reflect/protoreflect: add alternative message reflection API

Added API:
	Message.Len
	Message.Range
	Message.Has
	Message.Clear
	Message.Get
	Message.Set
	Message.Mutable
	Message.NewMessage
	Message.WhichOneof
	Message.GetUnknown
	Message.SetUnknown

Deprecated API (to be removed in subsequent CL):
	Message.KnownFields
	Message.UnknownFields

The primary difference with the new API is that the top-level
Message methods are keyed by FieldDescriptor rather than FieldNumber
with the following semantics:
* For known fields, the FieldDescriptor must exactly match the
field descriptor known by the message.
* For extension fields, the FieldDescriptor must implement ExtensionType,
where ContainingMessage.FullName matches the message name, and
the field number is within the message's extension range.
When setting an extension field, it automatically stores
the extension type information.
* Extension fields are always considered nullable,
implying that repeated extension fields are nullable.
That is, you can distinguish between a unpopulated list and an empty list.
* Message.Get always returns a valid Value even if unpopulated.
The behavior is already well-defined for scalars, but for unpopulated
composite types, it now returns an empty read-only version of it.

Change-Id: Ia120630b4db221aeaaf743d0f64160e1a61a0f61
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/protobuf/+/175458
Reviewed-by: Damien Neil <dneil@google.com>
diff --git a/proto/decode.go b/proto/decode.go
index b376685..d614812 100644
--- a/proto/decode.go
+++ b/proto/decode.go
@@ -74,8 +74,6 @@
 func (o UnmarshalOptions) unmarshalMessage(b []byte, m protoreflect.Message) error {
 	messageDesc := m.Descriptor()
 	fieldDescs := messageDesc.Fields()
-	knownFields := m.KnownFields()
-	unknownFields := m.UnknownFields()
 	var nerr errors.NonFatal
 	for len(b) > 0 {
 		// Parse the tag (field number and wire type).
@@ -85,41 +83,32 @@
 		}
 
 		// Parse the field value.
-		fieldDesc := fieldDescs.ByNumber(num)
-		if fieldDesc == nil {
-			extType := knownFields.ExtensionTypes().ByNumber(num)
-			if extType == nil && messageDesc.ExtensionRanges().Has(num) {
-				var err error
-				extType, err = o.Resolver.FindExtensionByNumber(messageDesc.FullName(), num)
-				if err != nil && err != protoregistry.NotFound {
-					return err
-				}
-				if extType != nil {
-					knownFields.ExtensionTypes().Register(extType)
-				}
+		fd := fieldDescs.ByNumber(num)
+		if fd == nil && messageDesc.ExtensionRanges().Has(num) {
+			extType, err := o.Resolver.FindExtensionByNumber(messageDesc.FullName(), num)
+			if err != nil && err != protoregistry.NotFound {
+				return err
 			}
-			if extType != nil {
-				fieldDesc = extType.Descriptor()
-			}
+			fd = extType
 		}
 		var err error
 		var valLen int
 		switch {
-		case fieldDesc == nil:
+		case fd == nil:
 			err = errUnknown
-		case fieldDesc.IsList():
-			valLen, err = o.unmarshalList(b[tagLen:], wtyp, num, knownFields.Get(num).List(), fieldDesc)
-		case fieldDesc.IsMap():
-			valLen, err = o.unmarshalMap(b[tagLen:], wtyp, num, knownFields.Get(num).Map(), fieldDesc)
+		case fd.IsList():
+			valLen, err = o.unmarshalList(b[tagLen:], wtyp, m.Mutable(fd).List(), fd)
+		case fd.IsMap():
+			valLen, err = o.unmarshalMap(b[tagLen:], wtyp, m.Mutable(fd).Map(), fd)
 		default:
-			valLen, err = o.unmarshalScalarField(b[tagLen:], wtyp, num, knownFields, fieldDesc)
+			valLen, err = o.unmarshalSingular(b[tagLen:], wtyp, m, fd)
 		}
 		if err == errUnknown {
 			valLen = wire.ConsumeFieldValue(num, wtyp, b[tagLen:])
 			if valLen < 0 {
 				return wire.ParseError(valLen)
 			}
-			unknownFields.Set(num, append(unknownFields.Get(num), b[:tagLen+valLen]...))
+			m.SetUnknown(append(m.GetUnknown(), b[:tagLen+valLen]...))
 		} else if !nerr.Merge(err) {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -128,38 +117,38 @@
 	return nerr.E
 }
 
