djm@openbsd.org | be06394 | 2019-01-23 04:51:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame^] | 1 | .\" $OpenBSD: ssh-keygen.1,v 1.156 2019/01/23 04:51:02 djm Exp $ |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 2 | .\" |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 3 | .\" Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi> |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 4 | .\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland |
| 5 | .\" All rights reserved |
| 6 | .\" |
Damien Miller | e4340be | 2000-09-16 13:29:08 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 7 | .\" As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software |
| 8 | .\" can be used freely for any purpose. Any derived versions of this |
| 9 | .\" software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is |
| 10 | .\" incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be |
| 11 | .\" called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell". |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 12 | .\" |
Damien Miller | e4340be | 2000-09-16 13:29:08 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 13 | .\" |
Ben Lindstrom | 92a2e38 | 2001-03-05 06:59:27 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 14 | .\" Copyright (c) 1999,2000 Markus Friedl. All rights reserved. |
| 15 | .\" Copyright (c) 1999 Aaron Campbell. All rights reserved. |
| 16 | .\" Copyright (c) 1999 Theo de Raadt. All rights reserved. |
Damien Miller | e4340be | 2000-09-16 13:29:08 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 17 | .\" |
| 18 | .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without |
| 19 | .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions |
| 20 | .\" are met: |
| 21 | .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright |
| 22 | .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. |
| 23 | .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright |
| 24 | .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the |
| 25 | .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. |
| 26 | .\" |
| 27 | .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR |
| 28 | .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES |
| 29 | .\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. |
| 30 | .\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, |
| 31 | .\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT |
| 32 | .\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, |
| 33 | .\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY |
| 34 | .\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT |
| 35 | .\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF |
| 36 | .\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 37 | .\" |
djm@openbsd.org | be06394 | 2019-01-23 04:51:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame^] | 38 | .Dd $Mdocdate: January 23 2019 $ |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 39 | .Dt SSH-KEYGEN 1 |
| 40 | .Os |
| 41 | .Sh NAME |
| 42 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
Ben Lindstrom | 5a70782 | 2001-04-22 17:15:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 43 | .Nd authentication key generation, management and conversion |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 44 | .Sh SYNOPSIS |
Damien Miller | 495dca3 | 2003-04-01 21:42:14 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 45 | .Bk -words |
Damien Miller | bad5e03 | 2010-07-16 13:59:59 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 46 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
Damien Miller | 0bc1bd8 | 2000-11-13 22:57:25 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 47 | .Op Fl q |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 48 | .Op Fl b Ar bits |
jmc@openbsd.org | f10c0d3 | 2017-05-02 17:04:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 49 | .Op Fl t Cm dsa | ecdsa | ed25519 | rsa |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 50 | .Op Fl N Ar new_passphrase |
| 51 | .Op Fl C Ar comment |
Damien Miller | 1a425f3 | 2000-09-02 10:08:09 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 52 | .Op Fl f Ar output_keyfile |
djm@openbsd.org | ecd2f33 | 2019-01-22 11:40:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 53 | .Op Fl m Ar format |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 54 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
| 55 | .Fl p |
| 56 | .Op Fl P Ar old_passphrase |
| 57 | .Op Fl N Ar new_passphrase |
Damien Miller | 10f6f6b | 1999-11-17 17:29:08 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 58 | .Op Fl f Ar keyfile |
djm@openbsd.org | ecd2f33 | 2019-01-22 11:40:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 59 | .Op Fl m Ar format |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 60 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
Ben Lindstrom | 5a70782 | 2001-04-22 17:15:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 61 | .Fl i |
Damien Miller | 44b2504 | 2010-07-02 13:35:01 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 62 | .Op Fl m Ar key_format |
Damien Miller | 1a425f3 | 2000-09-02 10:08:09 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 63 | .Op Fl f Ar input_keyfile |
Damien Miller | e247cc4 | 2000-05-07 12:03:14 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 64 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
Ben Lindstrom | 5a70782 | 2001-04-22 17:15:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 65 | .Fl e |
Damien Miller | 44b2504 | 2010-07-02 13:35:01 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 66 | .Op Fl m Ar key_format |
Damien Miller | 1a425f3 | 2000-09-02 10:08:09 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 67 | .Op Fl f Ar input_keyfile |
Damien Miller | e247cc4 | 2000-05-07 12:03:14 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 68 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
| 69 | .Fl y |
Damien Miller | 1a425f3 | 2000-09-02 10:08:09 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 70 | .Op Fl f Ar input_keyfile |
Damien Miller | e247cc4 | 2000-05-07 12:03:14 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 71 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 72 | .Fl c |
| 73 | .Op Fl P Ar passphrase |
| 74 | .Op Fl C Ar comment |
Damien Miller | 10f6f6b | 1999-11-17 17:29:08 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 75 | .Op Fl f Ar keyfile |
| 76 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
| 77 | .Fl l |
naddy@openbsd.org | 6288e3a | 2015-02-24 15:24:05 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 78 | .Op Fl v |
djm@openbsd.org | 56d1c83 | 2014-12-21 22:27:55 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 79 | .Op Fl E Ar fingerprint_hash |
Ben Lindstrom | 8fd372b | 2001-03-12 03:02:17 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 80 | .Op Fl f Ar input_keyfile |
| 81 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
| 82 | .Fl B |
Damien Miller | 1a425f3 | 2000-09-02 10:08:09 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 83 | .Op Fl f Ar input_keyfile |
Ben Lindstrom | a1ec4a9 | 2001-08-06 21:51:34 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 84 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
Damien Miller | 048dc93 | 2010-02-12 09:22:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 85 | .Fl D Ar pkcs11 |
Ben Lindstrom | a1ec4a9 | 2001-08-06 21:51:34 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 86 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
Damien Miller | 4b42d7f | 2005-03-01 21:48:35 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 87 | .Fl F Ar hostname |
| 88 | .Op Fl f Ar known_hosts_file |
Damien Miller | 718ed50 | 2008-11-03 19:15:20 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 89 | .Op Fl l |
Damien Miller | 4b42d7f | 2005-03-01 21:48:35 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 90 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
| 91 | .Fl H |
| 92 | .Op Fl f Ar known_hosts_file |
| 93 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
| 94 | .Fl R Ar hostname |
| 95 | .Op Fl f Ar known_hosts_file |
| 96 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
Damien Miller | 37876e9 | 2003-05-15 10:19:46 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 97 | .Fl r Ar hostname |
| 98 | .Op Fl f Ar input_keyfile |
| 99 | .Op Fl g |
Darren Tucker | 019cefe | 2003-08-02 22:40:07 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 100 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
| 101 | .Fl G Ar output_file |
Darren Tucker | 06930c7 | 2003-12-31 11:34:51 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 102 | .Op Fl v |
