*******************************************************************************
**     Background
*******************************************************************************

libjpeg-turbo is a derivative of libjpeg that uses SIMD instructions (MMX,
SSE2, etc.) to accelerate baseline JPEG compression and decompression on x86
and x86-64 systems.  On such systems, libjpeg-turbo is generally 2-4x as fast
as the unmodified version of libjpeg, all else being equal.

libjpeg-turbo was originally based on libjpeg/SIMD by Miyasaka Masaru, but
the TigerVNC and VirtualGL projects made numerous enhancements to the codec in
2009, including improved support for Mac OS X, 64-bit support, support for
32-bit and big endian pixel formats (RGBX, XBGR, etc.), accelerated Huffman
encoding/decoding, and various bug fixes.  The goal was to produce a fully open
source codec that could replace the partially closed source TurboJPEG/IPP codec
used by VirtualGL and TurboVNC.  libjpeg-turbo generally performs in the range
of 80-120% of TurboJPEG/IPP.  It is faster in some areas but slower in others.

In early 2010, libjpeg-turbo spun off into its own independent project, with
the goal of making high-speed JPEG compression/decompression technology
available to a broader range of users and developers.  The libjpeg-turbo shared
libraries can be used as drop-in replacements for libjpeg on most systems.


*******************************************************************************
**     License
*******************************************************************************

libjpeg-turbo is licensed under a non-restrictive, BSD-style license
(see README.)  The TurboJPEG/OSS wrapper (both C and Java versions) and
associated test programs bear a similar license, which is reproduced below:

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

- Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- Neither the name of the libjpeg-turbo Project nor the names of its
  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this
  software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS",
AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.


*******************************************************************************
**     Using libjpeg-turbo
*******************************************************************************

libjpeg-turbo includes two APIs that can be used to compress and decompress
JPEG images:

  TurboJPEG API:  This API wraps libjpeg-turbo and provides an easy-to-use
  interface for compressing and decompressing JPEG images in memory.  It also
  provides some features that would not be straightforward to implement using
  the underlying libjpeg API, such as generating planar YUV images and
  performing multiple simultaneous lossless transforms on an image.  The Java
  interface for libjpeg-turbo is written on top of the TurboJPEG API.

  libjpeg API:  This is the industry standard API for compressing and
  decompressing JPEG images.  It is more difficult to use than the TurboJPEG
  API but also more powerful.  libjpeg-turbo is both API/ABI-compatible and
  mathematically compatible with libjpeg v6b.  It can also optionally be
  configured to be API/ABI-compatible with libjpeg v7 and v8 (see below.)


=============================
Replacing libjpeg at Run Time
=============================

If a Unix application is dynamically linked with libjpeg, then you can replace
libjpeg with libjpeg-turbo at run time by manipulating LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
For instance:

  [Using libjpeg]
  > time cjpeg <vgl_5674_0098.ppm >vgl_5674_0098.jpg
  real  0m0.392s
  user  0m0.074s
  sys   0m0.020s

  [Using libjpeg-turbo]
  > export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/libjpeg-turbo/{lib}:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
  > time cjpeg <vgl_5674_0098.ppm >vgl_5674_0098.jpg
  real  0m0.109s
  user  0m0.029s
  sys   0m0.010s

NOTE: {lib} can be lib, lib32, lib64, or lib/64, depending on the O/S and
architecture.

System administrators can also replace the libjpeg sym links in /usr/{lib} with
links to the libjpeg dynamic library located in /opt/libjpeg-turbo/{lib}.  This
will effectively accelerate every dynamically linked libjpeg application on the
system.

The libjpeg-turbo SDK for Visual C++ installs the libjpeg-turbo DLL
(jpeg62.dll, jpeg7.dll, or jpeg8.dll, depending on whether libjpeg v6b, v7, or
v8 emulation is enabled) into c:\libjpeg-turbo[64]\bin, and the PATH
environment variable can be modified such that this directory is searched
before any others that might contain a libjpeg DLL.  However, if a libjpeg
DLL exists in an application's install directory, then Windows will load this
DLL first whenever the application is launched.  Thus, if an application ships
with jpeg62.dll, jpeg7.dll, or jpeg8.dll, then back up the application's
version of this DLL and copy c:\libjpeg-turbo[64]\bin\jpeg*.dll into the
application's install directory to accelerate it.

The version of the libjpeg-turbo DLL distributed in the libjpeg-turbo SDK for
Visual C++ requires the Visual C++ 2008 C run time DLL (msvcr90.dll).
msvcr90.dll ships with more recent versions of Windows, but users of older
Windows releases can obtain it from the Visual C++ 2008 Redistributable
Package, which is available as a free download from Microsoft's web site.

NOTE:  Features of libjpeg that require passing a C run time structure, such
as a file handle, from an application to libjpeg will probably not work with
the version of the libjpeg-turbo DLL distributed in the libjpeg-turbo SDK for
Visual C++, unless the application is also built to use the Visual C++ 2008 C
run time DLL.  In particular, this affects jpeg_stdio_dest() and
jpeg_stdio_src().

