lib/Analysis/RegionStore.cpp

//== RegionStore.cpp - Field-sensitive store model --------------*- C++ -*--==//
//
//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file defines a basic region store model. In this model, we do have field
// sensitivity. But we assume nothing about the heap shape. So recursive data
// structures are largely ignored. Basically we do 1-limiting analysis.
// Parameter pointers are assumed with no aliasing. Pointee objects of
// parameters are created lazily.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#include "clang/Analysis/PathSensitive/MemRegion.h"
#include "clang/Analysis/PathSensitive/AnalysisContext.h"
#include "clang/Analysis/PathSensitive/GRState.h"
#include "clang/Analysis/PathSensitive/GRStateTrait.h"
#include "clang/Analysis/Analyses/LiveVariables.h"
#include "clang/Analysis/Support/Optional.h"
#include "clang/Basic/TargetInfo.h"

#include "llvm/ADT/ImmutableMap.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/ImmutableList.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Compiler.h"

using namespace clang;

#define HEAP_UNDEFINED 0
#define USE_EXPLICIT_COMPOUND 0

// Actual Store type.
typedef llvm::ImmutableMap<const MemRegion*, SVal> RegionBindings;

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Fine-grained control of RegionStoreManager.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

namespace {
struct VISIBILITY_HIDDEN minimal_features_tag {};
struct VISIBILITY_HIDDEN maximal_features_tag {};

class VISIBILITY_HIDDEN RegionStoreFeatures {
  bool SupportsFields;
  bool SupportsRemaining;

public:
  RegionStoreFeatures(minimal_features_tag) :
    SupportsFields(false), SupportsRemaining(false) {}

  RegionStoreFeatures(maximal_features_tag) :
    SupportsFields(true), SupportsRemaining(false) {}

  void enableFields(bool t) { SupportsFields = t; }

  bool supportsFields() const { return SupportsFields; }
  bool supportsRemaining() const { return SupportsRemaining; }
};
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Region "Extents"
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
//  MemRegions represent chunks of memory with a size (their "extent").  This
//  GDM entry tracks the extents for regions.  Extents are in bytes.
//
namespace { class VISIBILITY_HIDDEN RegionExtents {}; }
static int RegionExtentsIndex = 0;
namespace clang {
  template<> struct GRStateTrait<RegionExtents>
    : public GRStatePartialTrait<llvm::ImmutableMap<const MemRegion*, SVal> > {
    static void* GDMIndex() { return &RegionExtentsIndex; }
  };
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Regions with default values.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This GDM entry tracks what regions have a default value if they have no bound
// value and have not been killed.
//
namespace {
class VISIBILITY_HIDDEN RegionDefaultValue {
public:
  typedef llvm::ImmutableMap<const MemRegion*, SVal> MapTy;
};
}
static int RegionDefaultValueIndex = 0;
namespace clang {
 template<> struct GRStateTrait<RegionDefaultValue>
    : public GRStatePartialTrait<RegionDefaultValue::MapTy> {
   static void* GDMIndex() { return &RegionDefaultValueIndex; }
 };
}

typedef RegionDefaultValue::MapTy RegionDefaultBindings;

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Utility functions.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

static bool IsAnyPointerOrIntptr(QualType ty, ASTContext &Ctx) {
  if (ty->isAnyPointerType())
    return true;

  return ty->isIntegerType() && ty->isScalarType() &&
         Ctx.getTypeSize(ty) == Ctx.getTypeSize(Ctx.VoidPtrTy);
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Main RegionStore logic.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

namespace {

class VISIBILITY_HIDDEN RegionStoreSubRegionMap : public SubRegionMap {
  typedef llvm::ImmutableSet<const MemRegion*> SetTy;
  typedef llvm::DenseMap<const MemRegion*, SetTy> Map;
  SetTy::Factory F;
  Map M;
public:
  bool add(const MemRegion* Parent, const MemRegion* SubRegion) {
    Map::iterator I = M.find(Parent);

    if (I == M.end()) {
      M.insert(std::make_pair(Parent, F.Add(F.GetEmptySet(), SubRegion)));
      return true;
    }

    I->second = F.Add(I->second, SubRegion);
    return false;
  }

  void process(llvm::SmallVectorImpl<const SubRegion*> &WL, const SubRegion *R);

  ~RegionStoreSubRegionMap() {}

  bool iterSubRegions(const MemRegion* Parent, Visitor& V) const {
    Map::iterator I = M.find(Parent);

    if (I == M.end())
      return true;

    llvm::ImmutableSet<const MemRegion*> S = I->second;
    for (llvm::ImmutableSet<const MemRegion*>::iterator SI=S.begin(),SE=S.end();
         SI != SE; ++SI) {
      if (!V.Visit(Parent, *SI))
        return false;
    }

    return true;
  }

  typedef SetTy::iterator iterator;

  std::pair<iterator, iterator> begin_end(const MemRegion *R) {
    Map::iterator I = M.find(R);
    SetTy S = I == M.end() ? F.GetEmptySet() : I->second;
    return std::make_pair(S.begin(), S.end());
  }
};

class VISIBILITY_HIDDEN RegionStoreManager : public StoreManager {
  const RegionStoreFeatures Features;
  RegionBindings::Factory RBFactory;
public:
  RegionStoreManager(GRStateManager& mgr, const RegionStoreFeatures &f)
    : StoreManager(mgr),
      Features(f),
      RBFactory(mgr.getAllocator()) {}

  virtual ~RegionStoreManager() {}

  SubRegionMap *getSubRegionMap(const GRState *state);

  RegionStoreSubRegionMap *getRegionStoreSubRegionMap(const GRState *state);


  /// getDefaultBinding - Returns an SVal* representing an optional default
  ///  binding associated with a region and its subregions.
  Optional<SVal> getDefaultBinding(const GRState *state, const MemRegion *R);

  /// getLValueString - Returns an SVal representing the lvalue of a
  ///  StringLiteral.  Within RegionStore a StringLiteral has an
  ///  associated StringRegion, and the lvalue of a StringLiteral is
  ///  the lvalue of that region.
  SVal getLValueString(const GRState *state, const StringLiteral* S);

  /// getLValueCompoundLiteral - Returns an SVal representing the
  ///   lvalue of a compound literal.  Within RegionStore a compound
  ///   literal has an associated region, and the lvalue of the
  ///   compound literal is the lvalue of that region.
  SVal getLValueCompoundLiteral(const GRState *state, const CompoundLiteralExpr*);

  /// getLValueVar - Returns an SVal that represents the lvalue of a
  ///  variable.  Within RegionStore a variable has an associated
  ///  VarRegion, and the lvalue of the variable is the lvalue of that region.
  SVal getLValueVar(const GRState *ST, const VarDecl *VD,
                    const LocationContext *LC);

  SVal getLValueIvar(const GRState *state, const ObjCIvarDecl* D, SVal Base);

  SVal getLValueField(const GRState *state, SVal Base, const FieldDecl* D);

  SVal getLValueFieldOrIvar(const GRState *state, SVal Base, const Decl* D);

  SVal getLValueElement(const GRState *state, QualType elementType,
                        SVal Base, SVal Offset);


  /// ArrayToPointer - Emulates the "decay" of an array to a pointer
  ///  type.  'Array' represents the lvalue of the array being decayed
  ///  to a pointer, and the returned SVal represents the decayed
  ///  version of that lvalue (i.e., a pointer to the first element of
  ///  the array).  This is called by GRExprEngine when evaluating
  ///  casts from arrays to pointers.
  SVal ArrayToPointer(Loc Array);

  SVal EvalBinOp(const GRState *state, BinaryOperator::Opcode Op,Loc L,
                 NonLoc R, QualType resultTy);

  Store getInitialStore(const LocationContext *InitLoc) {
    return RBFactory.GetEmptyMap().getRoot();
  }

  //===-------------------------------------------------------------------===//
  // Binding values to regions.
  //===-------------------------------------------------------------------===//

  const GRState *InvalidateRegion(const GRState *state, const MemRegion *R,
                                  const Expr *E, unsigned Count);

private:
  void RemoveSubRegionBindings(RegionBindings &B,
                               RegionDefaultBindings &DVM,
                               RegionDefaultBindings::Factory &DVMFactory,
                               const MemRegion *R,
                               RegionStoreSubRegionMap &M);

public:
  const GRState *Bind(const GRState *state, Loc LV, SVal V);

  const GRState *BindCompoundLiteral(const GRState *state,
                                 const CompoundLiteralExpr* CL, SVal V);

  const GRState *BindDecl(const GRState *ST, const VarDecl *VD,
                          const LocationContext *LC, SVal InitVal);

  const GRState *BindDeclWithNoInit(const GRState *state, const VarDecl*,
                                    const LocationContext *) {
    return state;
  }

