diff --git a/Lib/email/_encoded_words.py b/Lib/email/_encoded_words.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01fe42f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/email/_encoded_words.py
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+""" Routines for manipulating RFC2047 encoded words.
+
+This is currently a package-private API, but will be considered for promotion
+to a public API if there is demand.
+
+"""
+
+# An ecoded word looks like this:
+#
+#        =?charset[*lang]?cte?encoded_string?=
+#
+# for more information about charset see the charset module.  Here it is one
+# of the preferred MIME charset names (hopefully; you never know when parsing).
+# cte (Content Transfer Encoding) is either 'q' or 'b' (ignoring case).  In
+# theory other letters could be used for other encodings, but in practice this
+# (almost?) never happens.  There could be a public API for adding entries
+# to to the CTE tables, but YAGNI for now.  'q' is Quoted Printable, 'b' is
+# Base64.  The meaning of encoded_string should be obvious.  'lang' is optional
+# as indicated by the brackets (they are not part of the syntax) but is almost
+# never encountered in practice.
+#
+# The general interface for a CTE decoder is that it takes the encoded_string
+# as its argument, and returns a tuple (cte_decoded_string, defects).  The
+# cte_decoded_string is the original binary that was encoded using the
+# specified cte.  'defects' is a list of MessageDefect instances indicating any
+# problems encountered during conversion.  'charset' and 'lang' are the
+# corresponding strings extracted from the EW, case preserved.
+#
+# The general interface for a CTE encoder is that it takes a binary sequence
+# as input and returns the cte_encoded_string, which is an ascii-only string.
+#
+# Each decoder must also supply a length function that takes the binary
+# sequence as its argument and returns the length of the resulting encoded
+# string.
+#
+# The main API functions for the module are decode, which calls the decoder
+# referenced by the cte specifier, and encode, which adds the appropriate
+# RFC 2047 "chrome" to the encoded string, and can optionally automatically
+# select the shortest possible encoding.  See their docstrings below for
+# details.
+
+import re
+import base64
+import binascii
+import functools
+from string import ascii_letters, digits
+from email import errors
+
+#
+# Quoted Printable
+#
+
+# regex based decoder.
+_q_byte_subber = functools.partial(re.compile(br'=([a-fA-F0-9]{2})').sub,
+        lambda m: bytes([int(m.group(1), 16)]))
+
+def decode_q(encoded):
+    encoded = encoded.replace(b'_', b' ')
+    return _q_byte_subber(encoded), []
+
+
+# dict mapping bytes to their encoded form
+class QByteMap(dict):
+
+    safe = b'-!*+/' + ascii_letters.encode('ascii') + digits.encode('ascii')
+
+    def __missing__(self, key):
+        if key in self.safe:
+            self[key] = chr(key)
+        else:
+            self[key] = "={:02X}".format(key)
+        return self[key]
+
+_q_byte_map = QByteMap()
+
+# In headers spaces are mapped to '_'.
+_q_byte_map[ord(' ')] = '_'
+
+def encode_q(bstring):
+    return ''.join(_q_byte_map[x] for x in bstring)
+
+def len_q(bstring):
+    return sum(len(_q_byte_map[x]) for x in bstring)
+
+
+#
+# Base64
+#
+
+def decode_b(encoded):
+    defects = []
+    pad_err = len(encoded) % 4
+    if pad_err:
+        defects.append(errors.InvalidBase64PaddingDefect())
+        padded_encoded = encoded + b'==='[:4-pad_err]
+    else:
+        padded_encoded = encoded
+    try:
+        return base64.b64decode(padded_encoded, validate=True), defects
+    except binascii.Error:
+        # Since we had correct padding, this must an invalid char error.
+        defects = [errors.InvalidBase64CharactersDefect()]
+        # The non-alphabet characters are ignored as far as padding
+        # goes, but we don't know how many there are.  So we'll just
+        # try various padding lengths until something works.
+        for i in 0, 1, 2, 3:
+            try:
+                return base64.b64decode(encoded+b'='*i, validate=False), defects
+            except binascii.Error:
+                if i==0:
+                    defects.append(errors.InvalidBase64PaddingDefect())
+        else:
+            # This should never happen.
+            raise AssertionError("unexpected binascii.Error")
+
+def encode_b(bstring):
+    return base64.b64encode(bstring).decode('ascii')
+
+def len_b(bstring):
+    groups_of_3, leftover = divmod(len(bstring), 3)
+    # 4 bytes out for each 3 bytes (or nonzero fraction thereof) in.
+    return groups_of_3 * 4 + (4 if leftover else 0)
+
+
+_cte_decoders = {
+    'q': decode_q,
+    'b': decode_b,
+    }
+
+def decode(ew):
+    """Decode encoded word and return (string, charset, lang, defects) tuple.
+
+    An RFC 2047/2243 encoded word has the form:
+
+        =?charset*lang?cte?encoded_string?=
+
+    where '*lang' may be omitted but the other parts may not be.
+
+    This function expects exactly such a string (that is, it does not check the
+    syntax and may raise errors if the string is not well formed), and returns
+    the encoded_string decoded first from its Content Transfer Encoding and
+    then from the resulting bytes into unicode using the specified charset.  If
+    the cte-decoded string does not successfully decode using the specified
+    character set, a defect is added to the defects list and the unknown octets
+    are replaced by the unicode 'unknown' character \uFDFF.
+
+    The specified charset and language are returned.  The default for language,
+    which is rarely if ever encountered, is the empty string.
+
+    """
+    _, charset, cte, cte_string, _ = ew.split('?')
+    charset, _, lang = charset.partition('*')
+    cte = cte.lower()
+    # Recover the original bytes and do CTE decoding.
+    bstring = cte_string.encode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
+    bstring, defects = _cte_decoders[cte](bstring)
+    # Turn the CTE decoded bytes into unicode.
+    try:
+        string = bstring.decode(charset)
+    except UnicodeError:
+        defects.append(errors.UndecodableBytesDefect("Encoded word "
+            "contains bytes not decodable using {} charset".format(charset)))
+        string = bstring.decode(charset, 'surrogateescape')
+    except LookupError:
+        string = bstring.decode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
+        if charset.lower() != 'unknown-8bit':
+            defects.append(errors.CharsetError("Unknown charset {} "
+                "in encoded word; decoded as unknown bytes".format(charset)))
+    return string, charset, lang, defects
+
+
+_cte_encoders = {
+    'q': encode_q,
+    'b': encode_b,
+    }
+
+_cte_encode_length = {
+    'q': len_q,
+    'b': len_b,
+    }
+
+def encode(string, charset='utf-8', encoding=None, lang=''):
+    """Encode string using the CTE encoding that produces the shorter result.
+
+    Produces an RFC 2047/2243 encoded word of the form:
+
+        =?charset*lang?cte?encoded_string?=
+
+    where '*lang' is omitted unless the 'lang' parameter is given a value.
+    Optional argument charset (defaults to utf-8) specifies the charset to use
+    to encode the string to binary before CTE encoding it.  Optional argument
+    'encoding' is the cte specifier for the encoding that should be used ('q'
+    or 'b'); if it is None (the default) the encoding which produces the
+    shortest encoded sequence is used, except that 'q' is preferred if it is up
+    to five characters longer.  Optional argument 'lang' (default '') gives the
+    RFC 2243 language string to specify in the encoded word.
+
+    """
+    if charset == 'unknown-8bit':
+        bstring = string.encode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
+    else:
+        bstring = string.encode(charset)
+    if encoding is None:
+        qlen = _cte_encode_length['q'](bstring)
+        blen = _cte_encode_length['b'](bstring)
+        # Bias toward q.  5 is arbitrary.
+        encoding = 'q' if qlen - blen < 5 else 'b'
+    encoded = _cte_encoders[encoding](bstring)
+    if lang:
+        lang = '*' + lang
+    return "=?{}{}?{}?{}?=".format(charset, lang, encoding, encoded)
diff --git a/Lib/email/_header_value_parser.py b/Lib/email/_header_value_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87d8f68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/email/_header_value_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2145 @@
+"""Header value parser implementing various email-related RFC parsing rules.
+
+The parsing methods defined in this module implement various email related
+parsing rules.  Principal among them is RFC 5322, which is the followon
+to RFC 2822 and primarily a clarification of the former.  It also implements
+RFC 2047 encoded word decoding.
+
+RFC 5322 goes to considerable trouble to maintain backward compatibility with
+RFC 822 in the parse phase, while cleaning up the structure on the generation
+phase.  This parser supports correct RFC 5322 generation by tagging white space
+as folding white space only when folding is allowed in the non-obsolete rule
+sets.  Actually, the parser is even more generous when accepting input than RFC
+5322 mandates, following the spirit of Postel's Law, which RFC 5322 encourages.
+Where possible deviations from the standard are annotated on the 'defects'
+attribute of tokens that deviate.
+
+The general structure of the parser follows RFC 5322, and uses its terminology
+where there is a direct correspondence.  Where the implementation requires a
+somewhat different structure than that used by the formal grammar, new terms
+that mimic the closest existing terms are used.  Thus, it really helps to have
+a copy of RFC 5322 handy when studying this code.
+
+Input to the parser is a string that has already been unfolded according to
+RFC 5322 rules.  According to the RFC this unfolding is the very first step, and
+this parser leaves the unfolding step to a higher level message parser, which
+will have already detected the line breaks that need unfolding while
+determining the beginning and end of each header.
+
+The output of the parser is a TokenList object, which is a list subclass.  A
+TokenList is a recursive data structure.  The terminal nodes of the structure
+are Terminal objects, which are subclasses of str.  These do not correspond
+directly to terminal objects in the formal grammar, but are instead more
+practical higher level combinations of true terminals.
+
+All TokenList and Terminal objects have a 'value' attribute, which produces the
+semantically meaningful value of that part of the parse subtree.  The value of
+all whitespace tokens (no matter how many sub-tokens they may contain) is a
+single space, as per the RFC rules.  This includes 'CFWS', which is herein
+included in the general class of whitespace tokens.  There is one exception to
+the rule that whitespace tokens are collapsed into single spaces in values: in
+the value of a 'bare-quoted-string' (a quoted-string with no leading or
+trailing whitespace), any whitespace that appeared between the quotation marks
+is preserved in the returned value.  Note that in all Terminal strings quoted
+pairs are turned into their unquoted values.
+
+All TokenList and Terminal objects also have a string value, which attempts to
+be a "canonical" representation of the RFC-compliant form of the substring that
+produced the parsed subtree, including minimal use of quoted pair quoting.
+Whitespace runs are not collapsed.
+
+Comment tokens also have a 'content' attribute providing the string found
+between the parens (including any nested comments) with whitespace preserved.
+
+All TokenList and Terminal objects have a 'defects' attribute which is a
+possibly empty list all of the defects found while creating the token.  Defects
+may appear on any token in the tree, and a composite list of all defects in the
+subtree is available through the 'all_defects' attribute of any node.  (For
+Terminal notes x.defects == x.all_defects.)
+
+Each object in a parse tree is called a 'token', and each has a 'token_type'
+attribute that gives the name from the RFC 5322 grammar that it represents.
+Not all RFC 5322 nodes are produced, and there is one non-RFC 5322 node that
+may be produced: 'ptext'.  A 'ptext' is a string of printable ascii characters.
+It is returned in place of lists of (ctext/quoted-pair) and
+(qtext/quoted-pair).
+
+XXX: provide complete list of token types.
+"""
+
+import re
+from email import _encoded_words as _ew
+from email import errors
+from email import utils
+
+#
+# Useful constants and functions
+#
+
+WSP = set(' \t')
+CFWS_LEADER = WSP | set('(')
+SPECIALS = set(r'()<>@,:;.\"[]')
+ATOM_ENDS = SPECIALS | WSP
+DOT_ATOM_ENDS = ATOM_ENDS - set('.')
+# '.', '"', and '(' do not end phrases in order to support obs-phrase
+PHRASE_ENDS = SPECIALS - set('."(')
+
+def quote_string(value):
+    return '"'+str(value).replace('\\', '\\\\').replace('"', r'\"')+'"'
+
+#
+# Accumulator for header folding
+#
+
+class _Folded:
+
+    def __init__(self, maxlen, policy):
+        self.maxlen = maxlen
+        self.policy = policy
+        self.lastlen = 0
+        self.stickyspace = None
+        self.firstline = True
+        self.done = []
+        self.current = []
+
+    def newline(self):
+        self.done.extend(self.current)
+        self.done.append(self.policy.linesep)
+        self.current.clear()
+        self.lastlen = 0
+
+    def finalize(self):
+        if self.current:
+            self.newline()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ''.join(self.done)
+
+    def append(self, stoken):
+        self.current.append(stoken)
+
+    def append_if_fits(self, token, stoken=None):
+        if stoken is None:
+            stoken = str(token)
+        l = len(stoken)
+        if self.stickyspace is not None:
+            stickyspace_len = len(self.stickyspace)
+            if self.lastlen + stickyspace_len + l <= self.maxlen:
+                self.current.append(self.stickyspace)
+                self.lastlen += stickyspace_len
+                self.current.append(stoken)
+                self.lastlen += l
+                self.stickyspace = None
+                self.firstline = False
+                return True
+            if token.has_fws:
+                ws = token.pop_leading_fws()
+                if ws is not None:
+                    self.stickyspace += str(ws)
+                    stickyspace_len += len(ws)
+                token._fold(self)
+                return True
+            if stickyspace_len and l + 1 <= self.maxlen:
+                margin = self.maxlen - l
+                if 0 < margin < stickyspace_len:
+                    trim = stickyspace_len - margin
+                    self.current.append(self.stickyspace[:trim])
+                    self.stickyspace = self.stickyspace[trim:]
+                    stickyspace_len = trim
+                self.newline()
+                self.current.append(self.stickyspace)
+                self.current.append(stoken)
+                self.lastlen = l + stickyspace_len
+                self.stickyspace = None
+                self.firstline = False
+                return True
+            if not self.firstline:
+                self.newline()
+            self.current.append(self.stickyspace)
+            self.current.append(stoken)
+            self.stickyspace = None
+            self.firstline = False
+            return True
+        if self.lastlen + l <= self.maxlen:
+            self.current.append(stoken)
+            self.lastlen += l
+            return True
+        if l < self.maxlen:
+            self.newline()
+            self.current.append(stoken)
+            self.lastlen = l
+            return True
+        return False
+
+#
+# TokenList and its subclasses
+#
+
+class TokenList(list):
+
+    token_type = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kw)
+        self.defects = []
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ''.join(str(x) for x in self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '{}({})'.format(self.__class__.__name__,
+                             super().__repr__())
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        return ''.join(x.value for x in self if x.value)
+
+    @property
+    def all_defects(self):
+        return sum((x.all_defects for x in self), self.defects)
+
+    #
+    # Folding API
+    #
+    # parts():
+    #
+    # return a list of objects that constitute the "higher level syntactic
+    # objects" specified by the RFC as the best places to fold a header line.
+    # The returned objects must include leading folding white space, even if
+    # this means mutating the underlying parse tree of the object.  Each object
+    # is only responsible for returning *its* parts, and should not drill down
+    # to any lower level except as required to meet the leading folding white
+    # space constraint.
+    #
+    # _fold(folded):
+    #
+    #   folded: the result accumulator.  This is an instance of _Folded.
+    #       (XXX: I haven't finished factoring this out yet, the folding code
+    #       pretty much uses this as a state object.) When the folded.current
+    #       contains as much text as will fit, the _fold method should call
+    #       folded.newline.
+    #  folded.lastlen: the current length of the test stored in folded.current.
+    #  folded.maxlen: The maximum number of characters that may appear on a
+    #       folded line.  Differs from the policy setting in that "no limit" is
+    #       represented by +inf, which means it can be used in the trivially
+    #       logical fashion in comparisons.
+    #
+    # Currently no subclasses implement parts, and I think this will remain
+    # true.  A subclass only needs to implement _fold when the generic version
+    # isn't sufficient.  _fold will need to be implemented primarily when it is
+    # possible for encoded words to appear in the specialized token-list, since
+    # there is no generic algorithm that can know where exactly the encoded
+    # words are allowed.  A _fold implementation is responsible for filling
+    # lines in the same general way that the top level _fold does. It may, and
+    # should, call the _fold method of sub-objects in a similar fashion to that
+    # of the top level _fold.
+    #
+    # XXX: I'm hoping it will be possible to factor the existing code further
+    # to reduce redundancy and make the logic clearer.
+
+    @property
+    def parts(self):
+        klass = self.__class__
+        this = []
+        for token in self:
+            if token.startswith_fws():
+                if this:
+                    yield this[0] if len(this)==1 else klass(this)
+                    this.clear()
+            end_ws = token.pop_trailing_ws()
+            this.append(token)
+            if end_ws:
+                yield klass(this)
+                this = [end_ws]
+        if this:
+            yield this[0] if len(this)==1 else klass(this)
+
+    def startswith_fws(self):
+        return self[0].startswith_fws()
+
+    def pop_leading_fws(self):
+        if self[0].token_type == 'fws':
+            return self.pop(0)
+        return self[0].pop_leading_fws()
+
+    def pop_trailing_ws(self):
+        if self[-1].token_type == 'cfws':
+            return self.pop(-1)
+        return self[-1].pop_trailing_ws()
+
+    @property
+    def has_fws(self):
+        for part in self:
+            if part.has_fws:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def has_leading_comment(self):
+        return self[0].has_leading_comment()
+
+    @property
+    def comments(self):
+        comments = []
+        for token in self:
+            comments.extend(token.comments)
+        return comments
+
+    def fold(self, *, policy):
+        # max_line_length 0/None means no limit, ie: infinitely long.
+        maxlen = policy.max_line_length or float("+inf")
+        folded = _Folded(maxlen, policy)
+        self._fold(folded)
+        folded.finalize()
+        return str(folded)
+
+    def as_encoded_word(self, charset):
+        # This works only for things returned by 'parts', which include
+        # the leading fws, if any, that should be used.
+        res = []
+        ws = self.pop_leading_fws()
+        if ws:
+            res.append(ws)
+        trailer = self.pop(-1) if self[-1].token_type=='fws' else ''
+        res.append(_ew.encode(str(self), charset))
+        res.append(trailer)
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def cte_encode(self, charset, policy):
+        res = []
+        for part in self:
+            res.append(part.cte_encode(charset, policy))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def _fold(self, folded):
+        for part in self.parts:
+            tstr = str(part)
+            tlen = len(tstr)
+            try:
+                str(part).encode('us-ascii')
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                if any(isinstance(x, errors.UndecodableBytesDefect)
+                        for x in part.all_defects):
+                    charset = 'unknown-8bit'
+                else:
+                    # XXX: this should be a policy setting
+                    charset = 'utf-8'
+                tstr = part.cte_encode(charset, folded.policy)
+                tlen = len(tstr)
+            if folded.append_if_fits(part, tstr):
+                continue
+            # Peel off the leading whitespace if any and make it sticky, to
+            # avoid infinite recursion.
+            ws = part.pop_leading_fws()
+            if ws is not None:
+                # Peel off the leading whitespace and make it sticky, to
+                # avoid infinite recursion.
+                folded.stickyspace = str(part.pop(0))
+                if folded.append_if_fits(part):
+                    continue
+            if part.has_fws:
+                part._fold(folded)
+                continue
+            # There are no fold points in this one; it is too long for a single
+            # line and can't be split...we just have to put it on its own line.
