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Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +10001.\" -*- nroff -*-
2.\"
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +10003.\" Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +10004.\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland
5.\" All rights reserved
6.\"
Damien Millere4340be2000-09-16 13:29:08 +11007.\" As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software
8.\" can be used freely for any purpose. Any derived versions of this
9.\" software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is
10.\" incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be
11.\" called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell".
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100012.\"
Ben Lindstrom92a2e382001-03-05 06:59:27 +000013.\" Copyright (c) 1999,2000 Markus Friedl. All rights reserved.
14.\" Copyright (c) 1999 Aaron Campbell. All rights reserved.
15.\" Copyright (c) 1999 Theo de Raadt. All rights reserved.
Damien Millere4340be2000-09-16 13:29:08 +110016.\"
17.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
18.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
19.\" are met:
20.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
21.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
22.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
23.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
24.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
25.\"
26.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
27.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
28.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
29.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
30.\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
31.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
32.\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
33.\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
34.\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
35.\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100036.\"
Damien Miller49b78d42008-11-03 19:21:21 +110037.\" $OpenBSD: sshd.8,v 1.247 2008/10/03 13:08:12 jmc Exp $
38.Dd $Mdocdate: October 3 2008 $
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100039.Dt SSHD 8
40.Os
41.Sh NAME
42.Nm sshd
Ben Lindstromc65e6a02001-04-23 13:02:16 +000043.Nd OpenSSH SSH daemon
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100044.Sh SYNOPSIS
45.Nm sshd
Damien Millerffadc582003-02-24 11:52:26 +110046.Bk -words
Darren Tuckere7f3f752008-06-10 23:06:01 +100047.Op Fl 46DdeiqTt
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100048.Op Fl b Ar bits
Darren Tuckere7140f22008-06-10 23:01:51 +100049.Op Fl C Ar connection_spec
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100050.Op Fl f Ar config_file
51.Op Fl g Ar login_grace_time
52.Op Fl h Ar host_key_file
53.Op Fl k Ar key_gen_time
Ben Lindstromade03f62001-12-06 18:22:17 +000054.Op Fl o Ar option
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100055.Op Fl p Ar port
Damien Miller942da032000-08-18 13:59:06 +100056.Op Fl u Ar len
Damien Millerffadc582003-02-24 11:52:26 +110057.Ek
Damien Miller22c77262000-04-13 12:26:34 +100058.Sh DESCRIPTION
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100059.Nm
Damien Miller99cc4a82006-01-31 21:45:53 +110060(OpenSSH Daemon) is the daemon program for
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100061.Xr ssh 1 .
Darren Tucker04354b92007-03-21 20:46:54 +110062Together these programs replace
63.Xr rlogin 1
64and
65.Xr rsh 1 ,
66and provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +100067over an insecure network.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100068.Pp
69.Nm
Damien Miller99cc4a82006-01-31 21:45:53 +110070listens for connections from clients.
Damien Miller22c77262000-04-13 12:26:34 +100071It is normally started at boot from
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100072.Pa /etc/rc .
73It forks a new
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +100074daemon for each incoming connection.
75The forked daemons handle
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100076key exchange, encryption, authentication, command execution,
77and data exchange.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100078.Pp
79.Nm
Darren Tucker1f203942003-10-15 15:50:42 +100080can be configured using command-line options or a configuration file
81(by default
Damien Miller99cc4a82006-01-31 21:45:53 +110082.Xr sshd_config 5 ) ;
83command-line options override values specified in the
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100084configuration file.
Damien Miller6162d121999-11-21 13:23:52 +110085.Nm
86rereads its configuration file when it receives a hangup signal,
Ben Lindstrom49a098d2001-03-05 06:55:18 +000087.Dv SIGHUP ,
Damien Miller208f1ed2006-03-15 11:56:03 +110088by executing itself with the name and options it was started with, e.g.\&
Ben Lindstrom49a098d2001-03-05 06:55:18 +000089.Pa /usr/sbin/sshd .
Damien Miller6162d121999-11-21 13:23:52 +110090.Pp
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +100091The options are as follows:
92.Bl -tag -width Ds
Darren Tucker1f203942003-10-15 15:50:42 +100093.It Fl 4
94Forces
95.Nm
96to use IPv4 addresses only.
97.It Fl 6
98Forces
99.Nm
100to use IPv6 addresses only.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000101.It Fl b Ar bits
Ben Lindstromc65e6a02001-04-23 13:02:16 +0000102Specifies the number of bits in the ephemeral protocol version 1
Darren Tucker7499b0c2008-07-02 22:35:43 +1000103server key (default 1024).
Darren Tuckere7f3f752008-06-10 23:06:01 +1000104.It Fl C Ar connection_spec
105Specify the connection parameters to use for the
106.Fl T
107extended test mode.
108If provided, any
109.Cm Match
110directives in the configuration file
111that would apply to the specified user, host, and address will be set before
112the configuration is written to standard output.
113The connection parameters are supplied as keyword=value pairs.
114The keywords are
115.Dq user ,
116.Dq host ,
117and
118.Dq addr .
119All are required and may be supplied in any order, either with multiple
120.Fl C
121options or as a comma-separated list.
Darren Tucker1f203942003-10-15 15:50:42 +1000122.It Fl D
123When this option is specified,
124.Nm
125will not detach and does not become a daemon.