Darren Tucker | 019cefe | 2003-08-02 22:40:07 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 103 | .Op Fl b Ar bits |
| 104 | .Op Fl M Ar memory |
| 105 | .Op Fl S Ar start_point |
| 106 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
| 107 | .Fl T Ar output_file |
| 108 | .Fl f Ar input_file |
Darren Tucker | 06930c7 | 2003-12-31 11:34:51 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 109 | .Op Fl v |
Damien Miller | 4f752cf | 2013-12-18 17:45:35 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 110 | .Op Fl a Ar rounds |
Damien Miller | dfceafe | 2012-07-06 13:44:19 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 111 | .Op Fl J Ar num_lines |
| 112 | .Op Fl j Ar start_line |
Damien Miller | 390d056 | 2011-10-18 16:05:19 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 113 | .Op Fl K Ar checkpt |
Darren Tucker | 019cefe | 2003-08-02 22:40:07 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 114 | .Op Fl W Ar generator |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 115 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
| 116 | .Fl s Ar ca_key |
| 117 | .Fl I Ar certificate_identity |
| 118 | .Op Fl h |
djm@openbsd.org | a98339e | 2017-06-28 01:09:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 119 | .Op Fl U |
| 120 | .Op Fl D Ar pkcs11_provider |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 121 | .Op Fl n Ar principals |
Damien Miller | 4e270b0 | 2010-04-16 15:56:21 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 122 | .Op Fl O Ar option |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 123 | .Op Fl V Ar validity_interval |
Damien Miller | 4e270b0 | 2010-04-16 15:56:21 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 124 | .Op Fl z Ar serial_number |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 125 | .Ar |
Damien Miller | f2b70ca | 2010-03-05 07:39:35 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 126 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
Damien Miller | f2b70ca | 2010-03-05 07:39:35 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 127 | .Fl L |
| 128 | .Op Fl f Ar input_keyfile |
Damien Miller | 58f1baf | 2011-05-05 14:06:15 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 129 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
| 130 | .Fl A |
djm@openbsd.org | 853edbe | 2017-07-07 03:53:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 131 | .Op Fl f Ar prefix_path |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 132 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
| 133 | .Fl k |
| 134 | .Fl f Ar krl_file |
| 135 | .Op Fl u |
Damien Miller | ac5542b | 2013-01-20 22:33:02 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 136 | .Op Fl s Ar ca_public |
| 137 | .Op Fl z Ar version_number |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 138 | .Ar |
| 139 | .Nm ssh-keygen |
| 140 | .Fl Q |
| 141 | .Fl f Ar krl_file |
| 142 | .Ar |
Damien Miller | 15f5b56 | 2010-03-03 10:25:21 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 143 | .Ek |
Damien Miller | 22c7726 | 2000-04-13 12:26:34 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 144 | .Sh DESCRIPTION |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 145 | .Nm |
Ben Lindstrom | 5a70782 | 2001-04-22 17:15:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 146 | generates, manages and converts authentication keys for |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 147 | .Xr ssh 1 . |
Damien Miller | e247cc4 | 2000-05-07 12:03:14 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 148 | .Nm |
jmc@openbsd.org | 2b6f799 | 2017-05-03 06:32:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 149 | can create keys for use by SSH protocol version 2. |
jmc@openbsd.org | a685ae8 | 2016-02-17 07:38:19 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 150 | .Pp |
Damien Miller | fbf486b | 2003-05-23 18:44:23 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 151 | The type of key to be generated is specified with the |
Damien Miller | 0bc1bd8 | 2000-11-13 22:57:25 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 152 | .Fl t |
Damien Miller | a41c8b1 | 2002-01-22 23:05:08 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 153 | option. |
Damien Miller | f14be5c | 2005-11-05 15:15:49 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 154 | If invoked without any arguments, |
| 155 | .Nm |
naddy@openbsd.org | 2e9c324 | 2017-05-05 10:41:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 156 | will generate an RSA key. |
Damien Miller | e247cc4 | 2000-05-07 12:03:14 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 157 | .Pp |
Darren Tucker | 019cefe | 2003-08-02 22:40:07 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 158 | .Nm |
| 159 | is also used to generate groups for use in Diffie-Hellman group |
| 160 | exchange (DH-GEX). |
| 161 | See the |
| 162 | .Sx MODULI GENERATION |
| 163 | section for details. |
| 164 | .Pp |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 165 | Finally, |
| 166 | .Nm |
| 167 | can be used to generate and update Key Revocation Lists, and to test whether |
Damien Miller | ac5542b | 2013-01-20 22:33:02 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 168 | given keys have been revoked by one. |
| 169 | See the |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 170 | .Sx KEY REVOCATION LISTS |
| 171 | section for details. |
| 172 | .Pp |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 173 | Normally each user wishing to use SSH |
Damien Miller | eb8b60e | 2010-08-31 22:41:14 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 174 | with public key authentication runs this once to create the authentication |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 175 | key in |
Damien Miller | 8ba0ead | 2013-12-18 17:46:27 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 176 | .Pa ~/.ssh/id_dsa , |
Damien Miller | eb8b60e | 2010-08-31 22:41:14 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 177 | .Pa ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa , |
Damien Miller | 8ba0ead | 2013-12-18 17:46:27 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 178 | .Pa ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 |
Damien Miller | e247cc4 | 2000-05-07 12:03:14 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 179 | or |
Damien Miller | 167ea5d | 2005-05-26 12:04:02 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 180 | .Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa . |
Damien Miller | e247cc4 | 2000-05-07 12:03:14 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 181 | Additionally, the system administrator may use this to generate host keys, |
| 182 | as seen in |
| 183 | .Pa /etc/rc . |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 184 | .Pp |
| 185 | Normally this program generates the key and asks for a file in which |
Damien Miller | 450a7a1 | 2000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 186 | to store the private key. |
| 187 | The public key is stored in a file with the same name but |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 188 | .Dq .pub |
Damien Miller | 450a7a1 | 2000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 189 | appended. |
| 190 | The program also asks for a passphrase. |
| 191 | The passphrase may be empty to indicate no passphrase |
Ben Lindstrom | bf555ba | 2001-01-18 02:04:35 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 192 | (host keys must have an empty passphrase), or it may be a string of |
Damien Miller | 450a7a1 | 2000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 193 | arbitrary length. |
Ben Lindstrom | 4e366d5 | 2001-12-06 16:43:21 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 194 | A passphrase is similar to a password, except it can be a phrase with a |
| 195 | series of words, punctuation, numbers, whitespace, or any string of |
| 196 | characters you want. |
| 197 | Good passphrases are 10-30 characters long, are |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 198 | not simple sentences or otherwise easily guessable (English |
Ben Lindstrom | 2a097a4 | 2001-06-09 01:13:40 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 199 | prose has only 1-2 bits of entropy per character, and provides very bad |
Ben Lindstrom | 4e366d5 | 2001-12-06 16:43:21 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 200 | passphrases), and contain a mix of upper and lowercase letters, |
| 201 | numbers, and non-alphanumeric characters. |
Damien Miller | 450a7a1 | 2000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 202 | The passphrase can be changed later by using the |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 203 | .Fl p |