+            folded.append(tstr)
+            folded.newline()
+
+    def pprint(self, indent=''):
+        print('\n'.join(self._pp(indent='')))
+
+    def ppstr(self, indent=''):
+        return '\n'.join(self._pp(indent=''))
+
+    def _pp(self, indent=''):
+        yield '{}{}/{}('.format(
+            indent,
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.token_type)
+        for token in self:
+            for line in token._pp(indent+'    '):
+                yield line
+        if self.defects:
+            extra = ' Defects: {}'.format(self.defects)
+        else:
+            extra = ''
+        yield '{}){}'.format(indent, extra)
+
+
+class WhiteSpaceTokenList(TokenList):
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        return ' '
+
+    @property
+    def comments(self):
+        return [x.content for x in self if x.token_type=='comment']
+
+
+class UnstructuredTokenList(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'unstructured'
+
+    def _fold(self, folded):
+        if any(x.token_type=='encoded-word' for x in self):
+            return self._fold_encoded(folded)
+        # Here we can have either a pure ASCII string that may or may not
+        # have surrogateescape encoded bytes, or a unicode string.
+        last_ew = None
+        for part in self.parts:
+            tstr = str(part)
+            is_ew = False
+            try:
+                str(part).encode('us-ascii')
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                if any(isinstance(x, errors.UndecodableBytesDefect)
+                       for x in part.all_defects):
+                    charset = 'unknown-8bit'
+                else:
+                    charset = 'utf-8'
+                if last_ew is not None:
+                    # We've already done an EW, combine this one with it
+                    # if there's room.
+                    chunk = get_unstructured(
+                        ''.join(folded.current[last_ew:]+[tstr])).as_encoded_word(charset)
+                    oldlastlen = sum(len(x) for x in folded.current[:last_ew])
+                    schunk = str(chunk)
+                    lchunk = len(schunk)
+                    if oldlastlen + lchunk <= folded.maxlen:
+                        del folded.current[last_ew:]
+                        folded.append(schunk)
+                        folded.lastlen = oldlastlen + lchunk
+                        continue
+                tstr = part.as_encoded_word(charset)
+                is_ew = True
+            if folded.append_if_fits(part, tstr):
+                if is_ew:
+                    last_ew = len(folded.current) - 1
+                continue
+            if is_ew or last_ew:
+                # It's too big to fit on the line, but since we've
+                # got encoded words we can use encoded word folding.
+                part._fold_as_ew(folded)
+                continue
+            # Peel off the leading whitespace if any and make it sticky, to
+            # avoid infinite recursion.
+            ws = part.pop_leading_fws()
+            if ws is not None:
+                folded.stickyspace = str(ws)
+                if folded.append_if_fits(part):
+                    continue
+            if part.has_fws:
+                part.fold(folded)
+                continue
+            # It can't be split...we just have to put it on its own line.
+            folded.append(tstr)
+            folded.newline()
+            last_ew = None
+
+    def cte_encode(self, charset, policy):
+        res = []
+        last_ew = None
+        for part in self:
+            spart = str(part)
+            try:
+                spart.encode('us-ascii')
+                res.append(spart)
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                if last_ew is None:
+                    res.append(part.cte_encode(charset, policy))
+                    last_ew = len(res)
+                else:
+                    tl = get_unstructured(''.join(res[last_ew:] + [spart]))
+                    res.append(tl.as_encoded_word())
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+
+class Phrase(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'phrase'
+
+    def _fold(self, folded):
+        # As with Unstructured, we can have pure ASCII with or without
+        # surrogateescape encoded bytes, or we could have unicode.  But this
+        # case is more complicated, since we have to deal with the various
+        # sub-token types and how they can be composed in the face of
+        # unicode-that-needs-CTE-encoding, and the fact that if a token a
+        # comment that becomes a barrier across which we can't compose encoded
+        # words.
+        last_ew = None
+        for part in self.parts:
+            tstr = str(part)
+            tlen = len(tstr)
+            has_ew = False
+            try:
+                str(part).encode('us-ascii')
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                if any(isinstance(x, errors.UndecodableBytesDefect)
+                        for x in part.all_defects):
+                    charset = 'unknown-8bit'
+                else:
+                    charset = 'utf-8'
+                if last_ew is not None and not part.has_leading_comment():
+                    # We've already done an EW, let's see if we can combine
+                    # this one with it.  The last_ew logic ensures that all we
+                    # have at this point is atoms, no comments or quoted
+                    # strings.  So we can treat the text between the last
+                    # encoded word and the content of this token as
+                    # unstructured text, and things will work correctly.  But
+                    # we have to strip off any trailing comment on this token
+                    # first, and if it is a quoted string we have to pull out
+                    # the content (we're encoding it, so it no longer needs to
+                    # be quoted).
+                    if part[-1].token_type == 'cfws' and part.comments:
+                        remainder = part.pop(-1)
+                    else:
+                        remainder = ''
+                    for i, token in enumerate(part):
+                        if token.token_type == 'bare-quoted-string':
+                            part[i] = UnstructuredTokenList(token[:])
+                    chunk = get_unstructured(
+                        ''.join(folded.current[last_ew:]+[tstr])).as_encoded_word(charset)
+                    schunk = str(chunk)
+                    lchunk = len(schunk)
+                    if last_ew + lchunk <= folded.maxlen:
+                        del folded.current[last_ew:]
+                        folded.append(schunk)
+                        folded.lastlen = sum(len(x) for x in folded.current)
+                        continue
+                tstr = part.as_encoded_word(charset)
+                tlen = len(tstr)
+                has_ew = True
+            if folded.append_if_fits(part, tstr):
+                if has_ew and not part.comments:
+                    last_ew = len(folded.current) - 1
+                elif part.comments or part.token_type == 'quoted-string':
+                    # If a comment is involved we can't combine EWs.  And if a
+                    # quoted string is involved, it's not worth the effort to
+                    # try to combine them.
+                    last_ew = None
+                continue
+            part._fold(folded)
+
+    def cte_encode(self, charset, policy):
+        res = []
+        last_ew = None
+        is_ew = False
+        for part in self:
+            spart = str(part)
+            try:
+                spart.encode('us-ascii')
+                res.append(spart)
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                is_ew = True
+                if last_ew is None:
+                    if not part.comments:
+                        last_ew = len(res)
+                    res.append(part.cte_encode(charset, policy))
+                elif not part.has_leading_comment():
+                    if part[-1].token_type == 'cfws' and part.comments:
+                        remainder = part.pop(-1)
+                    else:
+                        remainder = ''
+                    for i, token in enumerate(part):
+                        if token.token_type == 'bare-quoted-string':
+                            part[i] = UnstructuredTokenList(token[:])
+                    tl = get_unstructured(''.join(res[last_ew:] + [spart]))
+                    res[last_ew:] = [tl.as_encoded_word(charset)]
+            if part.comments or (not is_ew and part.token_type == 'quoted-string'):
+                last_ew = None
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+class Word(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'word'
+
+
+class CFWSList(WhiteSpaceTokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'cfws'
+
+    def has_leading_comment(self):
+        return bool(self.comments)
+
+
+class Atom(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'atom'
+
+
+class EncodedWord(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'encoded-word'
+    cte = None
+    charset = None
+    lang = None
+
+    @property
+    def encoded(self):
+        if self.cte is not None:
+            return self.cte
+        _ew.encode(str(self), self.charset)
+
+
+
+class QuotedString(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'quoted-string'
+
+    @property
+    def content(self):
+        for x in self:
+            if x.token_type == 'bare-quoted-string':
+                return x.value
+
+    @property
+    def quoted_value(self):
+        res = []
+        for x in self:
+            if x.token_type == 'bare-quoted-string':
+                res.append(str(x))
+            else:
+                res.append(x.value)
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+
+class BareQuotedString(QuotedString):
+
+    token_type = 'bare-quoted-string'
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return quote_string(''.join(self))
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        return ''.join(str(x) for x in self)
+
+
+class Comment(WhiteSpaceTokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'comment'
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ''.join(sum([
+                            ["("],
+                            [self.quote(x) for x in self],
+                            [")"],
+                            ], []))
+
+    def quote(self, value):
+        if value.token_type == 'comment':
+            return str(value)
+        return str(value).replace('\\', '\\\\').replace(
+                                  '(', '\(').replace(
+                                  ')', '\)')
+
+    @property
+    def content(self):
+        return ''.join(str(x) for x in self)
+
+    @property
+    def comments(self):
+        return [self.content]
+
+class AddressList(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'address-list'
+
+    @property
+    def addresses(self):
+        return [x for x in self if x.token_type=='address']
+
+    @property
+    def mailboxes(self):
+        return sum((x.mailboxes
+                    for x in self if x.token_type=='address'), [])
+
+    @property
+    def all_mailboxes(self):
+        return sum((x.all_mailboxes
+                    for x in self if x.token_type=='address'), [])
+
+
+class Address(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'address'
+
+    @property
+    def display_name(self):
+        if self[0].token_type == 'group':
+            return self[0].display_name
+
+    @property
+    def mailboxes(self):
+        if self[0].token_type == 'mailbox':
+            return [self[0]]
+        elif self[0].token_type == 'invalid-mailbox':
+            return []
+        return self[0].mailboxes
+
+    @property
+    def all_mailboxes(self):
+        if self[0].token_type == 'mailbox':
+            return [self[0]]
+        elif self[0].token_type == 'invalid-mailbox':
+            return [self[0]]
+        return self[0].all_mailboxes
+
+class MailboxList(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'mailbox-list'
+
+    @property
+    def mailboxes(self):
+        return [x for x in self if x.token_type=='mailbox']
+
+    @property
+    def all_mailboxes(self):
+        return [x for x in self
+            if x.token_type in ('mailbox', 'invalid-mailbox')]
+
+
+class GroupList(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'group-list'
+
+    @property
+    def mailboxes(self):
+        if not self or self[0].token_type != 'mailbox-list':
+            return []
+        return self[0].mailboxes
+
+    @property
+    def all_mailboxes(self):
+        if not self or self[0].token_type != 'mailbox-list':
+            return []
+        return self[0].all_mailboxes
+
+
+class Group(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = "group"
+
+    @property
+    def mailboxes(self):
+        if self[2].token_type != 'group-list':
+            return []
+        return self[2].mailboxes
+
+    @property
+    def all_mailboxes(self):
+        if self[2].token_type != 'group-list':
+            return []
+        return self[2].all_mailboxes
+
+    @property
+    def display_name(self):
+        return self[0].display_name
+
+
+class NameAddr(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'name-addr'
+
+    @property
+    def display_name(self):
+        if len(self) == 1:
+            return None
+        return self[0].display_name
+
+    @property
+    def local_part(self):
+        return self[-1].local_part
+
+    @property
+    def domain(self):
+        return self[-1].domain
+
+    @property
+    def route(self):
+        return self[-1].route
+
+    @property
+    def addr_spec(self):
+        return self[-1].addr_spec
+
+
+class AngleAddr(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'angle-addr'
+
+    @property
+    def local_part(self):
+        for x in self:
+            if x.token_type == 'addr-spec':
+                return x.local_part
+
+    @property
+    def domain(self):
+        for x in self:
+            if x.token_type == 'addr-spec':
+                return x.domain
+
+    @property
+    def route(self):
+        for x in self:
+            if x.token_type == 'obs-route':
+                return x.domains
+
+    @property
+    def addr_spec(self):
+        for x in self:
+            if x.token_type == 'addr-spec':
+                return x.addr_spec
+
+
+class ObsRoute(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'obs-route'
+
+    @property
+    def domains(self):
+        return [x.domain for x in self if x.token_type == 'domain']
+
+
+class Mailbox(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'mailbox'
+
+    @property
+    def display_name(self):
+        if self[0].token_type == 'name-addr':
+            return self[0].display_name
+
+    @property
+    def local_part(self):
+        return self[0].local_part
+
+    @property
+    def domain(self):
+        return self[0].domain
+
+    @property
+    def route(self):
+        if self[0].token_type == 'name-addr':
+            return self[0].route
+
+    @property
+    def addr_spec(self):
+        return self[0].addr_spec
+
+
+class InvalidMailbox(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'invalid-mailbox'
+
+    @property
+    def display_name(self):
+        return None
+
+    local_part = domain = route = addr_spec = display_name
+
+
+class Domain(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'domain'
+
+    @property
+    def domain(self):
+        return ''.join(super().value.split())
+
+
+class DotAtom(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'dot-atom'
+
+
+class DotAtomText(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'dot-atom-text'
+
+
+class AddrSpec(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'addr-spec'
+
+    @property
+    def local_part(self):
+        return self[0].local_part
+
+    @property
+    def domain(self):
+        if len(self) < 3:
+            return None
+        return self[-1].domain
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        if len(self) < 3:
+            return self[0].value
+        return self[0].value.rstrip()+self[1].value+self[2].value.lstrip()
+
+    @property
+    def addr_spec(self):
+        nameset = set(self.local_part)
+        if len(nameset) > len(nameset-DOT_ATOM_ENDS):
+            lp = quote_string(self.local_part)
+        else:
+            lp = self.local_part
+        if self.domain is not None:
+            return lp + '@' + self.domain
+        return lp
+
+
+class ObsLocalPart(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'obs-local-part'
+
+
+class DisplayName(Phrase):
+
+    token_type = 'display-name'
+
+    @property
+    def display_name(self):
+        res = TokenList(self)
+        if res[0].token_type == 'cfws':
+            res.pop(0)
+        else:
+            if res[0][0].token_type == 'cfws':
+                res[0] = TokenList(res[0][1:])
+        if res[-1].token_type == 'cfws':
+            res.pop()
+        else:
+            if res[-1][-1].token_type == 'cfws':
+                res[-1] = TokenList(res[-1][:-1])
+        return res.value
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        quote = False
+        if self.defects:
+            quote = True
+        else:
+            for x in self:
+                if x.token_type == 'quoted-string':
+                    quote = True
+        if quote:
+            pre = post = ''
+            if self[0].token_type=='cfws' or self[0][0].token_type=='cfws':
+                pre = ' '
+            if self[-1].token_type=='cfws' or self[-1][-1].token_type=='cfws':
+                post = ' '
+            return pre+quote_string(self.display_name)+post
+        else:
+            return super().value
+
+
+class LocalPart(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'local-part'
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        if self[0].token_type == "quoted-string":
+            return self[0].quoted_value
+        else:
+            return self[0].value
+
+    @property
+    def local_part(self):
+        # Strip whitespace from front, back, and around dots.
+        res = [DOT]
+        last = DOT
+        last_is_tl = False
+        for tok in self[0] + [DOT]:
+            if tok.token_type == 'cfws':
+                continue
+            if (last_is_tl and tok.token_type == 'dot' and
+                    last[-1].token_type == 'cfws'):
+                res[-1] = TokenList(last[:-1])
+            is_tl = isinstance(tok, TokenList)
+            if (is_tl and last.token_type == 'dot' and
+                    tok[0].token_type == 'cfws'):
+                res.append(TokenList(tok[1:]))
+            else:
+                res.append(tok)
+            last = res[-1]
+            last_is_tl = is_tl
+        res = TokenList(res[1:-1])
+        return res.value
+
+
+class DomainLiteral(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'domain-literal'
+
+    @property
+    def domain(self):
+        return ''.join(super().value.split())
+
+    @property
+    def ip(self):
+        for x in self:
+            if x.token_type == 'ptext':
+                return x.value
+
+
+class HeaderLabel(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'header-label'
+
+
+class Header(TokenList):
+
+    token_type = 'header'
+
+    def _fold(self, folded):
+        folded.append(str(self.pop(0)))
+        folded.lastlen = len(folded.current[0])
+        # The first line of the header is different from all others: we don't
+        # want to start a new object on a new line if it has any fold points in
+        # it that would allow part of it to be on the first header line.
+        # Further, if the first fold point would fit on the new line, we want
+        # to do that, but if it doesn't we want to put it on the first line.
+        # Folded supports this via the stickyspace attribute.  If this
+        # attribute is not None, it does the special handling.
+        folded.stickyspace = str(self.pop(0)) if self[0].token_type == 'cfws' else ''
+        rest = self.pop(0)
+        if self:
+            raise ValueError("Malformed Header token list")
+        rest._fold(folded)
+
+
+#
+# Terminal classes and instances
+#
+
+class Terminal(str):
+
+    def __new__(cls, value, token_type):
+        self = super().__new__(cls, value)
+        self.token_type = token_type
+        self.defects = []
+        return self
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "{}({})".format(self.__class__.__name__, super().__repr__())
+
+    @property
+    def all_defects(self):
+        return list(self.defects)
+
+    def _pp(self, indent=''):
+        return ["{}{}/{}({}){}".format(
+            indent,
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.token_type,
+            super().__repr__(),
+            '' if not self.defects else ' {}'.format(self.defects),
+            )]
+
+    def cte_encode(self, charset, policy):
+        value = str(self)
+        try:
+            value.encode('us-ascii')
+            return value
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            return _ew.encode(value, charset)
+
+    def pop_trailing_ws(self):
+        # This terminates the recursion.
+        return None
+
+    def pop_leading_fws(self):
+        # This terminates the recursion.
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def comments(self):
+        return []
+
+    def has_leading_comment(self):
+        return False
+
+    def __getnewargs__(self):
+        return(str(self), self.token_type)
+
+
+class WhiteSpaceTerminal(Terminal):
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        return ' '
+
+    def startswith_fws(self):
+        return True
+
+    has_fws = True
+
+
+class ValueTerminal(Terminal):
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        return self
+
+    def startswith_fws(self):
+        return False
+
+    has_fws = False
+
+    def as_encoded_word(self, charset):
+        return _ew.encode(str(self), charset)
+
+
+class EWWhiteSpaceTerminal(WhiteSpaceTerminal):
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        return ''
+
+    @property
+    def encoded(self):
+        return self[:]
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ''
+
+    has_fws = True
+
+
+# XXX these need to become classes and used as instances so
+# that a program can't change them in a parse tree and screw
+# up other parse trees.  Maybe should have  tests for that, too.
+DOT = ValueTerminal('.', 'dot')
+ListSeparator = ValueTerminal(',', 'list-separator')
+RouteComponentMarker = ValueTerminal('@', 'route-component-marker')
+
+#
+# Parser
+#
+
+"""Parse strings according to RFC822/2047/2822/5322 rules.
+
+This is a stateless parser.  Each get_XXX function accepts a string and
+returns either a Terminal or a TokenList representing the RFC object named
+by the method and a string containing the remaining unparsed characters
+from the input.  Thus a parser method consumes the next syntactic construct
+of a given type and returns a token representing the construct plus the
+unparsed remainder of the input string.
+
+For example, if the first element of a structured header is a 'phrase',
+then:
+
+    phrase, value = get_phrase(value)
+
+returns the complete phrase from the start of the string value, plus any
+characters left in the string after the phrase is removed.
+
+"""
+
+_wsp_splitter = re.compile(r'([{}]+)'.format(''.join(WSP))).split
+_non_atom_end_matcher = re.compile(r"[^{}]+".format(
+    ''.join(ATOM_ENDS).replace('\\','\\\\').replace(']','\]'))).match
+_non_printable_finder = re.compile(r"[\x00-\x20\x7F]").findall
+
+def _validate_xtext(xtext):
+    """If input token contains ASCII non-printables, register a defect."""
+
+    non_printables = _non_printable_finder(xtext)
+    if non_printables:
+        xtext.defects.append(errors.NonPrintableDefect(non_printables))
+    if utils._has_surrogates(xtext):
+        xtext.defects.append(errors.UndecodableBytesDefect(
+            "Non-ASCII characters found in header token"))
+
+def _get_ptext_to_endchars(value, endchars):
+    """Scan printables/quoted-pairs until endchars and return unquoted ptext.