126This allows easy monitoring of
127.Nm sshd .
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000128.It Fl d
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000129Debug mode.
130The server sends verbose debug output to the system
131log, and does not put itself in the background.
132The server also will not fork and will only process one connection.
133This option is only intended for debugging for the server.
Damien Millerffadc582003-02-24 11:52:26 +1100134Multiple
135.Fl d
136options increase the debugging level.
Damien Miller874d77b2000-10-14 16:23:11 +1100137Maximum is 3.
Ben Lindstromc65e6a02001-04-23 13:02:16 +0000138.It Fl e
139When this option is specified,
140.Nm
141will send the output to the standard error instead of the system log.
Darren Tucker04354b92007-03-21 20:46:54 +1100142.It Fl f Ar config_file
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000143Specifies the name of the configuration file.
144The default is
Damien Miller05eda432002-02-10 18:32:28 +1100145.Pa /etc/ssh/sshd_config .
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000146.Nm
147refuses to start if there is no configuration file.
148.It Fl g Ar login_grace_time
149Gives the grace time for clients to authenticate themselves (default
Damien Millerc1348632002-09-05 14:35:14 +1000150120 seconds).
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000151If the client fails to authenticate the user within
152this many seconds, the server disconnects and exits.
153A value of zero indicates no limit.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000154.It Fl h Ar host_key_file
Damien Miller7fc23732002-01-22 23:19:11 +1100155Specifies a file from which a host key is read.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000156This option must be given if
157.Nm
158is not run as root (as the normal
Damien Miller7fc23732002-01-22 23:19:11 +1100159host key files are normally not readable by anyone but root).
160The default is
Damien Miller05eda432002-02-10 18:32:28 +1100161.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key
Damien Miller7fc23732002-01-22 23:19:11 +1100162for protocol version 1, and
Damien Miller05eda432002-02-10 18:32:28 +1100163.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
Damien Miller7fc23732002-01-22 23:19:11 +1100164and
Damien Miller05eda432002-02-10 18:32:28 +1100165.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
Damien Miller7fc23732002-01-22 23:19:11 +1100166for protocol version 2.
Ben Lindstrom4dccfa52000-12-28 16:40:05 +0000167It is possible to have multiple host key files for
Ben Lindstromc65e6a02001-04-23 13:02:16 +0000168the different protocol versions and host key algorithms.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000169.It Fl i
170Specifies that
171.Nm
Damien Millerffadc582003-02-24 11:52:26 +1100172is being run from
173.Xr inetd 8 .
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000174.Nm
175is normally not run
176from inetd because it needs to generate the server key before it can
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000177respond to the client, and this may take tens of seconds.
178Clients would have to wait too long if the key was regenerated every time.
Damien Miller208f1ed2006-03-15 11:56:03 +1100179However, with small key sizes (e.g. 512) using
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000180.Nm
181from inetd may
182be feasible.
183.It Fl k Ar key_gen_time
Ben Lindstromc65e6a02001-04-23 13:02:16 +0000184Specifies how often the ephemeral protocol version 1 server key is
185regenerated (default 3600 seconds, or one hour).
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000186The motivation for regenerating the key fairly
Darren Tucker1f203942003-10-15 15:50:42 +1000187often is that the key is not stored anywhere, and after about an hour
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000188it becomes impossible to recover the key for decrypting intercepted
189communications even if the machine is cracked into or physically
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000190seized.
191A value of zero indicates that the key will never be regenerated.
Ben Lindstromade03f62001-12-06 18:22:17 +0000192.It Fl o Ar option
193Can be used to give options in the format used in the configuration file.
194This is useful for specifying options for which there is no separate
195command-line flag.
Darren Tucker1f203942003-10-15 15:50:42 +1000196For full details of the options, and their values, see
197.Xr sshd_config 5 .
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000198.It Fl p Ar port
199Specifies the port on which the server listens for connections
200(default 22).
Damien Miller7d1ded42002-01-22 23:09:41 +1100201Multiple port options are permitted.
Damien Millerd7f308f2005-12-24 14:55:16 +1100202Ports specified in the configuration file with the
203.Cm Port
204option are ignored when a command-line port is specified.
205Ports specified using the
206.Cm ListenAddress
207option override command-line ports.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000208.It Fl q
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000209Quiet mode.
210Nothing is sent to the system log.
211Normally the beginning,
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000212authentication, and termination of each connection is logged.
Darren Tuckere7140f22008-06-10 23:01:51 +1000213.It Fl T
214Extended test mode.
215Check the validity of the configuration file, output the effective configuration
216to stdout and then exit.
217Optionally,
218.Cm Match
219rules may be applied by specifying the connection parameters using one or more
220.Fl C
221options.
Darren Tuckere7f3f752008-06-10 23:06:01 +1000222.It Fl t
223Test mode.
224Only check the validity of the configuration file and sanity of the keys.
225This is useful for updating
226.Nm
227reliably as configuration options may change.
Damien Miller942da032000-08-18 13:59:06 +1000228.It Fl u Ar len
229This option is used to specify the size of the field
230in the
231.Li utmp
232structure that holds the remote host name.
233If the resolved host name is longer than
234.Ar len ,
235the dotted decimal value will be used instead.