| 204 | option. |
| 205 | .Pp |
Damien Miller | 450a7a1 | 2000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 206 | There is no way to recover a lost passphrase. |
Damien Miller | 085c90f | 2011-05-05 14:15:33 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 207 | If the passphrase is lost or forgotten, a new key must be generated |
| 208 | and the corresponding public key copied to other machines. |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 209 | .Pp |
djm@openbsd.org | c45616a | 2019-01-22 11:00:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 210 | .Nm |
| 211 | will by default write keys in an OpenSSH-specific format. |
| 212 | This format is preferred as it offers better protection for |
| 213 | keys at rest as well as allowing storage of key comments within |
| 214 | the private key file itself. |
| 215 | The key comment may be useful to help identify the key. |
Damien Miller | 450a7a1 | 2000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 216 | The comment is initialized to |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 217 | .Dq user@host |
| 218 | when the key is created, but can be changed using the |
| 219 | .Fl c |
| 220 | option. |
| 221 | .Pp |
djm@openbsd.org | c45616a | 2019-01-22 11:00:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 222 | It is still possible for |
| 223 | .Nm |
| 224 | to write the previously-used PEM format private keys using the |
| 225 | .Fl m |
| 226 | flag. |
| 227 | This may be used when generating new keys, and existing new-format |
| 228 | keys may be converted using this option in conjunction with the |
| 229 | .Fl p |
| 230 | (change passphrase) flag. |
| 231 | .Pp |
Damien Miller | e247cc4 | 2000-05-07 12:03:14 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 232 | After a key is generated, instructions below detail where the keys |
| 233 | should be placed to be activated. |
| 234 | .Pp |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 235 | The options are as follows: |
| 236 | .Bl -tag -width Ds |
Damien Miller | 58f1baf | 2011-05-05 14:06:15 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 237 | .It Fl A |
jmc@openbsd.org | f10c0d3 | 2017-05-02 17:04:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 238 | For each of the key types (rsa, dsa, ecdsa and ed25519) |
Damien Miller | 8ba0ead | 2013-12-18 17:46:27 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 239 | for which host keys |
Damien Miller | 58f1baf | 2011-05-05 14:06:15 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 240 | do not exist, generate the host keys with the default key file path, |
| 241 | an empty passphrase, default bits for the key type, and default comment. |
jmc@openbsd.org | dc44dd3 | 2017-07-08 18:32:54 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 242 | If |
djm@openbsd.org | 853edbe | 2017-07-07 03:53:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 243 | .Fl f |
jmc@openbsd.org | dc44dd3 | 2017-07-08 18:32:54 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 244 | has also been specified, its argument is used as a prefix to the |
djm@openbsd.org | 853edbe | 2017-07-07 03:53:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 245 | default path for the resulting host key files. |
Damien Miller | 3ca1eb3 | 2011-05-05 14:13:50 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 246 | This is used by |
Damien Miller | 58f1baf | 2011-05-05 14:06:15 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 247 | .Pa /etc/rc |
| 248 | to generate new host keys. |
Damien Miller | 4f752cf | 2013-12-18 17:45:35 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 249 | .It Fl a Ar rounds |
djm@openbsd.org | ed7bd5d | 2018-08-08 01:16:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 250 | When saving a private key this option specifies the number of KDF |
| 251 | (key derivation function) rounds used. |
Damien Miller | 4f752cf | 2013-12-18 17:45:35 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 252 | Higher numbers result in slower passphrase verification and increased |
| 253 | resistance to brute-force password cracking (should the keys be stolen). |
| 254 | .Pp |
jmc@openbsd.org | 2b6f799 | 2017-05-03 06:32:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 255 | When screening DH-GEX candidates (using the |
Darren Tucker | 019cefe | 2003-08-02 22:40:07 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 256 | .Fl T |
Damien Miller | 4f752cf | 2013-12-18 17:45:35 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 257 | command). |
| 258 | This option specifies the number of primality tests to perform. |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 259 | .It Fl B |
| 260 | Show the bubblebabble digest of specified private or public key file. |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 261 | .It Fl b Ar bits |
Damien Miller | 450a7a1 | 2000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 262 | Specifies the number of bits in the key to create. |
djm@openbsd.org | 933935c | 2015-07-03 03:49:45 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 263 | For RSA keys, the minimum size is 1024 bits and the default is 2048 bits. |
Damien Miller | ac7ef6a | 2005-06-16 13:19:06 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 264 | Generally, 2048 bits is considered sufficient. |
Darren Tucker | 9f64733 | 2005-11-28 16:41:46 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 265 | DSA keys must be exactly 1024 bits as specified by FIPS 186-2. |
Damien Miller | ad21032 | 2011-05-05 14:15:54 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 266 | For ECDSA keys, the |
| 267 | .Fl b |
Damien Miller | 6232a16 | 2011-09-22 21:36:00 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 268 | flag determines the key length by selecting from one of three elliptic |
Damien Miller | ad21032 | 2011-05-05 14:15:54 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 269 | curve sizes: 256, 384 or 521 bits. |
| 270 | Attempting to use bit lengths other than these three values for ECDSA keys |
| 271 | will fail. |
sobrado@openbsd.org | f70b22b | 2014-08-30 15:33:50 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 272 | Ed25519 keys have a fixed length and the |
Damien Miller | 8ba0ead | 2013-12-18 17:46:27 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 273 | .Fl b |
| 274 | flag will be ignored. |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 275 | .It Fl C Ar comment |
| 276 | Provides a new comment. |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 277 | .It Fl c |
| 278 | Requests changing the comment in the private and public key files. |
| 279 | The program will prompt for the file containing the private keys, for |
Ben Lindstrom | aafff9c | 2001-05-06 03:01:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 280 | the passphrase if the key has one, and for the new comment. |
Damien Miller | 7ea845e | 2010-02-12 09:21:02 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 281 | .It Fl D Ar pkcs11 |
Damien Miller | a761844 | 2010-02-12 09:26:02 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 282 | Download the RSA public keys provided by the PKCS#11 shared library |
| 283 | .Ar pkcs11 . |
Damien Miller | 757f34e | 2010-08-05 13:05:31 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 284 | When used in combination with |
| 285 | .Fl s , |
| 286 | this option indicates that a CA key resides in a PKCS#11 token (see the |
| 287 | .Sx CERTIFICATES |
| 288 | section for details). |
djm@openbsd.org | 56d1c83 | 2014-12-21 22:27:55 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 289 | .It Fl E Ar fingerprint_hash |
| 290 | Specifies the hash algorithm used when displaying key fingerprints. |
| 291 | Valid options are: |
| 292 | .Dq md5 |
| 293 | and |
| 294 | .Dq sha256 . |
| 295 | The default is |
| 296 | .Dq sha256 . |
Ben Lindstrom | 5a70782 | 2001-04-22 17:15:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 297 | .It Fl e |
Ben Lindstrom | 46c264f | 2001-04-24 16:56:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 298 | This option will read a private or public OpenSSH key file and |
djm@openbsd.org | 180b520 | 2019-01-22 11:19:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 299 | print to stdout a public key in one of the formats specified by the |
Damien Miller | 44b2504 | 2010-07-02 13:35:01 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 300 | .Fl m |
| 301 | option. |
| 302 | The default export format is |
| 303 | .Dq RFC4716 . |