+
+    This function turns a run of qcontent, ccontent-without-comments, or
+    dtext-with-quoted-printables into a single string by unquoting any
+    quoted printables.  It returns the string, the remaining value, and
+    a flag that is True iff there were any quoted printables decoded.
+
+    """
+    fragment, *remainder = _wsp_splitter(value, 1)
+    vchars = []
+    escape = False
+    had_qp = False
+    for pos in range(len(fragment)):
+        if fragment[pos] == '\\':
+            if escape:
+                escape = False
+                had_qp = True
+            else:
+                escape = True
+                continue
+        if escape:
+            escape = False
+        elif fragment[pos] in endchars:
+            break
+        vchars.append(fragment[pos])
+    else:
+        pos = pos + 1
+    return ''.join(vchars), ''.join([fragment[pos:]] + remainder), had_qp
+
+def _decode_ew_run(value):
+    """ Decode a run of RFC2047 encoded words.
+
+        _decode_ew_run(value) -> (text, value, defects)
+
+    Scans the supplied value for a run of tokens that look like they are RFC
+    2047 encoded words, decodes those words into text according to RFC 2047
+    rules (whitespace between encoded words is discarded), and returns the text
+    and the remaining value (including any leading whitespace on the remaining
+    value), as well as a list of any defects encountered while decoding.  The
+    input value may not have any leading whitespace.
+
+    """
+    res = []
+    defects = []
+    last_ws = ''
+    while value:
+        try:
+            tok, ws, value = _wsp_splitter(value, 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            tok, ws, value = value, '', ''
+        if not (tok.startswith('=?') and tok.endswith('?=')):
+            return ''.join(res), last_ws + tok + ws + value, defects
+        text, charset, lang, new_defects = _ew.decode(tok)
+        res.append(text)
+        defects.extend(new_defects)
+        last_ws = ws
+    return ''.join(res), last_ws, defects
+
+def get_fws(value):
+    """FWS = 1*WSP
+
+    This isn't the RFC definition.  We're using fws to represent tokens where
+    folding can be done, but when we are parsing the *un*folding has already
+    been done so we don't need to watch out for CRLF.
+
+    """
+    newvalue = value.lstrip()
+    fws = WhiteSpaceTerminal(value[:len(value)-len(newvalue)], 'fws')
+    return fws, newvalue
+
+def get_encoded_word(value):
+    """ encoded-word = "=?" charset "?" encoding "?" encoded-text "?="
+
+    """
+    ew = EncodedWord()
+    if not value.startswith('=?'):
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected encoded word but found {}".format(value))
+    tok, *remainder = value[2:].split('?=', 1)
+    if tok == value[2:]:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected encoded word but found {}".format(value))
+    remstr = ''.join(remainder)
+    if remstr[:2].isdigit():
+        rest, *remainder = remstr.split('?=', 1)
+        tok = tok + '?=' + rest
+    if len(tok.split()) > 1:
+        ew.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+            "whitespace inside encoded word"))
+    ew.cte = value
+    value = ''.join(remainder)
+    try:
+        text, charset, lang, defects = _ew.decode('=?' + tok + '?=')
+    except ValueError:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "encoded word format invalid: '{}'".format(ew.cte))
+    ew.charset = charset
+    ew.lang = lang
+    ew.defects.extend(defects)
+    while text:
+        if text[0] in WSP:
+            token, text = get_fws(text)
+            ew.append(token)
+            continue
+        chars, *remainder = _wsp_splitter(text, 1)
+        vtext = ValueTerminal(chars, 'vtext')
+        _validate_xtext(vtext)
+        ew.append(vtext)
+        text = ''.join(remainder)
+    return ew, value
+
+def get_unstructured(value):
+    """unstructured = (*([FWS] vchar) *WSP) / obs-unstruct
+       obs-unstruct = *((*LF *CR *(obs-utext) *LF *CR)) / FWS)
+       obs-utext = %d0 / obs-NO-WS-CTL / LF / CR
+
+       obs-NO-WS-CTL is control characters except WSP/CR/LF.
+
+    So, basically, we have printable runs, plus control characters or nulls in
+    the obsolete syntax, separated by whitespace.  Since RFC 2047 uses the
+    obsolete syntax in its specification, but requires whitespace on either
+    side of the encoded words, I can see no reason to need to separate the
+    non-printable-non-whitespace from the printable runs if they occur, so we
+    parse this into xtext tokens separated by WSP tokens.
+
+    Because an 'unstructured' value must by definition constitute the entire
+    value, this 'get' routine does not return a remaining value, only the
+    parsed TokenList.
+
+    """
+    # XXX: but what about bare CR and LF?  They might signal the start or
+    # end of an encoded word.  YAGNI for now, since out current parsers
+    # will never send us strings with bard CR or LF.
+
+    unstructured = UnstructuredTokenList()
+    while value:
+        if value[0] in WSP:
+            token, value = get_fws(value)
+            unstructured.append(token)
+            continue
+        if value.startswith('=?'):
+            try:
+                token, value = get_encoded_word(value)
+            except errors.HeaderParseError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                have_ws = True
+                if len(unstructured) > 0:
+                    if unstructured[-1].token_type != 'fws':
+                        unstructured.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+                            "missing whitespace before encoded word"))
+                        have_ws = False
+                if have_ws and len(unstructured) > 1:
+                    if unstructured[-2].token_type == 'encoded-word':
+                        unstructured[-1] = EWWhiteSpaceTerminal(
+                            unstructured[-1], 'fws')
+                unstructured.append(token)
+                continue
+        tok, *remainder = _wsp_splitter(value, 1)
+        vtext = ValueTerminal(tok, 'vtext')
+        _validate_xtext(vtext)
+        unstructured.append(vtext)
+        value = ''.join(remainder)
+    return unstructured
+
+def get_qp_ctext(value):
+    """ctext = <printable ascii except \ ( )>
+
+    This is not the RFC ctext, since we are handling nested comments in comment
+    and unquoting quoted-pairs here.  We allow anything except the '()'
+    characters, but if we find any ASCII other than the RFC defined printable
+    ASCII an NonPrintableDefect is added to the token's defects list.  Since
+    quoted pairs are converted to their unquoted values, what is returned is
+    a 'ptext' token.  In this case it is a WhiteSpaceTerminal, so it's value
+    is ' '.
+
+    """
+    ptext, value, _ = _get_ptext_to_endchars(value, '()')
+    ptext = WhiteSpaceTerminal(ptext, 'ptext')
+    _validate_xtext(ptext)
+    return ptext, value
+
+def get_qcontent(value):
+    """qcontent = qtext / quoted-pair
+
+    We allow anything except the DQUOTE character, but if we find any ASCII
+    other than the RFC defined printable ASCII an NonPrintableDefect is
+    added to the token's defects list.  Any quoted pairs are converted to their
+    unquoted values, so what is returned is a 'ptext' token.  In this case it
+    is a ValueTerminal.
+
+    """
+    ptext, value, _ = _get_ptext_to_endchars(value, '"')
+    ptext = ValueTerminal(ptext, 'ptext')
+    _validate_xtext(ptext)
+    return ptext, value
+
+def get_atext(value):
+    """atext = <matches _atext_matcher>
+
+    We allow any non-ATOM_ENDS in atext, but add an InvalidATextDefect to
+    the token's defects list if we find non-atext characters.
+    """
+    m = _non_atom_end_matcher(value)
+    if not m:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected atext but found '{}'".format(value))
+    atext = m.group()
+    value = value[len(atext):]
+    atext = ValueTerminal(atext, 'atext')
+    _validate_xtext(atext)
+    return atext, value
+
+def get_bare_quoted_string(value):
+    """bare-quoted-string = DQUOTE *([FWS] qcontent) [FWS] DQUOTE
+
+    A quoted-string without the leading or trailing white space.  Its
+    value is the text between the quote marks, with whitespace
+    preserved and quoted pairs decoded.
+    """
+    if value[0] != '"':
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected '\"' but found '{}'".format(value))
+    bare_quoted_string = BareQuotedString()
+    value = value[1:]
+    while value and value[0] != '"':
+        if value[0] in WSP:
+            token, value = get_fws(value)
+        else:
+            token, value = get_qcontent(value)
+        bare_quoted_string.append(token)
+    if not value:
+        bare_quoted_string.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+            "end of header inside quoted string"))
+        return bare_quoted_string, value
+    return bare_quoted_string, value[1:]
+
+def get_comment(value):
+    """comment = "(" *([FWS] ccontent) [FWS] ")"
+       ccontent = ctext / quoted-pair / comment
+
+    We handle nested comments here, and quoted-pair in our qp-ctext routine.
+    """
+    if value and value[0] != '(':
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected '(' but found '{}'".format(value))
+    comment = Comment()
+    value = value[1:]
+    while value and value[0] != ")":
+        if value[0] in WSP:
+            token, value = get_fws(value)
+        elif value[0] == '(':
+            token, value = get_comment(value)
+        else:
+            token, value = get_qp_ctext(value)
+        comment.append(token)
+    if not value:
+        comment.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+            "end of header inside comment"))
+        return comment, value
+    return comment, value[1:]
+
+def get_cfws(value):
+    """CFWS = (1*([FWS] comment) [FWS]) / FWS
+
+    """
+    cfws = CFWSList()
+    while value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        if value[0] in WSP:
+            token, value = get_fws(value)
+        else:
+            token, value = get_comment(value)
+        cfws.append(token)
+    return cfws, value
+
+def get_quoted_string(value):
+    """quoted-string = [CFWS] <bare-quoted-string> [CFWS]
+
+    'bare-quoted-string' is an intermediate class defined by this
+    parser and not by the RFC grammar.  It is the quoted string
+    without any attached CFWS.
+    """
+    quoted_string = QuotedString()
+    if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        token, value = get_cfws(value)
+        quoted_string.append(token)
+    token, value = get_bare_quoted_string(value)
+    quoted_string.append(token)
+    if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        token, value = get_cfws(value)
+        quoted_string.append(token)
+    return quoted_string, value
+
+def get_atom(value):
+    """atom = [CFWS] 1*atext [CFWS]
+
+    """
+    atom = Atom()
+    if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        token, value = get_cfws(value)
+        atom.append(token)
+    if value and value[0] in ATOM_ENDS:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected atom but found '{}'".format(value))
+    token, value = get_atext(value)
+    atom.append(token)
+    if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        token, value = get_cfws(value)
+        atom.append(token)
+    return atom, value
+
+def get_dot_atom_text(value):
+    """ dot-text = 1*atext *("." 1*atext)
+
+    """
+    dot_atom_text = DotAtomText()
+    if not value or value[0] in ATOM_ENDS:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError("expected atom at a start of "
+            "dot-atom-text but found '{}'".format(value))
+    while value and value[0] not in ATOM_ENDS:
+        token, value = get_atext(value)
+        dot_atom_text.append(token)
+        if value and value[0] == '.':
+            dot_atom_text.append(DOT)
+            value = value[1:]
+    if dot_atom_text[-1] is DOT:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError("expected atom at end of dot-atom-text "
+            "but found '{}'".format('.'+value))
+    return dot_atom_text, value
+
+def get_dot_atom(value):
+    """ dot-atom = [CFWS] dot-atom-text [CFWS]
+
+    """
+    dot_atom = DotAtom()
+    if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        token, value = get_cfws(value)
+        dot_atom.append(token)
+    token, value = get_dot_atom_text(value)
+    dot_atom.append(token)
+    if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        token, value = get_cfws(value)
+        dot_atom.append(token)
+    return dot_atom, value
+
+def get_word(value):
+    """word = atom / quoted-string
+
+    Either atom or quoted-string may start with CFWS.  We have to peel off this
+    CFWS first to determine which type of word to parse.  Afterward we splice
+    the leading CFWS, if any, into the parsed sub-token.
+
+    If neither an atom or a quoted-string is found before the next special, a
+    HeaderParseError is raised.
+
+    The token returned is either an Atom or a QuotedString, as appropriate.
+    This means the 'word' level of the formal grammar is not represented in the
+    parse tree; this is because having that extra layer when manipulating the
+    parse tree is more confusing than it is helpful.
+
+    """
+    if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        leader, value = get_cfws(value)
+    else:
+        leader = None
+    if value[0]=='"':
+        token, value = get_quoted_string(value)
+    elif value[0] in SPECIALS:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError("Expected 'atom' or 'quoted-string' "
+                                      "but found '{}'".format(value))
+    else:
+        token, value = get_atom(value)
+    if leader is not None:
+        token[:0] = [leader]
+    return token, value
+
+def get_phrase(value):
+    """ phrase = 1*word / obs-phrase
+        obs-phrase = word *(word / "." / CFWS)
+
+    This means a phrase can be a sequence of words, periods, and CFWS in any
+    order as long as it starts with at least one word.  If anything other than
+    words is detected, an ObsoleteHeaderDefect is added to the token's defect
+    list.  We also accept a phrase that starts with CFWS followed by a dot;
+    this is registered as an InvalidHeaderDefect, since it is not supported by
+    even the obsolete grammar.
+
+    """
+    phrase = Phrase()
+    try:
+        token, value = get_word(value)
+        phrase.append(token)
+    except errors.HeaderParseError:
+        phrase.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+            "phrase does not start with word"))
+    while value and value[0] not in PHRASE_ENDS:
+        if value[0]=='.':
+            phrase.append(DOT)
+            phrase.defects.append(errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect(
+                "period in 'phrase'"))
+            value = value[1:]
+        else:
+            try:
+                token, value = get_word(value)
+            except errors.HeaderParseError:
+                if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+                    token, value = get_cfws(value)
+                    phrase.defects.append(errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect(
+                        "comment found without atom"))
+                else:
+                    raise
+            phrase.append(token)
+    return phrase, value
+
+def get_local_part(value):
+    """ local-part = dot-atom / quoted-string / obs-local-part
+
+    """
+    local_part = LocalPart()
+    leader = None
+    if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        leader, value = get_cfws(value)
+    if not value:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected local-part but found '{}'".format(value))
+    try:
+        token, value = get_dot_atom(value)
+    except errors.HeaderParseError:
+        try:
+            token, value = get_word(value)
+        except errors.HeaderParseError:
+            if value[0] != '\\' and value[0] in PHRASE_ENDS:
+                raise
+            token = TokenList()
+    if leader is not None:
+        token[:0] = [leader]
+    local_part.append(token)
+    if value and (value[0]=='\\' or value[0] not in PHRASE_ENDS):
+        obs_local_part, value = get_obs_local_part(str(local_part) + value)
+        if obs_local_part.token_type == 'invalid-obs-local-part':
+            local_part.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+                "local-part is not dot-atom, quoted-string, or obs-local-part"))
+        else:
+            local_part.defects.append(errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect(
+                "local-part is not a dot-atom (contains CFWS)"))
+        local_part[0] = obs_local_part
+    try:
+        local_part.value.encode('ascii')
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        local_part.defects.append(errors.NonASCIILocalPartDefect(
+                "local-part contains non-ASCII characters)"))
+    return local_part, value
+
+def get_obs_local_part(value):
+    """ obs-local-part = word *("." word)
+    """
+    obs_local_part = ObsLocalPart()
+    last_non_ws_was_dot = False
+    while value and (value[0]=='\\' or value[0] not in PHRASE_ENDS):
+        if value[0] == '.':
+            if last_non_ws_was_dot:
+                obs_local_part.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+                    "invalid repeated '.'"))
+            obs_local_part.append(DOT)
+            last_non_ws_was_dot = True
+            value = value[1:]
+            continue
+        elif value[0]=='\\':
+            obs_local_part.append(ValueTerminal(value[0],
+                                                'misplaced-special'))
+            value = value[1:]
+            obs_local_part.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+                "'\\' character outside of quoted-string/ccontent"))
+            last_non_ws_was_dot = False
+            continue
+        if obs_local_part and obs_local_part[-1].token_type != 'dot':
+            obs_local_part.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+                "missing '.' between words"))
+        try:
+            token, value = get_word(value)
+            last_non_ws_was_dot = False
+        except errors.HeaderParseError:
+            if value[0] not in CFWS_LEADER:
+                raise
+            token, value = get_cfws(value)
+        obs_local_part.append(token)
+    if (obs_local_part[0].token_type == 'dot' or
+            obs_local_part[0].token_type=='cfws' and
+            obs_local_part[1].token_type=='dot'):
+        obs_local_part.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+            "Invalid leading '.' in local part"))
+    if (obs_local_part[-1].token_type == 'dot' or
+            obs_local_part[-1].token_type=='cfws' and
+            obs_local_part[-2].token_type=='dot'):
+        obs_local_part.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+            "Invalid trailing '.' in local part"))
+    if obs_local_part.defects:
+        obs_local_part.token_type = 'invalid-obs-local-part'
+    return obs_local_part, value
+
+def get_dtext(value):
+    """ dtext = <printable ascii except \ [ ]> / obs-dtext
+        obs-dtext = obs-NO-WS-CTL / quoted-pair
+
+    We allow anything except the excluded characters, but but if we find any
+    ASCII other than the RFC defined printable ASCII an NonPrintableDefect is
+    added to the token's defects list.  Quoted pairs are converted to their
+    unquoted values, so what is returned is a ptext token, in this case a
+    ValueTerminal.  If there were quoted-printables, an ObsoleteHeaderDefect is
+    added to the returned token's defect list.
+
+    """
+    ptext, value, had_qp = _get_ptext_to_endchars(value, '[]')
+    ptext = ValueTerminal(ptext, 'ptext')
+    if had_qp:
+        ptext.defects.append(errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect(
+            "quoted printable found in domain-literal"))
+    _validate_xtext(ptext)
+    return ptext, value
+
+def _check_for_early_dl_end(value, domain_literal):
+    if value:
+        return False
+    domain_literal.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+        "end of input inside domain-literal"))
+    domain_literal.append(ValueTerminal(']', 'domain-literal-end'))
+    return True
+
+def get_domain_literal(value):
+    """ domain-literal = [CFWS] "[" *([FWS] dtext) [FWS] "]" [CFWS]
+
+    """
+    domain_literal = DomainLiteral()
+    if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        token, value = get_cfws(value)
+        domain_literal.append(token)
+    if not value:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError("expected domain-literal")
+    if value[0] != '[':
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError("expected '[' at start of domain-literal "
+                "but found '{}'".format(value))
+    value = value[1:]
+    if _check_for_early_dl_end(value, domain_literal):
+        return domain_literal, value
+    domain_literal.append(ValueTerminal('[', 'domain-literal-start'))
+    if value[0] in WSP:
+        token, value = get_fws(value)
+        domain_literal.append(token)
+    token, value = get_dtext(value)
+    domain_literal.append(token)
+    if _check_for_early_dl_end(value, domain_literal):
+        return domain_literal, value
+    if value[0] in WSP:
+        token, value = get_fws(value)
+        domain_literal.append(token)
+    if _check_for_early_dl_end(value, domain_literal):
+        return domain_literal, value
+    if value[0] != ']':
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError("expected ']' at end of domain-literal "
+                "but found '{}'".format(value))
+    domain_literal.append(ValueTerminal(']', 'domain-literal-end'))
+    value = value[1:]
+    if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        token, value = get_cfws(value)
+        domain_literal.append(token)
+    return domain_literal, value
+
+def get_domain(value):
+    """ domain = dot-atom / domain-literal / obs-domain
+        obs-domain = atom *("." atom))
+
+    """
+    domain = Domain()
+    leader = None
+    if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        leader, value = get_cfws(value)
+    if not value:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected domain but found '{}'".format(value))
+    if value[0] == '[':
+        token, value = get_domain_literal(value)
+        if leader is not None:
+            token[:0] = [leader]
+        domain.append(token)
+        return domain, value
+    try:
+        token, value = get_dot_atom(value)
+    except errors.HeaderParseError:
+        token, value = get_atom(value)
+    if leader is not None:
+        token[:0] = [leader]
+    domain.append(token)
+    if value and value[0] == '.':
+        domain.defects.append(errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect(
+            "domain is not a dot-atom (contains CFWS)"))
+        if domain[0].token_type == 'dot-atom':
+            domain[:] = domain[0]
+        while value and value[0] == '.':
+            domain.append(DOT)
+            token, value = get_atom(value[1:])
+            domain.append(token)
+    return domain, value
+
+def get_addr_spec(value):
+    """ addr-spec = local-part "@" domain
+
+    """
+    addr_spec = AddrSpec()
+    token, value = get_local_part(value)
+    addr_spec.append(token)
+    if not value or value[0] != '@':
+        addr_spec.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+            "add-spec local part with no domain"))
+        return addr_spec, value
+    addr_spec.append(ValueTerminal('@', 'address-at-symbol'))
+    token, value = get_domain(value[1:])
+    addr_spec.append(token)
+    return addr_spec, value
+
+def get_obs_route(value):
+    """ obs-route = obs-domain-list ":"
+        obs-domain-list = *(CFWS / ",") "@" domain *("," [CFWS] ["@" domain])
+
+        Returns an obs-route token with the appropriate sub-tokens (that is,
+        there is no obs-domain-list in the parse tree).
