diff --git a/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/AbstractChannelBuilder.java b/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/AbstractChannelBuilder.java
index 0ecda3d..16b9d52 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/AbstractChannelBuilder.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/AbstractChannelBuilder.java
@@ -31,12 +31,13 @@
 
 package com.google.net.stubby;
 
-import static com.google.net.stubby.AbstractServiceBuilder.DEFAULT_EXECUTOR;
-
 import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ThreadFactoryBuilder;
+import com.google.net.stubby.SharedResourceHolder.Resource;
 import com.google.net.stubby.transport.ClientTransportFactory;
 
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
 
 import javax.annotation.Nullable;
 
@@ -46,6 +47,26 @@
  * @param <BuilderT> The concrete type of this builder.
  */
 public abstract class AbstractChannelBuilder<BuilderT extends AbstractChannelBuilder<BuilderT>> {
+  static final Resource<ExecutorService> DEFAULT_EXECUTOR =
+      new Resource<ExecutorService>() {
+        private static final String name = "grpc-default-executor";
+        @Override
+        public ExecutorService create() {
+          return Executors.newCachedThreadPool(new ThreadFactoryBuilder()
+              .setNameFormat(name + "-%d").build());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void close(ExecutorService instance) {
+          instance.shutdown();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+          return name;
+        }
+      };
+
   @Nullable
   private ExecutorService userExecutor;
 
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/AbstractServerBuilder.java b/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/AbstractServerBuilder.java
index 516a440..09d9346 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/AbstractServerBuilder.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/AbstractServerBuilder.java
@@ -31,21 +31,26 @@
 
 package com.google.net.stubby;
 
+import static com.google.net.stubby.AbstractChannelBuilder.DEFAULT_EXECUTOR;
+
 import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Service;
 import com.google.net.stubby.transport.ServerListener;
 
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
 
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+
 /**
  * The base class for server builders.
  *
  * @param <BuilderT> The concrete type for this builder.
  */
-public abstract class AbstractServerBuilder<BuilderT extends AbstractServerBuilder<BuilderT>>
-    extends AbstractServiceBuilder<ServerImpl, BuilderT> {
+public abstract class AbstractServerBuilder<BuilderT extends AbstractServerBuilder<BuilderT>> {
 
   private final HandlerRegistry registry;
+  @Nullable
+  private ExecutorService userExecutor;
 
   /**
    * Constructs using a given handler registry.
@@ -62,6 +67,21 @@
   }
 
   /**
+   * Provides a custom executor.
+   *
+   * <p>It's an optional parameter. If the user has not provided an executor when the server is
+   * built, the builder will use a static cached thread pool.
+   *
+   * <p>The server won't take ownership of the given executor. It's caller's responsibility to
+   * shut down the executor when it's desired.
+   */
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  public final BuilderT executor(ExecutorService executor) {
+    userExecutor = executor;
+    return (BuilderT) this;
+  }
+
+  /**
    * Adds a service implementation to the handler registry.
    *
    * <p>This is supported only if the user didn't provide a handler registry, or the provided one is
@@ -76,10 +96,33 @@
     throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Underlying HandlerRegistry is not mutable");
   }
 
-  @Override
-  protected final ServerImpl buildImpl(ExecutorService executor) {
+  /**
+   * Builds a server using the given parameters.
+   *
+   * <p>The returned service will not been started or be bound a port. You will need to start it
+   * with {@link ServerImpl#start()}.
+   */
+  public ServerImpl build() {
+    final ExecutorService executor;
+    final boolean releaseExecutor;
+    if (userExecutor != null) {
+      executor = userExecutor;
+      releaseExecutor = false;
+    } else {
+      executor = SharedResourceHolder.get(DEFAULT_EXECUTOR);
+      releaseExecutor = true;
+    }
+
     ServerImpl server = new ServerImpl(executor, registry);
     server.setTransportServer(buildTransportServer(server.serverListener()));
+    server.setTerminationRunnable(new Runnable() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+        if (releaseExecutor) {
+          SharedResourceHolder.release(DEFAULT_EXECUTOR, executor);
+        }
+      }
+    });
     return server;
   }
 