Damien Miller | ea72728 | 2010-07-02 13:35:34 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 304 | This option allows exporting OpenSSH keys for use by other programs, including |
Damien Miller | 44b2504 | 2010-07-02 13:35:01 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 305 | several commercial SSH implementations. |
djm@openbsd.org | 737e4ed | 2018-12-07 03:32:26 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 306 | .It Fl F Ar hostname | [hostname]:port |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 307 | Search for the specified |
| 308 | .Ar hostname |
djm@openbsd.org | 737e4ed | 2018-12-07 03:32:26 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 309 | (with optional port number) |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 310 | in a |
| 311 | .Pa known_hosts |
| 312 | file, listing any occurrences found. |
| 313 | This option is useful to find hashed host names or addresses and may also be |
| 314 | used in conjunction with the |
| 315 | .Fl H |
| 316 | option to print found keys in a hashed format. |
| 317 | .It Fl f Ar filename |
| 318 | Specifies the filename of the key file. |
| 319 | .It Fl G Ar output_file |
| 320 | Generate candidate primes for DH-GEX. |
| 321 | These primes must be screened for |
| 322 | safety (using the |
| 323 | .Fl T |
| 324 | option) before use. |
Damien Miller | 37876e9 | 2003-05-15 10:19:46 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 325 | .It Fl g |
Darren Tucker | 0b42e6d | 2004-08-13 21:22:40 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 326 | Use generic DNS format when printing fingerprint resource records using the |
Darren Tucker | 6e37037 | 2004-08-13 21:23:25 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 327 | .Fl r |
Darren Tucker | 0b42e6d | 2004-08-13 21:22:40 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 328 | command. |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 329 | .It Fl H |
| 330 | Hash a |
| 331 | .Pa known_hosts |
Darren Tucker | da1adbc | 2005-03-14 23:15:58 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 332 | file. |
| 333 | This replaces all hostnames and addresses with hashed representations |
| 334 | within the specified file; the original content is moved to a file with |
| 335 | a .old suffix. |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 336 | These hashes may be used normally by |
| 337 | .Nm ssh |
| 338 | and |
| 339 | .Nm sshd , |
| 340 | but they do not reveal identifying information should the file's contents |
| 341 | be disclosed. |
| 342 | This option will not modify existing hashed hostnames and is therefore safe |
| 343 | to use on files that mix hashed and non-hashed names. |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 344 | .It Fl h |
| 345 | When signing a key, create a host certificate instead of a user |
| 346 | certificate. |
| 347 | Please see the |
| 348 | .Sx CERTIFICATES |
| 349 | section for details. |
Damien Miller | 15f5b56 | 2010-03-03 10:25:21 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 350 | .It Fl I Ar certificate_identity |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 351 | Specify the key identity when signing a public key. |
| 352 | Please see the |
| 353 | .Sx CERTIFICATES |
| 354 | section for details. |
Ben Lindstrom | 5a70782 | 2001-04-22 17:15:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 355 | .It Fl i |
| 356 | This option will read an unencrypted private (or public) key file |
Damien Miller | 44b2504 | 2010-07-02 13:35:01 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 357 | in the format specified by the |
| 358 | .Fl m |
| 359 | option and print an OpenSSH compatible private |
Ben Lindstrom | 5a70782 | 2001-04-22 17:15:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 360 | (or public) key to stdout. |
Damien Miller | 43b156c | 2014-04-20 13:23:03 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 361 | This option allows importing keys from other software, including several |
| 362 | commercial SSH implementations. |
| 363 | The default import format is |
| 364 | .Dq RFC4716 . |
Damien Miller | dfceafe | 2012-07-06 13:44:19 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 365 | .It Fl J Ar num_lines |
| 366 | Exit after screening the specified number of lines |
| 367 | while performing DH candidate screening using the |
| 368 | .Fl T |
| 369 | option. |
| 370 | .It Fl j Ar start_line |
| 371 | Start screening at the specified line number |
| 372 | while performing DH candidate screening using the |
| 373 | .Fl T |
| 374 | option. |
Damien Miller | 390d056 | 2011-10-18 16:05:19 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 375 | .It Fl K Ar checkpt |
| 376 | Write the last line processed to the file |
| 377 | .Ar checkpt |
| 378 | while performing DH candidate screening using the |
| 379 | .Fl T |
| 380 | option. |
| 381 | This will be used to skip lines in the input file that have already been |
| 382 | processed if the job is restarted. |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 383 | .It Fl k |
| 384 | Generate a KRL file. |
| 385 | In this mode, |
| 386 | .Nm |
| 387 | will generate a KRL file at the location specified via the |
| 388 | .Fl f |
Damien Miller | 881a7a2 | 2013-01-20 22:34:46 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 389 | flag that revokes every key or certificate presented on the command line. |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 390 | Keys/certificates to be revoked may be specified by public key file or |
| 391 | using the format described in the |
| 392 | .Sx KEY REVOCATION LISTS |
| 393 | section. |
Damien Miller | f2b70ca | 2010-03-05 07:39:35 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 394 | .It Fl L |
djm@openbsd.org | 94bc0b7 | 2015-11-13 04:34:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 395 | Prints the contents of one or more certificates. |
Damien Miller | 10f6f6b | 1999-11-17 17:29:08 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 396 | .It Fl l |
Darren Tucker | 35c4553 | 2008-06-13 04:43:15 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 397 | Show fingerprint of specified public key file. |
Damien Miller | eb5fec6 | 2001-11-12 10:52:44 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 398 | For RSA and DSA keys |
| 399 | .Nm |
Darren Tucker | f09e825 | 2008-06-13 05:18:03 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 400 | tries to find the matching public key file and prints its fingerprint. |
| 401 | If combined with |
| 402 | .Fl v , |
jmc@openbsd.org | 9283884 | 2016-05-03 18:38:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 403 | a visual ASCII art representation of the key is supplied with the |
djm@openbsd.org | cdcd941 | 2016-05-03 14:54:08 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 404 | fingerprint. |
Damien Miller | ea72728 | 2010-07-02 13:35:34 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 405 | .It Fl M Ar memory |
| 406 | Specify the amount of memory to use (in megabytes) when generating |
| 407 | candidate moduli for DH-GEX. |
Damien Miller | 44b2504 | 2010-07-02 13:35:01 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 408 | .It Fl m Ar key_format |
djm@openbsd.org | ecd2f33 | 2019-01-22 11:40:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 409 | Specify a key format for key generation, the |
Damien Miller | 44b2504 | 2010-07-02 13:35:01 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 410 | .Fl i |
djm@openbsd.org | ecd2f33 | 2019-01-22 11:40:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 411 | (import), |
Damien Miller | 44b2504 | 2010-07-02 13:35:01 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 412 | .Fl e |
djm@openbsd.org | ecd2f33 | 2019-01-22 11:40:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 413 | (export) conversion options, and the |
| 414 | .Fl p |
| 415 | change passphrase operation. |
| 416 | The latter may be used to convert between OpenSSH private key and PEM |
| 417 | private key formats. |
Damien Miller | 44b2504 | 2010-07-02 13:35:01 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 418 | The supported key formats are: |
| 419 | .Dq RFC4716 |
Damien Miller | ea72728 | 2010-07-02 13:35:34 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 420 | (RFC 4716/SSH2 public or private key), |
Damien Miller | 44b2504 | 2010-07-02 13:35:01 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 421 | .Dq PKCS8 |
| 422 | (PEM PKCS8 public key) |
| 423 | or |
| 424 | .Dq PEM |
| 425 | (PEM public key). |
| 426 | The default conversion format is |
| 427 | .Dq RFC4716 . |
djm@openbsd.org | ed7bd5d | 2018-08-08 01:16:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 428 | Setting a format of |
| 429 | .Dq PEM |