236This allows hosts with very long host names that
237overflow this field to still be uniquely identified.
238Specifying
239.Fl u0
240indicates that only dotted decimal addresses
241should be put into the
242.Pa utmp
243file.
Ben Lindstrom6f672c02001-09-12 17:51:55 +0000244.Fl u0
Damien Millerffadc582003-02-24 11:52:26 +1100245may also be used to prevent
Ben Lindstrom6f672c02001-09-12 17:51:55 +0000246.Nm
247from making DNS requests unless the authentication
248mechanism or configuration requires it.
249Authentication mechanisms that may require DNS include
Ben Lindstrom6f672c02001-09-12 17:51:55 +0000250.Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication ,
Damien Miller2ac05772006-02-01 22:05:42 +1100251.Cm HostbasedAuthentication ,
Ben Lindstrom6f672c02001-09-12 17:51:55 +0000252and using a
253.Cm from="pattern-list"
254option in a key file.
Ben Lindstromea03db92002-03-05 01:38:57 +0000255Configuration options that require DNS include using a
256USER@HOST pattern in
257.Cm AllowUsers
258or
259.Cm DenyUsers .
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000260.El
Damien Miller8bbdf902006-02-01 22:05:25 +1100261.Sh AUTHENTICATION
262The OpenSSH SSH daemon supports SSH protocols 1 and 2.
263Both protocols are supported by default,
264though this can be changed via the
265.Cm Protocol
266option in
267.Xr sshd_config 5 .
268Protocol 2 supports both RSA and DSA keys;
269protocol 1 only supports RSA keys.
270For both protocols,
271each host has a host-specific key,
272normally 2048 bits,
273used to identify the host.
Damien Miller99cc4a82006-01-31 21:45:53 +1100274.Pp
Damien Miller8bbdf902006-02-01 22:05:25 +1100275Forward security for protocol 1 is provided through
276an additional server key,
277normally 768 bits,
278generated when the server starts.
Damien Miller99cc4a82006-01-31 21:45:53 +1100279This key is normally regenerated every hour if it has been used, and
280is never stored on disk.
Damien Miller99cc4a82006-01-31 21:45:53 +1100281Whenever a client connects, the daemon responds with its public
282host and server keys.
283The client compares the
284RSA host key against its own database to verify that it has not changed.
285The client then generates a 256-bit random number.
286It encrypts this
287random number using both the host key and the server key, and sends
288the encrypted number to the server.
289Both sides then use this
290random number as a session key which is used to encrypt all further
291communications in the session.
292The rest of the session is encrypted
293using a conventional cipher, currently Blowfish or 3DES, with 3DES
294being used by default.
295The client selects the encryption algorithm
296to use from those offered by the server.
297.Pp
Damien Miller8bbdf902006-02-01 22:05:25 +1100298For protocol 2,
299forward security is provided through a Diffie-Hellman key agreement.
300This key agreement results in a shared session key.
301The rest of the session is encrypted using a symmetric cipher, currently
302128-bit AES, Blowfish, 3DES, CAST128, Arcfour, 192-bit AES, or 256-bit AES.
303The client selects the encryption algorithm
304to use from those offered by the server.
305Additionally, session integrity is provided
306through a cryptographic message authentication code
Damien Millere45796f2007-06-11 14:01:42 +1000307(hmac-md5, hmac-sha1, umac-64 or hmac-ripemd160).
Damien Miller8bbdf902006-02-01 22:05:25 +1100308.Pp
309Finally, the server and the client enter an authentication dialog.
Damien Miller99cc4a82006-01-31 21:45:53 +1100310The client tries to authenticate itself using
Damien Miller8bbdf902006-02-01 22:05:25 +1100311host-based authentication,
312public key authentication,
313challenge-response authentication,
314or password authentication.
Damien Miller99cc4a82006-01-31 21:45:53 +1100315.Pp
316Regardless of the authentication type, the account is checked to
317ensure that it is accessible. An account is not accessible if it is
318locked, listed in
319.Cm DenyUsers
320or its group is listed in
321.Cm DenyGroups
322\&. The definition of a locked account is system dependant. Some platforms
323have their own account database (eg AIX) and some modify the passwd field (
324.Ql \&*LK\&*
325on Solaris and UnixWare,
326.Ql \&*
327on HP-UX, containing
328.Ql Nologin
329on Tru64,
330a leading
331.Ql \&*LOCKED\&*
332on FreeBSD and a leading
Darren Tucker1a9176b2007-08-17 09:42:32 +1000333.Ql \&!
334on most Linuxes).
335If there is a requirement to disable password authentication
Damien Miller99cc4a82006-01-31 21:45:53 +1100336for the account while allowing still public-key, then the passwd field
337should be set to something other than these values (eg
338.Ql NP
339or
340.Ql \&*NP\&*
341).
342.Pp
Damien Miller99cc4a82006-01-31 21:45:53 +1100343If the client successfully authenticates itself, a dialog for
344preparing the session is entered.
345At this time the client may request
346things like allocating a pseudo-tty, forwarding X11 connections,
347forwarding TCP connections, or forwarding the authentication agent
348connection over the secure channel.
349.Pp
Damien Millerc47d7e92006-03-15 11:27:20 +1100350After this, the client either requests a shell or execution of a command.
Damien Miller99cc4a82006-01-31 21:45:53 +1100351The sides then enter session mode.