-func (o UnmarshalOptions) unmarshalScalarField(b []byte, wtyp wire.Type, num wire.Number, knownFields protoreflect.KnownFields, field protoreflect.FieldDescriptor) (n int, err error) {
+func (o UnmarshalOptions) unmarshalSingular(b []byte, wtyp wire.Type, m protoreflect.Message, fd protoreflect.FieldDescriptor) (n int, err error) {
 	var nerr errors.NonFatal
-	v, n, err := o.unmarshalScalar(b, wtyp, num, field)
+	v, n, err := o.unmarshalScalar(b, wtyp, fd)
 	if !nerr.Merge(err) {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	switch field.Kind() {
+	switch fd.Kind() {
 	case protoreflect.GroupKind, protoreflect.MessageKind:
 		// Messages are merged with any existing message value,
 		// unless the message is part of a oneof.
 		//
 		// TODO: C++ merges into oneofs, while v1 does not.
 		// Evaluate which behavior to pick.
-		var m protoreflect.Message
-		if knownFields.Has(num) && field.ContainingOneof() == nil {
-			m = knownFields.Get(num).Message()
+		var m2 protoreflect.Message
+		if m.Has(fd) && fd.ContainingOneof() == nil {
+			m2 = m.Mutable(fd).Message()
 		} else {
-			m = knownFields.NewMessage(num)
-			knownFields.Set(num, protoreflect.ValueOf(m))
+			m2 = m.NewMessage(fd)
+			m.Set(fd, protoreflect.ValueOf(m2))
 		}
 		// Pass up errors (fatal and otherwise).
-		if err := o.unmarshalMessage(v.Bytes(), m); !nerr.Merge(err) {
+		if err := o.unmarshalMessage(v.Bytes(), m2); !nerr.Merge(err) {
 			return n, err
 		}
 	default:
 		// Non-message scalars replace the previous value.
-		knownFields.Set(num, v)
+		m.Set(fd, v)
 	}
 	return n, nerr.E
 }
 
-func (o UnmarshalOptions) unmarshalMap(b []byte, wtyp wire.Type, num wire.Number, mapv protoreflect.Map, field protoreflect.FieldDescriptor) (n int, err error) {
+func (o UnmarshalOptions) unmarshalMap(b []byte, wtyp wire.Type, mapv protoreflect.Map, fd protoreflect.FieldDescriptor) (n int, err error) {
 	if wtyp != wire.BytesType {
 		return 0, errUnknown
 	}
@@ -168,8 +157,8 @@
 		return 0, wire.ParseError(n)
 	}
 	var (
-		keyField = field.MapKey()
-		valField = field.MapValue()
+		keyField = fd.MapKey()
+		valField = fd.MapValue()
 		key      protoreflect.Value
 		val      protoreflect.Value
 		haveKey  bool
@@ -191,7 +180,7 @@
 		err = errUnknown
 		switch num {
 		case 1:
-			key, n, err = o.unmarshalScalar(b, wtyp, num, keyField)
+			key, n, err = o.unmarshalScalar(b, wtyp, keyField)
 			if !nerr.Merge(err) {
 				break
 			}
@@ -199,7 +188,7 @@
 			haveKey = true
 		case 2:
 			var v protoreflect.Value
-			v, n, err = o.unmarshalScalar(b, wtyp, num, valField)
+			v, n, err = o.unmarshalScalar(b, wtyp, valField)
 			if !nerr.Merge(err) {
 				break
 			}