  /// BindStruct - Bind a compound value to a structure.
  const GRState *BindStruct(const GRState *, const TypedRegion* R, SVal V);

  const GRState *BindArray(const GRState *state, const TypedRegion* R, SVal V);

  /// KillStruct - Set the entire struct to unknown.
  const GRState *KillStruct(const GRState *state, const TypedRegion* R);

  const GRState *setDefaultValue(const GRState *state, const MemRegion* R, SVal V);

  Store Remove(Store store, Loc LV);

  //===------------------------------------------------------------------===//
  // Loading values from regions.
  //===------------------------------------------------------------------===//

  /// The high level logic for this method is this:
  /// Retrieve (L)
  ///   if L has binding
  ///     return L's binding
  ///   else if L is in killset
  ///     return unknown
  ///   else
  ///     if L is on stack or heap
  ///       return undefined
  ///     else
  ///       return symbolic
  SValuator::CastResult Retrieve(const GRState *state, Loc L,
                                 QualType T = QualType());

  SVal RetrieveElement(const GRState *state, const ElementRegion *R);

  SVal RetrieveField(const GRState *state, const FieldRegion *R);

  SVal RetrieveObjCIvar(const GRState *state, const ObjCIvarRegion *R);

  SVal RetrieveVar(const GRState *state, const VarRegion *R);

  SVal RetrieveLazySymbol(const GRState *state, const TypedRegion *R);

  SVal RetrieveFieldOrElementCommon(const GRState *state, const TypedRegion *R,
                                    QualType Ty, const MemRegion *superR);

  /// Retrieve the values in a struct and return a CompoundVal, used when doing
  /// struct copy:
  /// struct s x, y;
  /// x = y;
  /// y's value is retrieved by this method.
  SVal RetrieveStruct(const GRState *St, const TypedRegion* R);

  SVal RetrieveArray(const GRState *St, const TypedRegion* R);

  std::pair<const GRState*, const MemRegion*>
  GetLazyBinding(RegionBindings B, const MemRegion *R);

  const GRState* CopyLazyBindings(nonloc::LazyCompoundVal V,
                                  const GRState *state,
                                  const TypedRegion *R);

  const ElementRegion *GetElementZeroRegion(const SymbolicRegion *SR,
                                            QualType T);

  //===------------------------------------------------------------------===//
  // State pruning.
  //===------------------------------------------------------------------===//

  /// RemoveDeadBindings - Scans the RegionStore of 'state' for dead values.
  ///  It returns a new Store with these values removed.
  void RemoveDeadBindings(GRState &state, Stmt* Loc, SymbolReaper& SymReaper,
                          llvm::SmallVectorImpl<const MemRegion*>& RegionRoots);

  //===------------------------------------------------------------------===//
  // Region "extents".
  //===------------------------------------------------------------------===//

  const GRState *setExtent(const GRState *state, const MemRegion* R, SVal Extent);
  SVal getSizeInElements(const GRState *state, const MemRegion* R);

  //===------------------------------------------------------------------===//
  // Utility methods.
  //===------------------------------------------------------------------===//

  static inline RegionBindings GetRegionBindings(Store store) {
   return RegionBindings(static_cast<const RegionBindings::TreeTy*>(store));
  }

  void print(Store store, llvm::raw_ostream& Out, const char* nl,
             const char *sep);

  void iterBindings(Store store, BindingsHandler& f) {
    // FIXME: Implement.
  }

  // FIXME: Remove.
  BasicValueFactory& getBasicVals() {
      return StateMgr.getBasicVals();
  }

  // FIXME: Remove.
  ASTContext& getContext() { return StateMgr.getContext(); }
};

} // end anonymous namespace

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// RegionStore creation.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

StoreManager *clang::CreateRegionStoreManager(GRStateManager& StMgr) {
  RegionStoreFeatures F = maximal_features_tag();
  return new RegionStoreManager(StMgr, F);
}

StoreManager *clang::CreateFieldsOnlyRegionStoreManager(GRStateManager &StMgr) {
  RegionStoreFeatures F = minimal_features_tag();
  F.enableFields(true);
  return new RegionStoreManager(StMgr, F);
}

void
RegionStoreSubRegionMap::process(llvm::SmallVectorImpl<const SubRegion*> &WL,
                                 const SubRegion *R) {
  const MemRegion *superR = R->getSuperRegion();
  if (add(superR, R))
    if (const SubRegion *sr = dyn_cast<SubRegion>(superR))
      WL.push_back(sr);
}

RegionStoreSubRegionMap*
RegionStoreManager::getRegionStoreSubRegionMap(const GRState *state) {
  RegionBindings B = GetRegionBindings(state->getStore());
  RegionStoreSubRegionMap *M = new RegionStoreSubRegionMap();

  llvm::SmallVector<const SubRegion*, 10> WL;

  for (RegionBindings::iterator I=B.begin(), E=B.end(); I!=E; ++I)
    if (const SubRegion *R = dyn_cast<SubRegion>(I.getKey()))
      M->process(WL, R);

  RegionDefaultBindings DVM = state->get<RegionDefaultValue>();
  for (RegionDefaultBindings::iterator I = DVM.begin(), E = DVM.end();
       I != E; ++I)
    if (const SubRegion *R = dyn_cast<SubRegion>(I.getKey()))
      M->process(WL, R);

  // We also need to record in the subregion map "intermediate" regions that
  // don't have direct bindings but are super regions of those that do.
  while (!WL.empty()) {
    const SubRegion *R = WL.back();
    WL.pop_back();
    M->process(WL, R);
  }

  return M;
}

SubRegionMap *RegionStoreManager::getSubRegionMap(const GRState *state) {
  return getRegionStoreSubRegionMap(state);
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Binding invalidation.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

void
RegionStoreManager::RemoveSubRegionBindings(RegionBindings &B,
                                 RegionDefaultBindings &DVM,
                                 RegionDefaultBindings::Factory &DVMFactory,
                                 const MemRegion *R,
                                 RegionStoreSubRegionMap &M) {

  RegionStoreSubRegionMap::iterator I, E;

  for (llvm::tie(I, E) = M.begin_end(R); I != E; ++I)
    RemoveSubRegionBindings(B, DVM, DVMFactory, *I, M);

  B = RBFactory.Remove(B, R);
  DVM = DVMFactory.Remove(DVM, R);
}

const GRState *RegionStoreManager::InvalidateRegion(const GRState *state,
                                                    const MemRegion *R,
                                                    const Expr *Ex,
                                                    unsigned Count) {
  ASTContext& Ctx = StateMgr.getContext();

  // Strip away casts.
  R = R->getBaseRegion();

  // Get the mapping of regions -> subregions.
  llvm::OwningPtr<RegionStoreSubRegionMap>
    SubRegions(getRegionStoreSubRegionMap(state));
  
  RegionBindings B = GetRegionBindings(state->getStore());
  RegionDefaultBindings DVM = state->get<RegionDefaultValue>();
  RegionDefaultBindings::Factory &DVMFactory =
    state->get_context<RegionDefaultValue>();
  
  llvm::DenseMap<const MemRegion *, unsigned> Visited;
  llvm::SmallVector<const MemRegion *, 10> WorkList;
  WorkList.push_back(R);
  
  while (!WorkList.empty()) {
    R = WorkList.back();
    WorkList.pop_back();
    
    // Have we visited this region before?
    unsigned &visited = Visited[R];
    if (visited)
      continue;
    visited = 1;

    // Add subregions to work list.
    RegionStoreSubRegionMap::iterator I, E;
    for (llvm::tie(I, E) = SubRegions->begin_end(R); I!=E; ++I)
      WorkList.push_back(*I);
    