Mac applications typically embed their own copies of the libjpeg dylib inside
the (hidden) application bundle, so it is not possible to globally replace
libjpeg on OS X systems.  If an application uses a shared library version of
libjpeg, then it may be possible to replace the application's version of it.
This would generally involve copying libjpeg.*.dylib from libjpeg-turbo into
the appropriate place in the application bundle and using install_name_tool to
repoint the dylib to the new directory.  This requires an advanced knowledge of
OS X and would not survive an upgrade or a re-install of the application.
Thus, it is not recommended for most users.

=======================
Replacing TurboJPEG/IPP
=======================

libjpeg-turbo is a drop-in replacement for the TurboJPEG/IPP SDK used by
VirtualGL 2.1.x and TurboVNC 0.6 (and prior.)  libjpeg-turbo contains a wrapper
library (TurboJPEG/OSS) that emulates the TurboJPEG API using libjpeg-turbo
instead of the closed source Intel Performance Primitives.  You can replace the
TurboJPEG/IPP package on Linux systems with the libjpeg-turbo package in order
to make existing releases of VirtualGL 2.1.x and TurboVNC 0.x use the new codec
at run time.  Note that the 64-bit libjpeg-turbo packages contain only 64-bit
binaries, whereas the TurboJPEG/IPP 64-bit packages contained both 64-bit and
32-bit binaries.  Thus, to replace a TurboJPEG/IPP 64-bit package, install
both the 64-bit and 32-bit versions of libjpeg-turbo.

You can also build the VirtualGL 2.1.x and TurboVNC 0.6 source code with
the libjpeg-turbo SDK instead of TurboJPEG/IPP.  It should work identically.
libjpeg-turbo also includes static library versions of TurboJPEG/OSS, which
are used to build TurboVNC 1.0 and later.

========================================
Using libjpeg-turbo in Your Own Programs
========================================

For the most part, libjpeg-turbo should work identically to libjpeg, so in
most cases, an application can be built against libjpeg and then run against
libjpeg-turbo.  On Unix systems (including Cygwin), you can build against
libjpeg-turbo instead of libjpeg by setting

  CPATH=/opt/libjpeg-turbo/include
  and
  LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/libjpeg-turbo/{lib}

({lib} = lib32 or lib64, depending on whether you are building a 32-bit or a
64-bit application.)

If using MinGW, then set

  CPATH=/c/libjpeg-turbo-gcc[64]/include
  and
  LIBRARY_PATH=/c/libjpeg-turbo-gcc[64]/lib

Building against libjpeg-turbo is useful, for instance, if you want to build an
application that leverages the libjpeg-turbo colorspace extensions (see below.)
On Linux and Solaris systems, you would still need to manipulate
LD_LIBRARY_PATH or create appropriate sym links to use libjpeg-turbo at run
time.  On such systems, you can pass -R /opt/libjpeg-turbo/{lib} to the linker
to force the use of libjpeg-turbo at run time rather than libjpeg (also useful
if you want to leverage the colorspace extensions), or you can link against the
libjpeg-turbo static library.

To force a Linux, Solaris, or MinGW application to link against the static
version of libjpeg-turbo, you can use the following linker options:

  -Wl,-Bstatic -ljpeg -Wl,-Bdynamic

On OS X, simply add /opt/libjpeg-turbo/lib/libjpeg.a to the linker command
line (this also works on Linux and Solaris.)

To build Visual C++ applications using libjpeg-turbo, add
c:\libjpeg-turbo[64]\include to the system or user INCLUDE environment
variable and c:\libjpeg-turbo[64]\lib to the system or user LIB environment
variable, and then link against either jpeg.lib (to use the DLL version of
libjpeg-turbo) or jpeg-static.lib (to use the static version of libjpeg-turbo.)

=====================
Colorspace Extensions
=====================

libjpeg-turbo includes extensions that allow JPEG images to be compressed
directly from (and decompressed directly to) buffers that use BGR, BGRX,
RGBX, XBGR, and XRGB pixel ordering.  This is implemented with ten new
colorspace constants:

  JCS_EXT_RGB   /* red/green/blue */
  JCS_EXT_RGBX  /* red/green/blue/x */
  JCS_EXT_BGR   /* blue/green/red */
  JCS_EXT_BGRX  /* blue/green/red/x */
  JCS_EXT_XBGR  /* x/blue/green/red */
  JCS_EXT_XRGB  /* x/red/green/blue */
  JCS_EXT_RGBA  /* red/green/blue/alpha */
  JCS_EXT_BGRA  /* blue/green/red/alpha */
  JCS_EXT_ABGR  /* alpha/blue/green/red */
  JCS_EXT_ARGB  /* alpha/red/green/blue */

Setting cinfo.in_color_space (compression) or cinfo.out_color_space
(decompression) to one of these values will cause libjpeg-turbo to read the
red, green, and blue values from (or write them to) the appropriate position in
the pixel when compressing from/decompressing to an RGB buffer.

