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gerrit-public.fairphone.software / platform / external / brotli / 43d4f45b6e8635406e1709fcc938c12f3d11d76f / . / docs / draft-alakuijala-brotli-11.txt
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Network Working Group J. Alakuijala
Internet-Draft Z. Szabadka
Intended Status: Informational Google, Inc
Expires: November 24, 2016 May 2016
Brotli Compressed Data Format
draft-alakuijala-brotli-11
Abstract
This specification defines a lossless compressed data format that
compresses data using a combination of the LZ77 algorithm and Huffman
coding, with efficiency comparable to the best currently available
general-purpose compression methods.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on November 24, 2016.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Intended audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4. Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5. Definitions of terms and conventions used . . . . . . . . 4
1.5.1. Packing into bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Compressed representation overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Compressed representation of prefix codes . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1. Introduction to prefix coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2. Use of prefix coding in the brotli format . . . . . . . . 11
3.3. Alphabet sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4. Simple prefix codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.5. Complex prefix codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4. Encoding of distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5. Encoding of literal insertion lengths and copy lengths . . . . 18
6. Encoding of block switch commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7. Context modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.1. Context modes and context ID lookup for literals . . . . 22
7.2. Context ID for distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.3. Encoding of the context map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8. Static dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
9. Compressed data format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9.1. Format of the stream header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9.2. Format of the meta-block header . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.3. Format of the meta-block data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10. Decoding algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
11. Considerations for compressor implementations . . . . . . . . 36
11.1. Trivial compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
11.2. Aligning compressed meta-blocks to byte boundaries . . . 37
11.3. Creating self-contained parts within the compressed data 37
12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
13. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
14. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
15. Source code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
16. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Appendix A. Static dictionary data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Appendix B. List of word transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Appendix C. Computing CRC-32 check values . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
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1. Introduction
1.1. Purpose
The purpose of this specification is to define a lossless compressed
data format that:
* Is independent of CPU type, operating system, file system,
and character set, and hence can be used for interchange;
* Can be produced or consumed, even for an arbitrarily long
sequentially presented input data stream, using only an a
priori bounded amount of intermediate storage, and hence
can be used in data communications or similar structures,
such as Unix filters;
* Compresses data with a compression ratio comparable to the
best currently available general-purpose compression methods,
and in particular, considerably better than the gzip program;
* Decompresses much faster than current LZMA implementations.
The data format defined by this specification does not attempt to:
* Allow random access to compressed data;
* Compress specialized data (e.g., raster graphics) as well
as the best currently available specialized algorithms.
This document is the authoritative specification of the brotli
compressed data format. It defines the set of valid brotli compressed
data streams and a decoder algorithm that produces the uncompressed
data stream from a valid brotli compressed data stream.
1.2. Intended audience
This specification is intended for use by software implementers to
compress data into and/or decompress data from the brotli format.
The text of the specification assumes a basic background in
programming at the level of bits and other primitive data
representations. Familiarity with the technique of Huffman coding is
helpful but not required.
This specification uses heavily the notations and terminology
introduced in the DEFLATE format specification [RFC 1951]. For the
sake of completeness, we always include the whole text of the
relevant parts of RFC 1951, therefore familiarity with the DEFLATE
format is helpful but not required.
The compressed data format defined in this specification is an
integral part of the WOFF 2.0 web font file format [WOFF2], therefore
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this specification is also intended for implementers of WOFF 2.0
compressors and decompressors.
1.3. Scope
The specification specifies a method for representing a sequence of
bytes as a (usually shorter) sequence of bits, and a method for
packing the latter bit sequence into bytes.
1.4. Compliance
Unless otherwise indicated below, a compliant decompressor must be
able to accept and decompress any data set that conforms to all the
specifications presented here. A compliant compressor must produce
data sets that conform to all the specifications presented here.
1.5. Definitions of terms and conventions used
Byte: 8 bits stored or transmitted as a unit (same as an octet). For
this specification, a byte is exactly 8 bits, even on machines that
store a character on a number of bits different from eight. See
below for the numbering of bits within a byte.
String: a sequence of arbitrary bytes.
Bytes stored within a computer do not have a "bit order", since they
are always treated as a unit. However, a byte considered as an
integer between 0 and 255 does have a most- and least-significant
bit, and since we write numbers with the most-significant digit on
the left, we also write bytes with the most-significant bit on the
left. In the diagrams below, we number the bits of a byte so that bit
0 is the least-significant bit, i.e., the bits are numbered:
+--------+
|76543210|
+--------+
Within a computer, a number may occupy multiple bytes. All multi-byte
numbers in the format described here are stored with the least-
significant byte first (at the lower memory address). For example,
the decimal number 520 is stored as:
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0 1
+--------+--------+
|00001000|00000010|
+--------+--------+
^ ^
| |
| + more significant byte = 2 x 256
+ less significant byte = 8
1.5.1. Packing into bytes
This document does not address the issue of the order in which bits
of a byte are transmitted on a bit-sequential medium, since the final
data format described here is byte- rather than bit-oriented.
However, we describe the compressed block format below as a sequence
of data elements of various bit lengths, not a sequence of bytes. We
must therefore specify how to pack these data elements into bytes to
form the final compressed byte sequence:
* Data elements are packed into bytes in order of
increasing bit number within the byte, i.e., starting
with the least-significant bit of the byte.
* Data elements other than prefix codes are packed
starting with the least-significant bit of the data
element. These are referred to here as integer values
and are considered unsigned.
* Prefix codes are packed starting with the most-significant
bit of the code.
In other words, if one were to print out the compressed data as a
sequence of bytes, starting with the first byte at the *right* margin
and proceeding to the *left*, with the most-significant bit of each
byte on the left as usual, one would be able to parse the result from
right to left, with fixed-width elements in the correct msb-to-lsb
order and prefix codes in bit-reversed order (i.e., with the first
bit of the code in the relative lsb position).
As an example, consider packing the following data elements into a
sequence of 3 bytes: 3-bit integer value 6, 4-bit integer value 2,
prefix code 110, prefix code 10, 12-bit integer value 3628.
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byte 2 byte 1 byte 0
+--------+--------+--------+
|11100010|11000101|10010110|
+--------+--------+--------+
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | |
| | | | +------ integer value 6
| | | +---------- integer value 2
| | +-------------- prefix code 110
| +---------------- prefix code 10
+----------------------------- integer value 3628
2. Compressed representation overview
A compressed data set consists of a header and a series of meta-
blocks. Each meta-block decompresses to a sequence of 0 to 16,777,216
(16 MiB) uncompressed bytes. The final uncompressed data is the
concatenation of the uncompressed sequences from each meta-block.
The header contains the size of the sliding window that was used
during compression. The decompressor must retain at least that
amount of uncompressed data prior to the current position in the
stream, in order to be able to decompress what follows. The sliding
window size is a power of two, minus 16, where the power is in the
range of 10 to 24. The possible sliding window sizes range from 1 KiB
- 16 B to 16 MiB - 16 B.
Each meta-block is compressed using a combination of the LZ77
algorithm (Lempel-Ziv 1977, [LZ77]) and Huffman coding. The result of
Huffman coding is referred to here as a prefix code. The prefix
codes for each meta-block are independent of those for previous or
subsequent meta-blocks; the LZ77 algorithm may use a reference to a
duplicated string occurring in a previous meta-block, up to the
sliding window size of uncompressed bytes before. In addition, in
the brotli format, a string reference may instead refer to a static
dictionary entry.
Each meta-block consists of two parts: a meta-block header that
describes the representation of the compressed data part, and a
compressed data part. The compressed data consists of a series of
commands. Each command consists of two parts: a sequence of literal
bytes (of strings that have not been detected as duplicated within
the sliding window), and a pointer to a duplicated string,
represented as a pair <length, backward distance>. There can be zero
literal bytes in the command. The minimum length of the string to be
duplicated is two, but the last command in the meta-block is
permitted to have only literals and no pointer to a string to
duplicate.
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Each command in the compressed data is represented using three
categories of prefix codes:
1) One set of prefix codes are for the literal sequence lengths
(also referred to as literal insertion lengths) and
backward copy lengths. That is, a single code word represents
two lengths, one of the literal sequence and one of the
backward copy.
2) One set of prefix codes are for literals.
3) One set of prefix codes are for distances.
The prefix code descriptions for each meta-block appear in a compact
form just before the compressed data in the meta-block header. The
insert-and-copy length and distance prefix codes may be followed by
extra bits that are added to the base values determined by the codes.
The number of extra bits is determined by the code.
One meta-block command then appears as a sequence of prefix codes:
Insert-and-copy length, literal, literal, ..., literal, distance
where the insert-and-copy defines an insertion length and a copy
length. The insertion length determines the number of literals that
immediately follow. The distance defines how far back to go for the
copy and the copy length determines the number of bytes to copy. The
resulting uncompressed data is the sequence of bytes:
literal, literal, ..., literal, copy, copy, ..., copy
where the number of literal bytes and copy bytes are determined by
the insert-and-copy length code. (The number of bytes copied for a
static dictionary entry can vary from the copy length.)
The last command in the meta-block may end with the last literal if
the total uncompressed length of the meta-block has been satisfied.
In that case there is no distance in the last command, and the copy
length is ignored.
There can be more than one prefix code for each category, where the
prefix code to use for the next element of that category is
determined by the context of the compressed stream that precedes that
element. Part of that context is three current block types, one for
each category. A block type is in the range of 0..255. For each
category there is a count of how many elements of that category
remain to be decoded using the current block type. Once that count is
expended, a new block type and block count is read from the stream
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immediately preceding the next element of that category, which will
use the new block type.
The insert-and-copy block type directly determines which prefix code
to use for the next insert-and-copy element. For the literal and
distance elements, the respective block type is used in combination
with other context information to determine which prefix code to use
for the next element.
Consider the following example:
(IaC0, L0, L1, L2, D0)(IaC1, D1)(IaC2, L3, L4, D2)(IaC3, L5, D3)
The meta-block here has four commands, contained in parentheses for
clarity, where each of the three categories of symbols within these
commands can be interpreted using different block types. Here we
separate out each category as its own sequence to show an example of
block types assigned to those elements. Each square-bracketed group
is a block that uses the same block type:
[IaC0, IaC1][IaC2, IaC3] <-- insert-and-copy: block types 0 and 1
[L0, L1][L2, L3, L4][L5] <-- literals: block types 0, 1, and 0
[D0][D1, D2, D3] <-- distances: block types 0 and 1
The subsequent blocks within each block category must have different
block types, but we see that block types can be reused later in the
meta-block. The block types are numbered from 0 to the maximum block
type number of 255 and the first block of each block category is type
0. The block structure of a meta-block is represented by the sequence
of block-switch commands for each block category, where a block-
switch command is a pair <block type, block count>. The block-switch
commands are represented in the compressed data before the start of
each new block using a prefix code for block types and a separate
prefix code for block counts for each block category. For the above
example the physical layout of the meta-block is then:
IaC0 L0 L1 LBlockSwitch(1, 3) L2 D0 IaC1 DBlockSwitch(1, 3) D1
IaCBlockSwitch(1, 2) IaC2 L3 L4 D2 IaC3 LBlockSwitch(0, 1) L5 D3
where xBlockSwitch(t, n) switches to block type t for a count of n
elements. Note that in this example DBlockSwitch(1, 3) immediately
precedes the next required distance D1. It does not follow the last
distance of the previous block, D0. Whenever an element of a category
is needed, and the block count for that category has reached zero,
then a new block type and count is read from the stream just before
reading that next element.
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The block-switch commands for the first blocks of each category are
not part of the meta-block compressed data. Instead the first block
type is defined to be 0, and the first block count for each category
is encoded in the meta-block header. The prefix codes for the block
types and counts, a total of six prefix codes over the three
categories, are defined in a compact form in the meta-block header.
Each category of value (insert-and-copy lengths, literals, and
distances) can be encoded with any prefix code from a collection of
prefix codes belonging to the same category appearing in the meta-
block header. The particular prefix code used can depend on two
factors: the block type of the block the value appears in, and the
context of the value. In the case of the literals, the context is
the previous two bytes in the uncompressed data, and in the case of
distances, the context is the copy length from the same command. For
insert-and-copy lengths, no context is used and the prefix code
depends only on the block type. In the case of literals and
distances, the context is mapped to a context ID in the range 0..63
for literals and 0..3 for distances. The matrix of the prefix code
indexes for each block type and context ID, called the context map,
is encoded in a compact form in the meta-block header.