| 430 | when generating or updating a supported private key type will cause the |
| 431 | key to be stored in the legacy PEM private key format. |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 432 | .It Fl N Ar new_passphrase |
| 433 | Provides the new passphrase. |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 434 | .It Fl n Ar principals |
| 435 | Specify one or more principals (user or host names) to be included in |
| 436 | a certificate when signing a key. |
| 437 | Multiple principals may be specified, separated by commas. |
| 438 | Please see the |
| 439 | .Sx CERTIFICATES |
| 440 | section for details. |
Damien Miller | 4e270b0 | 2010-04-16 15:56:21 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 441 | .It Fl O Ar option |
| 442 | Specify a certificate option when signing a key. |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 443 | This option may be specified multiple times. |
jmc@openbsd.org | 6b84897 | 2017-05-02 07:13:31 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 444 | See also the |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 445 | .Sx CERTIFICATES |
jmc@openbsd.org | 6b84897 | 2017-05-02 07:13:31 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 446 | section for further details. |
djm@openbsd.org | 130283d | 2018-01-25 03:34:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 447 | .Pp |
| 448 | At present, no standard options are valid for host keys. |
Damien Miller | 4e270b0 | 2010-04-16 15:56:21 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 449 | The options that are valid for user certificates are: |
jmc@openbsd.org | 6b84897 | 2017-05-02 07:13:31 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 450 | .Pp |
| 451 | .Bl -tag -width Ds -compact |
Damien Miller | c59e244 | 2010-03-22 05:50:31 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 452 | .It Ic clear |
| 453 | Clear all enabled permissions. |
| 454 | This is useful for clearing the default set of permissions so permissions may |
| 455 | be added individually. |
jmc@openbsd.org | 6b84897 | 2017-05-02 07:13:31 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 456 | .Pp |
jmc@openbsd.org | d4084cd | 2017-04-29 06:06:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 457 | .It Ic critical : Ns Ar name Ns Op Ns = Ns Ar contents |
jmc@openbsd.org | 6b84897 | 2017-05-02 07:13:31 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 458 | .It Ic extension : Ns Ar name Ns Op Ns = Ns Ar contents |
| 459 | Includes an arbitrary certificate critical option or extension. |
| 460 | The specified |
djm@openbsd.org | 249516e | 2017-04-29 04:12:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 461 | .Ar name |
jmc@openbsd.org | d4084cd | 2017-04-29 06:06:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 462 | should include a domain suffix, e.g.\& |
djm@openbsd.org | 249516e | 2017-04-29 04:12:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 463 | .Dq name@example.com . |
jmc@openbsd.org | d4084cd | 2017-04-29 06:06:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 464 | If |
djm@openbsd.org | 249516e | 2017-04-29 04:12:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 465 | .Ar contents |
| 466 | is specified then it is included as the contents of the extension/option |
| 467 | encoded as a string, otherwise the extension/option is created with no |
| 468 | contents (usually indicating a flag). |
| 469 | Extensions may be ignored by a client or server that does not recognise them, |
| 470 | whereas unknown critical options will cause the certificate to be refused. |
jmc@openbsd.org | 6b84897 | 2017-05-02 07:13:31 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 471 | .Pp |
| 472 | .It Ic force-command Ns = Ns Ar command |
| 473 | Forces the execution of |
| 474 | .Ar command |
| 475 | instead of any shell or command specified by the user when |
| 476 | the certificate is used for authentication. |
| 477 | .Pp |
| 478 | .It Ic no-agent-forwarding |
| 479 | Disable |
| 480 | .Xr ssh-agent 1 |
| 481 | forwarding (permitted by default). |
| 482 | .Pp |
| 483 | .It Ic no-port-forwarding |
| 484 | Disable port forwarding (permitted by default). |
| 485 | .Pp |
| 486 | .It Ic no-pty |
| 487 | Disable PTY allocation (permitted by default). |
| 488 | .Pp |
| 489 | .It Ic no-user-rc |
| 490 | Disable execution of |
| 491 | .Pa ~/.ssh/rc |
| 492 | by |
| 493 | .Xr sshd 8 |
| 494 | (permitted by default). |
| 495 | .Pp |
| 496 | .It Ic no-x11-forwarding |
| 497 | Disable X11 forwarding (permitted by default). |
| 498 | .Pp |
| 499 | .It Ic permit-agent-forwarding |
| 500 | Allows |
| 501 | .Xr ssh-agent 1 |
| 502 | forwarding. |
| 503 | .Pp |
| 504 | .It Ic permit-port-forwarding |
| 505 | Allows port forwarding. |
| 506 | .Pp |
| 507 | .It Ic permit-pty |
| 508 | Allows PTY allocation. |
| 509 | .Pp |
| 510 | .It Ic permit-user-rc |
| 511 | Allows execution of |
| 512 | .Pa ~/.ssh/rc |
| 513 | by |
| 514 | .Xr sshd 8 . |
| 515 | .Pp |
djm@openbsd.org | 130283d | 2018-01-25 03:34:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 516 | .It Ic permit-X11-forwarding |
jmc@openbsd.org | 6b84897 | 2017-05-02 07:13:31 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 517 | Allows X11 forwarding. |
| 518 | .Pp |
| 519 | .It Ic source-address Ns = Ns Ar address_list |
| 520 | Restrict the source addresses from which the certificate is considered valid. |
| 521 | The |
| 522 | .Ar address_list |
| 523 | is a comma-separated list of one or more address/netmask pairs in CIDR |
| 524 | format. |
| 525 | .El |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 526 | .It Fl P Ar passphrase |
| 527 | Provides the (old) passphrase. |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 528 | .It Fl p |
| 529 | Requests changing the passphrase of a private key file instead of |
Damien Miller | 450a7a1 | 2000-03-26 13:04:51 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 530 | creating a new private key. |
| 531 | The program will prompt for the file |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 532 | containing the private key, for the old passphrase, and twice for the |
| 533 | new passphrase. |
Damien Miller | 072fdcd | 2013-01-20 22:34:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 534 | .It Fl Q |
| 535 | Test whether keys have been revoked in a KRL. |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 536 | .It Fl q |
| 537 | Silence |
| 538 | .Nm ssh-keygen . |
djm@openbsd.org | 63bba57 | 2018-12-07 03:33:18 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 539 | .It Fl R Ar hostname | [hostname]:port |
djm@openbsd.org | 737e4ed | 2018-12-07 03:32:26 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 540 | Removes all keys belonging to the specified |
Damien Miller | 4b42d7f | 2005-03-01 21:48:35 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 541 | .Ar hostname |
djm@openbsd.org | 737e4ed | 2018-12-07 03:32:26 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 542 | (with optional port number) |
Damien Miller | 4c9c6fd | 2005-03-02 12:03:43 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 543 | from a |
Damien Miller | 4b42d7f | 2005-03-01 21:48:35 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 544 | .Pa known_hosts |
| 545 | file. |
Damien Miller | 4c9c6fd | 2005-03-02 12:03:43 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 546 | This option is useful to delete hashed hosts (see the |
Damien Miller | 4b42d7f | 2005-03-01 21:48:35 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 547 | .Fl H |
| 548 | option above). |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 549 | .It Fl r Ar hostname |
| 550 | Print the SSHFP fingerprint resource record named |
| 551 | .Ar hostname |
| 552 | for the specified public key file. |
Darren Tucker | 019cefe | 2003-08-02 22:40:07 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 553 | .It Fl S Ar start |
| 554 | Specify start point (in hex) when generating candidate moduli for DH-GEX. |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 555 | .It Fl s Ar ca_key |
| 556 | Certify (sign) a public key using the specified CA key. |
| 557 | Please see the |
| 558 | .Sx CERTIFICATES |
| 559 | section for details. |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 560 | .Pp |
| 561 | When generating a KRL, |
| 562 | .Fl s |
Damien Miller | ac5542b | 2013-01-20 22:33:02 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 563 | specifies a path to a CA public key file used to revoke certificates directly |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 564 | by key ID or serial number. |
| 565 | See the |
| 566 | .Sx KEY REVOCATION LISTS |