+    """
+    obs_route = ObsRoute()
+    while value and (value[0]==',' or value[0] in CFWS_LEADER):
+        if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+            token, value = get_cfws(value)
+            obs_route.append(token)
+        elif value[0] == ',':
+            obs_route.append(ListSeparator)
+            value = value[1:]
+    if not value or value[0] != '@':
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected obs-route domain but found '{}'".format(value))
+    obs_route.append(RouteComponentMarker)
+    token, value = get_domain(value[1:])
+    obs_route.append(token)
+    while value and value[0]==',':
+        obs_route.append(ListSeparator)
+        value = value[1:]
+        if not value:
+            break
+        if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+            token, value = get_cfws(value)
+            obs_route.append(token)
+        if value[0] == '@':
+            obs_route.append(RouteComponentMarker)
+            token, value = get_domain(value[1:])
+            obs_route.append(token)
+    if not value:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError("end of header while parsing obs-route")
+    if value[0] != ':':
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError( "expected ':' marking end of "
+            "obs-route but found '{}'".format(value))
+    obs_route.append(ValueTerminal(':', 'end-of-obs-route-marker'))
+    return obs_route, value[1:]
+
+def get_angle_addr(value):
+    """ angle-addr = [CFWS] "<" addr-spec ">" [CFWS] / obs-angle-addr
+        obs-angle-addr = [CFWS] "<" obs-route addr-spec ">" [CFWS]
+
+    """
+    angle_addr = AngleAddr()
+    if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        token, value = get_cfws(value)
+        angle_addr.append(token)
+    if not value or value[0] != '<':
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected angle-addr but found '{}'".format(value))
+    angle_addr.append(ValueTerminal('<', 'angle-addr-start'))
+    value = value[1:]
+    try:
+        token, value = get_addr_spec(value)
+    except errors.HeaderParseError:
+        try:
+            token, value = get_obs_route(value)
+            angle_addr.defects.append(errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect(
+                "obsolete route specification in angle-addr"))
+        except errors.HeaderParseError:
+            raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+                "expected addr-spec or but found '{}'".format(value))
+        angle_addr.append(token)
+        token, value = get_addr_spec(value)
+    angle_addr.append(token)
+    if value and value[0] == '>':
+        value = value[1:]
+    else:
+        angle_addr.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+            "missing trailing '>' on angle-addr"))
+    angle_addr.append(ValueTerminal('>', 'angle-addr-end'))
+    if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        token, value = get_cfws(value)
+        angle_addr.append(token)
+    return angle_addr, value
+
+def get_display_name(value):
+    """ display-name = phrase
+
+    Because this is simply a name-rule, we don't return a display-name
+    token containing a phrase, but rather a display-name token with
+    the content of the phrase.
+
+    """
+    display_name = DisplayName()
+    token, value = get_phrase(value)
+    display_name.extend(token[:])
+    display_name.defects = token.defects[:]
+    return display_name, value
+
+
+def get_name_addr(value):
+    """ name-addr = [display-name] angle-addr
+
+    """
+    name_addr = NameAddr()
+    # Both the optional display name and the angle-addr can start with cfws.
+    leader = None
+    if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        leader, value = get_cfws(value)
+        if not value:
+            raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+                "expected name-addr but found '{}'".format(leader))
+    if value[0] != '<':
+        if value[0] in PHRASE_ENDS:
+            raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+                "expected name-addr but found '{}'".format(value))
+        token, value = get_display_name(value)
+        if not value:
+            raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+                "expected name-addr but found '{}'".format(token))
+        if leader is not None:
+            token[0][:0] = [leader]
+            leader = None
+        name_addr.append(token)
+    token, value = get_angle_addr(value)
+    if leader is not None:
+        token[:0] = [leader]
+    name_addr.append(token)
+    return name_addr, value
+
+def get_mailbox(value):
+    """ mailbox = name-addr / addr-spec
+
+    """
+    # The only way to figure out if we are dealing with a name-addr or an
+    # addr-spec is to try parsing each one.
+    mailbox = Mailbox()
+    try:
+        token, value = get_name_addr(value)
+    except errors.HeaderParseError:
+        try:
+            token, value = get_addr_spec(value)
+        except errors.HeaderParseError:
+            raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+                "expected mailbox but found '{}'".format(value))
+    if any(isinstance(x, errors.InvalidHeaderDefect)
+                       for x in token.all_defects):
+        mailbox.token_type = 'invalid-mailbox'
+    mailbox.append(token)
+    return mailbox, value
+
+def get_invalid_mailbox(value, endchars):
+    """ Read everything up to one of the chars in endchars.
+
+    This is outside the formal grammar.  The InvalidMailbox TokenList that is
+    returned acts like a Mailbox, but the data attributes are None.
+
+    """
+    invalid_mailbox = InvalidMailbox()
+    while value and value[0] not in endchars:
+        if value[0] in PHRASE_ENDS:
+            invalid_mailbox.append(ValueTerminal(value[0],
+                                                 'misplaced-special'))
+            value = value[1:]
+        else:
+            token, value = get_phrase(value)
+            invalid_mailbox.append(token)
+    return invalid_mailbox, value
+
+def get_mailbox_list(value):
+    """ mailbox-list = (mailbox *("," mailbox)) / obs-mbox-list
+        obs-mbox-list = *([CFWS] ",") mailbox *("," [mailbox / CFWS])
+
+    For this routine we go outside the formal grammar in order to improve error
+    handling.  We recognize the end of the mailbox list only at the end of the
+    value or at a ';' (the group terminator).  This is so that we can turn
+    invalid mailboxes into InvalidMailbox tokens and continue parsing any
+    remaining valid mailboxes.  We also allow all mailbox entries to be null,
+    and this condition is handled appropriately at a higher level.
+
+    """
+    mailbox_list = MailboxList()
+    while value and value[0] != ';':
+        try:
+            token, value = get_mailbox(value)
+            mailbox_list.append(token)
+        except errors.HeaderParseError:
+            leader = None
+            if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+                leader, value = get_cfws(value)
+                if not value or value[0] in ',;':
+                    mailbox_list.append(leader)
+                    mailbox_list.defects.append(errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect(
+                        "empty element in mailbox-list"))
+                else:
+                    token, value = get_invalid_mailbox(value, ',;')
+                    if leader is not None:
+                        token[:0] = [leader]
+                    mailbox_list.append(token)
+                    mailbox_list.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+                        "invalid mailbox in mailbox-list"))
+            elif value[0] == ',':
+                mailbox_list.defects.append(errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect(
+                    "empty element in mailbox-list"))
+            else:
+                token, value = get_invalid_mailbox(value, ',;')
+                if leader is not None:
+                    token[:0] = [leader]
+                mailbox_list.append(token)
+                mailbox_list.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+                    "invalid mailbox in mailbox-list"))
+        if value and value[0] not in ',;':
+            # Crap after mailbox; treat it as an invalid mailbox.
+            # The mailbox info will still be available.
+            mailbox = mailbox_list[-1]
+            mailbox.token_type = 'invalid-mailbox'
+            token, value = get_invalid_mailbox(value, ',;')
+            mailbox.extend(token)
+            mailbox_list.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+                "invalid mailbox in mailbox-list"))
+        if value and value[0] == ',':
+            mailbox_list.append(ListSeparator)
+            value = value[1:]
+    return mailbox_list, value
+
+
+def get_group_list(value):
+    """ group-list = mailbox-list / CFWS / obs-group-list
+        obs-group-list = 1*([CFWS] ",") [CFWS]
+
+    """
+    group_list = GroupList()
+    if not value:
+        group_list.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+            "end of header before group-list"))
+        return group_list, value
+    leader = None
+    if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        leader, value = get_cfws(value)
+        if not value:
+            # This should never happen in email parsing, since CFWS-only is a
+            # legal alternative to group-list in a group, which is the only
+            # place group-list appears.
+            group_list.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+                "end of header in group-list"))
+            group_list.append(leader)
+            return group_list, value
+        if value[0] == ';':
+            group_list.append(leader)
+            return group_list, value
+    token, value = get_mailbox_list(value)
+    if len(token.all_mailboxes)==0:
+        if leader is not None:
+            group_list.append(leader)
+        group_list.extend(token)
+        group_list.defects.append(errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect(
+            "group-list with empty entries"))
+        return group_list, value
+    if leader is not None:
+        token[:0] = [leader]
+    group_list.append(token)
+    return group_list, value
+
+def get_group(value):
+    """ group = display-name ":" [group-list] ";" [CFWS]
+
+    """
+    group = Group()
+    token, value = get_display_name(value)
+    if not value or value[0] != ':':
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError("expected ':' at end of group "
+            "display name but found '{}'".format(value))
+    group.append(token)
+    group.append(ValueTerminal(':', 'group-display-name-terminator'))
+    value = value[1:]
+    if value and value[0] == ';':
+        group.append(ValueTerminal(';', 'group-terminator'))
+        return group, value[1:]
+    token, value = get_group_list(value)
+    group.append(token)
+    if not value:
+        group.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+            "end of header in group"))
+    if value[0] != ';':
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected ';' at end of group but found {}".format(value))
+    group.append(ValueTerminal(';', 'group-terminator'))
+    value = value[1:]
+    if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        token, value = get_cfws(value)
+        group.append(token)
+    return group, value
+
+def get_address(value):
+    """ address = mailbox / group
+
+    Note that counter-intuitively, an address can be either a single address or
+    a list of addresses (a group).  This is why the returned Address object has
+    a 'mailboxes' attribute which treats a single address as a list of length
+    one.  When you need to differentiate between to two cases, extract the single
+    element, which is either a mailbox or a group token.
+
+    """
+    # The formal grammar isn't very helpful when parsing an address.  mailbox
+    # and group, especially when allowing for obsolete forms, start off very
+    # similarly.  It is only when you reach one of @, <, or : that you know
+    # what you've got.  So, we try each one in turn, starting with the more
+    # likely of the two.  We could perhaps make this more efficient by looking
+    # for a phrase and then branching based on the next character, but that
+    # would be a premature optimization.
+    address = Address()
+    try:
+        token, value = get_group(value)
+    except errors.HeaderParseError:
+        try:
+            token, value = get_mailbox(value)
+        except errors.HeaderParseError:
+            raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+                "expected address but found '{}'".format(value))
+    address.append(token)
+    return address, value
+
+def get_address_list(value):
+    """ address_list = (address *("," address)) / obs-addr-list
+        obs-addr-list = *([CFWS] ",") address *("," [address / CFWS])
+
+    We depart from the formal grammar here by continuing to parse until the end
+    of the input, assuming the input to be entirely composed of an
+    address-list.  This is always true in email parsing, and allows us
+    to skip invalid addresses to parse additional valid ones.
+
+    """
+    address_list = AddressList()
+    while value:
+        try:
+            token, value = get_address(value)
+            address_list.append(token)
+        except errors.HeaderParseError as err:
+            leader = None
+            if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+                leader, value = get_cfws(value)
+                if not value or value[0] == ',':
+                    address_list.append(leader)
+                    address_list.defects.append(errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect(
+                        "address-list entry with no content"))
+                else:
+                    token, value = get_invalid_mailbox(value, ',')
+                    if leader is not None:
+                        token[:0] = [leader]
+                    address_list.append(Address([token]))
+                    address_list.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+                        "invalid address in address-list"))
+            elif value[0] == ',':
+                address_list.defects.append(errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect(
+                    "empty element in address-list"))
+            else:
+                token, value = get_invalid_mailbox(value, ',')
+                if leader is not None:
+                    token[:0] = [leader]
+                address_list.append(Address([token]))
+                address_list.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+                    "invalid address in address-list"))
+        if value and value[0] != ',':
+            # Crap after address; treat it as an invalid mailbox.
+            # The mailbox info will still be available.
+            mailbox = address_list[-1][0]
+            mailbox.token_type = 'invalid-mailbox'
+            token, value = get_invalid_mailbox(value, ',')
+            mailbox.extend(token)
+            address_list.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+                "invalid address in address-list"))
+        if value:  # Must be a , at this point.
+            address_list.append(ValueTerminal(',', 'list-separator'))
+            value = value[1:]
+    return address_list, value
diff --git a/Lib/email/_headerregistry.py b/Lib/email/_headerregistry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6588546
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/email/_headerregistry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+"""Representing and manipulating email headers via custom objects.
+
+This module provides an implementation of the HeaderRegistry API.
+The implementation is designed to flexibly follow RFC5322 rules.
+
+Eventually HeaderRegistry will be a public API, but it isn't yet,
+and will probably change some before that happens.
+
+"""
+
+from email import utils
+from email import errors
+from email import _header_value_parser as parser
+
+class Address:
+
+    def __init__(self, display_name='', username='', domain='', addr_spec=None):
+        """Create an object represeting a full email address.
+
+        An address can have a 'display_name', a 'username', and a 'domain'.  In
+        addition to specifying the username and domain separately, they may be
+        specified together by using the addr_spec keyword *instead of* the
+        username and domain keywords.  If an addr_spec string is specified it
+        must be properly quoted according to RFC 5322 rules; an error will be
+        raised if it is not.
+
+        An Address object has display_name, username, domain, and addr_spec
+        attributes, all of which are read-only.  The addr_spec and the string
+        value of the object are both quoted according to RFC5322 rules, but
+        without any Content Transfer Encoding.
+
+        """
+        # This clause with its potential 'raise' may only happen when an
+        # application program creates an Address object using an addr_spec
+        # keyword.  The email library code itself must always supply username
+        # and domain.
+        if addr_spec is not None:
+            if username or domain:
+                raise TypeError("addrspec specified when username and/or "
+                                "domain also specified")
+            a_s, rest = parser.get_addr_spec(addr_spec)
+            if rest:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid addr_spec; only '{}' "
+                                 "could be parsed from '{}'".format(
+                                    a_s, addr_spec))
+            if a_s.all_defects:
+                raise a_s.all_defects[0]
+            username = a_s.local_part
+            domain = a_s.domain
+        self._display_name = display_name
+        self._username = username
+        self._domain = domain
+
+    @property
+    def display_name(self):
+        return self._display_name
+
+    @property
+    def username(self):
+        return self._username
+
+    @property
+    def domain(self):
+        return self._domain
+
+    @property
+    def addr_spec(self):
+        """The addr_spec (username@domain) portion of the address, quoted
+        according to RFC 5322 rules, but with no Content Transfer Encoding.
+        """
+        nameset = set(self.username)
+        if len(nameset) > len(nameset-parser.DOT_ATOM_ENDS):
+            lp = parser.quote_string(self.username)
+        else:
+            lp = self.username
+        if self.domain:
+            return lp + '@' + self.domain
+        if not lp:
+            return '<>'
+        return lp
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Address(display_name={!r}, username={!r}, domain={!r})".format(
+                        self.display_name, self.username, self.domain)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        nameset = set(self.display_name)
+        if len(nameset) > len(nameset-parser.SPECIALS):
+            disp = parser.quote_string(self.display_name)
+        else:
+            disp = self.display_name
+        if disp:
+            addr_spec = '' if self.addr_spec=='<>' else self.addr_spec
+            return "{} <{}>".format(disp, addr_spec)
+        return self.addr_spec
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if type(other) != type(self):
+            return False
+        return (self.display_name == other.display_name and
+                self.username == other.username and
+                self.domain == other.domain)
+
+
+class Group:
+
+    def __init__(self, display_name=None, addresses=None):
+        """Create an object representing an address group.
+
+        An address group consists of a display_name followed by colon and an
+        list of addresses (see Address) terminated by a semi-colon.  The Group
+        is created by specifying a display_name and a possibly empty list of
+        Address objects.  A Group can also be used to represent a single
+        address that is not in a group, which is convenient when manipulating
+        lists that are a combination of Groups and individual Addresses.  In
+        this case the display_name should be set to None.  In particular, the
+        string representation of a Group whose display_name is None is the same
+        as the Address object, if there is one and only one Address object in
+        the addresses list.
+
+        """
+        self._display_name = display_name
+        self._addresses = tuple(addresses) if addresses else tuple()
+
+    @property
+    def display_name(self):
+        return self._display_name
+
+    @property
+    def addresses(self):
+        return self._addresses
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Group(display_name={!r}, addresses={!r}".format(
+                 self.display_name, self.addresses)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.display_name is None and len(self.addresses)==1:
+            return str(self.addresses[0])
+        disp = self.display_name
+        if disp is not None:
+            nameset = set(disp)
+            if len(nameset) > len(nameset-parser.SPECIALS):
+                disp = parser.quote_string(disp)
+        adrstr = ", ".join(str(x) for x in self.addresses)
+        adrstr = ' ' + adrstr if adrstr else adrstr
+        return "{}:{};".format(disp, adrstr)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if type(other) != type(self):
+            return False
+        return (self.display_name == other.display_name and
+                self.addresses == other.addresses)
+
+
+# Header Classes #
+
+class BaseHeader(str):
+
+    """Base class for message headers.
+
+    Implements generic behavior and provides tools for subclasses.
+
+    A subclass must define a classmethod named 'parse' that takes an unfolded
+    value string and a dictionary as its arguments.  The dictionary will
+    contain one key, 'defects', initialized to an empty list.  After the call
+    the dictionary must contain two additional keys: parse_tree, set to the
+    parse tree obtained from parsing the header, and 'decoded', set to the
+    string value of the idealized representation of the data from the value.
+    (That is, encoded words are decoded, and values that have canonical
+    representations are so represented.)
+
+    The defects key is intended to collect parsing defects, which the message
+    parser will subsequently dispose of as appropriate.  The parser should not,
+    insofar as practical, raise any errors.  Defects should be added to the
+    list instead.  The standard header parsers register defects for RFC
+    compliance issues, for obsolete RFC syntax, and for unrecoverable parsing
+    errors.
+
+    The parse method may add additional keys to the dictionary.  In this case
+    the subclass must define an 'init' method, which will be passed the
+    dictionary as its keyword arguments.  The method should use (usually by
+    setting them as the value of similarly named attributes) and remove all the
+    extra keys added by its parse method, and then use super to call its parent
+    class with the remaining arguments and keywords.
