  }
  return result;
}

std::string PrettyField(mirror::ArtField* f, bool with_type) {
  if (f == NULL) {
    return "null";
  }
  std::string result;
  if (with_type) {
    result += PrettyDescriptor(f->GetTypeDescriptor());
    result += ' ';
  }
  std::string temp;
  result += PrettyDescriptor(f->GetDeclaringClass()->GetDescriptor(&temp));
  result += '.';
  result += f->GetName();
  return result;
}

std::string PrettyField(uint32_t field_idx, const DexFile& dex_file, bool with_type) {
  if (field_idx >= dex_file.NumFieldIds()) {
    return StringPrintf("<<invalid-field-idx-%d>>", field_idx);
  }
  const DexFile::FieldId& field_id = dex_file.GetFieldId(field_idx);
  std::string result;
  if (with_type) {
    result += dex_file.GetFieldTypeDescriptor(field_id);
    result += ' ';
  }
  result += PrettyDescriptor(dex_file.GetFieldDeclaringClassDescriptor(field_id));
  result += '.';
  result += dex_file.GetFieldName(field_id);
  return result;
}

std::string PrettyType(uint32_t type_idx, const DexFile& dex_file) {
  if (type_idx >= dex_file.NumTypeIds()) {
    return StringPrintf("<<invalid-type-idx-%d>>", type_idx);
  }
  const DexFile::TypeId& type_id = dex_file.GetTypeId(type_idx);
  return PrettyDescriptor(dex_file.GetTypeDescriptor(type_id));
}

std::string PrettyArguments(const char* signature) {
  std::string result;
  result += '(';
  CHECK_EQ(*signature, '(');
  ++signature;  // Skip the '('.
  while (*signature != ')') {
    size_t argument_length = 0;
    while (signature[argument_length] == '[') {
      ++argument_length;
    }
    if (signature[argument_length] == 'L') {
      argument_length = (strchr(signature, ';') - signature + 1);
    } else {
      ++argument_length;
    }
    {
      std::string argument_descriptor(signature, argument_length);
      result += PrettyDescriptor(argument_descriptor.c_str());
    }
    if (signature[argument_length] != ')') {
      result += ", ";
    }
    signature += argument_length;
  }
  CHECK_EQ(*signature, ')');
  ++signature;  // Skip the ')'.
  result += ')';
  return result;
}

std::string PrettyReturnType(const char* signature) {
  const char* return_type = strchr(signature, ')');
  CHECK(return_type != NULL);
  ++return_type;  // Skip ')'.
  return PrettyDescriptor(return_type);
}

std::string PrettyMethod(mirror::ArtMethod* m, bool with_signature) {
  if (m == nullptr) {
    return "null";
  }
  std::string result(PrettyDescriptor(m->GetDeclaringClassDescriptor()));
  result += '.';
  result += m->GetName();
  if (UNLIKELY(m->IsFastNative())) {
    result += "!";
  }
  if (with_signature) {
    const Signature signature = m->GetSignature();
    std::string sig_as_string(signature.ToString());
    if (signature == Signature::NoSignature()) {
      return result + sig_as_string;
    }
    result = PrettyReturnType(sig_as_string.c_str()) + " " + result +
        PrettyArguments(sig_as_string.c_str());
  }
  return result;
}

std::string PrettyMethod(uint32_t method_idx, const DexFile& dex_file, bool with_signature) {
  if (method_idx >= dex_file.NumMethodIds()) {
    return StringPrintf("<<invalid-method-idx-%d>>", method_idx);
  }
  const DexFile::MethodId& method_id = dex_file.GetMethodId(method_idx);
  std::string result(PrettyDescriptor(dex_file.GetMethodDeclaringClassDescriptor(method_id)));
  result += '.';
  result += dex_file.GetMethodName(method_id);
  if (with_signature) {
    const Signature signature = dex_file.GetMethodSignature(method_id);
    std::string sig_as_string(signature.ToString());
    if (signature == Signature::NoSignature()) {
      return result + sig_as_string;
    }
    result = PrettyReturnType(sig_as_string.c_str()) + " " + result +
        PrettyArguments(sig_as_string.c_str());
  }
  return result;
}

std::string PrettyTypeOf(mirror::Object* obj) {
  if (obj == NULL) {
    return "null";
  }
  if (obj->GetClass() == NULL) {
    return "(raw)";
  }
  std::string temp;
  std::string result(PrettyDescriptor(obj->GetClass()->GetDescriptor(&temp)));
  if (obj->IsClass()) {
    result += "<" + PrettyDescriptor(obj->AsClass()->GetDescriptor(&temp)) + ">";
  }
  return result;
}

std::string PrettyClass(mirror::Class* c) {
  if (c == NULL) {
    return "null";
  }
  std::string result;
  result += "java.lang.Class<";
  result += PrettyDescriptor(c);
  result += ">";
  return result;
}

std::string PrettyClassAndClassLoader(mirror::Class* c) {
  if (c == NULL) {
    return "null";
  }
  std::string result;
  result += "java.lang.Class<";
  result += PrettyDescriptor(c);
  result += ",";
  result += PrettyTypeOf(c->GetClassLoader());
  // TODO: add an identifying hash value for the loader
  result += ">";
  return result;
}