    // Handle region.
    if (isa<AllocaRegion>(R) || isa<SymbolicRegion>(R) ||
        isa<ObjCObjectRegion>(R)) {
        // Invalidate the region by setting its default value to
        // conjured symbol. The type of the symbol is irrelavant.
      DefinedOrUnknownSVal V = ValMgr.getConjuredSymbolVal(R, Ex, Ctx.IntTy,
                                                           Count);      
      DVM = DVMFactory.Add(DVM, R, V);
      continue;
    }

    if (!R->isBoundable())
      continue;
  
    const TypedRegion *TR = cast<TypedRegion>(R);
    QualType T = TR->getValueType(Ctx);
  
    if (const RecordType *RT = T->getAsStructureType()) {
        // FIXME: handle structs with default region value.
      const RecordDecl *RD = RT->getDecl()->getDefinition(Ctx);
    
        // No record definition.  There is nothing we can do.
      if (!RD)
        continue;
    
        // Invalidate the region by setting its default value to
        // conjured symbol. The type of the symbol is irrelavant.
      DefinedOrUnknownSVal V = ValMgr.getConjuredSymbolVal(R, Ex, Ctx.IntTy,
                                                           Count);
      DVM = DVMFactory.Add(DVM, R, V);
      continue;
    }
  
    if (const ArrayType *AT = Ctx.getAsArrayType(T)) {
      // Set the default value of the array to conjured symbol.
      DefinedOrUnknownSVal V =
        ValMgr.getConjuredSymbolVal(R, Ex, AT->getElementType(), Count);
      DVM = DVMFactory.Add(DVM, R, V);
      continue;
    }
    
    // Get the old binding.  Is it a region?  If so, add it to the worklist.
    if (const SVal *OldV = B.lookup(R)) {
      if (const MemRegion *RV = OldV->getAsRegion())
        WorkList.push_back(RV);
    }
    
    // Invalidate the binding.
    DefinedOrUnknownSVal V = ValMgr.getConjuredSymbolVal(R, Ex, T, Count);
    assert(SymbolManager::canSymbolicate(T) || V.isUnknown());
    B = RBFactory.Add(B, R, V);
  }

  // Create a new state with the updated bindings.
  return state->makeWithStore(B.getRoot())->set<RegionDefaultValue>(DVM);
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// getLValueXXX methods.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

/// getLValueString - Returns an SVal representing the lvalue of a
///  StringLiteral.  Within RegionStore a StringLiteral has an
///  associated StringRegion, and the lvalue of a StringLiteral is the
///  lvalue of that region.
SVal RegionStoreManager::getLValueString(const GRState *St,
                                         const StringLiteral* S) {
  return loc::MemRegionVal(MRMgr.getStringRegion(S));
}

/// getLValueVar - Returns an SVal that represents the lvalue of a
///  variable.  Within RegionStore a variable has an associated
///  VarRegion, and the lvalue of the variable is the lvalue of that region.
SVal RegionStoreManager::getLValueVar(const GRState *ST, const VarDecl *VD,
                                      const LocationContext *LC) {
  return loc::MemRegionVal(MRMgr.getVarRegion(VD, LC));
}

/// getLValueCompoundLiteral - Returns an SVal representing the lvalue
///   of a compound literal.  Within RegionStore a compound literal
///   has an associated region, and the lvalue of the compound literal
///   is the lvalue of that region.
SVal
RegionStoreManager::getLValueCompoundLiteral(const GRState *St,
                                             const CompoundLiteralExpr* CL) {
  return loc::MemRegionVal(MRMgr.getCompoundLiteralRegion(CL));
}

SVal RegionStoreManager::getLValueIvar(const GRState *St, const ObjCIvarDecl* D,
                                       SVal Base) {
  return getLValueFieldOrIvar(St, Base, D);
}

SVal RegionStoreManager::getLValueField(const GRState *St, SVal Base,
                                        const FieldDecl* D) {
  return getLValueFieldOrIvar(St, Base, D);
}

SVal RegionStoreManager::getLValueFieldOrIvar(const GRState *St, SVal Base,
                                              const Decl* D) {
  if (Base.isUnknownOrUndef())
    return Base;

  Loc BaseL = cast<Loc>(Base);
  const MemRegion* BaseR = 0;

  switch (BaseL.getSubKind()) {
  case loc::MemRegionKind:
    BaseR = cast<loc::MemRegionVal>(BaseL).getRegion();
    break;

  case loc::GotoLabelKind:
    // These are anormal cases. Flag an undefined value.
    return UndefinedVal();

  case loc::ConcreteIntKind:
    // While these seem funny, this can happen through casts.
    // FIXME: What we should return is the field offset.  For example,
    //  add the field offset to the integer value.  That way funny things
    //  like this work properly:  &(((struct foo *) 0xa)->f)
    return Base;

  default:
    assert(0 && "Unhandled Base.");
    return Base;
  }

  // NOTE: We must have this check first because ObjCIvarDecl is a subclass
  // of FieldDecl.
  if (const ObjCIvarDecl *ID = dyn_cast<ObjCIvarDecl>(D))
    return loc::MemRegionVal(MRMgr.getObjCIvarRegion(ID, BaseR));

  return loc::MemRegionVal(MRMgr.getFieldRegion(cast<FieldDecl>(D), BaseR));
}

SVal RegionStoreManager::getLValueElement(const GRState *St,
                                          QualType elementType,
                                          SVal Base, SVal Offset) {

  // If the base is an unknown or undefined value, just return it back.
  // FIXME: For absolute pointer addresses, we just return that value back as
  //  well, although in reality we should return the offset added to that
  //  value.
  if (Base.isUnknownOrUndef() || isa<loc::ConcreteInt>(Base))
    return Base;

  // Only handle integer offsets... for now.
  if (!isa<nonloc::ConcreteInt>(Offset))
    return UnknownVal();

  const MemRegion* BaseRegion = cast<loc::MemRegionVal>(Base).getRegion();

  // Pointer of any type can be cast and used as array base.
  const ElementRegion *ElemR = dyn_cast<ElementRegion>(BaseRegion);

  // Convert the offset to the appropriate size and signedness.
  Offset = ValMgr.convertToArrayIndex(Offset);

  if (!ElemR) {
    //
    // If the base region is not an ElementRegion, create one.
    // This can happen in the following example:
    //
    //   char *p = __builtin_alloc(10);
    //   p[1] = 8;
    //
    //  Observe that 'p' binds to an AllocaRegion.
    //
    return loc::MemRegionVal(MRMgr.getElementRegion(elementType, Offset,
                                                    BaseRegion, getContext()));
  }

  SVal BaseIdx = ElemR->getIndex();

  if (!isa<nonloc::ConcreteInt>(BaseIdx))
    return UnknownVal();

  const llvm::APSInt& BaseIdxI = cast<nonloc::ConcreteInt>(BaseIdx).getValue();
  const llvm::APSInt& OffI = cast<nonloc::ConcreteInt>(Offset).getValue();
  assert(BaseIdxI.isSigned());

  // Compute the new index.
  SVal NewIdx = nonloc::ConcreteInt(getBasicVals().getValue(BaseIdxI + OffI));

  // Construct the new ElementRegion.
  const MemRegion *ArrayR = ElemR->getSuperRegion();
  return loc::MemRegionVal(MRMgr.getElementRegion(elementType, NewIdx, ArrayR,
                                                  getContext()));
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Extents for regions.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

SVal RegionStoreManager::getSizeInElements(const GRState *state,
                                           const MemRegion *R) {

  switch (R->getKind()) {
    case MemRegion::MemSpaceRegionKind:
      assert(0 && "Cannot index into a MemSpace");
      return UnknownVal();

    case MemRegion::CodeTextRegionKind:
      // Technically this can happen if people do funny things with casts.
      return UnknownVal();

      // Not yet handled.
    case MemRegion::AllocaRegionKind:
    case MemRegion::CompoundLiteralRegionKind:
    case MemRegion::ElementRegionKind:
    case MemRegion::FieldRegionKind:
    case MemRegion::ObjCIvarRegionKind:
    case MemRegion::ObjCObjectRegionKind:
    case MemRegion::SymbolicRegionKind:
      return UnknownVal();

    case MemRegion::StringRegionKind: {
      const StringLiteral* Str = cast<StringRegion>(R)->getStringLiteral();
      // We intentionally made the size value signed because it participates in
      // operations with signed indices.
      return ValMgr.makeIntVal(Str->getByteLength()+1, false);
    }

    case MemRegion::VarRegionKind: {
      const VarRegion* VR = cast<VarRegion>(R);
      // Get the type of the variable.
      QualType T = VR->getDesugaredValueType(getContext());