+
+    The subclass should also make sure that a 'max_count' attribute is defined
+    that is either None or 1. XXX: need to better define this API.
+
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, name, value):
+        kwds = {'defects': []}
+        cls.parse(value, kwds)
+        if utils._has_surrogates(kwds['decoded']):
+            kwds['decoded'] = utils._sanitize(kwds['decoded'])
+        self = str.__new__(cls, kwds['decoded'])
+        del kwds['decoded']
+        self.init(name, **kwds)
+        return self
+
+    def init(self, name, *, parse_tree, defects):
+        self._name = name
+        self._parse_tree = parse_tree
+        self._defects = defects
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self._name
+
+    @property
+    def defects(self):
+        return tuple(self._defects)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return (
+            _reconstruct_header,
+            (
+                self.__class__.__name__,
+                self.__class__.__bases__,
+                str(self),
+            ),
+            self.__dict__)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _reconstruct(cls, value):
+        return str.__new__(cls, value)
+
+    def fold(self, *, policy):
+        """Fold header according to policy.
+
+        The parsed representation of the header is folded according to
+        RFC5322 rules, as modified by the policy.  If the parse tree
+        contains surrogateescaped bytes, the bytes are CTE encoded using
+        the charset 'unknown-8bit".
+
+        Any non-ASCII characters in the parse tree are CTE encoded using
+        charset utf-8. XXX: make this a policy setting.
+
+        The returned value is an ASCII-only string possibly containing linesep
+        characters, and ending with a linesep character.  The string includes
+        the header name and the ': ' separator.
+
+        """
+        # At some point we need to only put fws here if it was in the source.
+        header = parser.Header([
+            parser.HeaderLabel([
+                parser.ValueTerminal(self.name, 'header-name'),
+                parser.ValueTerminal(':', 'header-sep')]),
+            parser.CFWSList([parser.WhiteSpaceTerminal(' ', 'fws')]),
+                             self._parse_tree])
+        return header.fold(policy=policy)
+
+
+def _reconstruct_header(cls_name, bases, value):
+    return type(cls_name, bases, {})._reconstruct(value)
+
+
+class UnstructuredHeader:
+
+    max_count = None
+    value_parser = staticmethod(parser.get_unstructured)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse(cls, value, kwds):
+        kwds['parse_tree'] = cls.value_parser(value)
+        kwds['decoded'] = str(kwds['parse_tree'])
+
+
+class UniqueUnstructuredHeader(UnstructuredHeader):
+
+    max_count = 1
+
+
+class DateHeader:
+
+    """Header whose value consists of a single timestamp.
+
+    Provides an additional attribute, datetime, which is either an aware
+    datetime using a timezone, or a naive datetime if the timezone
+    in the input string is -0000.  Also accepts a datetime as input.
+    The 'value' attribute is the normalized form of the timestamp,
+    which means it is the output of format_datetime on the datetime.
+    """
+
+    max_count = None
+
+    # This is used only for folding, not for creating 'decoded'.
+    value_parser = staticmethod(parser.get_unstructured)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse(cls, value, kwds):
+        if not value:
+            kwds['defects'].append(errors.HeaderMissingRequiredValue())
+            kwds['datetime'] = None
+            kwds['decoded'] = ''
+            kwds['parse_tree'] = parser.TokenList()
+            return
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            value = utils.parsedate_to_datetime(value)
+        kwds['datetime'] = value
+        kwds['decoded'] = utils.format_datetime(kwds['datetime'])
+        kwds['parse_tree'] = cls.value_parser(kwds['decoded'])
+
+    def init(self, *args, **kw):
+        self._datetime = kw.pop('datetime')
+        super().init(*args, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def datetime(self):
+        return self._datetime
+
+
+class UniqueDateHeader(DateHeader):
+
+    max_count = 1
+
+
+class AddressHeader:
+
+    max_count = None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def value_parser(value):
+        address_list, value = parser.get_address_list(value)
+        assert not value, 'this should not happen'
+        return address_list
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse(cls, value, kwds):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            # We are translating here from the RFC language (address/mailbox)
+            # to our API language (group/address).
+            kwds['parse_tree'] = address_list = cls.value_parser(value)
+            groups = []
+            for addr in address_list.addresses:
+                groups.append(Group(addr.display_name,
+                                    [Address(mb.display_name or '',
+                                             mb.local_part or '',
+                                             mb.domain or '')
+                                     for mb in addr.all_mailboxes]))
+            defects = list(address_list.all_defects)
+        else:
+            # Assume it is Address/Group stuff
+            if not hasattr(value, '__iter__'):
+                value = [value]
+            groups = [Group(None, [item]) if not hasattr(item, 'addresses')
+                                          else item
+                                    for item in value]
+            defects = []
+        kwds['groups'] = groups
+        kwds['defects'] = defects
+        kwds['decoded'] = ', '.join([str(item) for item in groups])
+        if 'parse_tree' not in kwds:
+            kwds['parse_tree'] = cls.value_parser(kwds['decoded'])
+
+    def init(self, *args, **kw):
+        self._groups = tuple(kw.pop('groups'))
+        self._addresses = None
+        super().init(*args, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def groups(self):
+        return self._groups
+
+    @property
+    def addresses(self):
+        if self._addresses is None:
+            self._addresses = tuple([address for group in self._groups
+                                             for address in group.addresses])
+        return self._addresses
+
+
+class UniqueAddressHeader(AddressHeader):
+
+    max_count = 1
+
+
+class SingleAddressHeader(AddressHeader):
+
+    @property
+    def address(self):
+        if len(self.addresses)!=1:
+            raise ValueError(("value of single address header {} is not "
+                "a single address").format(self.name))
+        return self.addresses[0]
+
+
+class UniqueSingleAddressHeader(SingleAddressHeader):
+
+    max_count = 1
+
+
+# The header factory #
+
+_default_header_map = {
+    'subject':          UniqueUnstructuredHeader,
+    'date':             UniqueDateHeader,
+    'resent-date':      DateHeader,
+    'orig-date':        UniqueDateHeader,
+    'sender':           UniqueSingleAddressHeader,
+    'resent-sender':    SingleAddressHeader,
+    'to':               UniqueAddressHeader,
+    'resent-to':        AddressHeader,
+    'cc':               UniqueAddressHeader,
+    'resent-cc':        AddressHeader,
+    'bcc':              UniqueAddressHeader,
+    'resent-bcc':       AddressHeader,
+    'from':             UniqueAddressHeader,
+    'resent-from':      AddressHeader,
+    'reply-to':         UniqueAddressHeader,
+    }
+
+class HeaderRegistry:
+
+    """A header_factory and header registry."""
+
+    def __init__(self, base_class=BaseHeader, default_class=UnstructuredHeader,
+                       use_default_map=True):
+        """Create a header_factory that works with the Policy API.
+
+        base_class is the class that will be the last class in the created
+        header class's __bases__ list.  default_class is the class that will be
+        used if "name" (see __call__) does not appear in the registry.
+        use_default_map controls whether or not the default mapping of names to
+        specialized classes is copied in to the registry when the factory is
+        created.  The default is True.
+
+        """
+        self.registry = {}
+        self.base_class = base_class
+        self.default_class = default_class
+        if use_default_map:
+            self.registry.update(_default_header_map)
+
+    def map_to_type(self, name, cls):
+        """Register cls as the specialized class for handling "name" headers.
+
+        """
+        self.registry[name.lower()] = cls
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        cls = self.registry.get(name.lower(), self.default_class)
+        return type('_'+cls.__name__, (cls, self.base_class), {})
+
+    def __call__(self, name, value):
+        """Create a header instance for header 'name' from 'value'.
+
+        Creates a header instance by creating a specialized class for parsing
+        and representing the specified header by combining the factory
+        base_class with a specialized class from the registry or the
+        default_class, and passing the name and value to the constructed
+        class's constructor.
+
+        """
+        return self[name](name, value)
diff --git a/Lib/email/_policybase.py b/Lib/email/_policybase.py
index 05736d0..6bc298b 100644
--- a/Lib/email/_policybase.py
+++ b/Lib/email/_policybase.py
@@ -64,10 +64,16 @@
         except for the changes passed in as keyword arguments.
 
         """
+        newpolicy = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
         for attr, value in self.__dict__.items():
-            if attr not in kw:
-                kw[attr] = value
-        return self.__class__(**kw)
+            object.__setattr__(newpolicy, attr, value)
+        for attr, value in kw.items():
+            if not hasattr(self, attr):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "{!r} is an invalid keyword argument for {}".format(
+                        attr, self.__class__.__name__))
+            object.__setattr__(newpolicy, attr, value)
+        return newpolicy
 
     def __setattr__(self, name, value):
         if hasattr(self, name):
diff --git a/Lib/email/errors.py b/Lib/email/errors.py
index c04deb4..f916229 100644
--- a/Lib/email/errors.py
+++ b/Lib/email/errors.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 """email package exception classes."""
 
 
-
 class MessageError(Exception):
     """Base class for errors in the email package."""
 
@@ -30,9 +29,8 @@
     """An illegal charset was given."""
 
 
-
 # These are parsing defects which the parser was able to work around.
-class MessageDefect(Exception):
+class MessageDefect(ValueError):
     """Base class for a message defect."""
 
     def __init__(self, line=None):
@@ -58,3 +56,42 @@
 
 class InvalidMultipartContentTransferEncodingDefect(MessageDefect):
     """An invalid content transfer encoding was set on the multipart itself."""
+
+class UndecodableBytesDefect(MessageDefect):
+    """Header contained bytes that could not be decoded"""
+
+class InvalidBase64PaddingDefect(MessageDefect):
+    """base64 encoded sequence had an incorrect length"""
+
+class InvalidBase64CharactersDefect(MessageDefect):
+    """base64 encoded sequence had characters not in base64 alphabet"""
+
+# These errors are specific to header parsing.
+
+class HeaderDefect(MessageDefect):
+    """Base class for a header defect."""
+
+class InvalidHeaderDefect(HeaderDefect):
+    """Header is not valid, message gives details."""
+
+class HeaderMissingRequiredValue(HeaderDefect):
+    """A header that must have a value had none"""
+
+class NonPrintableDefect(HeaderDefect):
+    """ASCII characters outside the ascii-printable range found"""
+
+    def __init__(self, non_printables):
+        super().__init__(non_printables)
+        self.non_printables = non_printables
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ("the following ASCII non-printables found in header: "
+            "{}".format(self.non_printables))
+
+class ObsoleteHeaderDefect(HeaderDefect):
+    """Header uses syntax declared obsolete by RFC 5322"""
+
+class NonASCIILocalPartDefect(HeaderDefect):
+    """local_part contains non-ASCII characters"""
+    # This defect only occurs during unicode parsing, not when
+    # parsing messages decoded from binary.
diff --git a/Lib/email/generator.py b/Lib/email/generator.py
index bfa288b..fcecf93 100644
--- a/Lib/email/generator.py
+++ b/Lib/email/generator.py
@@ -95,9 +95,15 @@
         self._encoded_NL = self._encode(self._NL)
         self._EMPTY = ''
         self._encoded_EMTPY = self._encode('')
-        p = self.policy
+        # Because we use clone (below) when we recursively process message
+        # subparts, and because clone uses the computed policy (not None),
+        # submessages will automatically get set to the computed policy when
+        # they are processed by this code.
+        old_gen_policy = self.policy
+        old_msg_policy = msg.policy
         try:
             self.policy = policy
+            msg.policy = policy
             if unixfrom:
                 ufrom = msg.get_unixfrom()
                 if not ufrom:
@@ -105,7 +111,8 @@
                 self.write(ufrom + self._NL)
             self._write(msg)
         finally:
-            self.policy = p
+            self.policy = old_gen_policy
+            msg.policy = old_msg_policy
 
     def clone(self, fp):
         """Clone this generator with the exact same options."""
diff --git a/Lib/email/policy.py b/Lib/email/policy.py
index dae2dc7..ea90a8f 100644
--- a/Lib/email/policy.py
+++ b/Lib/email/policy.py
@@ -2,11 +2,178 @@
 code that adds all the email6 features.
 """
 
-from email._policybase import Policy, compat32, Compat32
+from email._policybase import Policy, Compat32, compat32
+from email.utils import _has_surrogates
+from email._headerregistry import HeaderRegistry as _HeaderRegistry
 
-# XXX: temporarily derive everything from compat32.
+__all__ = [
+    'Compat32',
+    'compat32',
+    'Policy',
+    'EmailPolicy',
+    'default',
+    'strict',
+    'SMTP',
+    'HTTP',
+    ]
 
-default = compat32
+class EmailPolicy(Policy):
+
+    """+
+    PROVISIONAL
+
+    The API extensions enabled by this this policy are currently provisional.
+    Refer to the documentation for details.
+
+    This policy adds new header parsing and folding algorithms.  Instead of
+    simple strings, headers are custom objects with custom attributes
+    depending on the type of the field.  The folding algorithm fully
+    implements RFCs 2047 and 5322.
+
+    In addition to the settable attributes listed above that apply to
+    all Policies, this policy adds the following additional attributes:
+
+    refold_source       -- if the value for a header in the Message object
+                           came from the parsing of some source, this attribute
+                           indicates whether or not a generator should refold
+                           that value when transforming the message back into
+                           stream form.  The possible values are:
+
+                           none  -- all source values use original folding
+                           long  -- source values that have any line that is
+                                    longer than max_line_length will be
+                                    refolded
+                           all  -- all values are refolded.
+
+                           The default is 'long'.
+
+    header_factory      -- a callable that takes two arguments, 'name' and
+                           'value', where 'name' is a header field name and
+                           'value' is an unfolded header field value, and
+                           returns a string-like object that represents that
+                           header.  A default header_factory is provided that
+                           understands some of the RFC5322 header field types.
+                           (Currently address fields and date fields have
+                           special treatment, while all other fields are
+                           treated as unstructured.  This list will be
+                           completed before the extension is marked stable.)
+    """
+
+    refold_source = 'long'
+    header_factory = _HeaderRegistry()
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        # Ensure that each new instance gets a unique header factory
+        # (as opposed to clones, which share the factory).
+        if 'header_factory' not in kw:
+            object.__setattr__(self, 'header_factory', _HeaderRegistry())
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+
+    # The logic of the next three methods is chosen such that it is possible to
+    # switch a Message object between a Compat32 policy and a policy derived
+    # from this class and have the results stay consistent.  This allows a
+    # Message object constructed with this policy to be passed to a library
+    # that only handles Compat32 objects, or to receive such an object and
+    # convert it to use the newer style by just changing its policy.  It is
+    # also chosen because it postpones the relatively expensive full rfc5322
+    # parse until as late as possible when parsing from source, since in many
+    # applications only a few headers will actually be inspected.
+
+    def header_source_parse(self, sourcelines):
+        """+
+        The name is parsed as everything up to the ':' and returned unmodified.
+        The value is determined by stripping leading whitespace off the
+        remainder of the first line, joining all subsequent lines together, and
+        stripping any trailing carriage return or linefeed characters.  (This
+        is the same as Compat32).
+
+        """
+        name, value = sourcelines[0].split(':', 1)
+        value = value.lstrip(' \t') + ''.join(sourcelines[1:])
+        return (name, value.rstrip('\r\n'))
+
+    def header_store_parse(self, name, value):
+        """+
+        The name is returned unchanged.  If the input value has a 'name'
+        attribute and it matches the name ignoring case, the value is returned
+        unchanged.  Otherwise the name and value are passed to header_factory
+        method, and the resulting custom header object is returned as the
+        value.  In this case a ValueError is raised if the input value contains
+        CR or LF characters.
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(value, 'name') and value.name.lower() == name.lower():
+            return (name, value)
+        if len(value.splitlines())>1:
+            raise ValueError("Header values may not contain linefeed "
+                             "or carriage return characters")
+        return (name, self.header_factory(name, value))
+
+    def header_fetch_parse(self, name, value):
+        """+
+        If the value has a 'name' attribute, it is returned to unmodified.
+        Otherwise the name and the value with any linesep characters removed
+        are passed to the header_factory method, and the resulting custom
+        header object is returned.  Any surrogateescaped bytes get turned
+        into the unicode unknown-character glyph.
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(value, 'name'):
+            return value
+        return self.header_factory(name, ''.join(value.splitlines()))
+
+    def fold(self, name, value):
+        """+
+        Header folding is controlled by the refold_source policy setting.  A
+        value is considered to be a 'source value' if and only if it does not
+        have a 'name' attribute (having a 'name' attribute means it is a header
+        object of some sort).  If a source value needs to be refolded according
+        to the policy, it is converted into a custom header object by passing
+        the name and the value with any linesep characters removed to the
+        header_factory method.  Folding of a custom header object is done by
+        calling its fold method with the current policy.
+
+        Source values are split into lines using splitlines.  If the value is
+        not to be refolded, the lines are rejoined using the linesep from the
+        policy and returned.  The exception is lines containing non-ascii
+        binary data.  In that case the value is refolded regardless of the
+        refold_source setting, which causes the binary data to be CTE encoded
+        using the unknown-8bit charset.
+
+        """
+        return self._fold(name, value, refold_binary=True)
+
+    def fold_binary(self, name, value):
+        """+
+        The same as fold if cte_type is 7bit, except that the returned value is
+        bytes.
+
+        If cte_type is 8bit, non-ASCII binary data is converted back into
+        bytes.  Headers with binary data are not refolded, regardless of the
+        refold_header setting, since there is no way to know whether the binary
+        data consists of single byte characters or multibyte characters.
+
+        """
+        folded = self._fold(name, value, refold_binary=self.cte_type=='7bit')
+        return folded.encode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
+
+    def _fold(self, name, value, refold_binary=False):
+        if hasattr(value, 'name'):
+            return value.fold(policy=self)
+        maxlen = self.max_line_length if self.max_line_length else float('inf')
+        lines = value.splitlines()
+        refold = (self.refold_source == 'all' or
+                  self.refold_source == 'long' and
+                    (len(lines[0])+len(name)+2 > maxlen or
+                     any(len(x) > maxlen for x in lines[1:])))
+        if refold or refold_binary and _has_surrogates(value):
+            return self.header_factory(name, ''.join(lines)).fold(policy=self)
+        return name + ': ' + self.linesep.join(lines) + self.linesep
+
+
+default = EmailPolicy()
+# Make the default policy use the class default header_factory
+del default.header_factory
 strict = default.clone(raise_on_defect=True)
 SMTP = default.clone(linesep='\r\n')
 HTTP = default.clone(linesep='\r\n', max_line_length=None)
diff --git a/Lib/email/utils.py b/Lib/email/utils.py
index b82d5c5..b7e1bb9 100644
--- a/Lib/email/utils.py
+++ b/Lib/email/utils.py
@@ -62,6 +62,13 @@
 _has_surrogates = re.compile(
     '([^\ud800-\udbff]|\A)[\udc00-\udfff]([^\udc00-\udfff]|\Z)').search
 
+# How to deal with a string containing bytes before handing it to the
+# application through the 'normal' interface.
+def _sanitize(string):
+    # Turn any escaped bytes into unicode 'unknown' char.
