internal/filedesc, internal/filetype: initial commit

The internal/fileinit package is split apart into two packages:
* internal/filedesc constructs descriptors from the raw proto.
It is very similar to the previous internal/fileinit package.
* internal/filetype wraps descriptors with Go type information

Overview:
* The internal/fileinit package will be deleted in a future CL.
It is kept around since the v1 repo currently depends on it.
* The internal/prototype package is deleted. All former usages of it
are now using internal/filedesc instead. Most significantly,
the reflect/protodesc package was almost entirely re-written.
* The internal/impl package drops support for messages that do not
have a Descriptor method (pre-2016). This removes a significant amount
of technical debt.
filedesc.Builder to parse raw descriptors.
* The internal/encoding/defval package now handles enum values by name.

Change-Id: I3957bcc8588a70470fd6c7de1122216b80615ab7
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/protobuf/+/182360
Reviewed-by: Damien Neil <dneil@google.com>
diff --git a/internal/filedesc/name_unsafe.go b/internal/filedesc/name_unsafe.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..317114f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/filedesc/name_unsafe.go
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// +build !purego,!appengine
+
+package filedesc
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	pref "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+)
+
+var nameBuilderPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} { return new(nameBuilder) },
+}
+
+func getNameBuilder() *nameBuilder {
+	return nameBuilderPool.Get().(*nameBuilder)
+}
+func putNameBuilder(b *nameBuilder) {
+	nameBuilderPool.Put(b)
+}
+
+type nameBuilder struct {
+	sb stringBuilder
+}
+
+// MakeFullName converts b to a protoreflect.FullName,
+// where b must start with a leading dot.
+func (nb *nameBuilder) MakeFullName(b []byte) pref.FullName {
+	if len(b) == 0 || b[0] != '.' {
+		panic("name reference must be fully qualified")
+	}
+	return pref.FullName(nb.MakeString(b[1:]))
+}
+
+// AppendFullName is equivalent to protoreflect.FullName.Append,
+// but optimized for large batches where each name has a shared lifetime.
+func (nb *nameBuilder) AppendFullName(prefix pref.FullName, name []byte) pref.FullName {
+	n := len(prefix) + len(".") + len(name)
+	if len(prefix) == 0 {
+		n -= len(".")
+	}
+	nb.grow(n)
+	nb.sb.WriteString(string(prefix))
+	nb.sb.WriteByte('.')
+	nb.sb.Write(name)
+	return pref.FullName(nb.last(n))
+}
+
+// MakeString is equivalent to string(b), but optimized for large batches
+// with a shared lifetime.
+func (nb *nameBuilder) MakeString(b []byte) string {
+	nb.grow(len(b))
+	nb.sb.Write(b)
+	return nb.last(len(b))
+}
+
+func (nb *nameBuilder) last(n int) string {
+	s := nb.sb.String()
+	return s[len(s)-n:]
+}
+
+func (nb *nameBuilder) grow(n int) {
+	const batchSize = 1 << 16
+	if nb.sb.Cap()-nb.sb.Len() < n {
+		nb.sb.Reset()
+		nb.sb.Grow(batchSize)
+	}
+}
+
+// stringsBuilder is a simplified copy of the strings.Builder from Go1.12:
+//	* removed the shallow copy check
+//	* removed methods that we do not use (e.g. WriteRune)
+//
+// A forked version is used:
+//	* to enable Go1.9 support, but strings.Builder was added in Go1.10
+//	* for the Cap method, which was missing until Go1.12
+//
+// TODO: Remove this when Go1.12 is the minimally supported toolchain version.
+type stringBuilder struct {
+	buf []byte
+}
+
+func (b *stringBuilder) String() string {
+	return *(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&b.buf))
+}
+func (b *stringBuilder) Len() int {
+	return len(b.buf)
+}
+func (b *stringBuilder) Cap() int {
+	return cap(b.buf)
+}
+func (b *stringBuilder) Reset() {
+	b.buf = nil
+}
+func (b *stringBuilder) grow(n int) {
+	buf := make([]byte, len(b.buf), 2*cap(b.buf)+n)
+	copy(buf, b.buf)
+	b.buf = buf
+}
+func (b *stringBuilder) Grow(n int) {
+	if n < 0 {
+		panic("stringBuilder.Grow: negative count")
+	}
+	if cap(b.buf)-len(b.buf) < n {
+		b.grow(n)
+	}
+}
+func (b *stringBuilder) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	b.buf = append(b.buf, p...)
+	return len(p), nil
+}
+func (b *stringBuilder) WriteByte(c byte) error {
+	b.buf = append(b.buf, c)
+	return nil
+}
+func (b *stringBuilder) WriteString(s string) (int, error) {
+	b.buf = append(b.buf, s...)
+	return len(s), nil
+}