std::string PrettyJavaAccessFlags(uint32_t access_flags) {
  std::string result;
  if ((access_flags & kAccPublic) != 0) {
    result += "public ";
  }
  if ((access_flags & kAccProtected) != 0) {
    result += "protected ";
  }
  if ((access_flags & kAccPrivate) != 0) {
    result += "private ";
  }
  if ((access_flags & kAccFinal) != 0) {
    result += "final ";
  }
  if ((access_flags & kAccStatic) != 0) {
    result += "static ";
  }
  if ((access_flags & kAccTransient) != 0) {
    result += "transient ";
  }
  if ((access_flags & kAccVolatile) != 0) {
    result += "volatile ";
  }
  if ((access_flags & kAccSynchronized) != 0) {
    result += "synchronized ";
  }
  return result;
}

std::string PrettySize(int64_t byte_count) {
  // The byte thresholds at which we display amounts.  A byte count is displayed
  // in unit U when kUnitThresholds[U] <= bytes < kUnitThresholds[U+1].
  static const int64_t kUnitThresholds[] = {
    0,              // B up to...
    3*1024,         // KB up to...
    2*1024*1024,    // MB up to...
    1024*1024*1024  // GB from here.
  };
  static const int64_t kBytesPerUnit[] = { 1, KB, MB, GB };
  static const char* const kUnitStrings[] = { "B", "KB", "MB", "GB" };
  const char* negative_str = "";
  if (byte_count < 0) {
    negative_str = "-";
    byte_count = -byte_count;
  }
  int i = arraysize(kUnitThresholds);
  while (--i > 0) {
    if (byte_count >= kUnitThresholds[i]) {
      break;
    }
  }
  return StringPrintf("%s%" PRId64 "%s",
                      negative_str, byte_count / kBytesPerUnit[i], kUnitStrings[i]);
}

std::string PrettyDuration(uint64_t nano_duration, size_t max_fraction_digits) {
  if (nano_duration == 0) {
    return "0";
  } else {
    return FormatDuration(nano_duration, GetAppropriateTimeUnit(nano_duration),
                          max_fraction_digits);
  }
}

TimeUnit GetAppropriateTimeUnit(uint64_t nano_duration) {
  const uint64_t one_sec = 1000 * 1000 * 1000;
  const uint64_t one_ms  = 1000 * 1000;
  const uint64_t one_us  = 1000;
  if (nano_duration >= one_sec) {
    return kTimeUnitSecond;
  } else if (nano_duration >= one_ms) {
    return kTimeUnitMillisecond;
  } else if (nano_duration >= one_us) {
    return kTimeUnitMicrosecond;
  } else {
    return kTimeUnitNanosecond;
  }
}

uint64_t GetNsToTimeUnitDivisor(TimeUnit time_unit) {
  const uint64_t one_sec = 1000 * 1000 * 1000;
  const uint64_t one_ms  = 1000 * 1000;
  const uint64_t one_us  = 1000;

  switch (time_unit) {
    case kTimeUnitSecond:
      return one_sec;
    case kTimeUnitMillisecond:
      return one_ms;
    case kTimeUnitMicrosecond:
      return one_us;
    case kTimeUnitNanosecond:
      return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

std::string FormatDuration(uint64_t nano_duration, TimeUnit time_unit,
                           size_t max_fraction_digits) {
  const char* unit = nullptr;
  uint64_t divisor = GetNsToTimeUnitDivisor(time_unit);
  switch (time_unit) {
    case kTimeUnitSecond:
      unit = "s";
      break;
    case kTimeUnitMillisecond:
      unit = "ms";
      break;
    case kTimeUnitMicrosecond:
      unit = "us";
      break;
    case kTimeUnitNanosecond:
      unit = "ns";
      break;
  }
  const uint64_t whole_part = nano_duration / divisor;
  uint64_t fractional_part = nano_duration % divisor;
  if (fractional_part == 0) {
    return StringPrintf("%" PRIu64 "%s", whole_part, unit);
  } else {
    static constexpr size_t kMaxDigits = 30;
    size_t avail_digits = kMaxDigits;
    char fraction_buffer[kMaxDigits];
    char* ptr = fraction_buffer;
    uint64_t multiplier = 10;
    // This infinite loops if fractional part is 0.
    while (avail_digits > 1 && fractional_part * multiplier < divisor) {
      multiplier *= 10;
      *ptr++ = '0';
      avail_digits--;
    }
    snprintf(ptr, avail_digits, "%" PRIu64, fractional_part);
    fraction_buffer[std::min(kMaxDigits - 1, max_fraction_digits)] = '\0';
    return StringPrintf("%" PRIu64 ".%s%s", whole_part, fraction_buffer, unit);
  }
}

std::string PrintableChar(uint16_t ch) {
  std::string result;
  result += '\'';
  if (NeedsEscaping(ch)) {
    StringAppendF(&result, "\\u%04x", ch);
  } else {
    result += ch;
  }
  result += '\'';
  return result;
}