For example, the prefix code to use to decode L2 depends on the block
type (1), and the literal context ID determined by the two
uncompressed bytes that were decoded from L0 and L1. Similarly, the
prefix code to use to decode D0 depends on the block type (0), and
the distance context ID determined by the copy length decoded from
IaC0. The prefix code to use to decode IaC3 depends only on the block
type (1).
In addition to the parts listed above (prefix code for insert-and-
copy lengths, literals, distances, block types and block counts, and
the context map), the meta-block header contains the number of
uncompressed bytes coded in the meta-block and two additional
parameters used in the representation of match distances: the number
of postfix bits and the number of direct distance codes.
A compressed meta-block may be marked in the header as the last meta-
block, which terminates the compressed stream.
A meta-block may instead simply store the uncompressed data directly
as bytes on byte boundaries with no coding or matching strings. In
this case the meta-block header information only contains the number
of uncompressed bytes and the indication that the meta-block is
uncompressed. An uncompressed meta-block cannot be the last meta-
block.
A meta-block may also be empty, which generates no uncompressed data
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at all. An empty meta-block may contain metadata information as
bytes starting on byte boundaries, which are not part of either the
sliding window or the uncompressed data. Thus, these metadata bytes
cannot be used to create matching strings in subsequent meta-blocks
and are not used as context bytes for literals.
3. Compressed representation of prefix codes
3.1. Introduction to prefix coding
Prefix coding represents symbols from an a priori known alphabet by
bit sequences (codes), one code for each symbol, in a manner such
that different symbols may be represented by bit sequences of
different lengths, but a parser can always parse an encoded string
unambiguously symbol-by-symbol.
We define a prefix code in terms of a binary tree in which the two
edges descending from each non-leaf node are labeled 0 and 1 and in
which the leaf nodes correspond one-for-one with (are labeled with)
the symbols of the alphabet; then the code for a symbol is the
sequence of 0's and 1's on the edges leading from the root to the
leaf labeled with that symbol. For example:
/\ Symbol Code
0 1 ------ ----
/ \ A 00
/\ B B 1
0 1 C 011
/ \ D 010
A /\
0 1
/ \
D C
A parser can decode the next symbol from the compressed stream by
walking down the tree from the root, at each step choosing the edge
corresponding to the next compressed data bit.
Given an alphabet with known symbol frequencies, the Huffman
algorithm allows the construction of an optimal prefix code (one
which represents strings with those symbol frequencies using the
fewest bits of any possible prefix codes for that alphabet). Such a
prefix code is called a Huffman code. (See [HUFFMAN] in Chapter 5,
references for additional information on Huffman codes.)
Note that in the brotli format, the prefix codes for the various
alphabets must not exceed certain maximum code lengths. This
constraint complicates the algorithm for computing code lengths from
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symbol frequencies. Again, see Chapter 5, references for details.
3.2. Use of prefix coding in the brotli format
The prefix codes used for each alphabet in the brotli format are
canonical prefix codes, which have two additional rules:
* All codes of a given bit length have lexicographically
consecutive values, in the same order as the symbols they
represent;
* Shorter codes lexicographically precede longer codes.
We could recode the example above to follow this rule as follows,
assuming that the order of the alphabet is ABCD:
Symbol Code
------ ----
A 10
B 0
C 110
D 111
I.e., 0 precedes 10, which precedes 11x, and 110 and 111 are
lexicographically consecutive.
Given this rule, we can define the canonical prefix code for an
alphabet just by giving the bit lengths of the codes for each symbol
of the alphabet in order; this is sufficient to determine the actual
codes. In our example, the code is completely defined by the sequence
of bit lengths (2, 1, 3, 3). The following algorithm generates the
codes as integers, intended to be read from most- to least-
significant bit. The code lengths are initially in tree[I].Len; the
codes are produced in tree[I].Code.
1) Count the number of codes for each code length. Let
bl_count[N] be the number of codes of length N, N >= 1.
2) Find the numerical value of the smallest code for each
code length:
code = 0;
bl_count[0] = 0;
for (bits = 1; bits <= MAX_BITS; bits++) {
code = (code + bl_count[bits-1]) << 1;
next_code[bits] = code;
}
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3) Assign numerical values to all codes, using consecutive
values for all codes of the same length with the base
values determined at step 2. Codes that are never used
(which have a bit length of zero) must not be assigned a
value.
for (n = 0; n <= max_code; n++) {
len = tree[n].Len;
if (len != 0) {
tree[n].Code = next_code[len];
next_code[len]++;
}
}
Example:
Consider the alphabet ABCDEFGH, with bit lengths (3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2,
4, 4). After step 1, we have:
N bl_count[N]
- -----------
2 1
3 5
4 2
Step 2 computes the following next_code values:
N next_code[N]
- ------------
1 0
2 0
3 2
4 14
Step 3 produces the following code values:
Symbol Length Code
------ ------ ----
A 3 010
B 3 011
C 3 100
D 3 101
E 3 110
F 2 00
G 4 1110
H 4 1111
3.3. Alphabet sizes
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Prefix codes are used for different purposes in the brotli format,
and each purpose has a different alphabet size. For literal codes the
alphabet size is 256. For insert-and-copy length codes the alphabet
size is 704. For block count codes, the alphabet size is 26. For
distance codes, block type codes, and the prefix codes used in
compressing the context map, the alphabet size is dynamic and is
based on parameters defined in later sections. The following table
summarizes the alphabet sizes for the various prefix codes and the
sections where they are defined.
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| Prefix code | Alphabet size | Definition |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| literal | 256 | |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| distance | 16 + NDIRECT + | Section 4. |
| | (48 << NPOSTFIX) | |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| insert-and-copy | 704 | Section 5. |
| length | | |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| block count | 26 | Section 6. |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| block type | NBLTYPESx + 2, | Section 6. |
| | (where x is I, L, or D) | |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| context map | NTREESx + RLEMAXx | Section 7. |
| | (where x is L or D) | |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
3.4. Simple prefix codes
The first two bits of the compressed representation of each prefix
code distinguish between simple and complex prefix codes. If this
value is 1, then a simple prefix code follows as described in this
section. Otherwise, a complex prefix code follows as described in
Section 3.5.
A simple prefix code can have only up to four symbols with non-zero
code length. The format of the simple prefix code is as follows:
2 bits: value of 1 indicates a simple prefix code
2 bits: NSYM - 1, where NSYM = # of symbols coded
NSYM symbols, each encoded using ALPHABET_BITS bits
1 bit: tree-select, present only for NSYM = 4
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The value of ALPHABET_BITS depends on the alphabet of the prefix
code: it is the smallest number of bits that can represent all
symbols in the alphabet. E.g. for the alphabet of literal bytes,
ALPHABET_BITS is 8. The value of each of the NSYM symbols above is
the value of the ALPHABETS_BITS width integer value. If the integer
value is greater than or equal to the alphabet size, or the value is
identical to a previous value, then the stream should be rejected as
invalid.
Note that the NSYM symbols may not be presented in sorted order.
Prefix codes of the same bit length must be assigned to the symbols
in sorted order.
The (non-zero) code lengths of the symbols can be reconstructed as
follows:
* if NSYM = 1, the code length for the one symbol is zero --
when encoding this symbol in the
compressed data stream using this prefix code, no
actual bits are emitted. Similarly, when decoding a symbol
using this prefix code, no bits are read and the one symbol
is returned.
* if NSYM = 2, both symbols have code length 1.
* if NSYM = 3, the code lengths for the symbols are 1, 2, 2 in
the order they appear in the representation of the simple
prefix code.
* if NSYM = 4, the code lengths (in order of symbols decoded)
depend on the tree-select bit: 2, 2, 2, 2 (tree-select bit 0),
or 1, 2, 3, 3 (tree-select bit 1).
3.5. Complex prefix codes
A complex prefix code is a canonical prefix code, defined by the
sequence of code lengths, as discussed in Section 3.2., above. For
even greater compactness, the code length sequences themselves are
compressed using a prefix code. The alphabet for code lengths is as
follows:
0..15: Represent code lengths of 0..15
16: Copy the previous non-zero code length 3..6 times
The next 2 bits indicate repeat length
(0 = 3, ... , 3 = 6)
If this is the first code length, or all previous
code lengths are zero, a code length of 8 is
repeated 3..6 times
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A repeated code length code of 16 modifies the
repeat count of the previous one as follows:
repeat count = (4 * (repeat count - 2)) +
(3..6 on the next 2 bits)
Example: Codes 7, 16 (+2 bits 11), 16 (+2 bits 10)
will expand to 22 code lengths of 7
(1 + 4 * (6 - 2) + 5)
17: Repeat a code length of 0 for 3..10 times.
(3 bits of length)
A repeated code length code of 17 modifies the
repeat count of the previous one as follows:
repeat count = (8 * (repeat count - 2)) +
(3..10 on the next 3 bits)
Note that a code of 16 that follows an immediately preceding 16
modifies the previous repeat count, which becomes the new repeat
count. The same is true for a 17 following a 17. A sequence of three
or more 16 codes in a row or three of more 17 codes in a row is
possible, modifying the count each time. Only the final repeat count
is used. The modification only applies if the same code follows. A 16
repeat does not modify an immediately preceding 17 count nor vice
versa.
A code length of 0 indicates that the corresponding symbol in the
alphabet will not occur in the compressed data, and should not
participate in the prefix code construction algorithm given earlier.
A complex prefix code must have at least two non-zero code lengths.
The bit lengths of the prefix code over the code length alphabet are
compressed with the following variable length code (as it appears in
the compressed data, where the bits are parsed from right to left):
Symbol Code
------ ----
0 00
1 0111
2 011
3 10
4 01
5 1111
We can now define the format of the complex prefix code as follows:
2 bits: HSKIP, values of 0, 2, or 3 represent the respective
number of skipped code lengths. The skipped lengths
are taken to be zero. (An HSKIP of 1 indicates a
Simple prefix code.)
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Code lengths for symbols in the code length alphabet given
just above, in the order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 5, 17, 6, 16, 7,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. If HSKIP is 2, then the
code lengths for symbols 1 and 2 are zero, and the first
code length is for symbol 3. If HSKIP is 3, then the code
length for symbol 3 is also zero, and the first code length
is for symbol 4.
The code lengths of code length symbols are between 0 and
5, and they are represented with 2..4 bits according to
the variable length code above. A code length of 0 means
the corresponding code length symbol is not used.
If HSKIP is 2 or 3, a respective number of leading code
lengths are implicit zeros and are not present in the
code lengths sequence above.
If there are at least two non-zero code lengths, any
trailing zero code lengths are omitted, i.e. the last
code length in the sequence must be non-zero. In this
case, the sum of (32 >> code length) over all the non-zero
code lengths must equal to 32.
If the lengths have been read for the entire code length
alphabet and there was only one non-zero code length,
then the prefix code has one symbol whose code has zero
length. In this case, that symbol results in no bits
being emitted by the compressor, and no bits consumed by
the decompressor. That single symbol is immediately
returned when this code is decoded.
An example of where this occurs is if the
entire code to be represented has symbols of length 8.
E.g. a literal code that represents all literal values
with equal probability. In this case the single symbol
is 16, which repeats the previous length. The previous
length is taken to be 8 before any code length code
lengths are read.
Sequence of at most alphabet size code lengths symbols, encoded
using the code length prefix code. Any trailing 0 or 17 must be
omitted, i.e. the last encoded code length symbol must be
between 1 and 16. The sum of (32768 >> code length) over
all the non-zero code lengths in the alphabet, including
those encoded using repeat code(s) of 16, must equal to
32768. If the number of times to repeat the previous length
or repeat a zero length would result in more lengths in
total than the number of symbols in the alphabet, then the
stream should be rejected as invalid.
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4. Encoding of distances
As described in Section 2., one component of a compressed meta-block
is a sequence of backward distances. In this section we provide the
details to the encoding of distances.
Each distance in the compressed data part of a meta-block is
represented with a pair <distance code, extra bits>. The distance
code and the extra bits are encoded back-to-back, the distance code
is encoded using a prefix code over the distance alphabet, while the
extra bits value is encoded as a fixed-width integer value. The
number of extra bits can be 0..24, and it is dependent on the
distance code.
To convert a distance code and associated extra bits to a backward
distance, we need the sequence of past distances and two additional
parameters, the number of "postfix bits", denoted by NPOSTFIX (0..3),
and the number of direct distance codes, denoted by NDIRECT (0..120).