352In this mode, either side may send
353data at any time, and such data is forwarded to/from the shell or
354command on the server side, and the user terminal in the client side.
355.Pp
356When the user program terminates and all forwarded X11 and other
357connections have been closed, the server sends command exit status to
358the client, and both sides exit.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000359.Sh LOGIN PROCESS
360When a user successfully logs in,
361.Nm
362does the following:
363.Bl -enum -offset indent
364.It
365If the login is on a tty, and no command has been specified,
Damien Miller22c77262000-04-13 12:26:34 +1000366prints last login time and
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000367.Pa /etc/motd
368(unless prevented in the configuration file or by
Damien Miller167ea5d2005-05-26 12:04:02 +1000369.Pa ~/.hushlogin ;
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000370see the
Damien Miller22c77262000-04-13 12:26:34 +1000371.Sx FILES
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000372section).
373.It
374If the login is on a tty, records login time.
375.It
376Checks
377.Pa /etc/nologin ;
378if it exists, prints contents and quits
379(unless root).
380.It
381Changes to run with normal user privileges.
382.It
383Sets up basic environment.
384.It
Darren Tucker1f203942003-10-15 15:50:42 +1000385Reads the file
Damien Miller167ea5d2005-05-26 12:04:02 +1000386.Pa ~/.ssh/environment ,
Darren Tucker1f203942003-10-15 15:50:42 +1000387if it exists, and users are allowed to change their environment.
Ben Lindstrombd9bf382002-08-20 18:54:20 +0000388See the
Ben Lindstromdc7adf22002-08-20 18:38:02 +0000389.Cm PermitUserEnvironment
Ben Lindstrombd9bf382002-08-20 18:54:20 +0000390option in
Ben Lindstromdc7adf22002-08-20 18:38:02 +0000391.Xr sshd_config 5 .
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000392.It
393Changes to user's home directory.
394.It
395If
Damien Miller167ea5d2005-05-26 12:04:02 +1000396.Pa ~/.ssh/rc
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000397exists, runs it; else if
Damien Millerafcc2252002-02-10 18:32:55 +1100398.Pa /etc/ssh/sshrc
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000399exists, runs
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000400it; otherwise runs xauth.
401The
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000402.Dq rc
403files are given the X11
404authentication protocol and cookie in standard input.
Damien Millerfd725cf2006-03-15 11:35:54 +1100405See
406.Sx SSHRC ,
407below.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000408.It
409Runs user's shell or command.
410.El
Damien Millerfd725cf2006-03-15 11:35:54 +1100411.Sh SSHRC
412If the file
413.Pa ~/.ssh/rc
414exists,
415.Xr sh 1
416runs it after reading the
417environment files but before starting the user's shell or command.
418It must not produce any output on stdout; stderr must be used
419instead.
420If X11 forwarding is in use, it will receive the "proto cookie" pair in
421its standard input (and
422.Ev DISPLAY
423in its environment).
424The script must call
425.Xr xauth 1
426because
427.Nm
428will not run xauth automatically to add X11 cookies.
429.Pp
430The primary purpose of this file is to run any initialization routines
431which may be needed before the user's home directory becomes
432accessible; AFS is a particular example of such an environment.
433.Pp
434This file will probably contain some initialization code followed by
435something similar to:
436.Bd -literal -offset 3n
437if read proto cookie && [ -n "$DISPLAY" ]; then
438 if [ `echo $DISPLAY | cut -c1-10` = 'localhost:' ]; then
439 # X11UseLocalhost=yes
440 echo add unix:`echo $DISPLAY |
441 cut -c11-` $proto $cookie
442 else
443 # X11UseLocalhost=no
444 echo add $DISPLAY $proto $cookie
445 fi | xauth -q -
446fi
447.Ed
448.Pp
449If this file does not exist,
450.Pa /etc/ssh/sshrc
451is run, and if that
452does not exist either, xauth is used to add the cookie.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000453.Sh AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT
Ben Lindstromf96704d2001-06-25 04:17:12 +0000454.Cm AuthorizedKeysFile
Damien Millerdcfea272006-03-15 11:31:22 +1100455specifies the file containing public keys for
456public key authentication;
457if none is specified, the default is
458.Pa ~/.ssh/authorized_keys .
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000459Each line of the file contains one
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000460key (empty lines and lines starting with a
461.Ql #
462are ignored as
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000463comments).
Damien Millerdcfea272006-03-15 11:31:22 +1100464Protocol 1 public keys consist of the following space-separated fields:
465options, bits, exponent, modulus, comment.
466Protocol 2 public key consist of:
467options, keytype, base64-encoded key, comment.
468The options field is optional;
469its presence is determined by whether the line starts
Damien Millerb83df8d2002-09-04 16:24:55 +1000470with a number or not (the options field never starts with a number).
Damien Millerdcfea272006-03-15 11:31:22 +1100471The bits, exponent, modulus, and comment fields give the RSA key for
Ben Lindstrom4dccfa52000-12-28 16:40:05 +0000472protocol version 1; the
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000473comment field is not used for anything (but may be convenient for the
474user to identify the key).
Ben Lindstrom4dccfa52000-12-28 16:40:05 +0000475For protocol version 2 the keytype is
476.Dq ssh-dss
477or
478.Dq ssh-rsa .