      // FIXME: Handle variable-length arrays.
      if (isa<VariableArrayType>(T))
        return UnknownVal();

      if (const ConstantArrayType* CAT = dyn_cast<ConstantArrayType>(T)) {
        // return the size as signed integer.
        return ValMgr.makeIntVal(CAT->getSize(), false);
      }

      // Clients can use ordinary variables as if they were arrays.  These
      // essentially are arrays of size 1.
      return ValMgr.makeIntVal(1, false);
    }

    case MemRegion::BEG_DECL_REGIONS:
    case MemRegion::END_DECL_REGIONS:
    case MemRegion::BEG_TYPED_REGIONS:
    case MemRegion::END_TYPED_REGIONS:
      assert(0 && "Infeasible region");
      return UnknownVal();
  }

  assert(0 && "Unreachable");
  return UnknownVal();
}

const GRState *RegionStoreManager::setExtent(const GRState *state,
                                             const MemRegion *region,
                                             SVal extent) {
  return state->set<RegionExtents>(region, extent);
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Location and region casting.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

/// ArrayToPointer - Emulates the "decay" of an array to a pointer
///  type.  'Array' represents the lvalue of the array being decayed
///  to a pointer, and the returned SVal represents the decayed
///  version of that lvalue (i.e., a pointer to the first element of
///  the array).  This is called by GRExprEngine when evaluating casts
///  from arrays to pointers.
SVal RegionStoreManager::ArrayToPointer(Loc Array) {
  if (!isa<loc::MemRegionVal>(Array))
    return UnknownVal();

  const MemRegion* R = cast<loc::MemRegionVal>(&Array)->getRegion();
  const TypedRegion* ArrayR = dyn_cast<TypedRegion>(R);

  if (!ArrayR)
    return UnknownVal();

  // Strip off typedefs from the ArrayRegion's ValueType.
  QualType T = ArrayR->getValueType(getContext())->getDesugaredType();
  ArrayType *AT = cast<ArrayType>(T);
  T = AT->getElementType();

  SVal ZeroIdx = ValMgr.makeZeroArrayIndex();
  ElementRegion* ER = MRMgr.getElementRegion(T, ZeroIdx, ArrayR, getContext());

  return loc::MemRegionVal(ER);
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Pointer arithmetic.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

SVal RegionStoreManager::EvalBinOp(const GRState *state,
                                   BinaryOperator::Opcode Op, Loc L, NonLoc R,
                                   QualType resultTy) {
  // Assume the base location is MemRegionVal.
  if (!isa<loc::MemRegionVal>(L))
    return UnknownVal();

  const MemRegion* MR = cast<loc::MemRegionVal>(L).getRegion();
  const ElementRegion *ER = 0;

  switch (MR->getKind()) {
    case MemRegion::SymbolicRegionKind: {
      const SymbolicRegion *SR = cast<SymbolicRegion>(MR);
      SymbolRef Sym = SR->getSymbol();
      QualType T = Sym->getType(getContext());
      QualType EleTy;

      if (const PointerType *PT = T->getAs<PointerType>())
        EleTy = PT->getPointeeType();
      else
        EleTy = T->getAs<ObjCObjectPointerType>()->getPointeeType();

      SVal ZeroIdx = ValMgr.makeZeroArrayIndex();
      ER = MRMgr.getElementRegion(EleTy, ZeroIdx, SR, getContext());
      break;
    }
    case MemRegion::AllocaRegionKind: {
      const AllocaRegion *AR = cast<AllocaRegion>(MR);
      QualType T = getContext().CharTy; // Create an ElementRegion of bytes.
      QualType EleTy = T->getAs<PointerType>()->getPointeeType();
      SVal ZeroIdx = ValMgr.makeZeroArrayIndex();
      ER = MRMgr.getElementRegion(EleTy, ZeroIdx, AR, getContext());
      break;
    }

    case MemRegion::ElementRegionKind: {
      ER = cast<ElementRegion>(MR);
      break;
    }

    // Not yet handled.
    case MemRegion::VarRegionKind:
    case MemRegion::StringRegionKind:
    case MemRegion::CompoundLiteralRegionKind:
    case MemRegion::FieldRegionKind:
    case MemRegion::ObjCObjectRegionKind:
    case MemRegion::ObjCIvarRegionKind:
      return UnknownVal();

    case MemRegion::CodeTextRegionKind:
      // Technically this can happen if people do funny things with casts.
      return UnknownVal();

    case MemRegion::MemSpaceRegionKind:
      assert(0 && "Cannot perform pointer arithmetic on a MemSpace");
      return UnknownVal();

    case MemRegion::BEG_DECL_REGIONS:
    case MemRegion::END_DECL_REGIONS:
    case MemRegion::BEG_TYPED_REGIONS:
    case MemRegion::END_TYPED_REGIONS:
      assert(0 && "Infeasible region");
      return UnknownVal();
  }

  SVal Idx = ER->getIndex();
  nonloc::ConcreteInt* Base = dyn_cast<nonloc::ConcreteInt>(&Idx);
  nonloc::ConcreteInt* Offset = dyn_cast<nonloc::ConcreteInt>(&R);

  // Only support concrete integer indexes for now.
  if (Base && Offset) {
    // FIXME: Should use SValuator here.
    SVal NewIdx = Base->evalBinOp(ValMgr, Op,
                cast<nonloc::ConcreteInt>(ValMgr.convertToArrayIndex(*Offset)));
    const MemRegion* NewER =
      MRMgr.getElementRegion(ER->getElementType(), NewIdx, ER->getSuperRegion(),
                             getContext());
    return ValMgr.makeLoc(NewER);
  }

  return UnknownVal();
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Loading values from regions.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

Optional<SVal> RegionStoreManager::getDefaultBinding(const GRState *state,
                                                     const MemRegion *R) {

  if (R->isBoundable())
    if (const TypedRegion *TR = dyn_cast<TypedRegion>(R))
      if (TR->getValueType(getContext())->isUnionType())
        return UnknownVal();

  return Optional<SVal>::create(state->get<RegionDefaultValue>(R));
}

static bool IsReinterpreted(QualType RTy, QualType UsedTy, ASTContext &Ctx) {
  RTy = Ctx.getCanonicalType(RTy);
  UsedTy = Ctx.getCanonicalType(UsedTy);

  if (RTy == UsedTy)
    return false;


  // Recursively check the types.  We basically want to see if a pointer value
  // is ever reinterpreted as a non-pointer, e.g. void** and intptr_t*
  // represents a reinterpretation.
  if (Loc::IsLocType(RTy) && Loc::IsLocType(UsedTy)) {
    const PointerType *PRTy = RTy->getAs<PointerType>();
    const PointerType *PUsedTy = UsedTy->getAs<PointerType>();

    return PUsedTy && PRTy &&
           IsReinterpreted(PRTy->getPointeeType(),
                           PUsedTy->getPointeeType(), Ctx);
  }

  return true;
}

const ElementRegion *
RegionStoreManager::GetElementZeroRegion(const SymbolicRegion *SR, QualType T) {
  ASTContext &Ctx = getContext();
  SVal idx = ValMgr.makeZeroArrayIndex();
  assert(!T.isNull());
  return MRMgr.getElementRegion(T, idx, SR, Ctx);
}
  
  

SValuator::CastResult
RegionStoreManager::Retrieve(const GRState *state, Loc L, QualType T) {

  assert(!isa<UnknownVal>(L) && "location unknown");
  assert(!isa<UndefinedVal>(L) && "location undefined");

  // FIXME: Is this even possible?  Shouldn't this be treated as a null
  //  dereference at a higher level?
  if (isa<loc::ConcreteInt>(L))
    return SValuator::CastResult(state, UndefinedVal());

  const MemRegion *MR = cast<loc::MemRegionVal>(L).getRegion();

  // FIXME: return symbolic value for these cases.
  // Example:
  // void f(int* p) { int x = *p; }
  // char* p = alloca();
  // read(p);
  // c = *p;
  if (isa<AllocaRegion>(MR))
    return SValuator::CastResult(state, UnknownVal());

  if (const SymbolicRegion *SR = dyn_cast<SymbolicRegion>(MR))
    MR = GetElementZeroRegion(SR, T);

  if (isa<CodeTextRegion>(MR))
    return SValuator::CastResult(state, UnknownVal());

  // FIXME: Perhaps this method should just take a 'const MemRegion*' argument
  //  instead of 'Loc', and have the other Loc cases handled at a higher level.
  const TypedRegion *R = cast<TypedRegion>(MR);
  QualType RTy = R->getValueType(getContext());

  // FIXME: We should eventually handle funny addressing.  e.g.:
  //
  //   int x = ...;
  //   int *p = &x;
  //   char *q = (char*) p;
  //   char c = *q;  // returns the first byte of 'x'.
  //
  // Such funny addressing will occur due to layering of regions.