Both of these parameters are encoded in the meta-block header. We
will also use the following derived parameter:
POSTFIX_MASK = (1 << NPOSTFIX) - 1
The first 16 distance symbols are special symbols that reference past
distances as follows:
0: last distance
1: second-to-last distance
2: third-to-last distance
3: fourth-to-last distance
4: last distance - 1
5: last distance + 1
6: last distance - 2
7: last distance + 2
8: last distance - 3
9: last distance + 3
10: second-to-last distance - 1
11: second-to-last distance + 1
12: second-to-last distance - 2
13: second-to-last distance + 2
14: second-to-last distance - 3
15: second-to-last distance + 3
The ring buffer of four last distances is initialized by the values
16, 15, 11, and 4 (i.e. the fourth-to-last is set to 16, the third-
to-last to 15, the second-to-last to 11, and the last distance to 4)
at the beginning of the *stream* (as opposed to the beginning of the
meta-block) and it is not reset at meta-block boundaries. When a
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distance symbol 0 appears, the distance it represents (i.e. the last
distance in the sequence of distances) is not pushed to the ring
buffer of last distances, in other words, the expression "(second,
third, fourth)-to-last distance" means the (second, third,
fourth)-to-last distance that was not represented by a 0 distance
symbol. Similarly, distances that represent static dictionary words
(see Section 8.) are not pushed to the ring buffer of last distances.
If a special distance symbol resolves to a zero or negative value,
the stream should be rejected as invalid.
If NDIRECT is greater than zero, then the next NDIRECT distance
symbols, from 16 to 15 + NDIRECT, represent distances from 1 to
NDIRECT. Neither the special distance symbols, nor the NDIRECT
direct distance symbols are followed by any extra bits.
Distance symbols 16 + NDIRECT and greater all have extra bits, where
the number of extra bits for a distance symbol "dcode" is given by
the following formula:
ndistbits = 1 + ((dcode - NDIRECT - 16) >> (NPOSTFIX + 1))
The maximum number of extra bits is 24, therefore the size of the
distance symbol alphabet is (16 + NDIRECT + (48 << NPOSTFIX)).
Given a distance symbol "dcode" (>= 16 + NDIRECT), and extra bits
"dextra", the backward distance is given by the following formula:
hcode = (dcode - NDIRECT - 16) >> NPOSTFIX
lcode = (dcode - NDIRECT - 16) & POSTFIX_MASK
offset = ((2 + (hcode & 1)) << ndistbits) - 4
distance = ((offset + dextra) << NPOSTFIX) + lcode + NDIRECT + 1
5. Encoding of literal insertion lengths and copy lengths
As described in Section 2., the literal insertion lengths and
backward copy lengths are encoded using a single prefix code. This
section provides the details to this encoding.
Each <insertion length, copy length> pair in the compressed data part
of a meta-block is represented with the following triplet:
<insert-and-copy length code, insert extra bits, copy extra bits>
The insert-and-copy length code, the insert extra bits, and the copy
extra bits are encoded back-to-back, the insert-and-copy length code
is encoded using a prefix code over the insert-and-copy length code
alphabet, while the extra bits values are encoded as fixed-width
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integer values. The number of insert and copy extra bits can be
0..24, and they are dependent on the insert-and-copy length code.
Some of the insert-and-copy length codes also express the fact that
the distance symbol of the distance in the same command is 0, i.e.
the distance component of the command is the same as that of the
previous command. In this case, the distance code and extra bits for
the distance are omitted from the compressed data stream.
We describe the insert-and-copy length code alphabet in terms of the
(not directly used) insert length code and copy length code
alphabets. The symbols of the insert length code alphabet, along with
the number of insert extra bits, and the range of the insert lengths
are as follows:
Extra Extra Extra
Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths
---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- -------
0 0 0 8 2 10..13 16 6 130..193
1 0 1 9 2 14..17 17 7 194..321
2 0 2 10 3 18..25 18 8 322..577
3 0 3 11 3 26..33 19 9 578..1089
4 0 4 12 4 34..49 20 10 1090..2113
5 0 5 13 4 50..65 21 12 2114..6209
6 1 6,7 14 5 66..97 22 14 6210..22593
7 1 8,9 15 5 98..129 23 24 22594..16799809
The symbols of the copy length code alphabet, along with the number
of copy extra bits, and the range of copy lengths are as follows:
Extra Extra Extra
Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths
---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- -------
0 0 2 8 1 10,11 16 5 70..101
1 0 3 9 1 12,13 17 5 102..133
2 0 4 10 2 14..17 18 6 134..197
3 0 5 11 2 18..21 19 7 198..325
4 0 6 12 3 22..29 20 8 326..581
5 0 7 13 3 30..37 21 9 582..1093
6 0 8 14 4 38..53 22 10 1094..2117
7 0 9 15 4 54..69 23 24 2118..16779333
To convert an insert-and-copy length code to an insert length code
and a copy length code, the following table can be used:
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Insert
length Copy length code
code 0..7 8..15 16..23
+----------+----------+
| | |
0..7 | 0..63 | 64..127 | <--- distance symbol 0
| | |
+----------+----------+----------+
| | | |
0..7 | 128..191 | 192..255 | 384..447 |
| | | |
+----------+----------+----------+
| | | |
8..15 | 256..319 | 320..383 | 512..575 |
| | | |
+----------+----------+----------+
| | | |
16..23 | 448..511 | 576..639 | 640..703 |
| | | |
+----------+----------+----------+
First, look up the cell with the 64 value range containing the
insert-and-copy length code, this gives the insert length code and
the copy length code ranges, both 8 values long. The copy length
code within its range is determined by bits 0..2 (counted from the
lsb) of the insert-and-copy length code. The insert length code
within its range is determined by bits 3..5 (counted from the lsb) of
the insert-and-copy length code. Given the insert length and copy
length codes, the actual insert and copy lengths can be obtained by
reading the number of extra bits given by the tables above.
If the insert-and-copy length code is between 0 and 127, the distance
code of the command is set to zero (the last distance reused).
6. Encoding of block switch commands
As described in Section 2., a block-switch command is a pair <block
type, block count>. These are encoded in the compressed data part of
the meta-block, right before the start of each new block of a
particular block category.
Each block type in the compressed data is represented with a block
type code, encoded using a prefix code over the block type code
alphabet. A block type symbol 0 means that the new block type is the
same as the type of the previous block from the same block category,
i.e. the block type that preceded the current type, while a block
type symbol 1 means that the new block type equals the current block
type plus one. If the current block type is the maximal possible,
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then a block type symbol of 1 results in wrapping to a new block type
of 0. Block type symbols 2..257 represent block types 0..255
respectively. The previous and current block types are initialized to
1 and 0, respectively, at the end of the meta-block header.
Since the first block type of each block category is 0, the block
type of the first block-switch command is not encoded in the
compressed data. If a block category has only one block type, the
block count of the first block-switch command is also omitted from
the compressed data, otherwise it is encoded in the meta-block
header.
Since the end of the meta-block is detected by the number of
uncompressed bytes produced, the block counts for any of the three
categories need not count down to exactly zero at the end of the
meta-block.
The number of different block types in each block category, denoted
by NBLTYPESL, NBLTYPESI, and NBLTYPESD for literals, insert-and-copy
lengths, and distances, respectively, is encoded in the meta-block
header, and it must equal to the largest block type plus one in that
block category. In other words, the set of literal, insert-and-copy
length, and distance block types must be [0..NBLTYPESL-1],
[0..NBLTYPESI-1], and [0..NBLTYPESD-1], respectively. From this it
follows that the alphabet size of literal, insert-and-copy length,
and distance block type codes is NBLTYPESL + 2, NBLTYPESI + 2, and
NBLTYPESD + 2, respectively.
Each block count in the compressed data is represented with a pair
<block count code, extra bits>. The block count code and the extra
bits are encoded back-to-back, the block count code is encoded using
a prefix code over the block count code alphabet, while the extra
bits value is encoded as a fixed-width integer value. The number of
extra bits can be 0..24, and it is dependent on the block count code.
The symbols of the block count code alphabet, along with the number
of extra bits, and the range of block counts are as follows:
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Extra Extra Extra
Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths
---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- -------
0 2 1..4 9 4 65..80 18 7 369..496
1 2 5..8 10 4 81..96 19 8 497..752
2 2 9..12 11 4 97..112 20 9 753..1264
3 2 13..16 12 5 113..144 21 10 1265..2288
4 3 17..24 13 5 145..176 22 11 2289..4336
5 3 25..32 14 5 177..208 23 12 4337..8432
6 3 33..40 15 5 209..240 24 13 8433..16624
7 3 41..48 16 6 241..304 25 24 16625..16793840
8 4 49..64 17 6 305..368
The first block-switch command of each block category is special in
the sense that it is encoded in the meta-block header, and as
described earlier, the block type code is omitted since it is an
implicit zero.
7. Context modeling
As described in Section 2., the prefix tree used to encode a literal
byte or a distance code depends on the block type and the context ID.
This section specifies how to compute the context ID for a particular
literal and distance code, and how to encode the context map that
maps a <block type, context ID> pair to the index of a prefix code in
the array of literal and distance prefix codes.
7.1. Context modes and context ID lookup for literals
The context for encoding the next literal is defined by the last two
bytes in the stream (p1, p2, where p1 is the most recent byte),
regardless of whether these bytes are produced by uncompressed meta-
blocks, backward references, static dictionary references, or by
literal insertions. At the start of the stream p1 and p2 are
initialized to zero.
There are four methods, called context modes, to compute the Context
ID:
* LSB6, where the Context ID is the value of six
least-significant bits of p1,
* MSB6, where the Context ID is the value of six
most-significant bits of p1,
* UTF8, where the Context ID is a complex function of p1, p2,
optimized for text compression, and
* Signed, where Context ID is a complex function of p1, p2,
optimized for compressing sequences of signed integers.
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The Context ID for the UTF8 and Signed context modes is computed
using the following lookup tables Lut0, Lut1, and Lut2.
Lut0 :=
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
8, 12, 16, 12, 12, 20, 12, 16, 24, 28, 12, 12, 32, 12, 36, 12,
44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 32, 32, 24, 40, 28, 12,
12, 48, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 48,
52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 24, 12, 28, 12, 12,
12, 56, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 56,
60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 24, 12, 28, 12, 0,
0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3,
2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3,
2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3,
2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3
Lut1 :=
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2
Lut2 :=
0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
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4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7
The lengths and the CRC-32 check values (see Appendix C.) of each of
these tables as a sequence of bytes are as follows:
Table Length CRC-32
----- ------ ------
Lut0 256 0x8e91efb7
Lut1 256 0xd01a32f4
Lut2 256 0x0dd7a0d6
Given p1 is the last uncompressed byte and p2 is the second-to-last
uncompressed byte, the context IDs can be computed as follows:
For LSB6: Context ID = p1 & 0x3f
For MSB6: Context ID = p1 >> 2
For UTF8: Context ID = Lut0[p1] | Lut1[p2]
For Signed: Context ID = (Lut2[p1] << 3) | Lut2[p2]
From the lookup tables defined above and the operations to compute
the context IDs, we can see that context IDs for literals are in the
range of 0..63.
The context modes LSB6, MSB6, UTF8, and Signed are denoted by
integers 0, 1, 2, 3.
A context mode is defined for each literal block type and they are
stored in a consecutive array of bits in the meta-block header,
always two bits per block type.
7.2. Context ID for distances
The context for encoding a distance code is defined by the copy
length corresponding to the distance. The context IDs are 0, 1, 2,
and 3 for copy lengths 2, 3, 4, and more than 4, respectively.
7.3. Encoding of the context map
There are two context maps, one for literals and one for distances.
The size of the context map is 64 * NBLTYPESL for literals, and 4 *
NBLTYPESD for distances. Each value in the context map is an integer
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between 0 and 255, indicating the index of the prefix code to be used
when encoding the next literal or distance.
The context maps are two-dimensional matrices, encoded as one-
dimensional arrays:
CMAPL[0..(64 * NBLTYPESL - 1)]
CMAPD[0..(4 * NBLTYPESD - 1)]
The index of the prefix code for encoding a literal or distance code
with block type, BTYPE_x, and context ID, CIDx, is:
index of literal prefix code = CMAPL[64 * BTYPE_L + CIDL]
index of distance prefix code = CMAPD[4 * BTYPE_D + CIDD]
The values of the context map are encoded with the combination of run
length encoding for zero values and prefix coding. Let RLEMAX denote
the number of run length codes and NTREES denote the maximum value in
the context map plus one. NTREES must equal the number of different
values in the context map, in other words, the different values in
the context map must be the [0..NTREES-1] interval. The alphabet of
the prefix code has the following RLEMAX + NTREES symbols:
0: value zero
1: repeat a zero 2 to 3 times, read 1 bit for repeat length
2: repeat a zero 4 to 7 times, read 2 bits for repeat length
...