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000479.Pp
480Note that lines in this file are usually several hundred bytes long
Darren Tucker22cc7412004-12-06 22:47:41 +1100481(because of the size of the public key encoding) up to a limit of
4828 kilobytes, which permits DSA keys up to 8 kilobits and RSA
483keys up to 16 kilobits.
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000484You don't want to type them in; instead, copy the
Ben Lindstrom18a82ac2001-04-11 15:59:35 +0000485.Pa identity.pub ,
Damien Millerdcfea272006-03-15 11:31:22 +1100486.Pa id_dsa.pub ,
Ben Lindstrom18a82ac2001-04-11 15:59:35 +0000487or the
488.Pa id_rsa.pub
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000489file and edit it.
490.Pp
Ben Lindstrom0d0be022002-04-02 20:39:29 +0000491.Nm
492enforces a minimum RSA key modulus size for protocol 1
493and protocol 2 keys of 768 bits.
494.Pp
Damien Miller942da032000-08-18 13:59:06 +1000495The options (if present) consist of comma-separated option
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000496specifications.
497No spaces are permitted, except within double quotes.
Ben Lindstrom1c0fd092001-09-12 16:36:17 +0000498The following option specifications are supported (note
499that option keywords are case-insensitive):
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000500.Bl -tag -width Ds
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000501.It Cm command="command"
502Specifies that the command is executed whenever this key is used for
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000503authentication.
504The command supplied by the user (if any) is ignored.
Ben Lindstrom23124ea2001-09-14 23:14:25 +0000505The command is run on a pty if the client requests a pty;
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000506otherwise it is run without a tty.
Damien Millerffadc582003-02-24 11:52:26 +1100507If an 8-bit clean channel is required,
Ben Lindstrom594e2032001-09-12 18:35:30 +0000508one must not request a pty or should specify
Damien Miller33804262001-02-04 23:20:18 +1100509.Cm no-pty .
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000510A quote may be included in the command by quoting it with a backslash.
511This option might be useful
Damien Millerb83df8d2002-09-04 16:24:55 +1000512to restrict certain public keys to perform just a specific operation.
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000513An example might be a key that permits remote backups but nothing else.
Damien Miller7c24b812006-01-14 10:09:56 +1100514Note that the client may specify TCP and/or X11
Damien Miller30c3d422000-05-09 11:02:59 +1000515forwarding unless they are explicitly prohibited.
Damien Millere2754432006-07-24 14:06:47 +1000516The command originally supplied by the client is available in the
517.Ev SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND
518environment variable.
Ben Lindstrom20daef72001-09-20 00:54:01 +0000519Note that this option applies to shell, command or subsystem execution.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000520.It Cm environment="NAME=value"
521Specifies that the string is to be added to the environment when
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000522logging in using this key.
523Environment variables set this way
524override other default environment values.
525Multiple options of this type are permitted.
Ben Lindstrombd9bf382002-08-20 18:54:20 +0000526Environment processing is disabled by default and is
527controlled via the
528.Cm PermitUserEnvironment
529option.
Ben Lindstrom38b951c2001-12-06 17:47:47 +0000530This option is automatically disabled if
531.Cm UseLogin
532is enabled.
Damien Miller31bdc522006-03-15 11:31:44 +1100533.It Cm from="pattern-list"
Darren Tucker896ad5a2008-06-11 09:34:46 +1000534Specifies that in addition to public key authentication, either the canonical
Darren Tucker11996732008-06-13 04:32:00 +1000535name of the remote host or its IP address must be present in the
Darren Tucker896ad5a2008-06-11 09:34:46 +1000536comma-separated list of patterns.
Damien Millerc7d5b5e2006-03-15 11:55:08 +1100537See
538.Sx PATTERNS
539in
540.Xr ssh_config 5
541for more information on patterns.
Darren Tucker896ad5a2008-06-11 09:34:46 +1000542.Pp
543In addition to the wildcard matching that may be applied to hostnames or
544addresses, a
545.Cm from
546stanza may match IP addressess using CIDR address/masklen notation.
547.Pp
548The purpose of this option is to optionally increase security: public key
549authentication by itself does not trust the network or name servers or
550anything (but the key); however, if somebody somehow steals the key, the key
551permits an intruder to log in from anywhere in the world.
552This additional option makes using a stolen key more difficult (name
553servers and/or routers would have to be compromised in addition to
554just the key).
Damien Miller31bdc522006-03-15 11:31:44 +1100555.It Cm no-agent-forwarding
556Forbids authentication agent forwarding when this key is used for
557authentication.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000558.It Cm no-port-forwarding
Damien Miller7c24b812006-01-14 10:09:56 +1100559Forbids TCP forwarding when this key is used for authentication.
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000560Any port forward requests by the client will return an error.
Damien Miller208f1ed2006-03-15 11:56:03 +1100561This might be used, e.g. in connection with the
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000562.Cm command
563option.
Damien Miller31bdc522006-03-15 11:31:44 +1100564.It Cm no-pty
565Prevents tty allocation (a request to allocate a pty will fail).
Damien Miller95e80952008-03-27 11:03:05 +1100566.It Cm no-user-rc
Damien Miller13ba9c22008-04-03 20:52:51 +1100567Disables execution of
Damien Miller95e80952008-03-27 11:03:05 +1100568.Pa ~/.ssh/rc .