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/AbstractServiceBuilder.java b/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/AbstractServiceBuilder.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c23a02..0000000
--- a/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/AbstractServiceBuilder.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,194 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2014, Google Inc. All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
- * met:
- *
- *    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- *    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
- * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
- * in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
- * distribution.
- *
- *    * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
- * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
- * this software without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
- * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
- * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
- * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
- * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
- * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
- * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
- * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
- * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-package com.google.net.stubby;
-
-import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
-import com.google.common.util.concurrent.MoreExecutors;
-import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Service;
-import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ThreadFactoryBuilder;
-import com.google.net.stubby.SharedResourceHolder.Resource;
-
-import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
-import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
-
-import javax.annotation.Nullable;
-
-/**
- * Base class for channel builders and server builders.
- *
- * <p>The ownership rule: a builder generally does not take ownership of any objects passed to it.
- * The caller is responsible for closing them if needed. The builder is only responsible for the
- * life-cycle of objects created inside.
- *
- * @param <ProductT> The product that is built by this builder.
- * @param <BuilderT> The concrete type of this builder.
- */
-abstract class AbstractServiceBuilder<ProductT extends Service,
-    BuilderT extends AbstractServiceBuilder<ProductT, BuilderT>> {
-
-  static final Resource<ExecutorService> DEFAULT_EXECUTOR =
-      new Resource<ExecutorService>() {
-        private static final String name = "grpc-default-executor";
-        @Override
-        public ExecutorService create() {
-          return Executors.newCachedThreadPool(new ThreadFactoryBuilder()
-              .setNameFormat(name + "-%d").build());
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void close(ExecutorService instance) {
-          instance.shutdown();
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public String toString() {
-          return name;
-        }
-      };
-
-  @Nullable
-  private ExecutorService userExecutor;
-
-  /**
-   * Provides a custom executor.
-   *
-   * <p>It's an optional parameter. If the user has not provided an executor when the service is
-   * built, the builder will use a static cached thread pool.
-   *
-   * <p>The service won't take ownership of the given executor. It's caller's responsibility to
-   * shut down the executor when it's desired.
-   */
-  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-  public final BuilderT executor(ExecutorService executor) {
-    userExecutor = executor;
-    return (BuilderT) this;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Builds a service using the given parameters.
-   *
-   * <p>The returned service has not been started at this point. You will need to start it by
-   * yourself or use {@link #buildAndStart()}.
-   */
-  public ProductT build() {
-    final ExecutorService executor = (userExecutor == null)
-        ?  SharedResourceHolder.get(DEFAULT_EXECUTOR) : userExecutor;
-    ProductT service = buildImpl(executor);
-    // We shut down the executor only if we created it.
-    if (userExecutor == null) {
-      service.addListener(new ClosureHook() {
-        @Override
-        protected void onClosed() {
-          SharedResourceHolder.release(DEFAULT_EXECUTOR, executor);
-        }
-      }, MoreExecutors.directExecutor());
-    }
-    return service;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Builds and starts a service.
-   *
-   * <p>The service may not be running when this method returns. If you want to wait until it's up
-   * and running, either use {@link Service#awaitRunning()} or {@link #buildAndWaitForRunning()}.
-   *
-   * @return the service that has just been built and started
-   */
-  public final ProductT buildAndStart() {
-    ProductT service = build();
-    service.startAsync();
-    return service;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Builds and starts a service, and wait until it's up and running.
-   *
-   * @return the service that has just been built and is now running.
-   */
-  public final ProductT buildAndWaitForRunning() {
-    ProductT service = buildAndStart();
-    try {
-      service.awaitRunning();
-    } catch (Exception e) {
-      service.stopAsync();
-      throw Throwables.propagate(e);
-    }
-    return service;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Builds and starts a service, and wait until it's up and running, with a timeout.
-   *
-   * @return the service that has just been built and is now running.
-   * @throws TimeoutException if the service didn't become running within the given timeout.
-   */
-  public final ProductT buildAndWaitForRunning(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
-      throws TimeoutException {
-    ProductT service = buildAndStart();
-    try {
-      service.awaitRunning(timeout, unit);
-    } catch (Exception e) {
-      service.stopAsync();
-      if (e instanceof TimeoutException) {
-        throw (TimeoutException) e;
-      } else {
-        throw Throwables.propagate(e);
-      }
-    }
-    return service;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Subclasses may use this as a convenient listener for cleaning up after the built service.
-   */
-  protected abstract static class ClosureHook extends Service.Listener {
-    protected abstract void onClosed();
-
-    @Override
-    public void terminated(Service.State from) {
-      onClosed();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void failed(Service.State from, Throwable failure) {
-      onClosed();
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Implemented by subclasses to build the actual service object. The given executor is owned by
-   * this base class.
-   */
-  protected abstract ProductT buildImpl(ExecutorService executor);
-}
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/Server.java b/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/Server.java
index e413777..fbc2e94 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/Server.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/Server.java
@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@
 
 package com.google.net.stubby;
 