RLEMAX: repeat a zero (1 << RLEMAX) to (1 << (RLEMAX+1))-1
times, read RLEMAX bits for repeat length
RLEMAX + 1: value 1
...
RLEMAX + NTREES - 1: value NTREES - 1
If RLEMAX = 0, the run length coding is not used, and the symbols of
the alphabet are directly the values in the context map. We can now
define the format of the context map (the same format is used for
literal and distance context maps):
1..5 bits: RLEMAX, 0 is encoded with one 0 bit, and values
1..16 are encoded with bit pattern xxxx1 (so 01001
is 5)
Prefix code with alphabet size NTREES + RLEMAX
Context map size values encoded with the above prefix code
and run length coding for zero values. If a run length
would result in more lengths in total than the size of
the context map, then the stream should be rejected as
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invalid.
1 bit: IMTF bit, if set, we do an inverse move-to-front
transform on the values in the context map to get
the prefix code indexes
Note that RLEMAX may be larger than the value necessary to represent
the longest sequence of zero values. Also, the NTREES value is
encoded right before the context map as described in Section 9.2.
We define the inverse move-to-front transform used in this
specification by the following C language function:
void InverseMoveToFrontTransform(uint8_t* v, int v_len) {
uint8_t mtf[256];
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
mtf[i] = (uint8_t)i;
}
for (i = 0; i < v_len; ++i) {
uint8_t index = v[i];
uint8_t value = mtf[index];
v[i] = value;
for (; index; --index) {
mtf[index] = mtf[index - 1];
}
mtf[0] = value;
}
}
Note that the inverse move-to-front transform will not produce values
outside the [0..NTREES-1] interval.
8. Static dictionary
At any given point during decoding the compressed data, a reference
to a duplicated string in the uncompressed data produced so far has a
maximum backward distance value, which is the minimum of the window
size and the number of uncompressed bytes produced. However, decoding
a distance from the compressed stream, as described in Section 4.,
can produce distances that are greater than this maximum allowed
value. In this case, the distance is treated as a reference to a word
in the static dictionary given in Appendix A. The copy length for a
static dictionary reference must be between 4 and 24. The static
dictionary has three parts:
* DICT[0..DICTSIZE], an array of bytes
* DOFFSET[0..24], an array of byte offset values for each length
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* NDBITS[0..24], an array of bit-depth values for each length
The number of static dictionary words for a given length is:
NWORDS[length] = 0 (if length < 4)
NWORDS[length] = (1 << NDBITS[length]) (if length >= 4)
DOFFSET and DICTSIZE are defined by the following recursion:
DOFFSET[0] = 0
DOFFSET[length + 1] = DOFFSET[length] + length * NWORDS[length]
DICTSIZE = DOFFSET[24] + 24 * NWORDS[24]
The offset of a word within the DICT array for a given length and
index is:
offset(length, index) = DOFFSET[length] + index * length
Each static dictionary word has 121 different forms, given by
applying a word transformation to a base word in the DICT array. The
list of word transformations is given in Appendix B. The static
dictionary word for a <length, distance> pair can be reconstructed as
follows:
word_id = distance - (max allowed distance + 1)
index = word_id % NWORDS[length]
base_word = DICT[offset(length, index)..offset(length, index+1)-1]
transform_id = word_id >> NDBITS[length]
The string copied to the uncompressed stream is computed by applying
the transformation to the base dictionary word. If transform_id is
greater than 120, or the length is smaller than 4 or greater than 24,
then the compressed stream should be rejected as invalid.
Each word transformation has the following form:
transform_i(word) = prefix_i + T_i(word) + suffix_i
where the _i subscript denotes the transform_id above. Each T_i is
one of the following 21 elementary transforms:
Identity, FermentFirst, FermentAll,
OmitFirst1, ..., OmitFirst9, OmitLast1, ..., OmitLast9
The form of these elementary transforms is as follows:
Identity(word) = word
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FermentFirst(word) = see below
FermentAll(word) = see below
OmitFirstk(word) = the last (length(word) - k) bytes of word, or
empty string if length(word) < k
OmitLastk(word) = the first (length(word) - k) bytes of word, or
empty string if length(word) < k
We define the FermentFirst and FermentAll transforms used in this
specification by the following C language functions:
int Ferment(uint8_t* word, int word_len, int pos) {
if (word[pos] < 192) {
if (word[pos] >= 97 and word[pos] <= 122) {
word[pos] = word[pos] ^ 32;
}
return 1;
} else if (word[pos] < 224) {
if (pos + 1 < word_len) {
word[pos + 1] = word[pos + 1] ^ 32;
}
return 2;
} else {
if (pos + 2 < word_len) {
word[pos + 2] = word[pos + 2] ^ 5;
}
return 3;
}
}
void FermentFirst(uint8_t* word, int word_len) {
if (word_len > 0) {
Ferment(word, word_len, 0);
}
}
void FermentAll(uint8_t* word, int word_len) {
int i = 0;
while (i < word_len) {
i += Ferment(word, word_len, i);
}
}
Appendix B. contains the list of transformations by specifying the
prefix, elementary transform and suffix components of each of them.
Note that the OmitFirst8 elementary transform is not used in the list
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of transformations. The strings in Appendix B. are in C string format
with respect to escape (backslash) characters.
The maximum number of additional bytes that a transform may add to a
base word is 13. Since the largest base word is 24 bytes long, a
buffer of 38 bytes is sufficient to store any transformed words
(counting a terminating zero byte).
9. Compressed data format
In this section we describe the format of the compressed data set in
terms of the format of the individual data items described in the
previous sections.
9.1. Format of the stream header
The stream header has only the following one field:
1..7 bits: WBITS, a value in the range 10..24, encoded with
the following variable length code (as it appears in
the compressed data, where the bits are parsed from
right to left):
Value Bit Pattern
----- -----------
10 0100001
11 0110001
12 1000001
13 1010001
14 1100001
15 1110001
16 0
17 0000001
18 0011
19 0101
20 0111
21 1001
22 1011
23 1101
24 1111
Note that bit pattern 0010001 is invalid and must not
be used.
The size of the sliding window, which is the maximum value of any
non-dictionary reference backward distance, is given by the following
formula:
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window size = (1 << WBITS) - 16
9.2. Format of the meta-block header
A compliant compressed data set has at least one meta-block. Each
meta-block contains a header with information about the uncompressed
length of the meta-block, and a bit signaling if the meta-block is
the last one. The format of the meta-block header is the following:
1 bit: ISLAST, set to 1 if this is the last meta-block
1 bit: ISLASTEMPTY, if set to 1, the meta-block is empty;
this field is only present if ISLAST bit is set -- if
it is 1, then the meta-block and the brotli stream ends
at that bit, with any remaining bits in the last byte
of the compressed stream filled with zeros (if the
fill bits are not zero, then the stream should be
rejected as invalid)
2 bits: MNIBBLES, # of nibbles to represent the uncompressed
length, encoded with the following fixed-length code:
Value Bit Pattern
----- -----------
0 11
4 00
5 01
6 10
If MNIBBLES is 0, the meta-block is empty, i.e. it does
not generate any uncompressed data. In this case, the
rest of the meta-block has the following format:
1 bit: reserved, must be zero
2 bits: MSKIPBYTES, # of bytes to represent metadata
length
MSKIPBYTES x 8 bits: MSKIPLEN - 1, where MSKIPLEN is
the number of metadata bytes; this field is
only present if MSKIPBYTES is positive,
otherwise MSKIPLEN is 0 (if MSKIPBYTES is
greater than 1, and the last byte is all
zeros, then the stream should be rejected
as invalid)
0..7 bits: fill bits until the next byte boundary,
must be all zeros
MSKIPLEN bytes of metadata, not part of the
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uncompressed data or the sliding window
MNIBBLES x 4 bits: MLEN - 1, where MLEN is the length
of the meta-block uncompressed data in bytes (if
MNIBBLES is greater than 4, and the last
nibble is all zeros, then the stream should be
rejected as invalid)
1 bit: ISUNCOMPRESSED, if set to 1, any bits of compressed
data up to the next byte boundary are ignored, and
the rest of the meta-block contains MLEN bytes of
literal data; this field is only present if the
ISLAST bit is not set (if the ignored bits are not
all zeros, the stream should be rejected as invalid)
1..11 bits: NBLTYPESL, # of literal block types, encoded with
the following variable length code (as it appears in
the compressed data, where the bits are parsed from
right to left, so 0110111 has the value 12):
Value Bit Pattern
----- -----------
1 0
2 0001
3..4 x0011
5..8 xx0101
9..16 xxx0111
17..32 xxxx1001
33..64 xxxxx1011
65..128 xxxxxx1101
129..256 xxxxxxx1111
Prefix code over the block type code alphabet for
literal block types, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2
Prefix code over the block count code alphabet for
literal block counts, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2
Block count code + extra bits for first literal
block count, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2
1..11 bits: NBLTYPESI, # of insert-and-copy block types, encoded
with the same variable length code as above
Prefix code over the block type code alphabet for
insert-and-copy block types, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2
Prefix code over the block count code alphabet for
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insert-and-copy block counts, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2
Block count code + extra bits for first insert-and-copy
block count, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2
1..11 bits: NBLTYPESD, # of distance block types, encoded
with the same variable length code as above
Prefix code over the block type code alphabet for
distance block types, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2
Prefix code over the block count code alphabet for
distance block counts, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2
Block count code + extra bits for first distance
block count, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2
2 bits: NPOSTFIX, parameter used in the distance coding
4 bits: four most-significant bits of NDIRECT, to get the
actual value of the parameter NDIRECT, left-shift
this four-bit number by NPOSTFIX bits
NBLTYPESL x 2 bits: context mode for each literal block type
1..11 bits: NTREESL, # of literal prefix trees, encoded
with the same variable length code as NBLTYPESL
Literal context map, encoded as described in Section 7.3.,
appears only if NTREESL >= 2, otherwise the context map
has only zero values
1..11 bits: NTREESD, # of distance prefix trees, encoded
with the same variable length code as NBLTYPESD
Distance context map, encoded as described in Section 7.3.,
appears only if NTREESD >= 2, otherwise the context map
has only zero values
NTREESL prefix codes for literals
NBLTYPESI prefix codes for insert-and-copy lengths
NTREESD prefix codes for distances
9.3. Format of the meta-block data
The compressed data part of a meta-block consists of a series of
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commands. Each command has the following format:
Block type code for next insert-and-copy block type, appears
only if NBLTYPESI >= 2 and the previous insert-and-copy
block count is zero
Block count code + extra bits for next insert-and-copy
block count, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2 and the
previous insert-and-copy block count is zero
Insert-and-copy length, encoded as in Section 5., using the
insert-and-copy length prefix code with the current
insert-and-copy block type index
Insert length number of literals, with the following format:
Block type code for next literal block type, appears
only if NBLTYPESL >= 2 and the previous literal
block count is zero
Block count code + extra bits for next literal
block count, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2 and the
previous literal block count is zero
Next byte of the uncompressed data, encoded with the
literal prefix code with the index determined by the
previous two bytes of the uncompressed data, the
current literal block type, and the context map, as
described in Section 7.3.
Block type code for next distance block type, appears
only if NBLTYPESD >= 2 and the previous distance
block count is zero
Block count code + extra bits for next distance
block count, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2 and the
previous distance block count is zero
Distance code, encoded as in Section 4., using the distance
prefix code with the current distance block type index,
appears only if the distance code is not an implicit 0,
as indicated by the insert-and-copy length code
The number of commands in the meta-block is such that the sum of the
uncompressed bytes produced (i.e. the number of literals inserted
plus the number of bytes copied from past data or generated from the
static dictionary) over all the commands gives the uncompressed
length, MLEN encoded in the meta-block header.
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If the total number of uncompressed bytes produced after the insert
part of the last command equals MLEN, then the copy length of the
last command is ignored and will not produce any uncompressed output.
In this case the copy length of the last command can have any value.