#if 0
  ASTContext &Ctx = getContext();
  if (!T.isNull() && IsReinterpreted(RTy, T, Ctx)) {
    SVal ZeroIdx = ValMgr.makeZeroArrayIndex();
    R = MRMgr.getElementRegion(T, ZeroIdx, R, Ctx);
    RTy = T;
    assert(Ctx.getCanonicalType(RTy) ==
           Ctx.getCanonicalType(R->getValueType(Ctx)));
  }
#endif

  if (RTy->isStructureType())
    return SValuator::CastResult(state, RetrieveStruct(state, R));

  // FIXME: Handle unions.
  if (RTy->isUnionType())
    return SValuator::CastResult(state, UnknownVal());

  if (RTy->isArrayType())
    return SValuator::CastResult(state, RetrieveArray(state, R));

  // FIXME: handle Vector types.
  if (RTy->isVectorType())
    return SValuator::CastResult(state, UnknownVal());

  if (const FieldRegion* FR = dyn_cast<FieldRegion>(R))
    return CastRetrievedVal(RetrieveField(state, FR), state, FR, T);

  if (const ElementRegion* ER = dyn_cast<ElementRegion>(R))
    return CastRetrievedVal(RetrieveElement(state, ER), state, ER, T);

  if (const ObjCIvarRegion *IVR = dyn_cast<ObjCIvarRegion>(R))
    return CastRetrievedVal(RetrieveObjCIvar(state, IVR), state, IVR, T);

  if (const VarRegion *VR = dyn_cast<VarRegion>(R))
    return CastRetrievedVal(RetrieveVar(state, VR), state, VR, T);

  RegionBindings B = GetRegionBindings(state->getStore());
  RegionBindings::data_type* V = B.lookup(R);

  // Check if the region has a binding.
  if (V)
    return SValuator::CastResult(state, *V);

  // The location does not have a bound value.  This means that it has
  // the value it had upon its creation and/or entry to the analyzed
  // function/method.  These are either symbolic values or 'undefined'.

#if HEAP_UNDEFINED
  if (R->hasHeapOrStackStorage()) {
#else
  if (R->hasStackStorage()) {
#endif
    // All stack variables are considered to have undefined values
    // upon creation.  All heap allocated blocks are considered to
    // have undefined values as well unless they are explicitly bound
    // to specific values.
    return SValuator::CastResult(state, UndefinedVal());
  }

  // All other values are symbolic.
  return SValuator::CastResult(state,
                               ValMgr.getRegionValueSymbolValOrUnknown(R, RTy));
}

std::pair<const GRState*, const MemRegion*>
RegionStoreManager::GetLazyBinding(RegionBindings B, const MemRegion *R) {

  if (const nonloc::LazyCompoundVal *V =
        dyn_cast_or_null<nonloc::LazyCompoundVal>(B.lookup(R)))
    return std::make_pair(V->getState(), V->getRegion());

  if (const ElementRegion *ER = dyn_cast<ElementRegion>(R)) {
    const std::pair<const GRState *, const MemRegion *> &X =
      GetLazyBinding(B, ER->getSuperRegion());

    if (X.first)
      return std::make_pair(X.first,
                            MRMgr.getElementRegionWithSuper(ER, X.second));
  }
  else if (const FieldRegion *FR = dyn_cast<FieldRegion>(R)) {
    const std::pair<const GRState *, const MemRegion *> &X =
      GetLazyBinding(B, FR->getSuperRegion());

    if (X.first)
      return std::make_pair(X.first,
                            MRMgr.getFieldRegionWithSuper(FR, X.second));
  }

  return std::make_pair((const GRState*) 0, (const MemRegion *) 0);
}

SVal RegionStoreManager::RetrieveElement(const GRState* state,
                                         const ElementRegion* R) {
  // Check if the region has a binding.
  RegionBindings B = GetRegionBindings(state->getStore());
  if (const SVal* V = B.lookup(R))
    return *V;

  const MemRegion* superR = R->getSuperRegion();

  // Check if the region is an element region of a string literal.
  if (const StringRegion *StrR=dyn_cast<StringRegion>(superR)) {
    const StringLiteral *Str = StrR->getStringLiteral();
    SVal Idx = R->getIndex();
    if (nonloc::ConcreteInt *CI = dyn_cast<nonloc::ConcreteInt>(&Idx)) {
      int64_t i = CI->getValue().getSExtValue();
      int64_t byteLength = Str->getByteLength();
      if (i > byteLength) {
        // Buffer overflow checking in GRExprEngine should handle this case,
        // but we shouldn't rely on it to not overflow here if that checking
        // is disabled.
        return UnknownVal();
      }
      char c = (i == byteLength) ? '\0' : Str->getStrData()[i];
      return ValMgr.makeIntVal(c, getContext().CharTy);
    }
  }

  // Special case: the current region represents a cast and it and the super
  // region both have pointer types or intptr_t types.  If so, perform the
  // retrieve from the super region and appropriately "cast" the value.
  // This is needed to support OSAtomicCompareAndSwap and friends or other
  // loads that treat integers as pointers and vis versa.
  if (R->getIndex().isZeroConstant()) {
    if (const TypedRegion *superTR = dyn_cast<TypedRegion>(superR)) {
      ASTContext &Ctx = getContext();
      if (IsAnyPointerOrIntptr(superTR->getValueType(Ctx), Ctx)) {
        QualType valTy = R->getValueType(Ctx);
        if (IsAnyPointerOrIntptr(valTy, Ctx)) {
          // Retrieve the value from the super region.  This will be casted to
          // valTy when we return to 'Retrieve'.
          const SValuator::CastResult &cr = Retrieve(state,
                                                     loc::MemRegionVal(superR),
                                                     valTy);
          return cr.getSVal();
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // Check if the immediate super region has a direct binding.
  if (const SVal *V = B.lookup(superR)) {
    if (SymbolRef parentSym = V->getAsSymbol())
      return ValMgr.getDerivedRegionValueSymbolVal(parentSym, R);

    if (V->isUnknownOrUndef())
      return *V;

    // Handle LazyCompoundVals for the immediate super region.  Other cases
    // are handled in 'RetrieveFieldOrElementCommon'.
    if (const nonloc::LazyCompoundVal *LCV =
        dyn_cast<nonloc::LazyCompoundVal>(V)) {

      R = MRMgr.getElementRegionWithSuper(R, LCV->getRegion());
      return RetrieveElement(LCV->getState(), R);
    }

    // Other cases: give up.
    return UnknownVal();
  }

  return RetrieveFieldOrElementCommon(state, R, R->getElementType(), superR);
}

SVal RegionStoreManager::RetrieveField(const GRState* state,
                                       const FieldRegion* R) {

  // Check if the region has a binding.
  RegionBindings B = GetRegionBindings(state->getStore());
  if (const SVal* V = B.lookup(R))
    return *V;

  QualType Ty = R->getValueType(getContext());
  return RetrieveFieldOrElementCommon(state, R, Ty, R->getSuperRegion());
}

SVal RegionStoreManager::RetrieveFieldOrElementCommon(const GRState *state,
                                                      const TypedRegion *R,
                                                      QualType Ty,
                                                      const MemRegion *superR) {

  // At this point we have already checked in either RetrieveElement or
  // RetrieveField if 'R' has a direct binding.