-import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Service;
-
 import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
 
 /**
@@ -40,4 +38,4 @@
  * not expected to be implemented by application code or interceptors.
  */
 @ThreadSafe
-public interface Server extends Service {}
+public interface Server {}
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/ServerImpl.java b/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/ServerImpl.java
index df933fe..5883d48 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/ServerImpl.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/ServerImpl.java
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
 
 import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
 import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
-import com.google.common.util.concurrent.AbstractService;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.MoreExecutors;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Service;
 import com.google.net.stubby.transport.ServerListener;
@@ -47,6 +46,7 @@
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 /**
  * Default implementation of {@link Server}, for creation by transports.
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
  * <p>Starting the server starts the underlying transport for servicing requests. Stopping the
  * server stops servicing new requests and waits for all connections to terminate.
  */
-public class ServerImpl extends AbstractService implements Server {
+public class ServerImpl implements Server {
   private static final ServerStreamListener NOOP_LISTENER = new NoopListener();
 
   private final ServerListener serverListener = new ServerListenerImpl();
@@ -72,11 +72,14 @@
   /** Executor for application processing. */
   private final Executor executor;
   private final HandlerRegistry registry;
+  private boolean started;
+  private boolean shutdown;
+  private boolean terminated;
+  private Runnable terminationRunnable;
   /** Service encapsulating something similar to an accept() socket. */
   private Service transportServer;
   /** {@code transportServer} and services encapsulating something similar to a TCP connection. */
-  private final Collection<Service> transports
-      = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<Service>());
+  private final Collection<Service> transports = new HashSet<Service>();
 
   /**
    * Construct a server. {@link #setTransportServer(Service)} must be called before starting the
@@ -96,18 +99,17 @@
    *
    * @return this object
    */
-  public ServerImpl setTransportServer(Service transportServer) {
-    Preconditions.checkState(state() == Server.State.NEW, "server must be in NEW state");
+  public synchronized ServerImpl setTransportServer(Service transportServer) {
+    if (shutdown) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Already shutdown");
+    }
     Preconditions.checkState(this.transportServer == null, "transportServer already set");
     this.transportServer = Preconditions.checkNotNull(transportServer);
     Preconditions.checkArgument(
-        transportServer.state() == Server.State.NEW, "transport server not in NEW state");
-    transportServer.addListener(new TransportLifecycleListener(), MoreExecutors.directExecutor());
+        transportServer.state() == Service.State.NEW, "transport server not in NEW state");
+    transportServer.addListener(new TransportServiceListener(transportServer),
+        MoreExecutors.directExecutor());
     transports.add(transportServer);
-    // We assume that transport.state() won't change by another thread before we return from this
-    // call.
-    Preconditions.checkState(
-        transportServer.state() == Server.State.NEW, "transport server changed state!");
     return this;
   }
 
@@ -116,64 +118,114 @@
     return serverListener;
   }
 
-  @Override
-  protected void doStart() {
-    Preconditions.checkState(transportServer != null, "setTransportServer not called");
-    transportServer.startAsync();
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  protected void doStop() {
-    stopTransports();
+  /** Hack to allow executors to auto-shutdown. Not for general use. */
+  // TODO(ejona): Replace with a real API.
+  synchronized void setTerminationRunnable(Runnable runnable) {
+    this.terminationRunnable = runnable;
   }
 