+    original_bytes = string.encode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
+    return original_bytes.decode('ascii', 'replace')
+
 
 # Helpers
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_email/__init__.py b/Lib/test/test_email/__init__.py
index b05fb3c..75dc64d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_email/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_email/__init__.py
@@ -65,3 +65,9 @@
     def assertBytesEqual(self, first, second, msg):
         """Our byte strings are really encoded strings; improve diff output"""
         self.assertEqual(self._bytes_repr(first), self._bytes_repr(second))
+
+    def assertDefectsEqual(self, actual, expected):
+        self.assertEqual(len(actual), len(expected), actual)
+        for i in range(len(actual)):
+            self.assertIsInstance(actual[i], expected[i],
+                                    'item {}'.format(i))
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_email/test__encoded_words.py b/Lib/test/test_email/test__encoded_words.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14395fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_email/test__encoded_words.py
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+import unittest
+from email import _encoded_words as _ew
+from email import errors
+from test.test_email import TestEmailBase
+
+
+class TestDecodeQ(TestEmailBase):
+
+    def _test(self, source, ex_result, ex_defects=[]):
+        result, defects = _ew.decode_q(source)
+        self.assertEqual(result, ex_result)
+        self.assertDefectsEqual(defects, ex_defects)
+
+    def test_no_encoded(self):
+        self._test(b'foobar', b'foobar')
+
+    def test_spaces(self):
+        self._test(b'foo=20bar=20', b'foo bar ')
+        self._test(b'foo_bar_', b'foo bar ')
+
+    def test_run_of_encoded(self):
+        self._test(b'foo=20=20=21=2Cbar', b'foo  !,bar')
+
+
+class TestDecodeB(TestEmailBase):
+
+    def _test(self, source, ex_result, ex_defects=[]):
+        result, defects = _ew.decode_b(source)
+        self.assertEqual(result, ex_result)
+        self.assertDefectsEqual(defects, ex_defects)
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        self._test(b'Zm9v', b'foo')
+
+    def test_missing_padding(self):
+        self._test(b'dmk', b'vi', [errors.InvalidBase64PaddingDefect])
+
+    def test_invalid_character(self):
+        self._test(b'dm\x01k===', b'vi', [errors.InvalidBase64CharactersDefect])
+
+    def test_invalid_character_and_bad_padding(self):
+        self._test(b'dm\x01k', b'vi', [errors.InvalidBase64CharactersDefect,
+                                       errors.InvalidBase64PaddingDefect])
+
+
+class TestDecode(TestEmailBase):
+
+    def test_wrong_format_input_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            _ew.decode('=?badone?=')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            _ew.decode('=?')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            _ew.decode('')
+
+    def _test(self, source, result, charset='us-ascii', lang='', defects=[]):
+        res, char, l, d = _ew.decode(source)
+        self.assertEqual(res, result)
+        self.assertEqual(char, charset)
+        self.assertEqual(l, lang)
+        self.assertDefectsEqual(d, defects)
+
+    def test_simple_q(self):
+        self._test('=?us-ascii?q?foo?=', 'foo')
+
+    def test_simple_b(self):
+        self._test('=?us-ascii?b?dmk=?=', 'vi')
+
+    def test_q_case_ignored(self):
+        self._test('=?us-ascii?Q?foo?=', 'foo')
+
+    def test_b_case_ignored(self):
+        self._test('=?us-ascii?B?dmk=?=', 'vi')
+
+    def test_non_trivial_q(self):
+        self._test('=?latin-1?q?=20F=fcr=20Elise=20?=', ' Für Elise ', 'latin-1')
+
+    def test_q_escpaed_bytes_preserved(self):
+        self._test(b'=?us-ascii?q?=20\xACfoo?='.decode('us-ascii',
+                                                       'surrogateescape'),
+                   ' \uDCACfoo',
+                   defects = [errors.UndecodableBytesDefect])
+
+    def test_b_undecodable_bytes_ignored_with_defect(self):
+        self._test(b'=?us-ascii?b?dm\xACk?='.decode('us-ascii',
+                                                   'surrogateescape'),
+                   'vi',
+                   defects = [
+                    errors.InvalidBase64CharactersDefect,
+                    errors.InvalidBase64PaddingDefect])
+
+    def test_b_invalid_bytes_ignored_with_defect(self):
+        self._test('=?us-ascii?b?dm\x01k===?=',
+                   'vi',
+                   defects = [errors.InvalidBase64CharactersDefect])
+
+    def test_b_invalid_bytes_incorrect_padding(self):
+        self._test('=?us-ascii?b?dm\x01k?=',
+                   'vi',
+                   defects = [
+                    errors.InvalidBase64CharactersDefect,
+                    errors.InvalidBase64PaddingDefect])
+
+    def test_b_padding_defect(self):
+        self._test('=?us-ascii?b?dmk?=',
+                   'vi',
+                    defects = [errors.InvalidBase64PaddingDefect])
+
+    def test_nonnull_lang(self):
+        self._test('=?us-ascii*jive?q?test?=', 'test', lang='jive')
+
+    def test_unknown_8bit_charset(self):
+        self._test('=?unknown-8bit?q?foo=ACbar?=',
+                   b'foo\xacbar'.decode('ascii', 'surrogateescape'),
+                   charset = 'unknown-8bit',
+                   defects = [])
+
+    def test_unknown_charset(self):
+        self._test('=?foobar?q?foo=ACbar?=',
+                   b'foo\xacbar'.decode('ascii', 'surrogateescape'),
+                   charset = 'foobar',
+                   # XXX Should this be a new Defect instead?
+                   defects = [errors.CharsetError])
+
+
+class TestEncodeQ(TestEmailBase):
+
+    def _test(self, src, expected):
+        self.assertEqual(_ew.encode_q(src), expected)
+
+    def test_all_safe(self):
+        self._test(b'foobar', 'foobar')
+
+    def test_spaces(self):
+        self._test(b'foo bar ', 'foo_bar_')
+
+    def test_run_of_encodables(self):
+        self._test(b'foo  ,,bar', 'foo__=2C=2Cbar')
+
+
+class TestEncodeB(TestEmailBase):
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        self.assertEqual(_ew.encode_b(b'foo'), 'Zm9v')
+
+    def test_padding(self):
+        self.assertEqual(_ew.encode_b(b'vi'), 'dmk=')
+
+
+class TestEncode(TestEmailBase):
+
+    def test_q(self):
+        self.assertEqual(_ew.encode('foo', 'utf-8', 'q'), '=?utf-8?q?foo?=')
+
+    def test_b(self):
+        self.assertEqual(_ew.encode('foo', 'utf-8', 'b'), '=?utf-8?b?Zm9v?=')
+
+    def test_auto_q(self):
+        self.assertEqual(_ew.encode('foo', 'utf-8'), '=?utf-8?q?foo?=')
+
+    def test_auto_q_if_short_mostly_safe(self):
+        self.assertEqual(_ew.encode('vi.', 'utf-8'), '=?utf-8?q?vi=2E?=')
+
+    def test_auto_b_if_enough_unsafe(self):
+        self.assertEqual(_ew.encode('.....', 'utf-8'), '=?utf-8?b?Li4uLi4=?=')
+
+    def test_auto_b_if_long_unsafe(self):
+        self.assertEqual(_ew.encode('vi.vi.vi.vi.vi.', 'utf-8'),
+                         '=?utf-8?b?dmkudmkudmkudmkudmku?=')
+
+    def test_auto_q_if_long_mostly_safe(self):
+        self.assertEqual(_ew.encode('vi vi vi.vi ', 'utf-8'),
+                         '=?utf-8?q?vi_vi_vi=2Evi_?=')
+
+    def test_utf8_default(self):
+        self.assertEqual(_ew.encode('foo'), '=?utf-8?q?foo?=')
+
+    def test_lang(self):
+        self.assertEqual(_ew.encode('foo', lang='jive'), '=?utf-8*jive?q?foo?=')
+
+    def test_unknown_8bit(self):
+        self.assertEqual(_ew.encode('foo\uDCACbar', charset='unknown-8bit'),
+                         '=?unknown-8bit?q?foo=ACbar?=')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_email/test__header_value_parser.py b/Lib/test/test_email/test__header_value_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75fe299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_email/test__header_value_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2466 @@
+import string
+import unittest
+from email import _header_value_parser as parser
+from email import errors
+from email import policy
+from test.test_email import TestEmailBase
+
+class TestTokens(TestEmailBase):
+
+    # EWWhiteSpaceTerminal
+
+    def test_EWWhiteSpaceTerminal(self):
+        x = parser.EWWhiteSpaceTerminal(' \t', 'fws')
+        self.assertEqual(x, ' \t')
+        self.assertEqual(str(x), '')
+        self.assertEqual(x.value, '')
+        self.assertEqual(x.encoded, ' \t')
+
+    # UnstructuredTokenList
+
+    def test_undecodable_bytes_error_preserved(self):
+        badstr = b"le pouf c\xaflebre".decode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
+        unst = parser.get_unstructured(badstr)
+        self.assertDefectsEqual(unst.all_defects, [errors.UndecodableBytesDefect])
+        parts = list(unst.parts)
+        self.assertDefectsEqual(parts[0].all_defects, [])
+        self.assertDefectsEqual(parts[1].all_defects, [])
+        self.assertDefectsEqual(parts[2].all_defects, [errors.UndecodableBytesDefect])
+
+
+class TestParser(TestEmailBase):
+
+    # _wsp_splitter
+
+    rfc_printable_ascii = bytes(range(33, 127)).decode('ascii')
+    rfc_atext_chars = (string.ascii_letters + string.digits +
+                        "!#$%&\'*+-/=?^_`{}|~")
+    rfc_dtext_chars = rfc_printable_ascii.translate(str.maketrans('','',r'\[]'))
+
+    def test__wsp_splitter_one_word(self):
+        self.assertEqual(parser._wsp_splitter('foo', 1), ['foo'])
+
+    def test__wsp_splitter_two_words(self):
+        self.assertEqual(parser._wsp_splitter('foo def', 1),
+                                               ['foo', ' ', 'def'])
+
+    def test__wsp_splitter_ws_runs(self):
+        self.assertEqual(parser._wsp_splitter('foo \t def jik', 1),
+                                              ['foo', ' \t ', 'def jik'])
+
+
+    # test harness
+
+    def _test_get_x(self, method, input, string, value, defects,
+                          remainder, comments=None):
+        token, rest = method(input)
+        self.assertEqual(str(token), string)
+        self.assertEqual(token.value, value)
+        self.assertDefectsEqual(token.all_defects, defects)
+        self.assertEqual(rest, remainder)
+        if comments is not None:
+            self.assertEqual(token.comments, comments)
+        return token
+
+    # get_fws
+
+    def test_get_fws_only(self):
+        fws = self._test_get_x(parser.get_fws, ' \t  ', ' \t  ', ' ', [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(fws.token_type, 'fws')
+
+    def test_get_fws_space(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_fws, ' foo', ' ', ' ', [], 'foo')
+
+    def test_get_fws_ws_run(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_fws, ' \t foo ', ' \t ', ' ', [], 'foo ')
+
+    # get_encoded_word
+
+    def test_get_encoded_word_missing_start_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_encoded_word('abc')
+
+    def test_get_encoded_word_missing_end_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_encoded_word('=?abc')
+
+    def test_get_encoded_word_missing_middle_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_encoded_word('=?abc?=')
+
+    def test_get_encoded_word_valid_ew(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_encoded_word,
+                         '=?us-ascii?q?this_is_a_test?=  bird',
+                         'this is a test',
+                         'this is a test',
+                         [],
+                         '  bird')
+
+    def test_get_encoded_word_internal_spaces(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_encoded_word,
+                         '=?us-ascii?q?this is a test?=  bird',
+                         'this is a test',
+                         'this is a test',
+                         [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect],
+                         '  bird')
+
+    def test_get_encoded_word_gets_first(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_encoded_word,
+                         '=?us-ascii?q?first?=  =?utf-8?q?second?=',
+                         'first',
+                         'first',
+                         [],
+                         '  =?utf-8?q?second?=')
+
+    def test_get_encoded_word_gets_first_even_if_no_space(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_encoded_word,
+                         '=?us-ascii?q?first?==?utf-8?q?second?=',
+                         'first',
+                         'first',
+                         [],
+                         '=?utf-8?q?second?=')
+
+    def test_get_encoded_word_sets_extra_attributes(self):
+        ew = self._test_get_x(parser.get_encoded_word,
+                         '=?us-ascii*jive?q?first_second?=',
+                         'first second',
+                         'first second',
+                         [],
+                         '')
+        self.assertEqual(ew.encoded, '=?us-ascii*jive?q?first_second?=')
+        self.assertEqual(ew.charset, 'us-ascii')
+        self.assertEqual(ew.lang, 'jive')
+
+    def test_get_encoded_word_lang_default_is_blank(self):
+        ew = self._test_get_x(parser.get_encoded_word,
+                         '=?us-ascii?q?first_second?=',
+                         'first second',
+                         'first second',
+                         [],
+                         '')
+        self.assertEqual(ew.encoded, '=?us-ascii?q?first_second?=')
+        self.assertEqual(ew.charset, 'us-ascii')
+        self.assertEqual(ew.lang, '')
+
+    def test_get_encoded_word_non_printable_defect(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_encoded_word,
+                         '=?us-ascii?q?first\x02second?=',
+                         'first\x02second',
+                         'first\x02second',
+                         [errors.NonPrintableDefect],
+                         '')
+
+    def test_get_encoded_word_leading_internal_space(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_encoded_word,
+                        '=?us-ascii?q?=20foo?=',
+                        ' foo',
+                        ' foo',
+                        [],
+                        '')
+
+    # get_unstructured
+
+    def _get_unst(self, value):
+        token = parser.get_unstructured(value)
+        return token, ''
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_null(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst, '', '', '', [], '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_one_word(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst, 'foo', 'foo', 'foo', [], '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_normal_phrase(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst, 'foo bar bird',
+                                         'foo bar bird',
+                                         'foo bar bird',
+                                         [],
+                                         '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_normal_phrase_with_whitespace(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst, 'foo \t bar      bird',
+                                         'foo \t bar      bird',
+                                         'foo bar bird',
+                                         [],
+                                         '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_leading_whitespace(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst, '  foo bar',
+                                         '  foo bar',
+                                         ' foo bar',
+                                         [],
+                                         '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_trailing_whitespace(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst, 'foo bar  ',
+                                         'foo bar  ',
+                                         'foo bar ',
+                                         [],
+                                         '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_leading_and_trailing_whitespace(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst, '  foo bar  ',
+                                         '  foo bar  ',
+                                         ' foo bar ',
+                                         [],
+                                         '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_one_valid_ew_no_ws(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst, '=?us-ascii?q?bar?=',
+                                         'bar',
+                                         'bar',
+                                         [],
+                                         '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_one_ew_trailing_ws(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst, '=?us-ascii?q?bar?=  ',
+                                         'bar  ',
+                                         'bar ',
+                                         [],
+                                         '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_one_valid_ew_trailing_text(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst, '=?us-ascii?q?bar?= bird',
+                                         'bar bird',
+                                         'bar bird',
+                                         [],
+                                         '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_phrase_with_ew_in_middle_of_text(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst, 'foo =?us-ascii?q?bar?= bird',
+                                         'foo bar bird',
+                                         'foo bar bird',
+                                         [],
+                                         '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_phrase_with_two_ew(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst,
+            'foo =?us-ascii?q?bar?= =?us-ascii?q?bird?=',
+            'foo barbird',
+            'foo barbird',
+            [],
+            '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_phrase_with_two_ew_trailing_ws(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst,
+            'foo =?us-ascii?q?bar?= =?us-ascii?q?bird?=   ',
+            'foo barbird   ',
+            'foo barbird ',
+            [],
+            '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_phrase_with_ew_with_leading_ws(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst,
+            '  =?us-ascii?q?bar?=',
+            '  bar',
+            ' bar',
+            [],
+            '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_phrase_with_two_ew_extra_ws(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst,
+            'foo =?us-ascii?q?bar?= \t  =?us-ascii?q?bird?=',
+            'foo barbird',
+            'foo barbird',
+            [],
+            '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_two_ew_extra_ws_trailing_text(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst,
+            '=?us-ascii?q?test?=   =?us-ascii?q?foo?=  val',
+            'testfoo  val',
+            'testfoo val',
+            [],
+            '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_ew_with_internal_ws(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst,
+            '=?iso-8859-1?q?hello=20world?=',
+            'hello world',
+            'hello world',
+            [],
+            '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_ew_with_internal_leading_ws(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst,
+            '   =?us-ascii?q?=20test?=   =?us-ascii?q?=20foo?=  val',
+            '    test foo  val',
+            '  test foo val',
+            [],
+            '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_invaild_ew(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst,
+            '=?test val',
+            '=?test val',
+            '=?test val',
+            [],
+            '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_undecodable_bytes(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst,
+            b'test \xACfoo  val'.decode('ascii', 'surrogateescape'),
+            'test \uDCACfoo  val',
+            'test \uDCACfoo val',
+            [errors.UndecodableBytesDefect],
+            '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_undecodable_bytes_in_EW(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst,
+            (b'=?us-ascii?q?=20test?=   =?us-ascii?q?=20\xACfoo?='
+                b'  val').decode('ascii', 'surrogateescape'),
+            ' test \uDCACfoo  val',
+            ' test \uDCACfoo val',
+            [errors.UndecodableBytesDefect]*2,
+            '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_missing_base64_padding(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst,
+            '=?utf-8?b?dmk?=',
+            'vi',
+            'vi',
+            [errors.InvalidBase64PaddingDefect],
+            '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_invalid_base64_character(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst,
+            '=?utf-8?b?dm\x01k===?=',
+            'vi',
+            'vi',
+            [errors.InvalidBase64CharactersDefect],
+            '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_invalid_base64_character_and_bad_padding(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst,
+            '=?utf-8?b?dm\x01k?=',
+            'vi',
+            'vi',
+            [errors.InvalidBase64CharactersDefect,
+             errors.InvalidBase64PaddingDefect],
+            '')
+
+    def test_get_unstructured_no_whitespace_between_ews(self):
+        self._test_get_x(self._get_unst,
+            '=?utf-8?q?foo?==?utf-8?q?bar?=',
+            'foobar',
+            'foobar',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect],
+            '')
+
+    # get_qp_ctext
+
+    def test_get_qp_ctext_only(self):
+        ptext = self._test_get_x(parser.get_qp_ctext,
+                                'foobar', 'foobar', ' ', [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(ptext.token_type, 'ptext')
+
+    def test_get_qp_ctext_all_printables(self):
+        with_qp = self.rfc_printable_ascii.replace('\\', '\\\\')
+        with_qp = with_qp.  replace('(', r'\(')
+        with_qp = with_qp.replace(')', r'\)')
+        ptext = self._test_get_x(parser.get_qp_ctext,
+                                 with_qp, self.rfc_printable_ascii, ' ', [], '')
+
+    def test_get_qp_ctext_two_words_gets_first(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_qp_ctext,
+                        'foo de', 'foo', ' ', [], ' de')
+
+    def test_get_qp_ctext_following_wsp_preserved(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_qp_ctext,
+                        'foo \t\tde', 'foo', ' ', [], ' \t\tde')
+
+    def test_get_qp_ctext_up_to_close_paren_only(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_qp_ctext,