  RegionBindings B = GetRegionBindings(state->getStore());

  while (superR) {
    if (const Optional<SVal> &D = getDefaultBinding(state, superR)) {
      if (SymbolRef parentSym = D->getAsSymbol())
        return ValMgr.getDerivedRegionValueSymbolVal(parentSym, R);

      if (D->isZeroConstant())
        return ValMgr.makeZeroVal(Ty);

      if (D->isUnknown())
        return *D;

      assert(0 && "Unknown default value");
    }

    // If our super region is a field or element itself, walk up the region
    // hierarchy to see if there is a default value installed in an ancestor.
    if (isa<FieldRegion>(superR) || isa<ElementRegion>(superR)) {
      superR = cast<SubRegion>(superR)->getSuperRegion();
      continue;
    }

    break;
  }

  // Lazy binding?
  const GRState *lazyBindingState = NULL;
  const MemRegion *lazyBindingRegion = NULL;
  llvm::tie(lazyBindingState, lazyBindingRegion) = GetLazyBinding(B, R);

  if (lazyBindingState) {
    assert(lazyBindingRegion && "Lazy-binding region not set");

    if (isa<ElementRegion>(R))
      return RetrieveElement(lazyBindingState,
                             cast<ElementRegion>(lazyBindingRegion));

    return RetrieveField(lazyBindingState,
                         cast<FieldRegion>(lazyBindingRegion));
  }

  if (R->hasStackStorage() && !R->hasParametersStorage()) {

    if (isa<ElementRegion>(R)) {
      // Currently we don't reason specially about Clang-style vectors.  Check
      // if superR is a vector and if so return Unknown.
      if (const TypedRegion *typedSuperR = dyn_cast<TypedRegion>(superR)) {
        if (typedSuperR->getValueType(getContext())->isVectorType())
          return UnknownVal();
      }
    }

    return UndefinedVal();
  }

  // All other values are symbolic.
  return ValMgr.getRegionValueSymbolValOrUnknown(R, Ty);
}

SVal RegionStoreManager::RetrieveObjCIvar(const GRState* state,
                                          const ObjCIvarRegion* R) {

    // Check if the region has a binding.
  RegionBindings B = GetRegionBindings(state->getStore());

  if (const SVal* V = B.lookup(R))
    return *V;

  const MemRegion *superR = R->getSuperRegion();

  // Check if the super region has a binding.
  if (const SVal *V = B.lookup(superR)) {
    if (SymbolRef parentSym = V->getAsSymbol())
      return ValMgr.getDerivedRegionValueSymbolVal(parentSym, R);

    // Other cases: give up.
    return UnknownVal();
  }

  return RetrieveLazySymbol(state, R);
}

SVal RegionStoreManager::RetrieveVar(const GRState *state,
                                     const VarRegion *R) {

  // Check if the region has a binding.
  RegionBindings B = GetRegionBindings(state->getStore());

  if (const SVal* V = B.lookup(R))
    return *V;

  // Lazily derive a value for the VarRegion.
  const VarDecl *VD = R->getDecl();

  if (R->hasGlobalsOrParametersStorage())
    return ValMgr.getRegionValueSymbolValOrUnknown(R, VD->getType());

  return UndefinedVal();
}

SVal RegionStoreManager::RetrieveLazySymbol(const GRState *state,
                                            const TypedRegion *R) {

  QualType valTy = R->getValueType(getContext());

  // All other values are symbolic.
  return ValMgr.getRegionValueSymbolValOrUnknown(R, valTy);
}

SVal RegionStoreManager::RetrieveStruct(const GRState *state,
                                        const TypedRegion* R) {
  QualType T = R->getValueType(getContext());
  assert(T->isStructureType());

  const RecordType* RT = T->getAsStructureType();
  RecordDecl* RD = RT->getDecl();
  assert(RD->isDefinition());
  (void)RD;
#if USE_EXPLICIT_COMPOUND
  llvm::ImmutableList<SVal> StructVal = getBasicVals().getEmptySValList();

  // FIXME: We shouldn't use a std::vector.  If RecordDecl doesn't have a
  // reverse iterator, we should implement one.
  std::vector<FieldDecl *> Fields(RD->field_begin(), RD->field_end());

  for (std::vector<FieldDecl *>::reverse_iterator Field = Fields.rbegin(),
                                               FieldEnd = Fields.rend();
       Field != FieldEnd; ++Field) {
    FieldRegion* FR = MRMgr.getFieldRegion(*Field, R);
    QualType FTy = (*Field)->getType();
    SVal FieldValue = Retrieve(state, loc::MemRegionVal(FR), FTy).getSVal();
    StructVal = getBasicVals().consVals(FieldValue, StructVal);
  }

  return ValMgr.makeCompoundVal(T, StructVal);
#else
  return ValMgr.makeLazyCompoundVal(state, R);
#endif
}

SVal RegionStoreManager::RetrieveArray(const GRState *state,
                                       const TypedRegion * R) {
#if USE_EXPLICIT_COMPOUND
  QualType T = R->getValueType(getContext());
  ConstantArrayType* CAT = cast<ConstantArrayType>(T.getTypePtr());

  llvm::ImmutableList<SVal> ArrayVal = getBasicVals().getEmptySValList();
  uint64_t size = CAT->getSize().getZExtValue();
  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
    SVal Idx = ValMgr.makeArrayIndex(i);
    ElementRegion* ER = MRMgr.getElementRegion(CAT->getElementType(), Idx, R,
                                               getContext());
    QualType ETy = ER->getElementType();
    SVal ElementVal = Retrieve(state, loc::MemRegionVal(ER), ETy).getSVal();
    ArrayVal = getBasicVals().consVals(ElementVal, ArrayVal);
  }

  return ValMgr.makeCompoundVal(T, ArrayVal);
#else
  assert(isa<ConstantArrayType>(R->getValueType(getContext())));
  return ValMgr.makeLazyCompoundVal(state, R);
#endif
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Binding values to regions.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

Store RegionStoreManager::Remove(Store store, Loc L) {
  const MemRegion* R = 0;

  if (isa<loc::MemRegionVal>(L))
    R = cast<loc::MemRegionVal>(L).getRegion();

  if (R) {
    RegionBindings B = GetRegionBindings(store);
    return RBFactory.Remove(B, R).getRoot();
  }

  return store;
}

const GRState *RegionStoreManager::Bind(const GRState *state, Loc L, SVal V) {
  if (isa<loc::ConcreteInt>(L))
    return state;

  // If we get here, the location should be a region.
  const MemRegion *R = cast<loc::MemRegionVal>(L).getRegion();

  // Check if the region is a struct region.
  if (const TypedRegion* TR = dyn_cast<TypedRegion>(R))
    if (TR->getValueType(getContext())->isStructureType())
      return BindStruct(state, TR, V);

  // Special case: the current region represents a cast and it and the super
  // region both have pointer types or intptr_t types.  If so, perform the
  // bind to the super region.
  // This is needed to support OSAtomicCompareAndSwap and friends or other
  // loads that treat integers as pointers and vis versa.
  if (const ElementRegion *ER = dyn_cast<ElementRegion>(R)) {
    if (ER->getIndex().isZeroConstant()) {
      if (const TypedRegion *superR =
            dyn_cast<TypedRegion>(ER->getSuperRegion())) {
        ASTContext &Ctx = getContext();
        QualType superTy = superR->getValueType(Ctx);
        QualType erTy = ER->getValueType(Ctx);

        if (IsAnyPointerOrIntptr(superTy, Ctx) &&
            IsAnyPointerOrIntptr(erTy, Ctx)) {
          SValuator::CastResult cr =
            ValMgr.getSValuator().EvalCast(V, state, superTy, erTy);
          return Bind(cr.getState(), loc::MemRegionVal(superR), cr.getSVal());
        }
        // For now, just invalidate the fields of the struct/union/class.
        // FIXME: Precisely handle the fields of the record.
        if (superTy->isRecordType())
          return InvalidateRegion(state, superR, NULL, 0);
      }
    }
  }
  else if (const SymbolicRegion *SR = dyn_cast<SymbolicRegion>(R)) {
    // Binding directly to a symbolic region should be treated as binding
    // to element 0.
    QualType T = SR->getSymbol()->getType(getContext());
    T = T->getAs<PointerType>()->getPointeeType();
    R = GetElementZeroRegion(SR, T);
  }

  // Perform the binding.
  RegionBindings B = GetRegionBindings(state->getStore());
  return state->makeWithStore(RBFactory.Add(B, R, V).getRoot());
}

const GRState *RegionStoreManager::BindDecl(const GRState *ST,
                                            const VarDecl *VD,
                                            const LocationContext *LC,
                                            SVal InitVal) {

  QualType T = VD->getType();
  VarRegion* VR = MRMgr.getVarRegion(VD, LC);

  if (T->isArrayType())
    return BindArray(ST, VR, InitVal);
  if (T->isStructureType())
    return BindStruct(ST, VR, InitVal);

  return Bind(ST, ValMgr.makeLoc(VR), InitVal);
}

// FIXME: this method should be merged into Bind().
const GRState *
RegionStoreManager::BindCompoundLiteral(const GRState *state,
                                        const CompoundLiteralExpr* CL,
                                        SVal V) {