std::string PrintableString(const char* utf) {
  std::string result;
  result += '"';
  const char* p = utf;
  size_t char_count = CountModifiedUtf8Chars(p);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < char_count; ++i) {
    uint32_t ch = GetUtf16FromUtf8(&p);
    if (ch == '\\') {
      result += "\\\\";
    } else if (ch == '\n') {
      result += "\\n";
    } else if (ch == '\r') {
      result += "\\r";
    } else if (ch == '\t') {
      result += "\\t";
    } else {
      const uint16_t leading = GetLeadingUtf16Char(ch);

      if (NeedsEscaping(leading)) {
        StringAppendF(&result, "\\u%04x", leading);
      } else {
        result += leading;
      }

      const uint32_t trailing = GetTrailingUtf16Char(ch);
      if (trailing != 0) {
        // All high surrogates will need escaping.
        StringAppendF(&result, "\\u%04x", trailing);
      }
    }
  }
  result += '"';
  return result;
}

// See http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/jni/spec/design.html#wp615 for the full rules.
std::string MangleForJni(const std::string& s) {
  std::string result;
  size_t char_count = CountModifiedUtf8Chars(s.c_str());
  const char* cp = &s[0];
  for (size_t i = 0; i < char_count; ++i) {
    uint32_t ch = GetUtf16FromUtf8(&cp);
    if ((ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') || (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') || (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')) {
      result.push_back(ch);
    } else if (ch == '.' || ch == '/') {
      result += "_";
    } else if (ch == '_') {
      result += "_1";
    } else if (ch == ';') {
      result += "_2";
    } else if (ch == '[') {
      result += "_3";
    } else {
      const uint16_t leading = GetLeadingUtf16Char(ch);
      const uint32_t trailing = GetTrailingUtf16Char(ch);

      StringAppendF(&result, "_0%04x", leading);
      if (trailing != 0) {
        StringAppendF(&result, "_0%04x", trailing);
      }
    }
  }
  return result;
}

std::string DotToDescriptor(const char* class_name) {
  std::string descriptor(class_name);
  std::replace(descriptor.begin(), descriptor.end(), '.', '/');
  if (descriptor.length() > 0 && descriptor[0] != '[') {
    descriptor = "L" + descriptor + ";";
  }
  return descriptor;
}

std::string DescriptorToDot(const char* descriptor) {
  size_t length = strlen(descriptor);
  if (length > 1) {
    if (descriptor[0] == 'L' && descriptor[length - 1] == ';') {
      // Descriptors have the leading 'L' and trailing ';' stripped.
      std::string result(descriptor + 1, length - 2);
      std::replace(result.begin(), result.end(), '/', '.');
      return result;
    } else {
      // For arrays the 'L' and ';' remain intact.
      std::string result(descriptor);
      std::replace(result.begin(), result.end(), '/', '.');
      return result;
    }
  }
  // Do nothing for non-class/array descriptors.
  return descriptor;
}

std::string DescriptorToName(const char* descriptor) {
  size_t length = strlen(descriptor);
  if (descriptor[0] == 'L' && descriptor[length - 1] == ';') {
    std::string result(descriptor + 1, length - 2);
    return result;
  }
  return descriptor;
}

std::string JniShortName(mirror::ArtMethod* m) {
  std::string class_name(m->GetDeclaringClassDescriptor());
  // Remove the leading 'L' and trailing ';'...
  CHECK_EQ(class_name[0], 'L') << class_name;
  CHECK_EQ(class_name[class_name.size() - 1], ';') << class_name;
  class_name.erase(0, 1);
  class_name.erase(class_name.size() - 1, 1);

  std::string method_name(m->GetName());

  std::string short_name;
  short_name += "Java_";
  short_name += MangleForJni(class_name);
  short_name += "_";
  short_name += MangleForJni(method_name);
  return short_name;
}

std::string JniLongName(mirror::ArtMethod* m) {
  std::string long_name;
  long_name += JniShortName(m);
  long_name += "__";

  std::string signature(m->GetSignature().ToString());
  signature.erase(0, 1);
  signature.erase(signature.begin() + signature.find(')'), signature.end());

  long_name += MangleForJni(signature);

  return long_name;
}

// Helper for IsValidPartOfMemberNameUtf8(), a bit vector indicating valid low ascii.
uint32_t DEX_MEMBER_VALID_LOW_ASCII[4] = {
  0x00000000,  // 00..1f low control characters; nothing valid
  0x03ff2010,  // 20..3f digits and symbols; valid: '0'..'9', '$', '-'
  0x87fffffe,  // 40..5f uppercase etc.; valid: 'A'..'Z', '_'
  0x07fffffe   // 60..7f lowercase etc.; valid: 'a'..'z'
};