   /**
-   * Remove transport service from accounting list and notify of complete shutdown if necessary.
+   * Bind and start the server.
+   *
+   * @return {@code this} object
+   * @throws IllegalStateException if already started
+   */
+  public synchronized ServerImpl start() {
+    if (started) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Already started");
+    }
+    started = true;
+    try {
+      // Start and wait for any port to actually be bound.
+      transportServer.startAsync().awaitRunning();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException ex) {
+      Throwable t = transportServer.failureCause();
+      if (t != null) {
+        throw Throwables.propagate(t);
+      }
+      throw ex;
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initiates an orderly shutdown in which preexisting calls continue but new calls are rejected.
+   */
+  public synchronized ServerImpl shutdown() {
+    shutdown = true;
+    // transports collection can be modified during stopAsync(), even if we hold the lock, due to
+    // reentrancy.
+    for (Service transport : transports.toArray(new Service[transports.size()])) {
+      transport.stopAsync();
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initiates a forceful shutdown in which preexisting and new calls are rejected. Although
+   * forceful, the shutdown process is still not instantaneous; {@link #isTerminated()} will likely
+   * return {@code false} immediately after this method returns.
+   *
+   * <p>NOT YET IMPLEMENTED. This method currently behaves identically to shutdown().
+   */
+  // TODO(ejona): cancel preexisting calls.
+  public synchronized ServerImpl shutdownNow() {
+    shutdown();
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns whether the server is shutdown. Shutdown servers reject any new calls, but may still
+   * have some calls being processed.
+   *
+   * @see #shutdown()
+   * @see #isTerminated()
+   */
+  public synchronized boolean isShutdown() {
+    return shutdown;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Waits for the server to become terminated, giving up if the timeout is reached.
+   *
+   * @return whether the server is terminated, as would be done by {@link #isTerminated()}.
+   */
+  public synchronized boolean awaitTerminated(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
+      throws InterruptedException {
+    long timeoutNanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);
+    long endTimeNanos = System.nanoTime() + timeoutNanos;
+    while (!terminated && (timeoutNanos = endTimeNanos - System.nanoTime()) > 0) {
+      TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.timedWait(this, timeoutNanos);
+    }
+    return terminated;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns whether the server is terminated. Terminated servers have no running calls and
+   * relevant resources released (like TCP connections).
+   *
+   * @see #isShutdown()
+   */
+  public synchronized boolean isTerminated() {
+    return terminated;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Remove transport service from accounting collection and notify of complete shutdown if
+   * necessary.
    *
    * @param transport service to remove
-   * @return {@code true} if shutting down and it is now complete
    */
-  private boolean transportClosed(Service transport) {
-    boolean shutdownComplete;
-    synchronized (transports) {
-      if (!transports.remove(transport)) {
-        throw new AssertionError("Transport already removed");
+  private synchronized void transportClosed(Service transport) {
+    if (!transports.remove(transport)) {
+      throw new AssertionError("Transport already removed");
+    }
+    if (shutdown && transports.isEmpty()) {
+      terminated = true;
+      notifyAll();
+      if (terminationRunnable != null) {
+        terminationRunnable.run();
       }
-      shutdownComplete = transports.isEmpty();
-    }
-    if (shutdownComplete) {
-      Service.State state = state();
-      if (state == Service.State.STOPPING) {
-        notifyStopped();
-      } else if (state == Service.State.FAILED) {
-        // NOOP: already failed
-      } else {
-        notifyFailed(new IllegalStateException("server transport terminated unexpectedly"));
-      }
-    }
-    return shutdownComplete;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * The transport server closed, so cleanup its resources and start shutdown.
-   */
-  private void transportServerClosed() {
-    boolean shutdownComplete = transportClosed(transportServer);
-    if (shutdownComplete) {
-      return;
-    }
-    stopTransports();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Shutdown all transports (including transportServer). Safe to be called even if previously
-   * called.
-   */
-  private void stopTransports() {
-    for (Service transport : transports.toArray(new Service[0])) {
-      // transports list can be modified during this call, even if we hold the lock, due to
-      // reentrancy.
-      transport.stopAsync();
     }
   }
 
@@ -184,12 +236,14 @@
       Preconditions.checkArgument(
           transportState == Service.State.STARTING || transportState == Service.State.RUNNING,
           "Created transport should be starting or running");
-      if (state() != Server.State.RUNNING) {
-        transport.stopAsync();
-        return serverTransportListener;
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (shutdown) {
+          transport.stopAsync();
+          return serverTransportListener;
+        }
+        transports.add(transport);
       }
-      transports.add(transport);
-      // transports list can be modified during this call, even if we hold the lock, due to
+      // transports collection can be modified during this call, even if we hold the lock, due to
       // reentrancy.
       transport.addListener(new TransportServiceListener(transport),
           MoreExecutors.directExecutor());
@@ -201,28 +255,6 @@
     }
   }
 