| 567 | section for details. |
Darren Tucker | 019cefe | 2003-08-02 22:40:07 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 568 | .It Fl T Ar output_file |
| 569 | Test DH group exchange candidate primes (generated using the |
| 570 | .Fl G |
| 571 | option) for safety. |
jmc@openbsd.org | f10c0d3 | 2017-05-02 17:04:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 572 | .It Fl t Cm dsa | ecdsa | ed25519 | rsa |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 573 | Specifies the type of key to create. |
| 574 | The possible values are |
Damien Miller | 6186bbc | 2010-09-24 22:00:54 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 575 | .Dq dsa , |
Damien Miller | 8ba0ead | 2013-12-18 17:46:27 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 576 | .Dq ecdsa , |
| 577 | .Dq ed25519 , |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 578 | or |
jmc@openbsd.org | f10c0d3 | 2017-05-02 17:04:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 579 | .Dq rsa . |
djm@openbsd.org | a98339e | 2017-06-28 01:09:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 580 | .It Fl U |
| 581 | When used in combination with |
| 582 | .Fl s , |
| 583 | this option indicates that a CA key resides in a |
| 584 | .Xr ssh-agent 1 . |
| 585 | See the |
| 586 | .Sx CERTIFICATES |
| 587 | section for more information. |
Damien Miller | ac5542b | 2013-01-20 22:33:02 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 588 | .It Fl u |
| 589 | Update a KRL. |
| 590 | When specified with |
| 591 | .Fl k , |
Damien Miller | 881a7a2 | 2013-01-20 22:34:46 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 592 | keys listed via the command line are added to the existing KRL rather than |
Damien Miller | ac5542b | 2013-01-20 22:33:02 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 593 | a new KRL being created. |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 594 | .It Fl V Ar validity_interval |
| 595 | Specify a validity interval when signing a certificate. |
| 596 | A validity interval may consist of a single time, indicating that the |
| 597 | certificate is valid beginning now and expiring at that time, or may consist |
| 598 | of two times separated by a colon to indicate an explicit time interval. |
djm@openbsd.org@openbsd.org | d52131a | 2017-11-03 05:14:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 599 | .Pp |
| 600 | The start time may be specified as the string |
| 601 | .Dq always |
| 602 | to indicate the certificate has no specified start time, |
djm@openbsd.org | bf0fbf2 | 2018-03-12 00:52:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 603 | a date in YYYYMMDD format, a time in YYYYMMDDHHMM[SS] format, |
djm@openbsd.org@openbsd.org | d52131a | 2017-11-03 05:14:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 604 | a relative time (to the current time) consisting of a minus sign followed by |
| 605 | an interval in the format described in the |
Damien Miller | fecfd11 | 2013-07-18 16:11:50 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 606 | TIME FORMATS section of |
Damien Miller | 77497e1 | 2010-03-22 05:50:51 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 607 | .Xr sshd_config 5 . |
djm@openbsd.org@openbsd.org | d52131a | 2017-11-03 05:14:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 608 | .Pp |
djm@openbsd.org | bf0fbf2 | 2018-03-12 00:52:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 609 | The end time may be specified as a YYYYMMDD date, a YYYYMMDDHHMM[SS] time, |
djm@openbsd.org@openbsd.org | d52131a | 2017-11-03 05:14:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 610 | a relative time starting with a plus character or the string |
| 611 | .Dq forever |
| 612 | to indicate that the certificate has no expirty date. |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 613 | .Pp |
| 614 | For example: |
| 615 | .Dq +52w1d |
| 616 | (valid from now to 52 weeks and one day from now), |
| 617 | .Dq -4w:+4w |
| 618 | (valid from four weeks ago to four weeks from now), |
| 619 | .Dq 20100101123000:20110101123000 |
| 620 | (valid from 12:30 PM, January 1st, 2010 to 12:30 PM, January 1st, 2011), |
| 621 | .Dq -1d:20110101 |
| 622 | (valid from yesterday to midnight, January 1st, 2011). |
djm@openbsd.org@openbsd.org | d52131a | 2017-11-03 05:14:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 623 | .Dq -1m:forever |
| 624 | (valid from one minute ago and never expiring). |
Darren Tucker | 06930c7 | 2003-12-31 11:34:51 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 625 | .It Fl v |
| 626 | Verbose mode. |
| 627 | Causes |
| 628 | .Nm |
| 629 | to print debugging messages about its progress. |
| 630 | This is helpful for debugging moduli generation. |
| 631 | Multiple |
| 632 | .Fl v |
| 633 | options increase the verbosity. |
| 634 | The maximum is 3. |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 635 | .It Fl W Ar generator |
| 636 | Specify desired generator when testing candidate moduli for DH-GEX. |
| 637 | .It Fl y |
| 638 | This option will read a private |
| 639 | OpenSSH format file and print an OpenSSH public key to stdout. |
Damien Miller | 4e270b0 | 2010-04-16 15:56:21 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 640 | .It Fl z Ar serial_number |
| 641 | Specifies a serial number to be embedded in the certificate to distinguish |
| 642 | this certificate from others from the same CA. |
djm@openbsd.org | be06394 | 2019-01-23 04:51:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame^] | 643 | If the |
| 644 | .Ar serial_number |
| 645 | is prefixed with a |
| 646 | .Sq + |
| 647 | character, then the serial number will be incremented for each certificate |
| 648 | signed on a single command-line. |
Damien Miller | 4e270b0 | 2010-04-16 15:56:21 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 649 | The default serial number is zero. |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 650 | .Pp |
| 651 | When generating a KRL, the |
| 652 | .Fl z |
| 653 | flag is used to specify a KRL version number. |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 654 | .El |
Darren Tucker | 019cefe | 2003-08-02 22:40:07 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 655 | .Sh MODULI GENERATION |
| 656 | .Nm |
| 657 | may be used to generate groups for the Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange |
| 658 | (DH-GEX) protocol. |
| 659 | Generating these groups is a two-step process: first, candidate |
| 660 | primes are generated using a fast, but memory intensive process. |
| 661 | These candidate primes are then tested for suitability (a CPU-intensive |
| 662 | process). |
| 663 | .Pp |
| 664 | Generation of primes is performed using the |
| 665 | .Fl G |
| 666 | option. |
| 667 | The desired length of the primes may be specified by the |
| 668 | .Fl b |
| 669 | option. |
| 670 | For example: |
| 671 | .Pp |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 672 | .Dl # ssh-keygen -G moduli-2048.candidates -b 2048 |
Darren Tucker | 019cefe | 2003-08-02 22:40:07 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 673 | .Pp |
| 674 | By default, the search for primes begins at a random point in the |
| 675 | desired length range. |
| 676 | This may be overridden using the |
| 677 | .Fl S |
| 678 | option, which specifies a different start point (in hex). |
| 679 | .Pp |
Damien Miller | dfceafe | 2012-07-06 13:44:19 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 680 | Once a set of candidates have been generated, they must be screened for |
Darren Tucker | 019cefe | 2003-08-02 22:40:07 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 681 | suitability. |
| 682 | This may be performed using the |
| 683 | .Fl T |
| 684 | option. |
| 685 | In this mode |
| 686 | .Nm |
| 687 | will read candidates from standard input (or a file specified using the |
| 688 | .Fl f |
| 689 | option). |
| 690 | For example: |
| 691 | .Pp |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 692 | .Dl # ssh-keygen -T moduli-2048 -f moduli-2048.candidates |
Darren Tucker | 019cefe | 2003-08-02 22:40:07 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 693 | .Pp |
| 694 | By default, each candidate will be subjected to 100 primality tests. |
| 695 | This may be overridden using the |
| 696 | .Fl a |
| 697 | option. |
| 698 | The DH generator value will be chosen automatically for the |
| 699 | prime under consideration. |
| 700 | If a specific generator is desired, it may be requested using the |
| 701 | .Fl W |
| 702 | option. |
Damien Miller | 265d309 | 2005-03-02 12:05:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 703 | Valid generator values are 2, 3, and 5. |