// Helper for IsValidPartOfMemberNameUtf8(); do not call directly.
bool IsValidPartOfMemberNameUtf8Slow(const char** pUtf8Ptr) {
  /*
   * It's a multibyte encoded character. Decode it and analyze. We
   * accept anything that isn't (a) an improperly encoded low value,
   * (b) an improper surrogate pair, (c) an encoded '\0', (d) a high
   * control character, or (e) a high space, layout, or special
   * character (U+00a0, U+2000..U+200f, U+2028..U+202f,
   * U+fff0..U+ffff). This is all specified in the dex format
   * document.
   */

  const uint32_t pair = GetUtf16FromUtf8(pUtf8Ptr);

  const uint16_t leading = GetLeadingUtf16Char(pair);
  const uint32_t trailing = GetTrailingUtf16Char(pair);

  if (trailing == 0) {
    // Perform follow-up tests based on the high 8 bits of the
    // lower surrogate.
    switch (leading >> 8) {
    case 0x00:
      // It's only valid if it's above the ISO-8859-1 high space (0xa0).
      return (leading > 0x00a0);
    case 0xd8:
    case 0xd9:
    case 0xda:
    case 0xdb:
      // It looks like a leading surrogate but we didn't find a trailing
      // surrogate if we're here.
      return false;
    case 0xdc:
    case 0xdd:
    case 0xde:
    case 0xdf:
      // It's a trailing surrogate, which is not valid at this point.
      return false;
    case 0x20:
    case 0xff:
      // It's in the range that has spaces, controls, and specials.
      switch (leading & 0xfff8) {
      case 0x2000:
      case 0x2008:
      case 0x2028:
      case 0xfff0:
      case 0xfff8:
        return false;
      }
      break;
    }

    return true;
  }

  // We have a surrogate pair. Check that trailing surrogate is well formed.
  return (trailing >= 0xdc00 && trailing <= 0xdfff);
}

/* Return whether the pointed-at modified-UTF-8 encoded character is
 * valid as part of a member name, updating the pointer to point past
 * the consumed character. This will consume two encoded UTF-16 code
 * points if the character is encoded as a surrogate pair. Also, if
 * this function returns false, then the given pointer may only have
 * been partially advanced.
 */
static bool IsValidPartOfMemberNameUtf8(const char** pUtf8Ptr) {
  uint8_t c = (uint8_t) **pUtf8Ptr;
  if (LIKELY(c <= 0x7f)) {
    // It's low-ascii, so check the table.
    uint32_t wordIdx = c >> 5;
    uint32_t bitIdx = c & 0x1f;
    (*pUtf8Ptr)++;
    return (DEX_MEMBER_VALID_LOW_ASCII[wordIdx] & (1 << bitIdx)) != 0;
  }

  // It's a multibyte encoded character. Call a non-inline function
  // for the heavy lifting.
  return IsValidPartOfMemberNameUtf8Slow(pUtf8Ptr);
}

bool IsValidMemberName(const char* s) {
  bool angle_name = false;

  switch (*s) {
    case '\0':
      // The empty string is not a valid name.
      return false;
    case '<':
      angle_name = true;
      s++;
      break;
  }

  while (true) {
    switch (*s) {
      case '\0':
        return !angle_name;
      case '>':
        return angle_name && s[1] == '\0';
    }

    if (!IsValidPartOfMemberNameUtf8(&s)) {
      return false;
    }
  }
}

enum ClassNameType { kName, kDescriptor };
template<ClassNameType kType, char kSeparator>
static bool IsValidClassName(const char* s) {
  int arrayCount = 0;
  while (*s == '[') {
    arrayCount++;
    s++;
  }

  if (arrayCount > 255) {
    // Arrays may have no more than 255 dimensions.
    return false;
  }

  ClassNameType type = kType;
  if (type != kDescriptor && arrayCount != 0) {
    /*
     * If we're looking at an array of some sort, then it doesn't
     * matter if what is being asked for is a class name; the
     * format looks the same as a type descriptor in that case, so
     * treat it as such.
     */
    type = kDescriptor;
  }

  if (type == kDescriptor) {
    /*
     * We are looking for a descriptor. Either validate it as a
     * single-character primitive type, or continue on to check the
     * embedded class name (bracketed by "L" and ";").
     */
    switch (*(s++)) {
    case 'B':
    case 'C':
    case 'D':
    case 'F':
    case 'I':
    case 'J':
    case 'S':
    case 'Z':
      // These are all single-character descriptors for primitive types.
      return (*s == '\0');
    case 'V':
      // Non-array void is valid, but you can't have an array of void.
      return (arrayCount == 0) && (*s == '\0');
    case 'L':
      // Class name: Break out and continue below.
      break;
    default:
      // Oddball descriptor character.
      return false;
    }
  }

  /*
   * We just consumed the 'L' that introduces a class name as part
   * of a type descriptor, or we are looking for an unadorned class
   * name.
   */

  bool sepOrFirst = true;  // first character or just encountered a separator.
  for (;;) {
    uint8_t c = (uint8_t) *s;
    switch (c) {
    case '\0':
      /*
       * Premature end for a type descriptor, but valid for
       * a class name as long as we haven't encountered an
       * empty component (including the degenerate case of
       * the empty string "").
       */
      return (type == kName) && !sepOrFirst;
    case ';':
      /*
       * Invalid character for a class name, but the
       * legitimate end of a type descriptor. In the latter
       * case, make sure that this is the end of the string
       * and that it doesn't end with an empty component
       * (including the degenerate case of "L;").
       */
      return (type == kDescriptor) && !sepOrFirst && (s[1] == '\0');
    case '/':
    case '.':
      if (c != kSeparator) {
        // The wrong separator character.
        return false;
      }
      if (sepOrFirst) {
        // Separator at start or two separators in a row.
        return false;
      }
      sepOrFirst = true;
      s++;
      break;
    default:
      if (!IsValidPartOfMemberNameUtf8(&s)) {
        return false;
      }
      sepOrFirst = false;
      break;
    }
  }
}