  CompoundLiteralRegion* R = MRMgr.getCompoundLiteralRegion(CL);
  return Bind(state, loc::MemRegionVal(R), V);
}

const GRState *RegionStoreManager::BindArray(const GRState *state,
                                             const TypedRegion* R,
                                             SVal Init) {

  QualType T = R->getValueType(getContext());
  ConstantArrayType* CAT = cast<ConstantArrayType>(T.getTypePtr());
  QualType ElementTy = CAT->getElementType();

  uint64_t size = CAT->getSize().getZExtValue();

  // Check if the init expr is a StringLiteral.
  if (isa<loc::MemRegionVal>(Init)) {
    const MemRegion* InitR = cast<loc::MemRegionVal>(Init).getRegion();
    const StringLiteral* S = cast<StringRegion>(InitR)->getStringLiteral();
    const char* str = S->getStrData();
    unsigned len = S->getByteLength();
    unsigned j = 0;

    // Copy bytes from the string literal into the target array. Trailing bytes
    // in the array that are not covered by the string literal are initialized
    // to zero.
    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < size; ++i, ++j) {
      if (j >= len)
        break;

      SVal Idx = ValMgr.makeArrayIndex(i);
      ElementRegion* ER = MRMgr.getElementRegion(ElementTy, Idx, R,
                                                 getContext());

      SVal V = ValMgr.makeIntVal(str[j], sizeof(char)*8, true);
      state = Bind(state, loc::MemRegionVal(ER), V);
    }

    return state;
  }

  // Handle lazy compound values.
  if (nonloc::LazyCompoundVal *LCV = dyn_cast<nonloc::LazyCompoundVal>(&Init))
    return CopyLazyBindings(*LCV, state, R);

  // Remaining case: explicit compound values.
  nonloc::CompoundVal& CV = cast<nonloc::CompoundVal>(Init);
  nonloc::CompoundVal::iterator VI = CV.begin(), VE = CV.end();
  uint64_t i = 0;

  for (; i < size; ++i, ++VI) {
    // The init list might be shorter than the array length.
    if (VI == VE)
      break;

    SVal Idx = ValMgr.makeArrayIndex(i);
    ElementRegion* ER = MRMgr.getElementRegion(ElementTy, Idx, R, getContext());

    if (CAT->getElementType()->isStructureType())
      state = BindStruct(state, ER, *VI);
    else
      // FIXME: Do we need special handling of nested arrays?
      state = Bind(state, ValMgr.makeLoc(ER), *VI);
  }

  // If the init list is shorter than the array length, set the array default
  // value.
  if (i < size) {
    if (ElementTy->isIntegerType()) {
      SVal V = ValMgr.makeZeroVal(ElementTy);
      state = setDefaultValue(state, R, V);
    }
  }

  return state;
}

const GRState *
RegionStoreManager::BindStruct(const GRState *state, const TypedRegion* R,
                               SVal V) {

  if (!Features.supportsFields())
    return state;

  QualType T = R->getValueType(getContext());
  assert(T->isStructureType());

  const RecordType* RT = T->getAs<RecordType>();
  RecordDecl* RD = RT->getDecl();

  if (!RD->isDefinition())
    return state;

  // Handle lazy compound values.
  if (const nonloc::LazyCompoundVal *LCV = dyn_cast<nonloc::LazyCompoundVal>(&V))
    return CopyLazyBindings(*LCV, state, R);

  // We may get non-CompoundVal accidentally due to imprecise cast logic.
  // Ignore them and kill the field values.
  if (V.isUnknown() || !isa<nonloc::CompoundVal>(V))
    return KillStruct(state, R);

  nonloc::CompoundVal& CV = cast<nonloc::CompoundVal>(V);
  nonloc::CompoundVal::iterator VI = CV.begin(), VE = CV.end();

  RecordDecl::field_iterator FI, FE;

  for (FI = RD->field_begin(), FE = RD->field_end(); FI != FE; ++FI, ++VI) {

    if (VI == VE)
      break;

    QualType FTy = (*FI)->getType();
    const FieldRegion* FR = MRMgr.getFieldRegion(*FI, R);

    if (FTy->isArrayType())
      state = BindArray(state, FR, *VI);
    else if (FTy->isStructureType())
      state = BindStruct(state, FR, *VI);
    else
      state = Bind(state, ValMgr.makeLoc(FR), *VI);
  }

  // There may be fewer values in the initialize list than the fields of struct.
  if (FI != FE)
    state = setDefaultValue(state, R, ValMgr.makeIntVal(0, false));

  return state;
}

const GRState *RegionStoreManager::KillStruct(const GRState *state,
                                              const TypedRegion* R){

  // Set the default value of the struct region to "unknown".
  state = state->set<RegionDefaultValue>(R, UnknownVal());

  // Remove all bindings for the subregions of the struct.
  Store store = state->getStore();
  RegionBindings B = GetRegionBindings(store);
  for (RegionBindings::iterator I = B.begin(), E = B.end(); I != E; ++I) {
    const MemRegion* R = I.getKey();
    if (const SubRegion* subRegion = dyn_cast<SubRegion>(R))
      if (subRegion->isSubRegionOf(R))
        store = Remove(store, ValMgr.makeLoc(subRegion));
  }

  return state->makeWithStore(store);
}

const GRState *RegionStoreManager::setDefaultValue(const GRState *state,
                                               const MemRegion* R, SVal V) {
  return state->set<RegionDefaultValue>(R, V);
}

const GRState*
RegionStoreManager::CopyLazyBindings(nonloc::LazyCompoundVal V,
                                     const GRState *state,
                                     const TypedRegion *R) {

  // Nuke the old bindings stemming from R.
  RegionBindings B = GetRegionBindings(state->getStore());
  RegionDefaultBindings DVM = state->get<RegionDefaultValue>();
  RegionDefaultBindings::Factory &DVMFactory =
    state->get_context<RegionDefaultValue>();

  llvm::OwningPtr<RegionStoreSubRegionMap>
    SubRegions(getRegionStoreSubRegionMap(state));

  // B and DVM are updated after the call to RemoveSubRegionBindings.
  RemoveSubRegionBindings(B, DVM, DVMFactory, R, *SubRegions.get());

  // Now copy the bindings.  This amounts to just binding 'V' to 'R'.  This
  // results in a zero-copy algorithm.
  return state->makeWithStore(RBFactory.Add(B, R, V).getRoot());
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// State pruning.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

static void UpdateLiveSymbols(SVal X, SymbolReaper& SymReaper) {
  if (loc::MemRegionVal *XR = dyn_cast<loc::MemRegionVal>(&X)) {
    const MemRegion *R = XR->getRegion();

    while (R) {
      if (const SymbolicRegion *SR = dyn_cast<SymbolicRegion>(R)) {
        SymReaper.markLive(SR->getSymbol());
        return;
      }

      if (const SubRegion *SR = dyn_cast<SubRegion>(R)) {
        R = SR->getSuperRegion();
        continue;
      }

      break;
    }

    return;
  }

  for (SVal::symbol_iterator SI=X.symbol_begin(), SE=X.symbol_end();SI!=SE;++SI)
    SymReaper.markLive(*SI);
}

namespace {
class VISIBILITY_HIDDEN TreeScanner {
  RegionBindings B;
  RegionDefaultBindings DB;
  SymbolReaper &SymReaper;
  llvm::DenseSet<const MemRegion*> &Marked;
  llvm::DenseSet<const LazyCompoundValData*> &ScannedLazyVals;
  RegionStoreSubRegionMap &M;
  RegionStoreManager &RS;
  llvm::SmallVectorImpl<const MemRegion*> &RegionRoots;
  const bool MarkKeys;
public:
  TreeScanner(RegionBindings b, RegionDefaultBindings db,
              SymbolReaper &symReaper,
              llvm::DenseSet<const MemRegion*> &marked,
              llvm::DenseSet<const LazyCompoundValData*> &scannedLazyVals,
              RegionStoreSubRegionMap &m, RegionStoreManager &rs,
              llvm::SmallVectorImpl<const MemRegion*> &regionRoots,
              bool markKeys = true)
    : B(b), DB(db), SymReaper(symReaper), Marked(marked),
      ScannedLazyVals(scannedLazyVals), M(m),
      RS(rs), RegionRoots(regionRoots), MarkKeys(markKeys) {}

  void scanTree(const MemRegion *R);
};
} // end anonymous namespace


void TreeScanner::scanTree(const MemRegion *R) {
  if (MarkKeys) {
    if (Marked.count(R))
      return;