Darren Tucker | 019cefe | 2003-08-02 22:40:07 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 704 | .Pp |
| 705 | Screened DH groups may be installed in |
| 706 | .Pa /etc/moduli . |
| 707 | It is important that this file contains moduli of a range of bit lengths and |
| 708 | that both ends of a connection share common moduli. |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 709 | .Sh CERTIFICATES |
| 710 | .Nm |
| 711 | supports signing of keys to produce certificates that may be used for |
| 712 | user or host authentication. |
| 713 | Certificates consist of a public key, some identity information, zero or |
Damien Miller | 1f18142 | 2010-04-18 08:08:03 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 714 | more principal (user or host) names and a set of options that |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 715 | are signed by a Certification Authority (CA) key. |
| 716 | Clients or servers may then trust only the CA key and verify its signature |
| 717 | on a certificate rather than trusting many user/host keys. |
| 718 | Note that OpenSSH certificates are a different, and much simpler, format to |
| 719 | the X.509 certificates used in |
| 720 | .Xr ssl 8 . |
| 721 | .Pp |
| 722 | .Nm |
| 723 | supports two types of certificates: user and host. |
| 724 | User certificates authenticate users to servers, whereas host certificates |
Damien Miller | 15f5b56 | 2010-03-03 10:25:21 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 725 | authenticate server hosts to users. |
| 726 | To generate a user certificate: |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 727 | .Pp |
| 728 | .Dl $ ssh-keygen -s /path/to/ca_key -I key_id /path/to/user_key.pub |
| 729 | .Pp |
| 730 | The resultant certificate will be placed in |
Damien Miller | 1b61a28 | 2010-03-22 05:55:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 731 | .Pa /path/to/user_key-cert.pub . |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 732 | A host certificate requires the |
| 733 | .Fl h |
| 734 | option: |
| 735 | .Pp |
| 736 | .Dl $ ssh-keygen -s /path/to/ca_key -I key_id -h /path/to/host_key.pub |
| 737 | .Pp |
| 738 | The host certificate will be output to |
Damien Miller | 1b61a28 | 2010-03-22 05:55:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 739 | .Pa /path/to/host_key-cert.pub . |
Damien Miller | 757f34e | 2010-08-05 13:05:31 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 740 | .Pp |
| 741 | It is possible to sign using a CA key stored in a PKCS#11 token by |
| 742 | providing the token library using |
| 743 | .Fl D |
| 744 | and identifying the CA key by providing its public half as an argument |
| 745 | to |
| 746 | .Fl s : |
| 747 | .Pp |
naddy@openbsd.org | 05291e5 | 2015-08-20 19:20:06 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 748 | .Dl $ ssh-keygen -s ca_key.pub -D libpkcs11.so -I key_id user_key.pub |
Damien Miller | 757f34e | 2010-08-05 13:05:31 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 749 | .Pp |
djm@openbsd.org | a98339e | 2017-06-28 01:09:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 750 | Similarly, it is possible for the CA key to be hosted in a |
| 751 | .Xr ssh-agent 1 . |
| 752 | This is indicated by the |
| 753 | .Fl U |
| 754 | flag and, again, the CA key must be identified by its public half. |
| 755 | .Pp |
| 756 | .Dl $ ssh-keygen -Us ca_key.pub -I key_id user_key.pub |
| 757 | .Pp |
Damien Miller | 757f34e | 2010-08-05 13:05:31 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 758 | In all cases, |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 759 | .Ar key_id |
| 760 | is a "key identifier" that is logged by the server when the certificate |
| 761 | is used for authentication. |
| 762 | .Pp |
| 763 | Certificates may be limited to be valid for a set of principal (user/host) |
| 764 | names. |
| 765 | By default, generated certificates are valid for all users or hosts. |
| 766 | To generate a certificate for a specified set of principals: |
| 767 | .Pp |
| 768 | .Dl $ ssh-keygen -s ca_key -I key_id -n user1,user2 user_key.pub |
naddy@openbsd.org | 05291e5 | 2015-08-20 19:20:06 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 769 | .Dl "$ ssh-keygen -s ca_key -I key_id -h -n host.domain host_key.pub" |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 770 | .Pp |
| 771 | Additional limitations on the validity and use of user certificates may |
Damien Miller | 1f18142 | 2010-04-18 08:08:03 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 772 | be specified through certificate options. |
Damien Miller | 4e270b0 | 2010-04-16 15:56:21 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 773 | A certificate option may disable features of the SSH session, may be |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 774 | valid only when presented from particular source addresses or may |
| 775 | force the use of a specific command. |
Damien Miller | 4e270b0 | 2010-04-16 15:56:21 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 776 | For a list of valid certificate options, see the documentation for the |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 777 | .Fl O |
| 778 | option above. |
| 779 | .Pp |
| 780 | Finally, certificates may be defined with a validity lifetime. |
| 781 | The |
| 782 | .Fl V |
| 783 | option allows specification of certificate start and end times. |
| 784 | A certificate that is presented at a time outside this range will not be |
| 785 | considered valid. |
Darren Tucker | 3ee50c5 | 2012-09-06 21:18:11 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 786 | By default, certificates are valid from |
| 787 | .Ux |
| 788 | Epoch to the distant future. |
Damien Miller | 0a80ca1 | 2010-02-27 07:55:05 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 789 | .Pp |
| 790 | For certificates to be used for user or host authentication, the CA |
| 791 | public key must be trusted by |
| 792 | .Xr sshd 8 |
| 793 | or |
| 794 | .Xr ssh 1 . |
| 795 | Please refer to those manual pages for details. |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 796 | .Sh KEY REVOCATION LISTS |
| 797 | .Nm |
| 798 | is able to manage OpenSSH format Key Revocation Lists (KRLs). |
| 799 | These binary files specify keys or certificates to be revoked using a |
Damien Miller | 1379771 | 2013-12-29 17:47:14 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 800 | compact format, taking as little as one bit per certificate if they are being |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 801 | revoked by serial number. |
| 802 | .Pp |
| 803 | KRLs may be generated using the |
| 804 | .Fl k |
| 805 | flag. |
Damien Miller | 881a7a2 | 2013-01-20 22:34:46 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 806 | This option reads one or more files from the command line and generates a new |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 807 | KRL. |
| 808 | The files may either contain a KRL specification (see below) or public keys, |
| 809 | listed one per line. |
| 810 | Plain public keys are revoked by listing their hash or contents in the KRL and |
| 811 | certificates revoked by serial number or key ID (if the serial is zero or |
| 812 | not available). |
| 813 | .Pp |
| 814 | Revoking keys using a KRL specification offers explicit control over the |
| 815 | types of record used to revoke keys and may be used to directly revoke |
| 816 | certificates by serial number or key ID without having the complete original |
| 817 | certificate on hand. |
| 818 | A KRL specification consists of lines containing one of the following directives |
| 819 | followed by a colon and some directive-specific information. |
| 820 | .Bl -tag -width Ds |
Damien Miller | a0a7ee8 | 2013-01-20 22:35:06 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 821 | .It Cm serial : Ar serial_number Ns Op - Ns Ar serial_number |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 822 | Revokes a certificate with the specified serial number. |
Damien Miller | ac5542b | 2013-01-20 22:33:02 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 823 | Serial numbers are 64-bit values, not including zero and may be expressed |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 824 | in decimal, hex or octal. |
| 825 | If two serial numbers are specified separated by a hyphen, then the range |
| 826 | of serial numbers including and between each is revoked. |
| 827 | The CA key must have been specified on the |
| 828 | .Nm |
Damien Miller | 881a7a2 | 2013-01-20 22:34:46 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 829 | command line using the |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 830 | .Fl s |