+                        'foo)', 'foo', ' ', [], ')')
+
+    def test_get_qp_ctext_wsp_before_close_paren_preserved(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_qp_ctext,
+                        'foo  )', 'foo', ' ', [], '  )')
+
+    def test_get_qp_ctext_close_paren_mid_word(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_qp_ctext,
+                        'foo)bar', 'foo', ' ', [], ')bar')
+
+    def test_get_qp_ctext_up_to_open_paren_only(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_qp_ctext,
+                        'foo(', 'foo', ' ', [], '(')
+
+    def test_get_qp_ctext_wsp_before_open_paren_preserved(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_qp_ctext,
+                        'foo  (', 'foo', ' ', [], '  (')
+
+    def test_get_qp_ctext_open_paren_mid_word(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_qp_ctext,
+                        'foo(bar', 'foo', ' ', [], '(bar')
+
+    def test_get_qp_ctext_non_printables(self):
+        ptext = self._test_get_x(parser.get_qp_ctext,
+                                'foo\x00bar)', 'foo\x00bar', ' ',
+                                [errors.NonPrintableDefect], ')')
+        self.assertEqual(ptext.defects[0].non_printables[0], '\x00')
+
+    # get_qcontent
+
+    def test_get_qcontent_only(self):
+        ptext = self._test_get_x(parser.get_qcontent,
+                                'foobar', 'foobar', 'foobar', [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(ptext.token_type, 'ptext')
+
+    def test_get_qcontent_all_printables(self):
+        with_qp = self.rfc_printable_ascii.replace('\\', '\\\\')
+        with_qp = with_qp.  replace('"', r'\"')
+        ptext = self._test_get_x(parser.get_qcontent, with_qp,
+                                 self.rfc_printable_ascii,
+                                 self.rfc_printable_ascii, [], '')
+
+    def test_get_qcontent_two_words_gets_first(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_qcontent,
+                        'foo de', 'foo', 'foo', [], ' de')
+
+    def test_get_qcontent_following_wsp_preserved(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_qcontent,
+                        'foo \t\tde', 'foo', 'foo', [], ' \t\tde')
+
+    def test_get_qcontent_up_to_dquote_only(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_qcontent,
+                        'foo"', 'foo', 'foo', [], '"')
+
+    def test_get_qcontent_wsp_before_close_paren_preserved(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_qcontent,
+                        'foo  "', 'foo', 'foo', [], '  "')
+
+    def test_get_qcontent_close_paren_mid_word(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_qcontent,
+                        'foo"bar', 'foo', 'foo', [], '"bar')
+
+    def test_get_qcontent_non_printables(self):
+        ptext = self._test_get_x(parser.get_qcontent,
+                                'foo\x00fg"', 'foo\x00fg', 'foo\x00fg',
+                                [errors.NonPrintableDefect], '"')
+        self.assertEqual(ptext.defects[0].non_printables[0], '\x00')
+
+    # get_atext
+
+    def test_get_atext_only(self):
+        atext = self._test_get_x(parser.get_atext,
+                                'foobar', 'foobar', 'foobar', [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(atext.token_type, 'atext')
+
+    def test_get_atext_all_atext(self):
+        atext = self._test_get_x(parser.get_atext, self.rfc_atext_chars,
+                                 self.rfc_atext_chars,
+                                 self.rfc_atext_chars, [], '')
+
+    def test_get_atext_two_words_gets_first(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_atext,
+                        'foo bar', 'foo', 'foo', [], ' bar')
+
+    def test_get_atext_following_wsp_preserved(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_atext,
+                        'foo \t\tbar', 'foo', 'foo', [], ' \t\tbar')
+
+    def test_get_atext_up_to_special(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_atext,
+                        'foo@bar', 'foo', 'foo', [], '@bar')
+
+    def test_get_atext_non_printables(self):
+        atext = self._test_get_x(parser.get_atext,
+                                'foo\x00bar(', 'foo\x00bar', 'foo\x00bar',
+                                [errors.NonPrintableDefect], '(')
+        self.assertEqual(atext.defects[0].non_printables[0], '\x00')
+
+    # get_bare_quoted_string
+
+    def test_get_bare_quoted_string_only(self):
+        bqs = self._test_get_x(parser.get_bare_quoted_string,
+                               '"foo"', '"foo"', 'foo', [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(bqs.token_type, 'bare-quoted-string')
+
+    def test_get_bare_quoted_string_must_start_with_dquote(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_bare_quoted_string('foo"')
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_bare_quoted_string('  "foo"')
+
+    def test_get_bare_quoted_string_following_wsp_preserved(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_bare_quoted_string,
+             '"foo"\t bar', '"foo"', 'foo', [], '\t bar')
+
+    def test_get_bare_quoted_string_multiple_words(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_bare_quoted_string,
+             '"foo bar moo"', '"foo bar moo"', 'foo bar moo', [], '')
+
+    def test_get_bare_quoted_string_multiple_words_wsp_preserved(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_bare_quoted_string,
+             '" foo  moo\t"', '" foo  moo\t"', ' foo  moo\t', [], '')
+
+    def test_get_bare_quoted_string_end_dquote_mid_word(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_bare_quoted_string,
+             '"foo"bar', '"foo"', 'foo', [], 'bar')
+
+    def test_get_bare_quoted_string_quoted_dquote(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_bare_quoted_string,
+             r'"foo\"in"a', r'"foo\"in"', 'foo"in', [], 'a')
+
+    def test_get_bare_quoted_string_non_printables(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_bare_quoted_string,
+             '"a\x01a"', '"a\x01a"', 'a\x01a',
+             [errors.NonPrintableDefect], '')
+
+    def test_get_bare_quoted_string_no_end_dquote(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_bare_quoted_string,
+             '"foo', '"foo"', 'foo',
+             [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect], '')
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_bare_quoted_string,
+             '"foo ', '"foo "', 'foo ',
+             [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect], '')
+
+    def test_get_bare_quoted_string_empty_quotes(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_bare_quoted_string,
+            '""', '""', '', [], '')
+
+    # get_comment
+
+    def test_get_comment_only(self):
+        comment = self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '(comment)', '(comment)', ' ', [], '', ['comment'])
+        self.assertEqual(comment.token_type, 'comment')
+
+    def test_get_comment_must_start_with_paren(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_comment('foo"')
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_comment('  (foo"')
+
+    def test_get_comment_following_wsp_preserved(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '(comment)  \t', '(comment)', ' ', [], '  \t', ['comment'])
+
+    def test_get_comment_multiple_words(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '(foo bar)  \t', '(foo bar)', ' ', [], '  \t', ['foo bar'])
+
+    def test_get_comment_multiple_words_wsp_preserved(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '( foo  bar\t )  \t', '( foo  bar\t )', ' ', [], '  \t',
+                [' foo  bar\t '])
+
+    def test_get_comment_end_paren_mid_word(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '(foo)bar', '(foo)', ' ', [], 'bar', ['foo'])
+
+    def test_get_comment_quoted_parens(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '(foo\) \(\)bar)', '(foo\) \(\)bar)', ' ', [], '', ['foo) ()bar'])
+
+    def test_get_comment_non_printable(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '(foo\x7Fbar)', '(foo\x7Fbar)', ' ',
+            [errors.NonPrintableDefect], '', ['foo\x7Fbar'])
+
+    def test_get_comment_no_end_paren(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '(foo bar', '(foo bar)', ' ',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect], '', ['foo bar'])
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '(foo bar  ', '(foo bar  )', ' ',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect], '', ['foo bar  '])
+
+    def test_get_comment_nested_comment(self):
+        comment = self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '(foo(bar))', '(foo(bar))', ' ', [], '', ['foo(bar)'])
+        self.assertEqual(comment[1].content, 'bar')
+
+    def test_get_comment_nested_comment_wsp(self):
+        comment = self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '(foo ( bar ) )', '(foo ( bar ) )', ' ', [], '', ['foo ( bar ) '])
+        self.assertEqual(comment[2].content, ' bar ')
+
+    def test_get_comment_empty_comment(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '()', '()', ' ', [], '', [''])
+
+    def test_get_comment_multiple_nesting(self):
+        comment = self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '(((((foo)))))', '(((((foo)))))', ' ', [], '', ['((((foo))))'])
+        for i in range(4, 0, -1):
+            self.assertEqual(comment[0].content, '('*(i-1)+'foo'+')'*(i-1))
+            comment = comment[0]
+        self.assertEqual(comment.content, 'foo')
+
+    def test_get_comment_missing_end_of_nesting(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '(((((foo)))', '(((((foo)))))', ' ',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*2, '', ['((((foo))))'])
+
+    def test_get_comment_qs_in_nested_comment(self):
+        comment = self._test_get_x(parser.get_comment,
+            '(foo (b\)))', '(foo (b\)))', ' ', [], '', ['foo (b\))'])
+        self.assertEqual(comment[2].content, 'b)')
+
+    # get_cfws
+
+    def test_get_cfws_only_ws(self):
+        cfws = self._test_get_x(parser.get_cfws,
+            '  \t \t', '  \t \t', ' ', [], '', [])
+        self.assertEqual(cfws.token_type, 'cfws')
+
+    def test_get_cfws_only_comment(self):
+        cfws = self._test_get_x(parser.get_cfws,
+            '(foo)', '(foo)', ' ', [], '', ['foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(cfws[0].content, 'foo')
+
+    def test_get_cfws_only_mixed(self):
+        cfws = self._test_get_x(parser.get_cfws,
+            ' (foo )  ( bar) ', ' (foo )  ( bar) ', ' ', [], '',
+                ['foo ', ' bar'])
+        self.assertEqual(cfws[1].content, 'foo ')
+        self.assertEqual(cfws[3].content, ' bar')
+
+    def test_get_cfws_ends_at_non_leader(self):
+        cfws = self._test_get_x(parser.get_cfws,
+            '(foo) bar', '(foo) ', ' ', [], 'bar', ['foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(cfws[0].content, 'foo')
+
+    def test_get_cfws_ends_at_non_printable(self):
+        cfws = self._test_get_x(parser.get_cfws,
+            '(foo) \x07', '(foo) ', ' ', [], '\x07', ['foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(cfws[0].content, 'foo')
+
+    def test_get_cfws_non_printable_in_comment(self):
+        cfws = self._test_get_x(parser.get_cfws,
+            '(foo \x07) "test"', '(foo \x07) ', ' ',
+            [errors.NonPrintableDefect], '"test"', ['foo \x07'])
+        self.assertEqual(cfws[0].content, 'foo \x07')
+
+    def test_get_cfws_header_ends_in_comment(self):
+        cfws = self._test_get_x(parser.get_cfws,
+            '  (foo ', '  (foo )', ' ',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect], '', ['foo '])
+        self.assertEqual(cfws[1].content, 'foo ')
+
+    def test_get_cfws_multiple_nested_comments(self):
+        cfws = self._test_get_x(parser.get_cfws,
+            '(foo (bar)) ((a)(a))', '(foo (bar)) ((a)(a))', ' ', [],
+                '', ['foo (bar)', '(a)(a)'])
+        self.assertEqual(cfws[0].comments, ['foo (bar)'])
+        self.assertEqual(cfws[2].comments, ['(a)(a)'])
+
+    # get_quoted_string
+
+    def test_get_quoted_string_only(self):
+        qs = self._test_get_x(parser.get_quoted_string,
+            '"bob"', '"bob"', 'bob', [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.token_type, 'quoted-string')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.quoted_value, '"bob"')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.content, 'bob')
+
+    def test_get_quoted_string_with_wsp(self):
+        qs = self._test_get_x(parser.get_quoted_string,
+            '\t "bob"  ', '\t "bob"  ', ' bob ', [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.quoted_value, ' "bob" ')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.content, 'bob')
+
+    def test_get_quoted_string_with_comments_and_wsp(self):
+        qs = self._test_get_x(parser.get_quoted_string,
+            ' (foo) "bob"(bar)', ' (foo) "bob"(bar)', ' bob ', [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(qs[0][1].content, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(qs[2][0].content, 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.content, 'bob')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.quoted_value, ' "bob" ')
+
+    def test_get_quoted_string_with_multiple_comments(self):
+        qs = self._test_get_x(parser.get_quoted_string,
+            ' (foo) (bar) "bob"(bird)', ' (foo) (bar) "bob"(bird)', ' bob ',
+                [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(qs[0].comments, ['foo', 'bar'])
+        self.assertEqual(qs[2].comments, ['bird'])
+        self.assertEqual(qs.content, 'bob')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.quoted_value, ' "bob" ')
+
+    def test_get_quoted_string_non_printable_in_comment(self):
+        qs = self._test_get_x(parser.get_quoted_string,
+            ' (\x0A) "bob"', ' (\x0A) "bob"', ' bob',
+                [errors.NonPrintableDefect], '')
+        self.assertEqual(qs[0].comments, ['\x0A'])
+        self.assertEqual(qs.content, 'bob')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.quoted_value, ' "bob"')
+
+    def test_get_quoted_string_non_printable_in_qcontent(self):
+        qs = self._test_get_x(parser.get_quoted_string,
+            ' (a) "a\x0B"', ' (a) "a\x0B"', ' a\x0B',
+                [errors.NonPrintableDefect], '')
+        self.assertEqual(qs[0].comments, ['a'])
+        self.assertEqual(qs.content, 'a\x0B')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.quoted_value, ' "a\x0B"')
+
+    def test_get_quoted_string_internal_ws(self):
+        qs = self._test_get_x(parser.get_quoted_string,
+            ' (a) "foo  bar "', ' (a) "foo  bar "', ' foo  bar ',
+                [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(qs[0].comments, ['a'])
+        self.assertEqual(qs.content, 'foo  bar ')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.quoted_value, ' "foo  bar "')
+
+    def test_get_quoted_string_header_ends_in_comment(self):
+        qs = self._test_get_x(parser.get_quoted_string,
+            ' (a) "bob" (a', ' (a) "bob" (a)', ' bob ',
+                [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect], '')
+        self.assertEqual(qs[0].comments, ['a'])
+        self.assertEqual(qs[2].comments, ['a'])
+        self.assertEqual(qs.content, 'bob')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.quoted_value, ' "bob" ')
+
+    def test_get_quoted_string_header_ends_in_qcontent(self):
+        qs = self._test_get_x(parser.get_quoted_string,
+            ' (a) "bob', ' (a) "bob"', ' bob',
+                [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect], '')
+        self.assertEqual(qs[0].comments, ['a'])
+        self.assertEqual(qs.content, 'bob')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.quoted_value, ' "bob"')
+
+    def test_get_quoted_string_no_quoted_string(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_quoted_string(' (ab) xyz')
+
+    def test_get_quoted_string_qs_ends_at_noncfws(self):
+        qs = self._test_get_x(parser.get_quoted_string,
+            '\t "bob" fee', '\t "bob" ', ' bob ', [], 'fee')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.content, 'bob')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.quoted_value, ' "bob" ')
+
+    # get_atom
+
+    def test_get_atom_only(self):
+        atom = self._test_get_x(parser.get_atom,
+            'bob', 'bob', 'bob', [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(atom.token_type, 'atom')
+
+    def test_get_atom_with_wsp(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_atom,
+            '\t bob  ', '\t bob  ', ' bob ', [], '')
+
+    def test_get_atom_with_comments_and_wsp(self):
+        atom = self._test_get_x(parser.get_atom,
+            ' (foo) bob(bar)', ' (foo) bob(bar)', ' bob ', [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(atom[0][1].content, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(atom[2][0].content, 'bar')
+
+    def test_get_atom_with_multiple_comments(self):
+        atom = self._test_get_x(parser.get_atom,
+            ' (foo) (bar) bob(bird)', ' (foo) (bar) bob(bird)', ' bob ',
+                [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(atom[0].comments, ['foo', 'bar'])
+        self.assertEqual(atom[2].comments, ['bird'])
+
+    def test_get_atom_non_printable_in_comment(self):
+        atom = self._test_get_x(parser.get_atom,
+            ' (\x0A) bob', ' (\x0A) bob', ' bob',
+                [errors.NonPrintableDefect], '')
+        self.assertEqual(atom[0].comments, ['\x0A'])
+
+    def test_get_atom_non_printable_in_atext(self):
+        atom = self._test_get_x(parser.get_atom,
+            ' (a) a\x0B', ' (a) a\x0B', ' a\x0B',
+                [errors.NonPrintableDefect], '')
+        self.assertEqual(atom[0].comments, ['a'])
+
+    def test_get_atom_header_ends_in_comment(self):
+        atom = self._test_get_x(parser.get_atom,
+            ' (a) bob (a', ' (a) bob (a)', ' bob ',
+                [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect], '')
+        self.assertEqual(atom[0].comments, ['a'])
+        self.assertEqual(atom[2].comments, ['a'])
+
+    def test_get_atom_no_atom(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_atom(' (ab) ')
+
+    def test_get_atom_no_atom_before_special(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_atom(' (ab) @')
+
+    def test_get_atom_atom_ends_at_special(self):
+        atom = self._test_get_x(parser.get_atom,
+            ' (foo) bob(bar)  @bang', ' (foo) bob(bar)  ', ' bob ', [], '@bang')
+        self.assertEqual(atom[0].comments, ['foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(atom[2].comments, ['bar'])
+
+    def test_get_atom_atom_ends_at_noncfws(self):
+        atom = self._test_get_x(parser.get_atom,
+            'bob  fred', 'bob  ', 'bob ', [], 'fred')
+
+    # get_dot_atom_text
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_text(self):
+        dot_atom_text = self._test_get_x(parser.get_dot_atom_text,
+            'foo.bar.bang', 'foo.bar.bang', 'foo.bar.bang', [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(dot_atom_text.token_type, 'dot-atom-text')
+        self.assertEqual(len(dot_atom_text), 5)
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_text_lone_atom_is_valid(self):
+        dot_atom_text = self._test_get_x(parser.get_dot_atom_text,
+            'foo', 'foo', 'foo', [], '')
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_text_raises_on_leading_dot(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_dot_atom_text('.foo.bar')
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_text_raises_on_trailing_dot(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_dot_atom_text('foo.bar.')
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_text_raises_on_leading_non_atext(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_dot_atom_text(' foo.bar')
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_dot_atom_text('@foo.bar')
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_dot_atom_text('"foo.bar"')
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_text_trailing_text_preserved(self):
+        dot_atom_text = self._test_get_x(parser.get_dot_atom_text,
+            'foo@bar', 'foo', 'foo', [], '@bar')
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_text_trailing_ws_preserved(self):
+        dot_atom_text = self._test_get_x(parser.get_dot_atom_text,
+            'foo .bar', 'foo', 'foo', [], ' .bar')
+
+    # get_dot_atom
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_only(self):
+        dot_atom = self._test_get_x(parser.get_dot_atom,
+            'foo.bar.bing', 'foo.bar.bing', 'foo.bar.bing', [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(dot_atom.token_type, 'dot-atom')
+        self.assertEqual(len(dot_atom), 1)
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_with_wsp(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_dot_atom,
+            '\t  foo.bar.bing  ', '\t  foo.bar.bing  ', ' foo.bar.bing ', [], '')
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_with_comments_and_wsp(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_dot_atom,
+            ' (sing)  foo.bar.bing (here) ', ' (sing)  foo.bar.bing (here) ',
+                ' foo.bar.bing ', [], '')
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_space_ends_dot_atom(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_dot_atom,
+            ' (sing)  foo.bar .bing (here) ', ' (sing)  foo.bar ',
+                ' foo.bar ', [], '.bing (here) ')
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_no_atom_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_dot_atom(' (foo) ')
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_leading_dot_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_dot_atom(' (foo) .bar')
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_two_dots_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_dot_atom('bar..bang')
+
+    def test_get_dot_atom_trailing_dot_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_dot_atom(' (foo) bar.bang. foo')
+
+    # get_word (if this were black box we'd repeat all the qs/atom tests)
+
+    def test_get_word_atom_yields_atom(self):
+        word = self._test_get_x(parser.get_word,
+            ' (foo) bar (bang) :ah', ' (foo) bar (bang) ', ' bar ', [], ':ah')
+        self.assertEqual(word.token_type, 'atom')
+        self.assertEqual(word[0].token_type, 'cfws')
+
+    def test_get_word_qs_yields_qs(self):
+        word = self._test_get_x(parser.get_word,
+            '"bar " (bang) ah', '"bar " (bang) ', 'bar  ', [], 'ah')
+        self.assertEqual(word.token_type, 'quoted-string')
+        self.assertEqual(word[0].token_type, 'bare-quoted-string')
+        self.assertEqual(word[0].value, 'bar ')
+        self.assertEqual(word.content, 'bar ')
+
+    def test_get_word_ends_at_dot(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_word,
+            'foo.', 'foo', 'foo', [], '.')