-  /** Listens for lifecycle changes to the "accept() socket." */
-  private class TransportLifecycleListener extends Service.Listener {
-    @Override
-    public void running() {
-      notifyStarted();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void terminated(Service.State from) {
-      transportServerClosed();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void failed(Service.State from, Throwable failure) {
-      // TODO(ejona): Ideally we would want to force-stop transports before notifying application of
-      // failure, but that would cause us to have an unrepresentative state since we would be
-      // RUNNING but not accepting connections.
-      notifyFailed(failure);
-      transportServerClosed();
-    }
-  }
-
   /** Listens for lifecycle changes to a "TCP connection." */
   private class TransportServiceListener extends Service.Listener {
     private final Service transport;
diff --git a/core/src/test/java/com/google/net/stubby/ServerImplTest.java b/core/src/test/java/com/google/net/stubby/ServerImplTest.java
index 9cb6cf4..e99e328 100644
--- a/core/src/test/java/com/google/net/stubby/ServerImplTest.java
+++ b/core/src/test/java/com/google/net/stubby/ServerImplTest.java
@@ -33,7 +33,10 @@
 
 import static com.google.common.base.Charsets.UTF_8;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.isNull;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.notNull;
@@ -68,6 +71,7 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link ServerImpl}. */
@@ -92,8 +96,7 @@
   public void startup() {
     MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
 
-    server.startAsync();
-    server.awaitRunning();
+    server.start();
   }
 
   @After
@@ -102,50 +105,33 @@
   }
 
   @Test
-  public void startStopImmediate() {
+  public void startStopImmediate() throws InterruptedException {
     Service transportServer = new NoopService();
-    Server server = new ServerImpl(executor, registry).setTransportServer(transportServer);
-    assertEquals(Service.State.NEW, server.state());
+    ServerImpl server = new ServerImpl(executor, registry).setTransportServer(transportServer);
     assertEquals(Service.State.NEW, transportServer.state());
-    server.startAsync();
-    server.awaitRunning();
-    assertEquals(Service.State.RUNNING, server.state());
+    server.start();
     assertEquals(Service.State.RUNNING, transportServer.state());
-    server.stopAsync();
-    server.awaitTerminated();
-    assertEquals(Service.State.TERMINATED, server.state());
+    server.shutdown();
+    assertTrue(server.awaitTerminated(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
     assertEquals(Service.State.TERMINATED, transportServer.state());
   }
 
   @Test
-  public void transportServerFailureFailsServer() {
-    class FailableService extends NoopService {
-      public void doNotifyFailed(Throwable cause) {
-        notifyFailed(cause);
-      }
-    }
-    FailableService transportServer = new FailableService();
-    Server server = new ServerImpl(executor, registry).setTransportServer(transportServer);
-    server.startAsync();
-    server.awaitRunning();
-    RuntimeException ex = new RuntimeException("force failure");
-    transportServer.doNotifyFailed(ex);
-    assertEquals(Service.State.FAILED, server.state());
-    assertEquals(ex, server.failureCause());
-  }
-
-  @Test
   public void transportServerFailsStartup() {
+    final Exception ex = new RuntimeException();
     class FailingStartupService extends NoopService {
       @Override
       public void doStart() {
-        notifyFailed(new RuntimeException());
+        notifyFailed(ex);
       }
     }
     FailingStartupService transportServer = new FailingStartupService();
-    Server server = new ServerImpl(executor, registry).setTransportServer(transportServer);
-    server.startAsync();
-    assertEquals(Service.State.FAILED, server.state());
+    ServerImpl server = new ServerImpl(executor, registry).setTransportServer(transportServer);
+    try {
+      server.start();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      assertSame(ex, e);
+    }
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -159,20 +145,20 @@
       public void doStop() {} // Don't notify.
     }
     NoopService transportServer = new NoopService();
-    ServerImpl server = new ServerImpl(executor, registry).setTransportServer(transportServer);
-    server.startAsync();
-    server.awaitRunning();
+    ServerImpl server = new ServerImpl(executor, registry).setTransportServer(transportServer)
+        .start();
     ManualStoppedService transport = new ManualStoppedService();
     transport.startAsync();
     server.serverListener().transportCreated(transport);
-    server.stopAsync();
+    server.shutdown();
     assertEquals(Service.State.STOPPING, transport.state());
     assertEquals(Service.State.TERMINATED, transportServer.state());
-    assertEquals(Service.State.STOPPING, server.state());
+    assertTrue(server.isShutdown());
+    assertFalse(server.isTerminated());
 