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000569.It Cm no-X11-forwarding
570Forbids X11 forwarding when this key is used for authentication.
571Any X11 forward requests by the client will return an error.
Damien Millera243fde2001-03-19 23:16:08 +1100572.It Cm permitopen="host:port"
Ben Lindstrom24643222001-06-25 05:08:11 +0000573Limit local
Damien Millera243fde2001-03-19 23:16:08 +1100574.Li ``ssh -L''
Ben Lindstrom4b3564e2001-04-10 02:41:56 +0000575port forwarding such that it may only connect to the specified host and
Ben Lindstromd71ba572001-09-12 18:03:31 +0000576port.
577IPv6 addresses can be specified with an alternative syntax:
Darren Tucker1f203942003-10-15 15:50:42 +1000578.Ar host Ns / Ns Ar port .
Ben Lindstromd71ba572001-09-12 18:03:31 +0000579Multiple
Damien Millera243fde2001-03-19 23:16:08 +1100580.Cm permitopen
Damien Millerfbf486b2003-05-23 18:44:23 +1000581options may be applied separated by commas.
582No pattern matching is performed on the specified hostnames,
583they must be literal domains or addresses.
Damien Millerd27b9472005-12-13 19:29:02 +1100584.It Cm tunnel="n"
585Force a
586.Xr tun 4
587device on the server.
588Without this option, the next available device will be used if
589the client requests a tunnel.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000590.El
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000591.Pp
Damien Miller7d2ef022006-03-15 11:32:06 +1100592An example authorized_keys file:
Damien Millerc8f61cf2006-03-15 11:33:25 +1100593.Bd -literal -offset 3n
Damien Miller7d2ef022006-03-15 11:32:06 +1100594# Comments allowed at start of line
595ssh-rsa AAAAB3Nza...LiPk== user@example.net
Damien Millerc8f61cf2006-03-15 11:33:25 +1100596from="*.sales.example.net,!pc.sales.example.net" ssh-rsa
597AAAAB2...19Q== john@example.net
598command="dump /home",no-pty,no-port-forwarding ssh-dss
599AAAAC3...51R== example.net
600permitopen="192.0.2.1:80",permitopen="192.0.2.2:25" ssh-dss
601AAAAB5...21S==
602tunnel="0",command="sh /etc/netstart tun0" ssh-rsa AAAA...==
603jane@example.net
Damien Miller7d2ef022006-03-15 11:32:06 +1100604.Ed
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000605.Sh SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS FILE FORMAT
Damien Miller22c77262000-04-13 12:26:34 +1000606The
Damien Millerffadc582003-02-24 11:52:26 +1100607.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
Damien Miller22c77262000-04-13 12:26:34 +1000608and
Damien Miller167ea5d2005-05-26 12:04:02 +1000609.Pa ~/.ssh/known_hosts
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000610files contain host public keys for all known hosts.
611The global file should
612be prepared by the administrator (optional), and the per-user file is
Damien Miller9a7f2012006-03-15 11:32:42 +1100613maintained automatically: whenever the user connects from an unknown host,
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000614its key is added to the per-user file.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000615.Pp
616Each line in these files contains the following fields: hostnames,
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000617bits, exponent, modulus, comment.
618The fields are separated by spaces.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000619.Pp
Damien Miller31554322003-05-14 13:44:58 +1000620Hostnames is a comma-separated list of patterns
Damien Miller9a7f2012006-03-15 11:32:42 +1100621.Pf ( Ql *
Damien Millerfbf486b2003-05-23 18:44:23 +1000622and
623.Ql \&?
Damien Miller049245d2003-05-14 13:44:42 +1000624act as
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000625wildcards); each pattern in turn is matched against the canonical host
626name (when authenticating a client) or against the user-supplied
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000627name (when authenticating a server).
628A pattern may also be preceded by
Damien Miller049245d2003-05-14 13:44:42 +1000629.Ql \&!
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000630to indicate negation: if the host name matches a negated
631pattern, it is not accepted (by that line) even if it matched another
632pattern on the line.
Darren Tuckerda345532006-07-10 23:04:19 +1000633A hostname or address may optionally be enclosed within
634.Ql \&[
635and
636.Ql \&]
637brackets then followed by
638.Ql \&:
Darren Tucker11318472006-07-12 22:07:59 +1000639and a non-standard port number.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000640.Pp
Damien Millere1776152005-03-01 21:47:37 +1100641Alternately, hostnames may be stored in a hashed form which hides host names
Damien Miller718fd4b2005-03-02 12:03:23 +1100642and addresses should the file's contents be disclosed.
643Hashed hostnames start with a
644.Ql |
Damien Millere1776152005-03-01 21:47:37 +1100645character.
646Only one hashed hostname may appear on a single line and none of the above
647negation or wildcard operators may be applied.
648.Pp
Damien Millere247cc42000-05-07 12:03:14 +1000649Bits, exponent, and modulus are taken directly from the RSA host key; they
Damien Miller9a7f2012006-03-15 11:32:42 +1100650can be obtained, for example, from
Damien Miller05eda432002-02-10 18:32:28 +1100651.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub .
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000652The optional comment field continues to the end of the line, and is not used.
