all: make handling of zero-value composites more consistent

We occasionally need to work with immutable, empty lists, maps, and
messages. Notably, Message.Get on an empty repeated field will return a
"frozen" empty value.

Move handling of these immutable, zero-length composites into Converter,
to unify the behavior of regular and extension fields.

Add a Zero method to Converter, MessageType, and ExtensionType, to
provide a consistent way to get an empty, frozen value of a composite
type. Adding this method to the public {Message,Extension}Type
interfaces does increase our API surface, but lets us (for example)
cleanly represent an empty map as a nil map rather than a non-nil
one wrapped in a frozenMap type.

Drop the frozen{List,Map,Message} types as no longer necessary.
(These types did have support for creating a read-only view of a
non-empty value, but we are not currently using that feature.)

Change-Id: Ia76f149d591da07b40ce75b7404a7ab8a60cb9d8
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/protobuf/+/189339
Reviewed-by: Joe Tsai <thebrokentoaster@gmail.com>
diff --git a/internal/impl/convert.go b/internal/impl/convert.go
index 86da513..4b280ef 100644
--- a/internal/impl/convert.go
+++ b/internal/impl/convert.go
@@ -19,9 +19,21 @@
 
 // A Converter coverts to/from Go reflect.Value types and protobuf protoreflect.Value types.
 type Converter interface {
+	// PBValueOf converts a reflect.Value to a protoreflect.Value.
 	PBValueOf(reflect.Value) pref.Value
+
+	// GoValueOf converts a protoreflect.Value to a reflect.Value.
 	GoValueOf(pref.Value) reflect.Value
+
+	// New returns a new field value.
+	// For scalars, it returns the default value of the field.
+	// For composite types, it returns a new mutable value.
 	New() pref.Value
+
+	// Zero returns a new field value.
+	// For scalars, it returns the default value of the field.
+	// For composite types, it returns an immutable, empty value.
+	Zero() pref.Value
 }
 
 // NewConverter matches a Go type with a protobuf field and returns a Converter
@@ -158,6 +170,10 @@
 	return c.def
 }
 
+func (c *scalarConverter) Zero() pref.Value {
+	return c.New()
+}
+
 type enumConverter struct {
 	goType reflect.Type
 	def    pref.Value
@@ -188,6 +204,10 @@
 	return c.def
 }
 
+func (c *enumConverter) Zero() pref.Value {
+	return c.def
+}
+
 type messageConverter struct {
 	goType reflect.Type
 }
@@ -223,3 +243,7 @@
 func (c *messageConverter) New() pref.Value {
 	return c.PBValueOf(reflect.New(c.goType.Elem()))
 }
+
+func (c *messageConverter) Zero() pref.Value {
+	return c.PBValueOf(reflect.Zero(c.goType))
+}