bool IsValidBinaryClassName(const char* s) {
  return IsValidClassName<kName, '.'>(s);
}

bool IsValidJniClassName(const char* s) {
  return IsValidClassName<kName, '/'>(s);
}

bool IsValidDescriptor(const char* s) {
  return IsValidClassName<kDescriptor, '/'>(s);
}

void Split(const std::string& s, char separator, std::vector<std::string>* result) {
  const char* p = s.data();
  const char* end = p + s.size();
  while (p != end) {
    if (*p == separator) {
      ++p;
    } else {
      const char* start = p;
      while (++p != end && *p != separator) {
        // Skip to the next occurrence of the separator.
      }
      result->push_back(std::string(start, p - start));
    }
  }
}

std::string Trim(const std::string& s) {
  std::string result;
  unsigned int start_index = 0;
  unsigned int end_index = s.size() - 1;

  // Skip initial whitespace.
  while (start_index < s.size()) {
    if (!isspace(s[start_index])) {
      break;
    }
    start_index++;
  }

  // Skip terminating whitespace.
  while (end_index >= start_index) {
    if (!isspace(s[end_index])) {
      break;
    }
    end_index--;
  }

  // All spaces, no beef.
  if (end_index < start_index) {
    return "";
  }
  // Start_index is the first non-space, end_index is the last one.
  return s.substr(start_index, end_index - start_index + 1);
}

template <typename StringT>
std::string Join(const std::vector<StringT>& strings, char separator) {
  if (strings.empty()) {
    return "";
  }

  std::string result(strings[0]);
  for (size_t i = 1; i < strings.size(); ++i) {
    result += separator;
    result += strings[i];
  }
  return result;
}

// Explicit instantiations.
template std::string Join<std::string>(const std::vector<std::string>& strings, char separator);
template std::string Join<const char*>(const std::vector<const char*>& strings, char separator);

bool StartsWith(const std::string& s, const char* prefix) {
  return s.compare(0, strlen(prefix), prefix) == 0;
}

bool EndsWith(const std::string& s, const char* suffix) {
  size_t suffix_length = strlen(suffix);
  size_t string_length = s.size();
  if (suffix_length > string_length) {
    return false;
  }
  size_t offset = string_length - suffix_length;
  return s.compare(offset, suffix_length, suffix) == 0;
}

void SetThreadName(const char* thread_name) {
  int hasAt = 0;
  int hasDot = 0;
  const char* s = thread_name;
  while (*s) {
    if (*s == '.') {
      hasDot = 1;
    } else if (*s == '@') {
      hasAt = 1;
    }
    s++;
  }
  int len = s - thread_name;
  if (len < 15 || hasAt || !hasDot) {
    s = thread_name;
  } else {
    s = thread_name + len - 15;
  }
#if defined(__linux__)
  // pthread_setname_np fails rather than truncating long strings.
  char buf[16];       // MAX_TASK_COMM_LEN=16 is hard-coded in the kernel.
  strncpy(buf, s, sizeof(buf)-1);
  buf[sizeof(buf)-1] = '\0';
  errno = pthread_setname_np(pthread_self(), buf);
  if (errno != 0) {
    PLOG(WARNING) << "Unable to set the name of current thread to '" << buf << "'";
  }
#else  // __APPLE__
  pthread_setname_np(thread_name);
#endif
}

void GetTaskStats(pid_t tid, char* state, int* utime, int* stime, int* task_cpu) {
  *utime = *stime = *task_cpu = 0;
  std::string stats;
  if (!ReadFileToString(StringPrintf("/proc/self/task/%d/stat", tid), &stats)) {
    return;
  }
  // Skip the command, which may contain spaces.
  stats = stats.substr(stats.find(')') + 2);
  // Extract the three fields we care about.
  std::vector<std::string> fields;
  Split(stats, ' ', &fields);
  *state = fields[0][0];
  *utime = strtoull(fields[11].c_str(), NULL, 10);
  *stime = strtoull(fields[12].c_str(), NULL, 10);
  *task_cpu = strtoull(fields[36].c_str(), NULL, 10);
}

std::string GetSchedulerGroupName(pid_t tid) {
  // /proc/<pid>/cgroup looks like this:
  // 2:devices:/
  // 1:cpuacct,cpu:/
  // We want the third field from the line whose second field contains the "cpu" token.
  std::string cgroup_file;
  if (!ReadFileToString(StringPrintf("/proc/self/task/%d/cgroup", tid), &cgroup_file)) {
    return "";
  }
  std::vector<std::string> cgroup_lines;
  Split(cgroup_file, '\n', &cgroup_lines);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < cgroup_lines.size(); ++i) {
    std::vector<std::string> cgroup_fields;
    Split(cgroup_lines[i], ':', &cgroup_fields);
    std::vector<std::string> cgroups;
    Split(cgroup_fields[1], ',', &cgroups);
    for (size_t j = 0; j < cgroups.size(); ++j) {
      if (cgroups[j] == "cpu") {
        return cgroup_fields[2].substr(1);  // Skip the leading slash.
      }
    }
  }
  return "";
}