653.Pp
654Lines starting with
655.Ql #
656and empty lines are ignored as comments.
657.Pp
658When performing host authentication, authentication is accepted if any
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000659matching line has the proper key.
660It is thus permissible (but not
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000661recommended) to have several lines or different host keys for the same
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000662names.
663This will inevitably happen when short forms of host names
664from different domains are put in the file.
665It is possible
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000666that the files contain conflicting information; authentication is
667accepted if valid information can be found from either file.
668.Pp
669Note that the lines in these files are typically hundreds of characters
670long, and you definitely don't want to type in the host keys by hand.
671Rather, generate them by a script
Damien Miller22c77262000-04-13 12:26:34 +1000672or by taking
Damien Miller05eda432002-02-10 18:32:28 +1100673.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000674and adding the host names at the front.
Damien Millercc00f5e2006-03-15 11:33:00 +1100675.Pp
676An example ssh_known_hosts file:
677.Bd -literal -offset 3n
678# Comments allowed at start of line
679closenet,...,192.0.2.53 1024 37 159...93 closenet.example.net
680cvs.example.net,192.0.2.10 ssh-rsa AAAA1234.....=
Damien Millere1776152005-03-01 21:47:37 +1100681# A hashed hostname
682|1|JfKTdBh7rNbXkVAQCRp4OQoPfmI=|USECr3SWf1JUPsms5AqfD5QfxkM= ssh-rsa
683AAAA1234.....=
684.Ed
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000685.Sh FILES
Damien Millerd8702e82006-03-15 11:33:56 +1100686.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
687.It ~/.hushlogin
Damien Miller70a908e2005-03-01 21:17:09 +1100688This file is used to suppress printing the last login time and
689.Pa /etc/motd ,
690if
691.Cm PrintLastLog
692and
693.Cm PrintMotd ,
694respectively,
695are enabled.
696It does not suppress printing of the banner specified by
697.Cm Banner .
Damien Millerd8702e82006-03-15 11:33:56 +1100698.Pp
699.It ~/.rhosts
Damien Milleradc35b92006-03-15 11:35:27 +1100700This file is used for host-based authentication (see
701.Xr ssh 1
702for more information).
703On some machines this file may need to be
704world-readable if the user's home directory is on an NFS partition,
705because
706.Nm
707reads it as root.
708Additionally, this file must be owned by the user,
709and must not have write permissions for anyone else.
710The recommended
711permission for most machines is read/write for the user, and not
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000712accessible by others.
713.Pp
Damien Millerd8702e82006-03-15 11:33:56 +1100714.It ~/.shosts
Damien Milleradc35b92006-03-15 11:35:27 +1100715This file is used in exactly the same way as
716.Pa .rhosts ,
717but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with
718rlogin/rsh.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000719.Pp
Damien Miller520e6152008-02-10 22:46:22 +1100720.It ~/.ssh/
721This directory is the default location for all user-specific configuration
722and authentication information.
723There is no general requirement to keep the entire contents of this directory
724secret, but the recommended permissions are read/write/execute for the user,
725and not accessible by others.
726.Pp
Damien Millerd8702e82006-03-15 11:33:56 +1100727.It ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
Damien Milleradc35b92006-03-15 11:35:27 +1100728Lists the public keys (RSA/DSA) that can be used for logging in as this user.
Damien Millerd8702e82006-03-15 11:33:56 +1100729The format of this file is described above.
Damien Miller5d43d492006-08-30 11:07:00 +1000730The content of the file is not highly sensitive, but the recommended
Damien Milleradc35b92006-03-15 11:35:27 +1100731permissions are read/write for the user, and not accessible by others.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000732.Pp
Damien Miller5d43d492006-08-30 11:07:00 +1000733If this file, the
734.Pa ~/.ssh
735directory, or the user's home directory are writable
736by other users, then the file could be modified or replaced by unauthorized
737users.
738In this case,
739.Nm
740will not allow it to be used unless the
741.Cm StrictModes
742option has been set to
743.Dq no .
Damien Miller5d43d492006-08-30 11:07:00 +1000744.Pp
Damien Millerd8702e82006-03-15 11:33:56 +1100745.It ~/.ssh/environment
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000746This file is read into the environment at login (if it exists).
747It can only contain empty lines, comment lines (that start with
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000748.Ql # ) ,
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000749and assignment lines of the form name=value.
750The file should be writable
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000751only by the user; it need not be readable by anyone else.
Ben Lindstrombd9bf382002-08-20 18:54:20 +0000752Environment processing is disabled by default and is
753controlled via the
754.Cm PermitUserEnvironment
755option.
Damien Millerd8702e82006-03-15 11:33:56 +1100756.Pp
757.It ~/.ssh/known_hosts
Damien Milleradc35b92006-03-15 11:35:27 +1100758Contains a list of host keys for all hosts the user has logged into
759that are not already in the systemwide list of known host keys.
760The format of this file is described above.
761This file should be writable only by root/the owner and
Damien Millerd8702e82006-03-15 11:33:56 +1100762can, but need not be, world-readable.
763.Pp
764.It ~/.ssh/rc
Damien Millerfd725cf2006-03-15 11:35:54 +1100765Contains initialization routines to be run before
766the user's home directory becomes accessible.
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000767This file should be writable only by the user, and need not be
768readable by anyone else.