In any other case, if the number of literals to insert, the copy
length, or the resulting dictionary word length would cause MLEN to
be exceeded, then the stream should be rejected as invalid.
If the last command of the last non-empty meta-block does not end on
a byte boundary, the unused bits in the last byte must be zeros.
10. Decoding algorithm
The decoding algorithm that produces the uncompressed data is as
follows:
read window size
do
read ISLAST bit
if ISLAST
read ISLASTEMPTY bit
if ISLASTEMPTY
break from loop
read MNIBBLES
if MNIBBLES is zero
verify reserved bit is zero
read MSKIPLEN
skip any bits up to the next byte boundary
skip MSKIPLEN bytes
continue to the next meta-block
else
read MLEN
if not ISLAST
read ISUNCOMPRESSED bit
if ISUNCOMPRESSED
skip any bits up to the next byte boundary
copy MLEN bytes of compressed data as literals
continue to the next meta-block
loop for each three block categories (i = L, I, D)
read NBLTYPESi
if NBLTYPESi >= 2
read prefix code for block types, HTREE_BTYPE_i
read prefix code for block counts, HTREE_BLEN_i
read block count, BLEN_i
set block type, BTYPE_i to 0
initialize second-to-last and last block types to 0 and 1
else
set block type, BTYPE_i to 0
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set block count, BLEN_i to 16777216
read NPOSTFIX and NDIRECT
read array of literal context modes, CMODE[]
read NTREESL
if NTREESL >= 2
read literal context map, CMAPL[]
else
fill CMAPL[] with zeros
read NTREESD
if NTREESD >= 2
read distance context map, CMAPD[]
else
fill CMAPD[] with zeros
read array of literal prefix codes, HTREEL[]
read array of insert-and-copy length prefix codes, HTREEI[]
read array of distance prefix codes, HTREED[]
do
if BLEN_I is zero
read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_I and set BTYPE_I
save previous block type
read block count using HTREE_BLEN_I and set BLEN_I
decrement BLEN_I
read insert-and-copy length symbol using HTREEI[BTYPE_I]
compute insert length, ILEN, and copy length, CLEN
loop for ILEN
if BLEN_L is zero
read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_L and set BTYPE_L
save previous block type
read block count using HTREE_BLEN_L and set BLEN_L
decrement BLEN_L
look up context mode CMODE[BTYPE_L]
compute context ID, CIDL from last two uncompressed bytes
read literal using HTREEL[CMAPL[64*BTYPE_L + CIDL]]
write literal to uncompressed stream
if number of uncompressed bytes produced in the loop for
this meta-block is MLEN, then break from loop (in this
case the copy length is ignored and can have any value)
if distance code is implicit zero from insert-and-copy code
set backward distance to the last distance
else
if BLEN_D is zero
read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_D and set BTYPE_D
save previous block type
read block count using HTREE_BLEN_D and set BLEN_D
decrement BLEN_D
compute context ID, CIDD from CLEN
read distance code using HTREED[CMAPD[4*BTYPE_D + CIDD]]
compute distance by distance short code substitution
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if distance code is not zero,
and distance is not a static dictionary reference,
push distance to the ring buffer of last distances
if distance is less than the max allowed distance plus one
move backwards distance bytes in the uncompressed data,
and copy CLEN bytes from this position to
the uncompressed stream
else
look up the static dictionary word, transform the word as
directed, and copy the result to the uncompressed stream
while number of uncompressed bytes for this meta-block < MLEN
while not ISLAST
If the stream ends before the completion of the last meta-block, then
the stream should be rejected as invalid.
Note that a duplicated string reference may refer to a string in a
previous meta-block, i.e. the backward distance may cross one or more
meta-block boundaries. However a backward copy distance will not
refer past the beginning of the uncompressed stream or the window
size; any such distance is interpreted as a reference to a static
dictionary word. Also note that the referenced string may overlap the
current position, for example, if the last 2 bytes decoded have
values X and Y, a string reference with <length = 5, distance = 2>
adds X,Y,X,Y,X to the uncompressed stream.
11. Considerations for compressor implementations
Since the intent of this document is to define the brotli compressed
data format without reference to any particular compression
algorithm, the material in this section is not part of the definition
of the format, and a compressor need not follow it in order to be
compliant.
11.1. Trivial compressor
In this section we present a very simple algorithm that produces a
valid brotli stream representing an arbitrary sequence of
uncompressed bytes in the form of the following C++ language
function.
string BrotliCompressTrivial(const string& u) {
if (u.empty()) {
return string(1, 6);
}
int i;
string c;
c.append(1, 12);
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for (i = 0; i + 65535 < u.size(); i += 65536) {
c.append(1, 248);
c.append(1, 255);
c.append(1, 15);
c.append(&u[i], 65536);
}
if (i < u.size()) {
int r = u.size() - i - 1;
c.append(1, (r & 31) << 3);
c.append(1, r >> 5);
c.append(1, 8 + (r >> 13));
c.append(&u[i], r + 1);
}
c.append(1, 3);
return c;
}
Note that this simple algorithm does not actually compress data, that
is, the brotli representation will always be bigger than the
original, but it shows that every sequence of N uncompressed bytes
can be represented with a valid brotli stream that is not longer than
N + (3 * (N >> 16) + 5) bytes.
11.2. Aligning compressed meta-blocks to byte boundaries
As described in Section 9., only those meta-blocks that immediately
follow an uncompressed meta-block or a metadata meta-block are
guaranteed to start on a byte boundary. In some applications, it
might be required that every non-metadata meta-block starts on a byte
boundary. This can be achieved by appending an empty metadata meta-
block after every non-metadata meta-block that does not end on a byte
boundary.
11.3. Creating self-contained parts within the compressed data
In some encoder implementations it might be required to make a
sequence of bytes within a brotli stream self-contained, that is,
such that they can be decompressed independently from previous parts
of the compressed data. This is a useful feature for three reasons.
First, if a large compressed file is damaged, it is possible to
recover some of the file after the damage. Second, it is useful when
doing differential transfer of compressed data. If a sequence of
uncompressed bytes is unchanged and compressed independently from
previous data, then the compressed representation may also be
unchanged and can therefore be transferred very cheaply. Third, if
sequences of uncompressed bytes are compressed independently, it
allows for parallel compression of these byte sequences within the
same file, in addition to parallel compression of multiple files.
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Given two sequences of uncompressed bytes, U0 and U1, we will now
describe how to create two sequences of compressed bytes, C0 and C1,
such that the concatenation of C0 and C1 is a valid brotli stream,
and that C0 and C1 (together with the first byte of C0 that contains
the window size) can be decompressed independently from each other to
U0 and U1.
When compressing the byte sequence U0 to produce C0, we can use any
compressor that works on the complete set of uncompressed bytes U0,
with the following two changes. First, the ISLAST bit of the last
meta-block of C0 must not be set. Second, C0 must end at a byte-
boundary, which can be ensured by appending an empty metadata meta-
block to it, as in Section 11.2.
When compressing the byte sequence U1 to produce C1, we can use any
compressor that starts a new meta-block at the beginning of U1 within
the U0+U1 input stream, with the following two changes. First,
backward distances in C1 must not refer to static dictionary words or
uncompressed bytes in U0. Even if a sequence of bytes in U1 would
match a static dictionary word, or a sequence of bytes that overlaps
U0, the compressor must represent this sequence of bytes with a
combination of literal insertions and backward references to bytes in
U1 instead. Second, the ring buffer of last four distances must be
replenished first with distances in C1 before using it to encode
other distances in C1. Note that both compressors producing C0 and C1
have to use the same window size, but the stream header is emitted
only by the compressor that produces C0.
Note that this method can be easily generalized to more than two
sequences of uncompressed bytes.
12. Security Considerations
As with any compressed file formats, decompressor implementations
should handle all compressed data byte sequences, not only those that
conform to this specification, where non-conformant compressed data
sequences should be rejected as invalid.
A possible attack against a system containing a decompressor
implementation (e.g. a web browser) is to exploit a buffer overflow
triggered by invalid compressed data. Therefore decompressor
implementations should perform bounds-checking for each memory access
that result from values decoded from the compressed stream and
derivatives therof.
Another possible attack against a system containing a decompressor
implementation is to provide it (either valid or invalid) compressed
data that can make the decompressor system's resource consumption
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(cpu, memory, or storage) to be disproportionately large compared to
the size of the compressed data. In addition to the size of the
compressed data, the amount of cpu, memory and storage required to
decompress a single compressed meta-block within a brotli stream is
controlled by the following two paramters: the size of the
uncompressed meta-block, which is encoded at the start of the
compressed meta-block, and the size of the sliding window, which is
encoded at the start of the brotli stream. Decompressor
implementations in systems where memory or storage is constrained
should perform a sanity-check on these two parameters. The
uncompressed meta-block size that was decoded from the compressed
stream should be compared against either a hard limit, given by the
system's constraints or some expectation about the uncompressed data,
or against a certain multiple of the size of the compressed data. If
the uncompressed meta-block size is determined to be too high, the
compressed data should be rejected. Likewise, when the complete
uncompressed stream is kept in the system containing the decompressor
implementation, the total uncompressed size of the stream should be
checked before decompressing each additional meta-block. If the size
of the sliding window that was decoded from the start of the
compressed stream is greater than a certain soft limit, then the
decompressor implementation should, at first, allocate a smaller
sliding window that fits the first uncompressed meta-block, and
afterwards, before decompressing each additional meta-block, it
should increase the size of the sliding window until the sliding
window size specified in the compressed data is reached.
Correspondingly, possible attacks against a system containing a
compressor implementation (e.g. a web server) are to exploit a buffer
overflow or cause disproportionately large resource consumption by
providing e.g. uncompressible data. As described in Section 11.1.,
an output buffer of
S(N) = N + (3 * (N >> 16) + 5)
bytes is sufficient to hold a valid compressed brotli stream
representing an arbitrary sequence of N uncompressed bytes.
Therefore compressor implementations should allocate at least S(N)
bytes of output buffer before compressing N bytes of data with
unknown compressibility and should perform bounds-checking for each
write into this output buffer. If their output buffer is full,
compresor implementations should revert to the trivial compression
algorithm described in Section 11.1. The resourse consumption of a
compressor implementation for a particular input data depends mostly
on the algorithm used to find backward matches and on the algorithm
used to construct context maps and prefix codes and only to a lesser
extent on the input data itself. If the system containing a
compressor implementation is overloaded, a possible way to reduce
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resource usage is to switch to more simple algorithms for backward
reference search and prefix code construction, or to fall back to the
trivial compression algorithm described in Section 11.1.
A possible attack against a system that sends compressed data over an
encrypted channel is the following. An attacker who can repeatedly
mix arbitrary (attacker-supplied) data with secret data (passwords,
cookies) and observe the length of the ciphertext can potentially
reconstruct the secret data. To protect against this kind of attack,
applications should not mix sensitive data with non-sensitive,
potentially attacker-supplied data in the same compressed stream.
13. IANA Considerations
The "HTTP Content Coding Registry" has been updated with the
registration below:
+-------+-------------------------------------+------------+
| Name | Description | Reference |
+-------+-------------------------------------+------------+
| br | Brotli Compressed Data Format | RFCXXXX |
+-------+-------------------------------------+------------+
14. Informative References
[HUFFMAN] Huffman, D. A., "A Method for the Construction of Minimum
Redundancy Codes", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio
Engineers, September 1952, Volume 40, Number 9, pp.
1098-1101.
[LZ77] Ziv J., Lempel A., "A Universal Algorithm for Sequential
Data Compression", IEEE Transactions on Information
Theory, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 337-343.
[RFC1951] Deutsch, P., "DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification
version 1.3", RFC 1951, Aladdin Enterprises, May 1996.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt
[WOFF2] Levantovsky, V. (ed.), Levien, R. (ed.), "WOFF File Format
2.0", W3C WebFonts Working Group,
http://www.w3.org/TR/WOFF2/
15. Source code
Source code for a C language implementation of a brotli compliant
decompressor and a C++ language implementation of a compressor is
available in the brotli open-source project:
https://github.com/google/brotli
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16. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Mark Adler, Robert Obryk, Thomas
Pickert, and Joe Tsai for providing helpful review comments,
validating the specification by writing an independent decompressor,
and suggesting improvements to the format and the text of the
specification.