#if defined(__linux__)

ALWAYS_INLINE
static inline void WritePrefix(std::ostream* os, const char* prefix, bool odd) {
  if (prefix != nullptr) {
    *os << prefix;
  }
  *os << "  ";
  if (!odd) {
    *os << " ";
  }
}

static bool RunCommand(std::string cmd, std::ostream* os, const char* prefix) {
  FILE* stream = popen(cmd.c_str(), "r");
  if (stream) {
    if (os != nullptr) {
      bool odd_line = true;               // We indent them differently.
      bool wrote_prefix = false;          // Have we already written a prefix?
      constexpr size_t kMaxBuffer = 128;  // Relatively small buffer. Should be OK as we're on an
                                          // alt stack, but just to be sure...
      char buffer[kMaxBuffer];
      while (!feof(stream)) {
        if (fgets(buffer, kMaxBuffer, stream) != nullptr) {
          // Split on newlines.
          char* tmp = buffer;
          for (;;) {
            char* new_line = strchr(tmp, '\n');
            if (new_line == nullptr) {
              // Print the rest.
              if (*tmp != 0) {
                if (!wrote_prefix) {
                  WritePrefix(os, prefix, odd_line);
                }
                wrote_prefix = true;
                *os << tmp;
              }
              break;
            }
            if (!wrote_prefix) {
              WritePrefix(os, prefix, odd_line);
            }
            char saved = *(new_line + 1);
            *(new_line + 1) = 0;
            *os << tmp;
            *(new_line + 1) = saved;
            tmp = new_line + 1;
            odd_line = !odd_line;
            wrote_prefix = false;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    pclose(stream);
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

static void Addr2line(const std::string& map_src, uintptr_t offset, std::ostream& os,
                      const char* prefix) {
  std::string cmdline(StringPrintf("addr2line --functions --inlines --demangle -e %s %zx",
                                   map_src.c_str(), offset));
  RunCommand(cmdline.c_str(), &os, prefix);
}
#endif

void DumpNativeStack(std::ostream& os, pid_t tid, const char* prefix,
    mirror::ArtMethod* current_method, void* ucontext_ptr) {
#if __linux__
  // b/18119146
  if (RUNNING_ON_VALGRIND != 0) {
    return;
  }

#if !defined(HAVE_ANDROID_OS)
  if (GetTid() != tid) {
    // TODO: dumping of other threads is disabled to avoid crashes during stress testing.
    //       b/15446488.
    return;
  }
#endif

  std::unique_ptr<Backtrace> backtrace(Backtrace::Create(BACKTRACE_CURRENT_PROCESS, tid));
  if (!backtrace->Unwind(0, reinterpret_cast<ucontext*>(ucontext_ptr))) {
    os << prefix << "(backtrace::Unwind failed for thread " << tid << ")\n";
    return;
  } else if (backtrace->NumFrames() == 0) {
    os << prefix << "(no native stack frames for thread " << tid << ")\n";
    return;
  }

  // Check whether we have and should use addr2line.
  bool use_addr2line;
  if (kUseAddr2line) {
    // Try to run it to see whether we have it. Push an argument so that it doesn't assume a.out
    // and print to stderr.
    use_addr2line = (gAborting > 0) && RunCommand("addr2line -h", nullptr, nullptr);
  } else {
    use_addr2line = false;
  }

  for (Backtrace::const_iterator it = backtrace->begin();
       it != backtrace->end(); ++it) {
    // We produce output like this:
    // ]    #00 pc 000075bb8  /system/lib/libc.so (unwind_backtrace_thread+536)
    // In order for parsing tools to continue to function, the stack dump
    // format must at least adhere to this format:
    //  #XX pc <RELATIVE_ADDR>  <FULL_PATH_TO_SHARED_LIBRARY> ...
    // The parsers require a single space before and after pc, and two spaces
    // after the <RELATIVE_ADDR>. There can be any prefix data before the
    // #XX. <RELATIVE_ADDR> has to be a hex number but with no 0x prefix.
    os << prefix << StringPrintf("#%02zu pc ", it->num);
    bool try_addr2line = false;
    if (!BacktraceMap::IsValid(it->map)) {
      os << StringPrintf("%08" PRIxPTR "  ???", it->pc);
    } else {
      os << StringPrintf("%08" PRIxPTR "  ", it->pc - it->map.start);
      os << it->map.name;
      os << " (";
      if (!it->func_name.empty()) {
        os << it->func_name;
        if (it->func_offset != 0) {
          os << "+" << it->func_offset;
        }
        try_addr2line = true;
      } else if (current_method != nullptr &&
                 Locks::mutator_lock_->IsSharedHeld(Thread::Current()) &&
                 current_method->PcIsWithinQuickCode(it->pc)) {
        const void* start_of_code = current_method->GetEntryPointFromQuickCompiledCode();
        os << JniLongName(current_method) << "+"
           << (it->pc - reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(start_of_code));
      } else {
        os << "???";
      }
      os << ")";
    }
    os << "\n";
    if (try_addr2line && use_addr2line) {
      Addr2line(it->map.name, it->pc - it->map.start, os, prefix);
    }
  }
#else
  UNUSED(os, tid, prefix, current_method, ucontext_ptr);
#endif
}