Damien Millerd8702e82006-03-15 11:33:56 +1100769.Pp
770.It /etc/hosts.allow
771.It /etc/hosts.deny
772Access controls that should be enforced by tcp-wrappers are defined here.
773Further details are described in
774.Xr hosts_access 5 .
775.Pp
776.It /etc/hosts.equiv
Damien Miller445121f2006-03-15 11:36:18 +1100777This file is for host-based authentication (see
778.Xr ssh 1 ) .
779It should only be writable by root.
Damien Millerd8702e82006-03-15 11:33:56 +1100780.Pp
781.It /etc/moduli
782Contains Diffie-Hellman groups used for the "Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange".
783The file format is described in
784.Xr moduli 5 .
785.Pp
786.It /etc/motd
787See
788.Xr motd 5 .
789.Pp
790.It /etc/nologin
791If this file exists,
792.Nm
793refuses to let anyone except root log in.
794The contents of the file
795are displayed to anyone trying to log in, and non-root connections are
796refused.
797The file should be world-readable.
798.Pp
799.It /etc/shosts.equiv
Damien Miller445121f2006-03-15 11:36:18 +1100800This file is used in exactly the same way as
801.Pa hosts.equiv ,
802but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with
803rlogin/rsh.
Damien Millerd8702e82006-03-15 11:33:56 +1100804.Pp
805.It /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key
806.It /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
807.It /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
808These three files contain the private parts of the host keys.
809These files should only be owned by root, readable only by root, and not
810accessible to others.
811Note that
812.Nm
Damien Milleredd03752006-03-15 11:36:45 +1100813does not start if these files are group/world-accessible.
Damien Millerd8702e82006-03-15 11:33:56 +1100814.Pp
815.It /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub
816.It /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
817.It /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
818These three files contain the public parts of the host keys.
819These files should be world-readable but writable only by
820root.
821Their contents should match the respective private parts.
822These files are not
823really used for anything; they are provided for the convenience of
824the user so their contents can be copied to known hosts files.
825These files are created using
826.Xr ssh-keygen 1 .
827.Pp
Darren Tucker04354b92007-03-21 20:46:54 +1100828.It /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
829Systemwide list of known host keys.
830This file should be prepared by the
831system administrator to contain the public host keys of all machines in the
832organization.
833The format of this file is described above.
834This file should be writable only by root/the owner and
835should be world-readable.
836.Pp
Damien Millerd8702e82006-03-15 11:33:56 +1100837.It /etc/ssh/sshd_config
838Contains configuration data for
839.Nm sshd .
840The file format and configuration options are described in
841.Xr sshd_config 5 .
842.Pp
843.It /etc/ssh/sshrc
Damien Millerfd725cf2006-03-15 11:35:54 +1100844Similar to
845.Pa ~/.ssh/rc ,
846it can be used to specify
Damien Miller450a7a12000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000847machine-specific login-time initializations globally.
848This file should be writable only by root, and should be world-readable.
Damien Millerd8702e82006-03-15 11:33:56 +1100849.Pp
850.It /var/empty
851.Xr chroot 2
852directory used by
853.Nm
854during privilege separation in the pre-authentication phase.
855The directory should not contain any files and must be owned by root
856and not group or world-writable.
857.Pp
858.It /var/run/sshd.pid
859Contains the process ID of the
860.Nm
861listening for connections (if there are several daemons running
862concurrently for different ports, this contains the process ID of the one
863started last).
864The content of this file is not sensitive; it can be world-readable.
Damien Miller37023962000-07-11 17:31:38 +1000865.El
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000866.Sh SEE ALSO
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000867.Xr scp 1 ,
Damien Miller33804262001-02-04 23:20:18 +1100868.Xr sftp 1 ,
Damien Miller32aa1441999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000869.Xr ssh 1 ,
870.Xr ssh-add 1 ,
871.Xr ssh-agent 1 ,
872.Xr ssh-keygen 1 ,
Darren Tucker04354b92007-03-21 20:46:54 +1100873.Xr ssh-keyscan 1 ,
Darren Tucker1f203942003-10-15 15:50:42 +1000874.Xr chroot 2 ,
875.Xr hosts_access 5 ,
Ben Lindstromc8e29ce2001-08-06 20:55:28 +0000876.Xr login.conf 5 ,
877.Xr moduli 5 ,
Ben Lindstrom9f049032002-06-21 00:59:05 +0000878.Xr sshd_config 5 ,
Darren Tucker1f203942003-10-15 15:50:42 +1000879.Xr inetd 8 ,
Ben Lindstromd2bf0d62001-06-25 04:10:54 +0000880.Xr sftp-server 8
Damien Millerf1ce5052003-06-11 22:04:39 +1000881.Sh AUTHORS
882OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free
883ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen.
884Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos,
885Theo de Raadt and Dug Song
886removed many bugs, re-added newer features and
887created OpenSSH.
888Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH
889protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0.
890Niels Provos and Markus Friedl contributed support
891for privilege separation.
Damien Millerc47d7e92006-03-15 11:27:20 +1100892.Sh CAVEATS
893System security is not improved unless
894.Nm rshd ,
895.Nm rlogind ,
896and
897.Nm rexecd
898are disabled (thus completely disabling
899.Xr rlogin
900and
901.Xr rsh
902into the machine).