Appendix A. Static dictionary data
The hexadecimal form of the DICT array is the following, where the
length is 122,784 bytes and the CRC-32 of the byte sequence is
0x5136cb04.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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 41]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
77616c6b6669726d77696665786d6c22736f6e6774657374323070786b696e64
726f7773746f6f6c666f6e746d61696c73616665737461726d617073636f7265
7261696e666c6f77626162797370616e736179733470783b3670783b61727473
666f6f747265616c77696b696865617473746570747269706f72672f6c616b65
7765616b746f6c64466f726d6361737466616e7362616e6b7665727972756e73
6a756c797461736b3170783b676f616c67726577736c6f776564676569643d22
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3138707863616d6568696c6c626f6c647a6f6f6d766f69646561737972696e67
66696c6c7065616b696e6974636f73743370783b6a61636b7461677362697473
726f6c6c656469746b6e65776e6561723c212d2d67726f774a534f4e64757479
4e616d6573616c65796f75206c6f74737061696e6a617a7a636f6c6465796573
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666169726c61636b76657273706169726a756e6574656368696628217069636b
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647261776875676573706f7466756e646275726e6872656663656c6c6b657973
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6e617679677269647469707323393939776172736c61647963617273293b207d
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2e0a0a413770783b70757368636861743070783b637265772a2f3c2f68617368
37357078666c6174726172652026262074656c6c63616d706f6e746f6c616964
6d697373736b697074656e7466696e656d616c6567657473706c6f743430302c
0d0a0d0a636f6f6c666565742e7068703c62723e657269636d6f737467756964
62656c6c64657363686169726d61746861746f6d2f696d67262338326c75636b
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313570782727293b293b223e6d73696577696e7362697264736f727462657461
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626c6f775431363a646f6f726576616c5431373a6c6574736661696c6f72616c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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 42]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
62696e6464656c6c686972657069637372656e743a33365a485454502d323031
666f746f776f6c66454e442078626f783a35345a424f44596469636b3b0a7d0a
657869743a33355a7661727362656174277d293b646965743939393b616e6e65
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626f6f74676172796375747374796c6574656d7074696f6e2e786d6c636f636b
67616e672428272e3530707850682e446d697363616c616e6c6f616e6465736b
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706970657c2d0a21303032296e646f775b315d3b5b5d3b0a4c6f672073616c74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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 43]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 44]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 45]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
72616e642920213d206472657373636c697073726f6f6d736f6e6b65796d6f62
696c6d61696e2e4e616d6520706c61746566756e6e797472656573636f6d2f22
312e6a7067776d6f6465706172616d53544152546c65667420696464656e2c20
323031293b0a7d0a666f726d2e766972757363686169727472616e73776f7273
7450616765736974696f6e70617463683c212d2d0a6f2d6361636669726d7374
6f7572732c30303020617369616e692b2b297b61646f626527295b305d69643d
3130626f74683b6d656e75202e322e6d692e706e67226b6576696e636f616368
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736f6d6f73617669736f7573746564646562656e6e6f63686562757363616661
6c74616575726f737365726965646963686f637572736f636c61766563617361
736c65c3b36e706c617a6f6c6172676f6f62726173766973746161706f796f6a
756e746f7472617461766973746f637265617263616d706f68656d6f7363696e
636f636172676f7069736f736f7264656e686163656ec3a1726561646973636f
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61726f6a6f72676563616c6c65706f6e657274617264656e616469656d617263
617369677565656c6c61737369676c6f636f6368656d6f746f736d6164726563
6c617365726573746f6e69c3b16f7175656461706173617262616e636f68696a
6f737669616a657061626c6fc3a97374657669656e657265696e6f64656a6172
666f6e646f63616e616c6e6f7274656c657472616361757361746f6d61726d61
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 46]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
6e6f736c756e65736175746f7376696c6c6176656e646f70657361727469706f
7374656e67616d6172636f6c6c6576617061647265756e69646f76616d6f737a
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637265747365636f6e6464616d61676573706f72747365786365707472617469
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636172656572616e737765726f726967696e706f7274616c636c69656e747365
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 47]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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65726f7074696f6e73696d706c7972616973656465736361706563686f73656e
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736179696e67646563696465686f6d65223e686561646572656e737572656272
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 48]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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6e67726573697a652d2d2667743b70616369747973657875616c627572656175
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e58c97e4baace68f90e4be9be585b3e4ba8ee69bb4e5a49ae8bf99e4b8aae7b3
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 49]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
bbe7bb9fe79fa5e98193e6b8b8e6888fe5b9bfe5918ae585b6e4bb96e58f91e8
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 50]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 51]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 52]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 53]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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d986d8add8aad989d982d8a8d984d988d8add8a9d8a7d8aed8b1d981d982d8b7
d8b9d8a8d8afd8b1d983d986d8a5d8b0d8a7d983d985d8a7d8a7d8add8afd8a5
d984d8a7d981d98ad987d8a8d8b9d8b6d983d98ad981d8a8d8add8abd988d985
d986d988d987d988d8a3d986d8a7d8acd8afd8a7d984d987d8a7d8b3d984d985
d8b9d986d8afd984d98ad8b3d8b9d8a8d8b1d8b5d984d989d985d986d8b0d8a8
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 54]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
d987d8a7d8a3d986d987d985d8abd984d983d986d8aad8a7d984d8a7d8add98a
d8abd985d8b5d8b1d8b4d8b1d8add8add988d984d988d981d98ad8a7d8b0d8a7
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65732f726561736f6e7373747564696573666561747572656c697374696e676d
7573742062657363686f6f6c7356657273696f6e757375616c6c79657069736f
6465706c6179696e6767726f77696e676f6276696f75736f7665726c61797072
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796365727461696e7265616c69747973746f72616765616e6f74686572646573
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 55]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
6b746f706f6666657265647061747465726e756e757375616c4469676974616c
6361706974616c576562736974656661696c757265636f6e6e65637472656475
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616e7420726f6c653d226d697373696e676163686965766570726f6d6f746573
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6d3a65766f6c766564616c6c20746865736974656d6170656e676c6973687761
7920746f202041756775737473796d626f6c73436f6d70616e796d6174746572
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 56]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
736d75736963616c616761696e737473657276696e677d2928293b0d0a706179
6d656e7474726f75626c65636f6e63657074636f6d70617265706172656e7473
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6374656e656d6965736576656e20696667656e65726174646563696465646172
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 57]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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647374617469632e6c6f67696e223e636f6e7665727476696f6c656e74656e74
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68652073697474696e67486520616c736f49736c616e647341636164656d790a
09093c212d2d44616e69656c2062696e64696e67626c6f636b223e696d706f73
65647574696c697a654162726168616d286578636570747b77696474683a7075
7474696e67292e68746d6c287c7c205b5d3b0a444154415b202a6b6974636865
6e6d6f756e74656461637475616c206469616c6563746d61696e6c79205f626c
616e6b27696e7374616c6c6578706572747369662874797065497420616c736f
26636f70793b20223e5465726d73626f726e20696e4f7074696f6e7365617374
65726e74616c6b696e67636f6e6365726e6761696e6564206f6e676f696e676a
75737469667963726974696373666163746f7279697473206f776e6173736175
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 58]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 59]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
7265676f7279666f6e7420636f70757273756564617070656172736d616b6520
7570726f756e646564626f7468206f66626c6f636b6564736177207468656f66
6669636573636f6c6f757273696628646f63757768656e206865656e666f7263
6570757368286675417567757374205554462d38223e46616e74617379696e20
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793e0a65766964656e74626520757365646b6579436f64657369787465656e49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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 60]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 61]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
737263203d202873696e676c652068656c70206f664765726d616e206c617720
616e646c6162656c6564666f7265737473636f6f6b696e677370616365223e68
65616465722d77656c6c2061735374616e6c6579627269646765732f676c6f62
616c43726f617469612041626f7574205b305d3b0a202069742c20616e646772
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726574686963616c46464646464622626f74746f6d226c696b65206120656d70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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 62]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016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206120776f6d616e3f76616c75653d6469726563742072696768742220626963
79636c656163696e673d2264617920616e6473746174696e675261746865722c
686967686572204f666669636520617265206e6f7774696d65732c207768656e
20612070617920666f726f6e20746869732d6c696e6b223e3b626f7264657261
726f756e6420616e6e75616c20746865204e6577707574207468652e636f6d22
2074616b696e20746f6120627269656628696e2074686567726f7570732e3b20
7769647468656e7a796d657373696d706c6520696e206c6174657b7265747572
6e746865726170796120706f696e7462616e6e696e67696e6b73223e0a28293b
222072656120706c6163655c75303033436161626f7574206174723e0d0a0909
63636f756e7420676976657320613c5343524950545261696c7761797468656d
65732f746f6f6c626f784279496428227868756d616e732c7761746368657369
6e20736f6d6520696620287769636f6d696e6720666f726d61747320556e6465
72206275742068617368616e646564206d6164652062797468616e20696e6665
6172206f6664656e6f7465642f696672616d656c65667420696e766f6c746167
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 63]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
65696e2065616368612671756f743b62617365206f66496e206d616e79756e64
6572676f726567696d6573616374696f6e203c2f703e0d0a3c7573746f6d5661
3b2667743b3c2f696d706f7274736f7220746861746d6f73746c792026616d70
3b72652073697a653d223c2f613e3c2f686120636c6173737061737369766548
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6e736b6165737061c3b1616d656e73616a657573756172696f74726162616a6f
6dc3a97869636f70c3a167696e617369656d70726573697374656d616f637475
627265647572616e746561c3b161646972656d70726573616d6f6d656e746f6e
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726170726f6365736f65737461646f7363616c69646164706572736f6e616ec3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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 64]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 65]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
4c697374206f6620486561646572223e22206e616d653d2220282671756f743b
67726164756174653c2f686561643e0a636f6d6d657263656d616c6179736961
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6368616e67696e676261636b20746f20636174686f6c69637061747465726e73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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 66]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 67]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016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666163746f726573736567756e646f737065717565c3b161d0b3d0bed0b4d0b0
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 68]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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7265736f7572636573636f756e74726965737175657374696f6e736571756970
6d656e74636f6d6d756e697479617661696c61626c65686967686c6967687444
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 69]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
54442f7868746d6c6d61726b6574696e676b6e6f776c65646765736f6d657468
696e67636f6e7461696e6572646972656374696f6e7375627363726962656164
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6170706572223e616c7465726e617465696e63726561736564426174746c6520
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747261796564656c656374696f6e73456c697a61626574683c2f696672616d65
3e646973636f76657279696e737572616e6365732e6c656e6774683b6c656765
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6f6e673e436f6d6d756e69747972656c6967696f75736c6f636174696f6e7343
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676572626567696e6e696e677265666572656e636563616e6e6f742062656672
657175656e63797479706963616c6c79696e746f207468652072656c61746976
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 70]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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686e69717565746865206f7468657269742063616e2062656578697374656e63
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65657374696d61746564626567616e20746f20697420626563616d656d61676e
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 71]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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657874656e73696f6e7365637265746172796e61747572616c6c796f63637572
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69643d22736f7567687420746f62656c6f7720746865737572766976696e677d
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 72]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 73]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 74]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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70797269676874206a617661736372697074636f6e646974696f6e7365766572
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 75]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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726e6d656e740a0a447572696e672074646576656c6f70657273617274696669
6369616c6571756976616c656e746f726967696e61746564436f6d6d69737369
6f6e6174746163686d656e743c7370616e2069643d2274686572652077657265