#if defined(__APPLE__)

// TODO: is there any way to get the kernel stack on Mac OS?
void DumpKernelStack(std::ostream&, pid_t, const char*, bool) {}

#else

void DumpKernelStack(std::ostream& os, pid_t tid, const char* prefix, bool include_count) {
  if (tid == GetTid()) {
    // There's no point showing that we're reading our stack out of /proc!
    return;
  }

  std::string kernel_stack_filename(StringPrintf("/proc/self/task/%d/stack", tid));
  std::string kernel_stack;
  if (!ReadFileToString(kernel_stack_filename, &kernel_stack)) {
    os << prefix << "(couldn't read " << kernel_stack_filename << ")\n";
    return;
  }

  std::vector<std::string> kernel_stack_frames;
  Split(kernel_stack, '\n', &kernel_stack_frames);
  // We skip the last stack frame because it's always equivalent to "[<ffffffff>] 0xffffffff",
  // which looking at the source appears to be the kernel's way of saying "that's all, folks!".
  kernel_stack_frames.pop_back();
  for (size_t i = 0; i < kernel_stack_frames.size(); ++i) {
    // Turn "[<ffffffff8109156d>] futex_wait_queue_me+0xcd/0x110"
    // into "futex_wait_queue_me+0xcd/0x110".
    const char* text = kernel_stack_frames[i].c_str();
    const char* close_bracket = strchr(text, ']');
    if (close_bracket != NULL) {
      text = close_bracket + 2;
    }
    os << prefix;
    if (include_count) {
      os << StringPrintf("#%02zd ", i);
    }
    os << text << "\n";
  }
}

#endif

const char* GetAndroidRoot() {
  const char* android_root = getenv("ANDROID_ROOT");
  if (android_root == NULL) {
    if (OS::DirectoryExists("/system")) {
      android_root = "/system";
    } else {
      LOG(FATAL) << "ANDROID_ROOT not set and /system does not exist";
      return "";
    }
  }
  if (!OS::DirectoryExists(android_root)) {
    LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to find ANDROID_ROOT directory " << android_root;
    return "";
  }
  return android_root;
}

const char* GetAndroidData() {
  std::string error_msg;
  const char* dir = GetAndroidDataSafe(&error_msg);
  if (dir != nullptr) {
    return dir;
  } else {
    LOG(FATAL) << error_msg;
    return "";
  }
}

const char* GetAndroidDataSafe(std::string* error_msg) {
  const char* android_data = getenv("ANDROID_DATA");
  if (android_data == NULL) {
    if (OS::DirectoryExists("/data")) {
      android_data = "/data";
    } else {
      *error_msg = "ANDROID_DATA not set and /data does not exist";
      return nullptr;
    }
  }
  if (!OS::DirectoryExists(android_data)) {
    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to find ANDROID_DATA directory %s", android_data);
    return nullptr;
  }
  return android_data;
}

void GetDalvikCache(const char* subdir, const bool create_if_absent, std::string* dalvik_cache,
                    bool* have_android_data, bool* dalvik_cache_exists, bool* is_global_cache) {
  CHECK(subdir != nullptr);
  std::string error_msg;
  const char* android_data = GetAndroidDataSafe(&error_msg);
  if (android_data == nullptr) {
    *have_android_data = false;
    *dalvik_cache_exists = false;
    *is_global_cache = false;
    return;
  } else {
    *have_android_data = true;
  }
  const std::string dalvik_cache_root(StringPrintf("%s/dalvik-cache/", android_data));
  *dalvik_cache = dalvik_cache_root + subdir;
  *dalvik_cache_exists = OS::DirectoryExists(dalvik_cache->c_str());
  *is_global_cache = strcmp(android_data, "/data") == 0;
  if (create_if_absent && !*dalvik_cache_exists && !*is_global_cache) {
    // Don't create the system's /data/dalvik-cache/... because it needs special permissions.
    *dalvik_cache_exists = ((mkdir(dalvik_cache_root.c_str(), 0700) == 0 || errno == EEXIST) &&
                            (mkdir(dalvik_cache->c_str(), 0700) == 0 || errno == EEXIST));
  }
}

std::string GetDalvikCacheOrDie(const char* subdir, const bool create_if_absent) {
  CHECK(subdir != nullptr);
  const char* android_data = GetAndroidData();
  const std::string dalvik_cache_root(StringPrintf("%s/dalvik-cache/", android_data));
  const std::string dalvik_cache = dalvik_cache_root + subdir;
  if (create_if_absent && !OS::DirectoryExists(dalvik_cache.c_str())) {
    // Don't create the system's /data/dalvik-cache/... because it needs special permissions.
    if (strcmp(android_data, "/data") != 0) {
      int result = mkdir(dalvik_cache_root.c_str(), 0700);
      if (result != 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
        PLOG(FATAL) << "Failed to create dalvik-cache directory " << dalvik_cache_root;
        return "";
      }
      result = mkdir(dalvik_cache.c_str(), 0700);
      if (result != 0) {
        PLOG(FATAL) << "Failed to create dalvik-cache directory " << dalvik_cache;
        return "";
      }
    } else {
      LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to find dalvik-cache directory " << dalvik_cache;
      return "";
    }
  }
  return dalvik_cache;
}