     transport.doNotifyStopped();
     assertEquals(Service.State.TERMINATED, transport.state());
-    assertEquals(Service.State.TERMINATED, server.state());
+    assertTrue(server.isTerminated());
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -186,20 +172,20 @@
       public void doStop() {} // Don't notify.
     }
     ManualStoppedService transportServer = new ManualStoppedService();
-    ServerImpl server = new ServerImpl(executor, registry).setTransportServer(transportServer);
-    server.startAsync();
-    server.awaitRunning();
+    ServerImpl server = new ServerImpl(executor, registry).setTransportServer(transportServer)
+        .start();
     Service transport = new NoopService();
     transport.startAsync();
     server.serverListener().transportCreated(transport);
-    server.stopAsync();
+    server.shutdown();
     assertEquals(Service.State.TERMINATED, transport.state());
     assertEquals(Service.State.STOPPING, transportServer.state());
-    assertEquals(Service.State.STOPPING, server.state());
+    assertTrue(server.isShutdown());
+    assertFalse(server.isTerminated());
 
     transportServer.doNotifyStopped();
     assertEquals(Service.State.TERMINATED, transportServer.state());
-    assertEquals(Service.State.TERMINATED, server.state());
+    assertTrue(server.isTerminated());
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/integration-testing/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/testing/integration/AbstractTransportTest.java b/integration-testing/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/testing/integration/AbstractTransportTest.java
index cadb10a..0b4d983 100644
--- a/integration-testing/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/testing/integration/AbstractTransportTest.java
+++ b/integration-testing/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/testing/integration/AbstractTransportTest.java
@@ -99,11 +99,11 @@
         .addService(ServerInterceptors.intercept(
             TestServiceGrpc.bindService(new TestServiceImpl(testServiceExecutor)),
             TestUtils.echoRequestHeadersInterceptor(Util.METADATA_KEY)))
-        .buildAndWaitForRunning();
+        .build().start();
   }
 
   protected static void stopStaticServer() {
-    server.stopAsync();
+    server.shutdownNow();
     testServiceExecutor.shutdown();
   }
 
diff --git a/integration-testing/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/testing/integration/TestServiceServer.java b/integration-testing/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/testing/integration/TestServiceServer.java
index 7452e71..726930a 100644
--- a/integration-testing/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/testing/integration/TestServiceServer.java
+++ b/integration-testing/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/testing/integration/TestServiceServer.java
@@ -138,14 +138,14 @@
         .addService(ServerInterceptors.intercept(
             TestServiceGrpc.bindService(new TestServiceImpl(executor)),
             TestUtils.echoRequestHeadersInterceptor(Util.METADATA_KEY)))
-        .build();
-    server.startAsync();
-    server.awaitRunning(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        .build().start();
   }
 
   private void stop() throws Exception {
-    server.stopAsync();
-    server.awaitTerminated();
+    server.shutdownNow();
+    if (!server.awaitTerminated(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+      System.err.println("Timed out waiting for server shutdown");
+    }
     MoreExecutors.shutdownAndAwaitTermination(executor, 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
   }
 }
diff --git a/netty/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/transport/netty/NettyServerBuilder.java b/netty/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/transport/netty/NettyServerBuilder.java
index 5cf90ce..6c30959 100644
--- a/netty/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/transport/netty/NettyServerBuilder.java
+++ b/netty/src/main/java/com/google/net/stubby/transport/netty/NettyServerBuilder.java
@@ -143,4 +143,18 @@
     }
     return server;
   }
+
+  private abstract static class ClosureHook extends Service.Listener {
+    protected abstract void onClosed();
+
+    @Override
+    public void terminated(Service.State from) {
+      onClosed();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void failed(Service.State from, Throwable failure) {
+      onClosed();
+    }
+  }
 }