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 76]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
4e656465726c616e64736265796f6e6420746865726567697374657265646a6f
75726e616c6973746672657175656e746c79616c6c206f66207468656c616e67
3d22656e22203c2f7374796c653e0d0a6162736f6c7574653b20737570706f72
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6c6c707820736f6c6964202361706172742066726f6d7375626a65637420746f
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666f756e646174696f6e70783b6865696768743a7375636365737366756c7375
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2671756f743b6e6f2d7265706561743b636f6d6d65726369616c696e64757374
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616c656666696369656e63795265666572656e636573636f6f7264696e617465
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6c63756c6174656473696d706c69666965646c65676974696d61746573756273
7472696e6728302220636c6173733d22636f6d706c6574656c79696c6c757374
7261746566697665207965617273696e737472756d656e745075626c69736869
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696e6564207468657374727563747572657370726576696f75736c793e3c2f69
6672616d653e6f6e636520616761696e62757420726174686572696d6d696772
616e74736f6620636f757273652c612067726f7570206f664c69746572617475
7265556e6c696b65207468653c2f613e266e6273703b0a66756e6374696f6e20
69742077617320746865436f6e76656e74696f6e6175746f6d6f62696c655072
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727361747472616374696f6e756e6465722074686520746872656174656e6564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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 77]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
6420746f223e3c7374726f6e673e7075626c6973686572734a6f75726e616c20
6f66646966666963756c7479666163696c697461746561636365707461626c65
7374796c652e637373220966756e6374696f6e20696e6e6f766174696f6e3e43
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6f6e616c6172652063616c6c6564656e676167656420696e2273637269707422
293b62757420697420776173656c656374726f6e69636f6e7375626d69743d22
0a3c212d2d20456e6420656c656374726963616c6f6666696369616c6c797375
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72616c69616e4f726967696e616c6c797265666572656e6365730a3c2f686561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7061726c69616d656e7473757070726573736564636f6e76656e69656e747265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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 78]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
616c6c656e67656461206d696e6f72697479756e646566696e65642262656c6f
6e677320746f74616b656e2066726f6d696e204f63746f626572706f73697469
6f6e3a207361696420746f20626572656c6967696f7573204665646572617469
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6d73726561736f6e61626c65506f70756c6174696f6e436f6c6c656374696f6e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616e642074686520737263456c656d656e747375636365737369766573696e63
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72656374696f6e7373756273696469617279636f6e7370697261637964657461
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6174747261637469766574726176656c6c696e6773657061726174656c79666f
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6420746861747374796c6573686565746d616e757363726970747374616e6473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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 79]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
79206163726f737320746865736369656e7469666963636f6d6d756e6974792e
6361706974616c69736d696e204765726d616e7972696768742d77696e677468
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72616e67652066726f6d70757273756974206f66666f6c6c6f77207468656272
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736564206f66636f6d65732066726f6d70726576656e74696e67646976207374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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 80]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
797469637320616c736f2068617320613e3c6469762069643d223c2f7374796c
653e0a3c63616c6c656420666f7273696e67657220616e642e737263203d2022
2f2f76696f6c6174696f6e737468697320706f696e74636f6e7374616e746c79
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b36e75626963616369c3b36e7075626c69636964616472657370756573746173
726573756c7461646f73696d706f7274616e746572657365727661646f736172
74c3ad63756c6f736469666572656e7465737369677569656e746573726570c3
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72656e63696176616c6c61646f6c69646269626c696f7465636172656c616369
6f6e657363616c656e646172696f706f6cc3ad7469636173616e746572696f72
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6469666572656e63696165636f6ec3b36d6963617472616e73706f727465726f
6472c3ad6775657a70617274696369706172656e6375656e7472616e64697363
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6e7465737065726d616e656e7465746f74616c6d656e7465d0bcd0bed0b6d0bd
d0bed0b1d183d0b4d0b5d182d0bcd0bed0b6d0b5d182d0b2d180d0b5d0bcd18f
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d181d0bbd0b5d0b2d181d0b5d0b3d0bed181d0b0d0b9d182d0b5d187d0b5d180
d0b5d0b7d0bcd0bed0b3d183d182d181d0b0d0b9d182d0b0d0b6d0b8d0b7d0bd
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d0b0d181d0b0d0bcd18bd185d180d18bd0bdd0bad0b0d09dd0bed0b2d18bd0b9
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 81]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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65746974696f6e706c616365686f6c6465727669736962696c6974793a636f70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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 82]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
6c20666f723d22626f726465722d746f703a4e6577205a65616c616e64726563
6f6d6d656e64656470686f746f677261706879696e746572657374696e67266c
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726f67726573736976656d696c6c696f6e73206f667374617465732074686174
656e666f7263656d656e7461726f756e6420746865206f6e6520616e6f746865
722e706172656e744e6f64656167726963756c74757265416c7465726e617469
76657265736561726368657273746f7761726473207468654d6f7374206f6620
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6173733d22206f6e6368616e67653d22292e616464436c61737328696e746572
616374696f6e4f6e65206f6620746865206461756768746572206f6661636365
73736f726965736272616e63686573206f660d0a3c6469762069643d22746865
206c6172676573746465636c61726174696f6e726567756c6174696f6e73496e
666f726d6174696f6e7472616e736c6174696f6e646f63756d656e7461727969
6e206f7264657220746f223e0a3c686561643e0a3c22206865696768743d2231
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 83]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
6163726f737320746865206f7269656e746174696f6e293b3c2f736372697074
3e696d706c656d656e74656463616e206265207365656e746865726520776173
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626c6963206f666e65636573736172696c7970726f626162696c697479746563
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616374696f6e206f66656c65637472696369747968656164206f662074686572
657374617572616e7473706172746e657273686970656d706861736973206f6e
6d6f737420726563656e747368617265207769746820736179696e6720746861
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656e223e3c2f696672616d653e617320666f6c6c6f77733a6d65726765642077
6974687468726f75676820746865636f6d6d65726369616c20706f696e746564
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 84]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
206f75746f70706f7274756e69747976696577206f6620746865726571756972
656d656e746469766973696f6e206f6670726f6772616d6d696e676865207265
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20686967686573746672657175656e746c79207468657920646f206e6f746172
67756564207468617473686f7765642074686174707265646f6d696e616e7474
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74696e6720696e74776f206f72206d6f726565787072657373696f6e73737562
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 85]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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6f7074696f6e3e0d0a436f6e74696e656e74616c656c696d696e6174696e6777
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3e0d0a436f6e76657273656c792c3e0a3c6469762069643d2230222077696474
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74686520456e676c69736864656c6963696f7573223e74686973206973206e6f
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 86]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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6c7961206d6174746572206f660d0a093c2f6469763e0d0a0d0a3c2f73637269
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6970616c6c793c2f7469746c653e0a2020746865792063616e2062656261636b
20746f20746865736f6d65206f66206869736578706f7375726520746f617265
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65616e6420666f722074686566756e6374696f6e696e67706c6179696e672074
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2074686570726573656e636520696e266e6273703b3c2f74643e6e6174696f6e
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 87]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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666f7263656420636c6173733d2262746e64617973206f662074686566656174
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6f6e646974696f6e732e746865207765737465726e7468656f72792074686174
69732070726f64756365647468652063697479206f66696e2077686963682068
657365656e20696e207468657468652063656e7472616c6275696c64696e6720
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6e6c796d6f7374206f66207468656d616e79206f662074686574686520576573
7465726e5468657265206973206e6f657874656e64656420746f537461746973
746963616c636f6c7370616e3d32207c73686f72742073746f7279706f737369
626c6520746f746f706f6c6f676963616c637269746963616c206f667265706f
7274656420746f612043687269737469616e6465636973696f6e20746f697320
657175616c20746f70726f626c656d73206f66546869732063616e2062656d65
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 88]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
726368616e64697365666f72206d6f7374206f666e6f2065766964656e636565
646974696f6e73206f66656c656d656e747320696e2671756f743b2e20546865
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6e746f6e65636573696461646573737573637269626972736561736f63696163
69c3b36e646973706f6e69626c65736576616c75616369c3b36e657374756469
616e746573726573706f6e7361626c657265736f6c756369c3b36e6775616461
6c616a6172617265676973747261646f736f706f7274756e69646164636f6d65
726369616c6573666f746f67726166c3ad616175746f72696461646573696e67
656e696572c3ad6174656c6576697369c3b36e636f6d706574656e6369616f70
65726163696f6e657365737461626c656369646f73696d706c656d656e746561
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6c696e652d6865696768743a666f6e742d66616d696c793a22203a2022687474
703a2f2f6170706c69636174696f6e736c696e6b2220687265663d2273706563
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 89]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
69666963616c6c792f2f3c215b43444154415b0a4f7267616e697a6174696f6e
646973747269627574696f6e3070783b206865696768743a72656c6174696f6e
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293b3c2f7363726970743e3c64656469636174656420746f6b6e6f776c656467
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7472616e736d697373696f6e732e20486f77657665722c20696e74656c6c6967
656e63652220746162696e6465783d22666c6f61743a72696768743b436f6d6d
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6174206c65617374206f6e65726570726f64756374696f6e656e6379636c6f70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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 90]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
726d6174696f6e20646966666963756c746965734368616d70696f6e73686970
6361706162696c69746965733c215b656e6469665d2d2d3e7d0a3c2f73637269
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6120687265663d22636c6f736520746f207468656578616d706c6573206f6620
69732061626f757420746865287365652062656c6f77292e222069643d227365
6172636870726f66657373696f6e616c697320617661696c61626c6574686520
6f6666696369616c09093c2f7363726970743e0a0a09093c6469762069643d22
616363656c65726174696f6e7468726f756768207468652048616c6c206f6620
46616d656465736372697074696f6e737472616e736c6174696f6e73696e7465
72666572656e636520747970653d27746578742f726563656e74207965617273
696e2074686520776f726c647665727920706f70756c61727b6261636b67726f
756e643a747261646974696f6e616c20736f6d65206f662074686520636f6e6e
656374656420746f6578706c6f69746174696f6e656d657267656e6365206f66
636f6e737469747574696f6e4120486973746f7279206f667369676e69666963
616e74206d616e7566616374757265646578706563746174696f6e733e3c6e6f
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 91]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
7363726970743e3c63616e20626520666f756e64626563617573652074686520
686173206e6f74206265656e6e65696768626f7572696e67776974686f757420
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726573756c74696e6720696e636f6d6d697373696f6e6564616e616c6f676f75
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63657373616e20657874656e73697665686f77657665722c2074686574686579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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 92]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
64657369676e6564636f6e7369737473206f6620636f6e736964657261626c79
7075626c6973686564206279746865206c616e6775616765436f6e7365727661
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657870656e646974757265733c2f7370616e3e3c2f613e0a74686f7567687420
746861746f6e2074686520626173697363656c6c70616464696e673d696d6167
65206f662074686572657475726e696e6720746f696e666f726d6174696f6e2c
736570617261746564206279617373617373696e61746564732220636f6e7465
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763e0a3c64697620223e3c2f6469763e0d0a2020636f6e73756c746174696f6e
636f6d6d756e697479206f66746865206e6174696f6e616c69742073686f756c
642062657061727469636970616e747320616c69676e3d226c65667474686520
677265617465737473656c656374696f6e206f6673757065726e61747572616c
646570656e64656e74206f6e6973206d656e74696f6e6564616c6c6f77696e67
2074686577617320696e76656e7465646163636f6d70616e79696e6768697320
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 93]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
706572736f6e616c617661696c61626c652061747374756479206f6620746865
6f6e20746865206f74686572657865637574696f6e206f6648756d616e205269
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746861746172656173206f66207468657072696d6172696c7920696e74686520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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 94]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
6973682028555329d09cd0bed0bdd0b3d0bed0bbd0a1d180d0bfd181d0bad0b8
d181d180d0bfd181d0bad0b8d181d180d0bfd181d0bad0bed984d8b9d8b1d8a8
d98ad8a9e6ada3e9ab94e4b8ade69687e7ae80e4bd93e4b8ade69687e7b981e4