bool GetDalvikCacheFilename(const char* location, const char* cache_location,
                            std::string* filename, std::string* error_msg) {
  if (location[0] != '/') {
    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Expected path in location to be absolute: %s", location);
    return false;
  }
  std::string cache_file(&location[1]);  // skip leading slash
  if (!EndsWith(location, ".dex") && !EndsWith(location, ".art") && !EndsWith(location, ".oat")) {
    cache_file += "/";
    cache_file += DexFile::kClassesDex;
  }
  std::replace(cache_file.begin(), cache_file.end(), '/', '@');
  *filename = StringPrintf("%s/%s", cache_location, cache_file.c_str());
  return true;
}

std::string GetDalvikCacheFilenameOrDie(const char* location, const char* cache_location) {
  std::string ret;
  std::string error_msg;
  if (!GetDalvikCacheFilename(location, cache_location, &ret, &error_msg)) {
    LOG(FATAL) << error_msg;
  }
  return ret;
}

static void InsertIsaDirectory(const InstructionSet isa, std::string* filename) {
  // in = /foo/bar/baz
  // out = /foo/bar/<isa>/baz
  size_t pos = filename->rfind('/');
  CHECK_NE(pos, std::string::npos) << *filename << " " << isa;
  filename->insert(pos, "/", 1);
  filename->insert(pos + 1, GetInstructionSetString(isa));
}

std::string GetSystemImageFilename(const char* location, const InstructionSet isa) {
  // location = /system/framework/boot.art
  // filename = /system/framework/<isa>/boot.art
  std::string filename(location);
  InsertIsaDirectory(isa, &filename);
  return filename;
}

std::string DexFilenameToOdexFilename(const std::string& location, const InstructionSet isa) {
  // location = /foo/bar/baz.jar
  // odex_location = /foo/bar/<isa>/baz.odex

  CHECK_GE(location.size(), 4U) << location;  // must be at least .123
  std::string odex_location(location);
  InsertIsaDirectory(isa, &odex_location);
  size_t dot_index = odex_location.size() - 3 - 1;  // 3=dex or zip or apk
  CHECK_EQ('.', odex_location[dot_index]) << location;
  odex_location.resize(dot_index + 1);
  CHECK_EQ('.', odex_location[odex_location.size()-1]) << location << " " << odex_location;
  odex_location += "odex";
  return odex_location;
}

bool IsZipMagic(uint32_t magic) {
  return (('P' == ((magic >> 0) & 0xff)) &&
          ('K' == ((magic >> 8) & 0xff)));
}

bool IsDexMagic(uint32_t magic) {
  return DexFile::IsMagicValid(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(&magic));
}

bool IsOatMagic(uint32_t magic) {
  return (memcmp(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(magic),
                 OatHeader::kOatMagic,
                 sizeof(OatHeader::kOatMagic)) == 0);
}

bool Exec(std::vector<std::string>& arg_vector, std::string* error_msg) {
  const std::string command_line(Join(arg_vector, ' '));

  CHECK_GE(arg_vector.size(), 1U) << command_line;

  // Convert the args to char pointers.
  const char* program = arg_vector[0].c_str();
  std::vector<char*> args;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < arg_vector.size(); ++i) {
    const std::string& arg = arg_vector[i];
    char* arg_str = const_cast<char*>(arg.c_str());
    CHECK(arg_str != nullptr) << i;
    args.push_back(arg_str);
  }
  args.push_back(NULL);

  // fork and exec
  pid_t pid = fork();
  if (pid == 0) {
    // no allocation allowed between fork and exec

    // change process groups, so we don't get reaped by ProcessManager
    setpgid(0, 0);

    execv(program, &args[0]);

    PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to execv(" << command_line << ")";
    exit(1);
  } else {
    if (pid == -1) {
      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to execv(%s) because fork failed: %s",
                                command_line.c_str(), strerror(errno));
      return false;
    }

    // wait for subprocess to finish
    int status;
    pid_t got_pid = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(pid, &status, 0));
    if (got_pid != pid) {
      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed after fork for execv(%s) because waitpid failed: "
                                "wanted %d, got %d: %s",
                                command_line.c_str(), pid, got_pid, strerror(errno));
      return false;
    }
    if (!WIFEXITED(status) || WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0) {
      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed execv(%s) because non-0 exit status",
                                command_line.c_str());
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

void EncodeUnsignedLeb128(uint32_t data, std::vector<uint8_t>* dst) {
  Leb128Encoder(dst).PushBackUnsigned(data);
}

void EncodeSignedLeb128(int32_t data, std::vector<uint8_t>* dst) {
  Leb128Encoder(dst).PushBackSigned(data);
}

std::string PrettyDescriptor(Primitive::Type type) {
  return PrettyDescriptor(Primitive::Descriptor(type));
}

}  // namespace art