| 831 | option. |
| 832 | .It Cm id : Ar key_id |
| 833 | Revokes a certificate with the specified key ID string. |
| 834 | The CA key must have been specified on the |
| 835 | .Nm |
Damien Miller | 881a7a2 | 2013-01-20 22:34:46 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 836 | command line using the |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 837 | .Fl s |
| 838 | option. |
| 839 | .It Cm key : Ar public_key |
| 840 | Revokes the specified key. |
Damien Miller | ac5542b | 2013-01-20 22:33:02 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 841 | If a certificate is listed, then it is revoked as a plain public key. |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 842 | .It Cm sha1 : Ar public_key |
djm@openbsd.org | 9405c62 | 2018-09-12 01:21:34 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 843 | Revokes the specified key by including its SHA1 hash in the KRL. |
| 844 | .It Cm sha256 : Ar public_key |
| 845 | Revokes the specified key by including its SHA256 hash in the KRL. |
| 846 | KRLs that revoke keys by SHA256 hash are not supported by OpenSSH versions |
| 847 | prior to 7.9. |
| 848 | .It Cm hash : Ar fingerprint |
djm@openbsd.org | f0fcd7e | 2018-09-12 06:18:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 849 | Revokes a key using a fingerprint hash, as obtained from a |
djm@openbsd.org | 9405c62 | 2018-09-12 01:21:34 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 850 | .Xr sshd 8 |
| 851 | authentication log message or the |
| 852 | .Nm |
| 853 | .Fl l |
| 854 | flag. |
| 855 | Only SHA256 fingerprints are supported here and resultant KRLs are |
| 856 | not supported by OpenSSH versions prior to 7.9. |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 857 | .El |
| 858 | .Pp |
| 859 | KRLs may be updated using the |
| 860 | .Fl u |
| 861 | flag in addition to |
| 862 | .Fl k . |
Damien Miller | 881a7a2 | 2013-01-20 22:34:46 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 863 | When this option is specified, keys listed via the command line are merged into |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 864 | the KRL, adding to those already there. |
| 865 | .Pp |
| 866 | It is also possible, given a KRL, to test whether it revokes a particular key |
| 867 | (or keys). |
| 868 | The |
| 869 | .Fl Q |
jmc@openbsd.org | 8b29008 | 2015-11-05 09:48:05 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 870 | flag will query an existing KRL, testing each key specified on the command line. |
Damien Miller | 881a7a2 | 2013-01-20 22:34:46 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 871 | If any key listed on the command line has been revoked (or an error encountered) |
Damien Miller | f3747bf | 2013-01-18 11:44:04 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 872 | then |
| 873 | .Nm |
| 874 | will exit with a non-zero exit status. |
| 875 | A zero exit status will only be returned if no key was revoked. |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 876 | .Sh FILES |
Damien Miller | 6186bbc | 2010-09-24 22:00:54 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 877 | .Bl -tag -width Ds -compact |
Damien Miller | 167ea5d | 2005-05-26 12:04:02 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 878 | .It Pa ~/.ssh/id_dsa |
Damien Miller | 6186bbc | 2010-09-24 22:00:54 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 879 | .It Pa ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa |
Damien Miller | 8ba0ead | 2013-12-18 17:46:27 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 880 | .It Pa ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 |
Damien Miller | 167ea5d | 2005-05-26 12:04:02 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 881 | .It Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa |
naddy@openbsd.org | 2e9c324 | 2017-05-05 10:41:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 882 | Contains the DSA, ECDSA, Ed25519 or RSA |
Damien Miller | 8ba0ead | 2013-12-18 17:46:27 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 883 | authentication identity of the user. |
Ben Lindstrom | 18a82ac | 2001-04-11 15:59:35 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 884 | This file should not be readable by anyone but the user. |
| 885 | It is possible to |
| 886 | specify a passphrase when generating the key; that passphrase will be |
Darren Tucker | 199ee6f | 2009-10-24 11:50:17 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 887 | used to encrypt the private part of this file using 128-bit AES. |
Ben Lindstrom | 18a82ac | 2001-04-11 15:59:35 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 888 | This file is not automatically accessed by |
| 889 | .Nm |
| 890 | but it is offered as the default file for the private key. |
Ben Lindstrom | bda98b0 | 2001-07-04 03:35:24 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 891 | .Xr ssh 1 |
Ben Lindstrom | 18a82ac | 2001-04-11 15:59:35 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 892 | will read this file when a login attempt is made. |
Damien Miller | 6186bbc | 2010-09-24 22:00:54 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 893 | .Pp |
| 894 | .It Pa ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub |
| 895 | .It Pa ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub |
Damien Miller | 8ba0ead | 2013-12-18 17:46:27 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 896 | .It Pa ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub |
Damien Miller | 167ea5d | 2005-05-26 12:04:02 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 897 | .It Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub |
naddy@openbsd.org | 2e9c324 | 2017-05-05 10:41:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 898 | Contains the DSA, ECDSA, Ed25519 or RSA |
Damien Miller | 8ba0ead | 2013-12-18 17:46:27 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 899 | public key for authentication. |
Damien Miller | e247cc4 | 2000-05-07 12:03:14 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 900 | The contents of this file should be added to |
Damien Miller | 167ea5d | 2005-05-26 12:04:02 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 901 | .Pa ~/.ssh/authorized_keys |
Damien Miller | e247cc4 | 2000-05-07 12:03:14 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 902 | on all machines |
Ben Lindstrom | 594e203 | 2001-09-12 18:35:30 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 903 | where the user wishes to log in using public key authentication. |
Damien Miller | e247cc4 | 2000-05-07 12:03:14 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 904 | There is no need to keep the contents of this file secret. |
Damien Miller | 6186bbc | 2010-09-24 22:00:54 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 905 | .Pp |
Darren Tucker | 019cefe | 2003-08-02 22:40:07 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 906 | .It Pa /etc/moduli |
| 907 | Contains Diffie-Hellman groups used for DH-GEX. |
| 908 | The file format is described in |
| 909 | .Xr moduli 5 . |
Damien Miller | 3702396 | 2000-07-11 17:31:38 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 910 | .El |
Damien Miller | 32aa144 | 1999-10-29 09:15:49 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 911 | .Sh SEE ALSO |
| 912 | .Xr ssh 1 , |
| 913 | .Xr ssh-add 1 , |
Damien Miller | 2e8b1c8 | 1999-11-15 23:33:56 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 914 | .Xr ssh-agent 1 , |
Darren Tucker | 019cefe | 2003-08-02 22:40:07 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 915 | .Xr moduli 5 , |
Ben Lindstrom | 77788dc | 2001-02-10 23:10:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 916 | .Xr sshd 8 |
Ben Lindstrom | 5a70782 | 2001-04-22 17:15:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 917 | .Rs |
Damien Miller | c0367fb | 2007-01-05 16:25:46 +1100 | [diff] [blame] | 918 | .%R RFC 4716 |
| 919 | .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Public Key File Format" |
| 920 | .%D 2006 |
Ben Lindstrom | 5a70782 | 2001-04-22 17:15:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 921 | .Re |
Damien Miller | f1ce505 | 2003-06-11 22:04:39 +1000 | [diff] [blame] | 922 | .Sh AUTHORS |
| 923 | OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free |
| 924 | ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen. |
| 925 | Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, |
| 926 | Theo de Raadt and Dug Song |
| 927 | removed many bugs, re-added newer features and |
| 928 | created OpenSSH. |
| 929 | Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH |
| 930 | protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0. |