    Marked.insert(R);
  }

  // Mark the symbol for any live SymbolicRegion as "live".  This means we
  // should continue to track that symbol.
  if (const SymbolicRegion* SymR = dyn_cast<SymbolicRegion>(R))
    SymReaper.markLive(SymR->getSymbol());

  // Get the data binding for R (if any).
  const SVal* Xptr = B.lookup(R);

    // Check for lazy bindings.
  if (const nonloc::LazyCompoundVal *V =
      dyn_cast_or_null<nonloc::LazyCompoundVal>(Xptr)) {

    const LazyCompoundValData *D = V->getCVData();

    if (!ScannedLazyVals.count(D)) {
      // Scan the bindings in the LazyCompoundVal.
      ScannedLazyVals.insert(D);

      // FIXME: Cache subregion maps.
      const GRState *lazyState = D->getState();

      llvm::OwningPtr<RegionStoreSubRegionMap>
        lazySM(RS.getRegionStoreSubRegionMap(lazyState));

      Store lazyStore = lazyState->getStore();
      RegionBindings lazyB = RS.GetRegionBindings(lazyStore);

      RegionDefaultBindings lazyDB = lazyState->get<RegionDefaultValue>();

      // Scan the bindings.
      TreeScanner scan(lazyB, lazyDB, SymReaper, Marked, ScannedLazyVals,
                       *lazySM.get(), RS, RegionRoots, false);

      scan.scanTree(D->getRegion());
    }
  }
  else {
      // No direct binding? Get the default binding for R (if any).
    if (!Xptr)
      Xptr = DB.lookup(R);

      // Direct or default binding?
    if (Xptr) {
      SVal X = *Xptr;
      UpdateLiveSymbols(X, SymReaper); // Update the set of live symbols.

        // If X is a region, then add it to the RegionRoots.
      if (const MemRegion *RX = X.getAsRegion()) {
        RegionRoots.push_back(RX);
          // Mark the super region of the RX as live.
          // e.g.: int x; char *y = (char*) &x; if (*y) ...
          // 'y' => element region. 'x' is its super region.
        if (const SubRegion *SR = dyn_cast<SubRegion>(RX)) {
          RegionRoots.push_back(SR->getSuperRegion());
        }
      }
    }
  }

  RegionStoreSubRegionMap::iterator I, E;

  for (llvm::tie(I, E) = M.begin_end(R); I != E; ++I)
    scanTree(*I);
}

void RegionStoreManager::RemoveDeadBindings(GRState &state, Stmt* Loc,
                                            SymbolReaper& SymReaper,
                           llvm::SmallVectorImpl<const MemRegion*>& RegionRoots)
{
  Store store = state.getStore();
  RegionBindings B = GetRegionBindings(store);

  // Lazily constructed backmap from MemRegions to SubRegions.
  typedef llvm::ImmutableSet<const MemRegion*> SubRegionsTy;
  typedef llvm::ImmutableMap<const MemRegion*, SubRegionsTy> SubRegionsMapTy;

  // The backmap from regions to subregions.
  llvm::OwningPtr<RegionStoreSubRegionMap>
  SubRegions(getRegionStoreSubRegionMap(&state));

  // Do a pass over the regions in the store.  For VarRegions we check if
  // the variable is still live and if so add it to the list of live roots.
  // For other regions we populate our region backmap.
  llvm::SmallVector<const MemRegion*, 10> IntermediateRoots;

  // Scan the direct bindings for "intermediate" roots.
  for (RegionBindings::iterator I = B.begin(), E = B.end(); I != E; ++I) {
    const MemRegion *R = I.getKey();
    IntermediateRoots.push_back(R);
  }

  // Scan the default bindings for "intermediate" roots.
  RegionDefaultBindings DVM = state.get<RegionDefaultValue>();
  for (RegionDefaultBindings::iterator I = DVM.begin(), E = DVM.end();
       I != E; ++I) {
    const MemRegion *R = I.getKey();
    IntermediateRoots.push_back(R);
  }

  // Process the "intermediate" roots to find if they are referenced by
  // real roots.
  while (!IntermediateRoots.empty()) {
    const MemRegion* R = IntermediateRoots.back();
    IntermediateRoots.pop_back();

    if (const VarRegion* VR = dyn_cast<VarRegion>(R)) {
      if (SymReaper.isLive(Loc, VR->getDecl())) {
        RegionRoots.push_back(VR); // This is a live "root".
      }
      continue;
    }

    if (const SymbolicRegion* SR = dyn_cast<SymbolicRegion>(R)) {
      if (SymReaper.isLive(SR->getSymbol()))
        RegionRoots.push_back(SR);
      continue;
    }

    // Add the super region for R to the worklist if it is a subregion.
    if (const SubRegion* superR =
          dyn_cast<SubRegion>(cast<SubRegion>(R)->getSuperRegion()))
      IntermediateRoots.push_back(superR);
  }

  // Process the worklist of RegionRoots.  This performs a "mark-and-sweep"
  // of the store.  We want to find all live symbols and dead regions.
  llvm::DenseSet<const MemRegion*> Marked;
  llvm::DenseSet<const LazyCompoundValData*> LazyVals;
  TreeScanner TS(B, DVM, SymReaper, Marked, LazyVals, *SubRegions.get(),
                 *this, RegionRoots);

  while (!RegionRoots.empty()) {
    const MemRegion *R = RegionRoots.back();
    RegionRoots.pop_back();
    TS.scanTree(R);
  }

  // We have now scanned the store, marking reachable regions and symbols
  // as live.  We now remove all the regions that are dead from the store
  // as well as update DSymbols with the set symbols that are now dead.
  for (RegionBindings::iterator I = B.begin(), E = B.end(); I != E; ++I) {
    const MemRegion* R = I.getKey();
    // If this region live?  Is so, none of its symbols are dead.
    if (Marked.count(R))
      continue;

    // Remove this dead region from the store.
    store = Remove(store, ValMgr.makeLoc(R));

    // Mark all non-live symbols that this region references as dead.
    if (const SymbolicRegion* SymR = dyn_cast<SymbolicRegion>(R))
      SymReaper.maybeDead(SymR->getSymbol());

    SVal X = I.getData();
    SVal::symbol_iterator SI = X.symbol_begin(), SE = X.symbol_end();
    for (; SI != SE; ++SI)
      SymReaper.maybeDead(*SI);
  }

  // Remove dead 'default' bindings.
  RegionDefaultBindings NewDVM = DVM;
  RegionDefaultBindings::Factory &DVMFactory =
    state.get_context<RegionDefaultValue>();

  for (RegionDefaultBindings::iterator I = DVM.begin(), E = DVM.end();
       I != E; ++I) {
    const MemRegion *R = I.getKey();

    // If this region live?  Is so, none of its symbols are dead.
    if (Marked.count(R))
      continue;

    // Remove this dead region.
    NewDVM = DVMFactory.Remove(NewDVM, R);

    // Mark all non-live symbols that this region references as dead.
    if (const SymbolicRegion* SymR = dyn_cast<SymbolicRegion>(R))
      SymReaper.maybeDead(SymR->getSymbol());

    SVal X = I.getData();
    SVal::symbol_iterator SI = X.symbol_begin(), SE = X.symbol_end();
    for (; SI != SE; ++SI)
      SymReaper.maybeDead(*SI);
  }

  // Write the store back.
  state.setStore(store);

  // Write the updated default bindings back.
  // FIXME: Right now this involves a fetching of a persistent state.
  //  We can do better.
  if (DVM != NewDVM)
    state.setGDM(state.set<RegionDefaultValue>(NewDVM)->getGDM());
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Utility methods.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

void RegionStoreManager::print(Store store, llvm::raw_ostream& OS,
                               const char* nl, const char *sep) {
  RegionBindings B = GetRegionBindings(store);
  OS << "Store (direct bindings):" << nl;

  for (RegionBindings::iterator I = B.begin(), E = B.end(); I != E; ++I)
    OS << ' ' << I.getKey() << " : " << I.getData() << nl;
}