Your application can check for the existence of these extensions at compile
time with:

  #ifdef JCS_EXTENSIONS

At run time, attempting to use these extensions with a version of libjpeg
that doesn't support them will result in a "Bogus input colorspace" error.

When using the RGBX, BGRX, XBGR, and XRGB colorspaces during decompression, the
X byte is undefined, and in order to ensure the best performance, libjpeg-turbo
can set that byte to whatever value it wishes.  If an application expects the X
byte to be used as an alpha channel, then it should specify JCS_EXT_RGBA,
JCS_EXT_BGRA, JCS_EXT_ABGR, or JCS_EXT_ARGB.  When these colorspace constants
are used, the X byte is guaranteed to be 0xFF, which is interpreted as opaque.

Your application can check for the existence of the alpha channel colorspace
extensions at compile time with:

  #ifdef JCS_ALPHA_EXTENSIONS

jcstest.c, located in the libjpeg-turbo source tree, demonstrates how to check
for the existence of the colorspace extensions at compile time and run time.

=================================
libjpeg v7 and v8 API/ABI support
=================================

libjpeg v7 and v8 added new features to the API/ABI, and, unfortunately, the
compression and decompression structures were extended in a backward-
incompatible manner to accommodate these features.  Thus, programs that are
built to use libjpeg v7 or v8 did not work with libjpeg-turbo, since it is
based on the libjpeg v6b code base.  Although libjpeg v7 and v8 are still not
as widely used as v6b, enough programs (including a few Linux distros) have
made the switch that it was desirable to provide support for the libjpeg v7/v8
API/ABI in libjpeg-turbo.

Some of the libjpeg v7 and v8 features -- DCT scaling, to name one -- involve
deep modifications to the code that cannot be accommodated by libjpeg-turbo
without either breaking compatibility with libjpeg v6b or producing an
unsupportable mess.  In order to fully support libjpeg v8 with all of its
features, we would have to essentially port the SIMD extensions to the libjpeg
v8 code base and maintain two separate code trees.  We are hesitant to do this
until/unless the newer libjpeg code bases garner more community support and
involvement and until/unless we have some notion of whether future libjpeg
releases will also be backward-incompatible.

By passing an argument of --with-jpeg7 or --with-jpeg8 to configure, or an
argument of -DWITH_JPEG7=1 or -DWITH_JPEG8=1 to cmake, you can build a version
of libjpeg-turbo that emulates the libjpeg v7 or v8 API/ABI, so that programs
that are built against libjpeg v7 or v8 can be run with libjpeg-turbo.  The
following section describes which libjpeg v7+ features are supported and which
aren't.

libjpeg v7 and v8 Features:
---------------------------

Fully supported:

-- cjpeg: Separate quality settings for luminance and chrominance
   Note that the libpjeg v7+ API was extended to accommodate this feature only
   for convenience purposes.  It has always been possible to implement this
   feature with libjpeg v6b (see rdswitch.c for an example.)

-- cjpeg: 32-bit BMP support

-- jpegtran: lossless cropping

-- jpegtran: -perfect option

-- rdjpgcom: -raw option

-- rdjpgcom: locale awareness


Partially supported:

-- libjpeg: IDCT scaling extensions in decompressor
   libjpeg-turbo supports IDCT scaling with scaling factors of 1/8, 1/4, 3/8,
   1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 7/8, 9/8, 5/4, 11/8, 3/2, 13/8, 7/4, 15/8, and 2/1, but only
   1/4 and 1/2 are SIMD-accelerated.


Fully supported when using libjpeg v7/v8 emulation:

-- libjpeg: In-memory source and destination managers


Not supported:

-- libjpeg: DCT scaling in compressor
   cinfo.scale_num and cinfo.scale_denom are silently ignored.

-- libjpeg: Fancy downsampling in compressor
   cinfo.do_fancy_downsampling is silently ignored.

-- jpegtran: Scaling
   Seems to depend on the DCT scaling feature, which isn't supported.


*******************************************************************************
**     Performance pitfalls
*******************************************************************************

===============
Restart Markers
===============

The optimized Huffman decoder in libjpeg-turbo does not handle restart markers
in a way that makes libjpeg happy, so it is necessary to use the slow Huffman
decoder when decompressing a JPEG image that has restart markers.  This can
cause the decompression performance to drop by as much as 20%, but the
performance will still be much much greater than that of libjpeg v6b.  Many
consumer packages, such as PhotoShop, use restart markers when generating JPEG
images, so images generated by those programs will experience this issue.

===============================================
Fast Integer Forward DCT at High Quality Levels
===============================================

The algorithm used by the SIMD-accelerated quantization function cannot produce
correct results whenever the fast integer forward DCT is used along with a JPEG
quality of 98-100.  Thus, libjpeg-turbo must use the non-SIMD quantization
function in those cases.  This causes performance to drop by as much as 40%.
It is therefore strongly advised that you use the slow integer forward DCT
whenever encoding images with a JPEG quality of 98 or higher.