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e998bfe9878ce5b7b4e5b7b4e7a4bee4bc9ae4b8bbe4b989e6938de4bd9ce7b3
bbe7bb9fe694bfe7ad96e6b395e8a784696e666f726d616369c3b36e68657272
616d69656e746173656c65637472c3b36e69636f646573637269706369c3b36e
636c61736966696361646f73636f6e6f63696d69656e746f7075626c69636163
69c3b36e72656c6163696f6e61646173696e666f726dc3a17469636172656c61
63696f6e61646f73646570617274616d656e746f74726162616a61646f726573
646972656374616d656e74656179756e74616d69656e746f6d65726361646f4c
69627265636f6e74c3a16374656e6f7368616269746163696f6e657363756d70
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636f6e73656375656e636961656c65637472c3b36e69636161706c6963616369
6f6e6573646573636f6e65637461646f696e7374616c616369c3b36e7265616c
697a616369c3b36e7574696c697a616369c3b36e656e6369636c6f7065646961
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 95]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 96]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 97]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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746874796c653d22626f726465723a3c2f613e3c2f7370616e3e3c2f2e676966
222077696474683d223c696672616d65207372633d227461626c6520636c6173
733d22696e6c696e652d626c6f636b3b6163636f7264696e6720746f20746f67
65746865722077697468617070726f78696d6174656c797061726c69616d656e
746172796d6f726520616e64206d6f7265646973706c61793a6e6f6e653b7472
61646974696f6e616c6c79707265646f6d696e616e746c79266e6273703b7c26
6e6273703b266e6273703b3c2f7370616e3e2063656c6c73706163696e673d3c
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 98]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
696e707574206e616d653d226f722220636f6e74656e743d22636f6e74726f76
65727369616c70726f70657274793d226f673a2f782d73686f636b776176652d
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756f743b7365766572616c2074696d6573726570726573656e7420746865626f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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 99]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
6561727320746f20626566616374207468617420746865616e206578616d706c
65206f667369676e69666963616e746c796f6e6d6f7573656f7665723d226265
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6172476f7665726e6d656e74206f6667656e65726174696f6e206f6668617665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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 100]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
6174696f6e2061730a3c6d657461206e616d653d226163636f6d6d6f64617469
6f6e3c2f6469763e0a3c2f6469763e6c617267652070617274206f66496e7374
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6e74657276616c617574686f726974617469766546656465726174696f6e206f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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 101]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
20747970653d7468652063656e746572206f6620444f204e4f5420414c544552
7573656420746f2072656665727468656d65732f3f736f72743d746861742068
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733d74686520686973746f7279206f66206f6e6d6f7573656f7665723d227468
6520676f7665726e6d656e74687265663d2268747470733a2f2f776173206f72
6967696e616c6c7977617320696e74726f6475636564636c6173736966696361
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3c215b656e6469665d2d2d3e0a0a646570656e6473206f6e20746865556e6976
657273697479206f6620696e20636f6e747261737420746f20706c616365686f
6c6465723d22696e207468652063617365206f66696e7465726e6174696f6e61
6c20636f6e737469747574696f6e616c7374796c653d22626f726465722d3a20
66756e6374696f6e2829207b42656361757365206f66207468652d7374726963
742e647464223e0a3c7461626c6520636c6173733d226163636f6d70616e6965
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 102]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
642062796163636f756e74206f66207468653c736372697074207372633d222f
6e6174757265206f6620746865207468652070656f706c6520696e20696e2061
64646974696f6e20746f73293b206a732e6964203d206964222077696474683d
223130302522726567617264696e672074686520526f6d616e20436174686f6c
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206d617267696e77696474683d22637265617465456c656d656e7428772e6174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0a3c626f6479207374796c653d2277696474683a5469e1babf6e67205669e1bb
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736c6174696f6e206f66696e746572707265746174696f6e20687265663d2768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 & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 103]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
6f756e7472696573666f72206d616e792079656172736561726c69657374206b
6e6f776e62656361757365206974207761737074223e3c2f7363726970743e0d
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696e74656e64656420746f20626570726573656e7420696e207468657374796c
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746f6d65616e696e67206f66207468656973206e616d6564206166746572746f
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 104]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 105]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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207468652070726f6365737320203c64697620636c6173733d2274686520666f
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d988d8a7d8a8d8b7d8a7d984d8a3d8afd8a8d98ad8a9d8a7d984d8a7d8aed8a8
d8a7d8b1d8a7d984d985d8aad8add8afd8a9d8a7d984d8a7d8bad8a7d986d98a
637572736f723a706f696e7465723b3c2f7469746c653e0a3c6d657461202220
687265663d22687474703a2f2f223e3c7370616e20636c6173733d226d656d62
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 106]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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616c2d616c69676e3a2f613e207c203c6120687265663d223c21646f63747970
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293b0a3c2f7363726970743e6f74686572206c616e677561676573636f6d7061
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643a75726c286172677565642074686174207468657363726f6c6c696e673d22
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7665206265656e696d6167655f63617074696f6e203d61747461636865642074
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 107]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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b7e0a4b0e0a4bee0a49ce0a58de0a4afe0a489e0a4a4e0a58de0a4a4e0a4b0e0
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 108]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 109]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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223e74686520556e69746564205374617465733c696d67207372633d22687474
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7965766973696f6e3e0a20203c2f70616765496e7465726e6574204578706c6f
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 110]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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706f6c6974616e20617265616d616b657320697420706f737369626c6561636b
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 111]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 112]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 113]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 114]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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70616e3e3c7370616e2069643d67624c696272617279206f6620436f6e677265
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70726f70657274793d226f673ad091d18ad0bbd0b3d0b0d180d181d0bad0b80a
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 115]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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63793c2f613e61646d696e6973746572656420627920746865656e61626c6553
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27687474703a2f2f7777772e686f72746375742069636f6e2220687265663d22
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 116]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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22687474703a2f2f222072656c3d227374796c6573686565742220743c2f6469
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756d656e742e676574456c656d656e7470617274696369706174696e6720696e
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 117]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
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7365743d227574662d38223e20747970653d22746578742f63737322202f3e0a
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a8e0a4bfe0a4b0e0a58de0a4a6e0a587e0a4b6e0a4a1e0a4bee0a489e0a4a8e0
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 118]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
a4b2e0a58be0a4a1e0a495e0a58de0a4b7e0a587e0a4a4e0a58de0a4b0e0a49c
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3122223e3c6120687265663d22687474703a2f2f7777772e7374796c653d2264
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776974682074686520657863657074696f6e206f66207970653d22746578742f
637373222072656c3d227374206865696768743d2231222077696474683d2231
22203d272b656e636f6465555249436f6d706f6e656e74283c6c696e6b207265
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2f2f7777772e637373222072656c3d227374796c65736865657422203c2f6469
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70742220747970653d22746578742f6a617661736c3d303b7d2928293b0a2866
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 24, 2016 [Page 119]
Internet-Draft Brotli May 2016
756e6374696f6e28297b6261636b67726f756e642d696d6167653a2075726c28
2f613e3c2f6c693e3c6c693e3c6120687265663d226809093c6c693e3c612068
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70757420747970653d2268696464656e22206e616a732220747970653d227465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6578742f6a617661736372697074273ed0b4d0b5d18fd182d0b5d0bbd18cd0bd
d0bed181d182d0b8d181d0bed0bed182d0b2d0b5d182d181d182d0b2d0b8d0b8
d0bfd180d0bed0b8d0b7d0b2d0bed0b4d181d182d0b2d0b0d0b1d0b5d0b7d0be
d0bfd0b0d181d0bdd0bed181d182d0b8e0a4aae0a581e0a4b8e0a58de0a4a4e0
a4bfe0a495e0a4bee0a495e0a4bee0a482e0a497e0a58de0a4b0e0a587e0a4b8
e0a489e0a4a8e0a58de0a4b9e0a58be0a482e0a4a8e0a587e0a4b5e0a4bfe0a4
a7e0a4bee0a4a8e0a4b8e0a4ade0a4bee0a4abe0a4bfe0a495e0a58de0a4b8e0
a4bfe0a482e0a497e0a4b8e0a581e0a4b0e0a495e0a58de0a4b7e0a4bfe0a4a4
e0a495e0a589e0a4aae0a580e0a4b0e0a4bee0a487e0a49fe0a4b5e0a4bfe0a4
9ce0a58de0a49ee0a4bee0a4aae0a4a8e0a495e0a4bee0a4b0e0a58de0a4b0e0
a4b5e0a4bee0a488e0a4b8e0a495e0a58de0a4b0e0a4bfe0a4afe0a4a4e0a4be
The number of words for each length is given by the following
bit-depth array:
NDBITS := 0, 0, 0, 0, 10, 10, 11, 11, 10, 10,
10, 10, 10, 9, 9, 8, 7, 7, 8, 7,
7, 6, 6, 5, 5
Appendix B. List of word transformations
The string literals are in C format, with respect to the use of
backslash escape characters.
In order to generate a length and check value, the transforms can be
converted to a series of bytes, where each transform is the prefix
sequence of bytes plus a terminating zero byte, a single byte value
identifying the transform, and the suffix sequence of bytes plus a
terminating zero. The value for the transforms are 0 for Identity, 1 for
FermentFirst, 2 for FermentAll, 3 to 11 for OmitFirst1 to OmitFirst9,
and 12 to 20 for OmitLast1 to OmitLast9. The byte sequences that
represent the 121 transforms are then concatenated to a single sequence
of bytes. The length of that sequence is 648 bytes, and the CRC-32 is
0x3d965f81.
ID Prefix Transform Suffix
-- ------ --------- ------
0 "" Identity ""
1 "" Identity " "
2 " " Identity " "
3 "" OmitFirst1 ""
4 "" FermentFirst " "
5 "" Identity " the "
6 " " Identity ""
7 "s " Identity " "
8 "" Identity " of "
9 "" FermentFirst ""
10 "" Identity " and "
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11 "" OmitFirst2 ""
12 "" OmitLast1 ""
13 ", " Identity " "
14 "" Identity ", "
15 " " FermentFirst " "
16 "" Identity " in "
17 "" Identity " to "
18 "e " Identity " "
19 "" Identity "\""
20 "" Identity "."
21 "" Identity "\">"
22 "" Identity "\n"
23 "" OmitLast3 ""
24 "" Identity "]"
25 "" Identity " for "
26 "" OmitFirst3 ""
27 "" OmitLast2 ""
28 "" Identity " a "
29 "" Identity " that "
30 " " FermentFirst ""
31 "" Identity ". "
32 "." Identity ""
33 " " Identity ", "
34 "" OmitFirst4 ""
35 "" Identity " with "
36 "" Identity "'"
37 "" Identity " from "
38 "" Identity " by "
39 "" OmitFirst5 ""
40 "" OmitFirst6 ""
41 " the " Identity ""
42 "" OmitLast4 ""
43 "" Identity ". The "
44 "" FermentAll ""
45 "" Identity " on "
46 "" Identity " as "
47 "" Identity " is "
48 "" OmitLast7 ""
49 "" OmitLast1 "ing "
50 "" Identity "\n\t"
51 "" Identity ":"
52 " " Identity ". "
53 "" Identity "ed "
54 "" OmitFirst9 ""
55 "" OmitFirst7 ""
56 "" OmitLast6 ""
57 "" Identity "("
58 "" FermentFirst ", "
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59 "" OmitLast8 ""
60 "" Identity " at "
61 "" Identity "ly "
62 " the " Identity " of "
63 "" OmitLast5 ""
64 "" OmitLast9 ""
65 " " FermentFirst ", "
66 "" FermentFirst "\""
67 "." Identity "("
68 "" FermentAll " "
69 "" FermentFirst "\">"
70 "" Identity "=\""
71 " " Identity "."
72 ".com/" Identity ""
73 " the " Identity " of the "
74 "" FermentFirst "'"
75 "" Identity ". This "
76 "" Identity ","
77 "." Identity " "
78 "" FermentFirst "("
79 "" FermentFirst "."
80 "" Identity " not "
81 " " Identity "=\""
82 "" Identity "er "
83 " " FermentAll " "
84 "" Identity "al "
85 " " FermentAll ""
86 "" Identity "='"
87 "" FermentAll "\""
88 "" FermentFirst ". "
89 " " Identity "("
90 "" Identity "ful "
91 " " FermentFirst ". "
92 "" Identity "ive "
93 "" Identity "less "
94 "" FermentAll "'"
95 "" Identity "est "
96 " " FermentFirst "."
97 "" FermentAll "\">"
98 " " Identity "='"
99 "" FermentFirst ","
100 "" Identity "ize "
101 "" FermentAll "."
102 "\xc2\xa0" Identity ""
103 " " Identity ","
104 "" FermentFirst "=\""
105 "" FermentAll "=\""
106 "" Identity "ous "
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107 "" FermentAll ", "
108 "" FermentFirst "='"
109 " " FermentFirst ","
110 " " FermentAll "=\""
111 " " FermentAll ", "
112 "" FermentAll ","
113 "" FermentAll "("
114 "" FermentAll ". "
115 " " FermentAll "."
116 "" FermentAll "='"
117 " " FermentAll ". "
118 " " FermentFirst "=\""
119 " " FermentAll "='"
120 " " FermentFirst "='"
Appendix C. Computing CRC-32 check values
For the purpose of this specification, we define the CRC-32 check value
of a byte sequence with the following C language function:
uint32_t CRC32(const uint8_t* v, const int len) {
const uint32_t poly = 0xedb88320UL;
uint32_t crc, c;
int i, k;
crc = 0xffffffffUL;
for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
c = (crc ^ v[i]) & 0xff;
for (k = 0; k < 8; k++) c = c & 1 ? poly ^ (c >> 1) : c >> 1;
crc = c ^ (crc >> 8);
}
return crc ^ 0xffffffffUL;
}
Authors' Addresses
Jyrki Alakuijala
Google, Inc
Email: jyrki@google.com
Zoltan Szabadka
Google, Inc
Email: szabadka@google.com
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