+
+    # get_phrase
+
+    def test_get_phrase_simple(self):
+        phrase = self._test_get_x(parser.get_phrase,
+            '"Fred A. Johnson" is his name, oh.',
+            '"Fred A. Johnson" is his name',
+            'Fred A. Johnson is his name',
+            [],
+            ', oh.')
+        self.assertEqual(phrase.token_type, 'phrase')
+
+    def test_get_phrase_complex(self):
+        phrase = self._test_get_x(parser.get_phrase,
+            ' (A) bird (in (my|your)) "hand  " is messy\t<>\t',
+            ' (A) bird (in (my|your)) "hand  " is messy\t',
+            ' bird hand   is messy ',
+            [],
+            '<>\t')
+        self.assertEqual(phrase[0][0].comments, ['A'])
+        self.assertEqual(phrase[0][2].comments, ['in (my|your)'])
+
+    def test_get_phrase_obsolete(self):
+        phrase = self._test_get_x(parser.get_phrase,
+            'Fred A.(weird).O Johnson',
+            'Fred A.(weird).O Johnson',
+            'Fred A. .O Johnson',
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect]*3,
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(len(phrase), 7)
+        self.assertEqual(phrase[3].comments, ['weird'])
+
+    def test_get_phrase_pharse_must_start_with_word(self):
+        phrase = self._test_get_x(parser.get_phrase,
+            '(even weirder).name',
+            '(even weirder).name',
+            ' .name',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect] + [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect]*2,
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(len(phrase), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(phrase[0].comments, ['even weirder'])
+
+    def test_get_phrase_ending_with_obsolete(self):
+        phrase = self._test_get_x(parser.get_phrase,
+            'simple phrase.(with trailing comment):boo',
+            'simple phrase.(with trailing comment)',
+            'simple phrase. ',
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect]*2,
+            ':boo')
+        self.assertEqual(len(phrase), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(phrase[3].comments, ['with trailing comment'])
+
+    def get_phrase_cfws_only_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_phrase(' (foo) ')
+
+    # get_local_part
+
+    def test_get_local_part_simple(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            'dinsdale@python.org', 'dinsdale', 'dinsdale', [], '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.token_type, 'local-part')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_with_dot(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            'Fred.A.Johnson@python.org',
+            'Fred.A.Johnson',
+            'Fred.A.Johnson',
+            [],
+            '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'Fred.A.Johnson')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_with_whitespace(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            ' Fred.A.Johnson  @python.org',
+            ' Fred.A.Johnson  ',
+            ' Fred.A.Johnson ',
+            [],
+            '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'Fred.A.Johnson')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_with_cfws(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            ' (foo) Fred.A.Johnson (bar (bird))  @python.org',
+            ' (foo) Fred.A.Johnson (bar (bird))  ',
+            ' Fred.A.Johnson ',
+            [],
+            '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'Fred.A.Johnson')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part[0][0].comments, ['foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(local_part[0][2].comments, ['bar (bird)'])
+
+    def test_get_local_part_simple_quoted(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            '"dinsdale"@python.org', '"dinsdale"', '"dinsdale"', [], '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.token_type, 'local-part')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_with_quoted_dot(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            '"Fred.A.Johnson"@python.org',
+            '"Fred.A.Johnson"',
+            '"Fred.A.Johnson"',
+            [],
+            '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'Fred.A.Johnson')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_quoted_with_whitespace(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            ' "Fred A. Johnson"  @python.org',
+            ' "Fred A. Johnson"  ',
+            ' "Fred A. Johnson" ',
+            [],
+            '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'Fred A. Johnson')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_quoted_with_cfws(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            ' (foo) " Fred A. Johnson " (bar (bird))  @python.org',
+            ' (foo) " Fred A. Johnson " (bar (bird))  ',
+            ' " Fred A. Johnson " ',
+            [],
+            '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, ' Fred A. Johnson ')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part[0][0].comments, ['foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(local_part[0][2].comments, ['bar (bird)'])
+
+
+    def test_get_local_part_simple_obsolete(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            'Fred. A.Johnson@python.org',
+            'Fred. A.Johnson',
+            'Fred. A.Johnson',
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect],
+            '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'Fred.A.Johnson')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_complex_obsolete_1(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            ' (foo )Fred (bar).(bird) A.(sheep)Johnson."and  dogs "@python.org',
+            ' (foo )Fred (bar).(bird) A.(sheep)Johnson."and  dogs "',
+            ' Fred . A. Johnson.and  dogs ',
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect],
+            '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'Fred.A.Johnson.and  dogs ')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_complex_obsolete_invalid(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            ' (foo )Fred (bar).(bird) A.(sheep)Johnson "and  dogs"@python.org',
+            ' (foo )Fred (bar).(bird) A.(sheep)Johnson "and  dogs"',
+            ' Fred . A. Johnson and  dogs',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*2,
+            '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'Fred.A.Johnson and  dogs')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_no_part_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_local_part(' (foo) ')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_special_instead_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_local_part(' (foo) @python.org')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_trailing_dot(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            ' borris.@python.org',
+            ' borris.',
+            ' borris.',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*2,
+            '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'borris.')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_trailing_dot_with_ws(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            ' borris. @python.org',
+            ' borris. ',
+            ' borris. ',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*2,
+            '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'borris.')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_leading_dot(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            '.borris@python.org',
+            '.borris',
+            '.borris',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*2,
+            '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, '.borris')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_leading_dot_after_ws(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            ' .borris@python.org',
+            ' .borris',
+            ' .borris',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*2,
+            '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, '.borris')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_double_dot_raises(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            ' borris.(foo).natasha@python.org',
+            ' borris.(foo).natasha',
+            ' borris. .natasha',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*2,
+            '@python.org')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'borris..natasha')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_quoted_strings_in_atom_list(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            '""example" example"@example.com',
+            '""example" example"',
+            'example example',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*3,
+            '@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'example example')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_valid_and_invalid_qp_in_atom_list(self):
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            r'"\\"example\\" example"@example.com',
+            r'"\\"example\\" example"',
+            r'\example\\ example',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*5,
+            '@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, r'\example\\ example')
+
+    def test_get_local_part_unicode_defect(self):
+        # Currently this only happens when parsing unicode, not when parsing
+        # stuff that was originally binary.
+        local_part = self._test_get_x(parser.get_local_part,
+            'exámple@example.com',
+            'exámple',
+            'exámple',
+            [errors.NonASCIILocalPartDefect],
+            '@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(local_part.local_part, 'exámple')
+
+    # get_dtext
+
+    def test_get_dtext_only(self):
+        dtext = self._test_get_x(parser.get_dtext,
+                                'foobar', 'foobar', 'foobar', [], '')
+        self.assertEqual(dtext.token_type, 'ptext')
+
+    def test_get_dtext_all_dtext(self):
+        dtext = self._test_get_x(parser.get_dtext, self.rfc_dtext_chars,
+                                 self.rfc_dtext_chars,
+                                 self.rfc_dtext_chars, [], '')
+
+    def test_get_dtext_two_words_gets_first(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_dtext,
+                        'foo bar', 'foo', 'foo', [], ' bar')
+
+    def test_get_dtext_following_wsp_preserved(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_dtext,
+                        'foo \t\tbar', 'foo', 'foo', [], ' \t\tbar')
+
+    def test_get_dtext_non_printables(self):
+        dtext = self._test_get_x(parser.get_dtext,
+                                'foo\x00bar]', 'foo\x00bar', 'foo\x00bar',
+                                [errors.NonPrintableDefect], ']')
+        self.assertEqual(dtext.defects[0].non_printables[0], '\x00')
+
+    def test_get_dtext_with_qp(self):
+        ptext = self._test_get_x(parser.get_dtext,
+                                 r'foo\]\[\\bar\b\e\l\l',
+                                 r'foo][\barbell',
+                                 r'foo][\barbell',
+                                 [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect],
+                                 '')
+
+    def test_get_dtext_up_to_close_bracket_only(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_dtext,
+                        'foo]', 'foo', 'foo', [], ']')
+
+    def test_get_dtext_wsp_before_close_bracket_preserved(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_dtext,
+                        'foo  ]', 'foo', 'foo', [], '  ]')
+
+    def test_get_dtext_close_bracket_mid_word(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_dtext,
+                        'foo]bar', 'foo', 'foo', [], ']bar')
+
+    def test_get_dtext_up_to_open_bracket_only(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_dtext,
+                        'foo[', 'foo', 'foo', [], '[')
+
+    def test_get_dtext_wsp_before_open_bracket_preserved(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_dtext,
+                        'foo  [', 'foo', 'foo', [], '  [')
+
+    def test_get_dtext_open_bracket_mid_word(self):
+        self._test_get_x(parser.get_dtext,
+                        'foo[bar', 'foo', 'foo', [], '[bar')
+
+    # get_domain_literal
+
+    def test_get_domain_literal_only(self):
+        domain_literal = domain_literal = self._test_get_x(parser.get_domain_literal,
+                                '[127.0.0.1]',
+                                '[127.0.0.1]',
+                                '[127.0.0.1]',
+                                [],
+                                '')
+        self.assertEqual(domain_literal.token_type, 'domain-literal')
+        self.assertEqual(domain_literal.domain, '[127.0.0.1]')
+        self.assertEqual(domain_literal.ip, '127.0.0.1')
+
+    def test_get_domain_literal_with_internal_ws(self):
+        domain_literal = self._test_get_x(parser.get_domain_literal,
+                                '[  127.0.0.1\t ]',
+                                '[  127.0.0.1\t ]',
+                                '[ 127.0.0.1 ]',
+                                [],
+                                '')
+        self.assertEqual(domain_literal.domain, '[127.0.0.1]')
+        self.assertEqual(domain_literal.ip, '127.0.0.1')
+
+    def test_get_domain_literal_with_surrounding_cfws(self):
+        domain_literal = self._test_get_x(parser.get_domain_literal,
+                                '(foo)[  127.0.0.1] (bar)',
+                                '(foo)[  127.0.0.1] (bar)',
+                                ' [ 127.0.0.1] ',
+                                [],
+                                '')
+        self.assertEqual(domain_literal.domain, '[127.0.0.1]')
+        self.assertEqual(domain_literal.ip, '127.0.0.1')
+
+    def test_get_domain_literal_no_start_char_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_domain_literal('(foo) ')
+
+    def test_get_domain_literal_no_start_char_before_special_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_domain_literal('(foo) @')
+
+    def test_get_domain_literal_bad_dtext_char_before_special_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_domain_literal('(foo) [abc[@')
+
+    # get_domain
+
+    def test_get_domain_regular_domain_only(self):
+        domain = self._test_get_x(parser.get_domain,
+                                  'example.com',
+                                  'example.com',
+                                  'example.com',
+                                  [],
+                                  '')
+        self.assertEqual(domain.token_type, 'domain')
+        self.assertEqual(domain.domain, 'example.com')
+
+    def test_get_domain_domain_literal_only(self):
+        domain = self._test_get_x(parser.get_domain,
+                                  '[127.0.0.1]',
+                                  '[127.0.0.1]',
+                                  '[127.0.0.1]',
+                                  [],
+                                  '')
+        self.assertEqual(domain.token_type, 'domain')
+        self.assertEqual(domain.domain, '[127.0.0.1]')
+
+    def test_get_domain_with_cfws(self):
+        domain = self._test_get_x(parser.get_domain,
+                                  '(foo) example.com(bar)\t',
+                                  '(foo) example.com(bar)\t',
+                                  ' example.com ',
+                                  [],
+                                  '')
+        self.assertEqual(domain.domain, 'example.com')
+
+    def test_get_domain_domain_literal_with_cfws(self):
+        domain = self._test_get_x(parser.get_domain,
+                                  '(foo)[127.0.0.1]\t(bar)',
+                                  '(foo)[127.0.0.1]\t(bar)',
+                                  ' [127.0.0.1] ',
+                                  [],
+                                  '')
+        self.assertEqual(domain.domain, '[127.0.0.1]')
+
+    def test_get_domain_domain_with_cfws_ends_at_special(self):
+        domain = self._test_get_x(parser.get_domain,
+                                  '(foo)example.com\t(bar), next',
+                                  '(foo)example.com\t(bar)',
+                                  ' example.com ',
+                                  [],
+                                  ', next')
+        self.assertEqual(domain.domain, 'example.com')
+
+    def test_get_domain_domain_literal_with_cfws_ends_at_special(self):
+        domain = self._test_get_x(parser.get_domain,
+                                  '(foo)[127.0.0.1]\t(bar), next',
+                                  '(foo)[127.0.0.1]\t(bar)',
+                                  ' [127.0.0.1] ',
+                                  [],
+                                  ', next')
+        self.assertEqual(domain.domain, '[127.0.0.1]')
+
+    def test_get_domain_obsolete(self):
+        domain = self._test_get_x(parser.get_domain,
+                                  '(foo) example . (bird)com(bar)\t',
+                                  '(foo) example . (bird)com(bar)\t',
+                                  ' example . com ',
+                                  [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect],
+                                  '')
+        self.assertEqual(domain.domain, 'example.com')
+
+    def test_get_domain_no_non_cfws_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_domain("  (foo)\t")
+
+    def test_get_domain_no_atom_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_domain("  (foo)\t, broken")
+
+
+    # get_addr_spec
+
+    def test_get_addr_spec_normal(self):
+        addr_spec = self._test_get_x(parser.get_addr_spec,
+                                    'dinsdale@example.com',
+                                    'dinsdale@example.com',
+                                    'dinsdale@example.com',
+                                    [],
+                                    '')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.token_type, 'addr-spec')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_addr_spec_with_doamin_literal(self):
+        addr_spec = self._test_get_x(parser.get_addr_spec,
+                                    'dinsdale@[127.0.0.1]',
+                                    'dinsdale@[127.0.0.1]',
+                                    'dinsdale@[127.0.0.1]',
+                                    [],
+                                    '')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.domain, '[127.0.0.1]')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@[127.0.0.1]')
+
+    def test_get_addr_spec_with_cfws(self):
+        addr_spec = self._test_get_x(parser.get_addr_spec,
+                '(foo) dinsdale(bar)@ (bird) example.com (bog)',
+                '(foo) dinsdale(bar)@ (bird) example.com (bog)',
+                ' dinsdale@example.com ',
+                [],
+                '')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_addr_spec_with_qouoted_string_and_cfws(self):
+        addr_spec = self._test_get_x(parser.get_addr_spec,
+                '(foo) "roy a bug"(bar)@ (bird) example.com (bog)',
+                '(foo) "roy a bug"(bar)@ (bird) example.com (bog)',
+                ' "roy a bug"@example.com ',
+                [],
+                '')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.local_part, 'roy a bug')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.addr_spec, '"roy a bug"@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_addr_spec_ends_at_special(self):
+        addr_spec = self._test_get_x(parser.get_addr_spec,
+                '(foo) "roy a bug"(bar)@ (bird) example.com (bog) , next',
+                '(foo) "roy a bug"(bar)@ (bird) example.com (bog) ',
+                ' "roy a bug"@example.com ',
+                [],
+                ', next')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.local_part, 'roy a bug')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.addr_spec, '"roy a bug"@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_addr_spec_quoted_strings_in_atom_list(self):
+        addr_spec = self._test_get_x(parser.get_addr_spec,
+            '""example" example"@example.com',
+            '""example" example"@example.com',
+            'example example@example.com',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*3,
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.local_part, 'example example')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.addr_spec, '"example example"@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_addr_spec_dot_atom(self):
+        addr_spec = self._test_get_x(parser.get_addr_spec,
+            'star.a.star@example.com',
+            'star.a.star@example.com',
+            'star.a.star@example.com',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.local_part, 'star.a.star')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(addr_spec.addr_spec, 'star.a.star@example.com')
+
+    # get_obs_route
+
+    def test_get_obs_route_simple(self):
+        obs_route = self._test_get_x(parser.get_obs_route,
+            '@example.com, @two.example.com:',
+            '@example.com, @two.example.com:',
+            '@example.com, @two.example.com:',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(obs_route.token_type, 'obs-route')
+        self.assertEqual(obs_route.domains, ['example.com', 'two.example.com'])
+
+    def test_get_obs_route_complex(self):
+        obs_route = self._test_get_x(parser.get_obs_route,
+            '(foo),, (blue)@example.com (bar),@two.(foo) example.com (bird):',
+            '(foo),, (blue)@example.com (bar),@two.(foo) example.com (bird):',
+            ' ,, @example.com ,@two. example.com :',
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect],  # This is the obs-domain
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(obs_route.token_type, 'obs-route')
+        self.assertEqual(obs_route.domains, ['example.com', 'two.example.com'])
+
+    def test_get_obs_route_no_route_before_end_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_obs_route('(foo) @example.com,')
+
+    def test_get_obs_route_no_route_before_special_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_obs_route('(foo) [abc],')
+
+    def test_get_obs_route_no_route_before_special_raises2(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_obs_route('(foo) @example.com [abc],')
+
+    # get_angle_addr
+
+    def test_get_angle_addr_simple(self):
+        angle_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_angle_addr,
+            '<dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '<dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '<dinsdale@example.com>',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.token_type, 'angle-addr')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(angle_addr.route)
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_angle_addr_with_cfws(self):
+        angle_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_angle_addr,
+            ' (foo) <dinsdale@example.com>(bar)',
+            ' (foo) <dinsdale@example.com>(bar)',
+            ' <dinsdale@example.com> ',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.token_type, 'angle-addr')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(angle_addr.route)
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_angle_addr_qs_and_domain_literal(self):
+        angle_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_angle_addr,
+            '<"Fred Perfect"@[127.0.0.1]>',
+            '<"Fred Perfect"@[127.0.0.1]>',
+            '<"Fred Perfect"@[127.0.0.1]>',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.local_part, 'Fred Perfect')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.domain, '[127.0.0.1]')
+        self.assertIsNone(angle_addr.route)
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.addr_spec, '"Fred Perfect"@[127.0.0.1]')
+
+    def test_get_angle_addr_internal_cfws(self):
+        angle_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_angle_addr,
+            '<(foo) dinsdale@example.com(bar)>',
+            '<(foo) dinsdale@example.com(bar)>',
+            '< dinsdale@example.com >',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(angle_addr.route)
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_angle_addr_obs_route(self):
+        angle_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_angle_addr,
+            '(foo)<@example.com, (bird) @two.example.com: dinsdale@example.com> (bar) ',
+            '(foo)<@example.com, (bird) @two.example.com: dinsdale@example.com> (bar) ',
+            ' <@example.com, @two.example.com: dinsdale@example.com> ',
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.route, ['example.com', 'two.example.com'])
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_angle_addr_missing_closing_angle(self):
+        angle_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_angle_addr,
+            '<dinsdale@example.com',
+            '<dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '<dinsdale@example.com>',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(angle_addr.route)
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_angle_addr_missing_closing_angle_with_cfws(self):
+        angle_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_angle_addr,
+            '<dinsdale@example.com (foo)',
+            '<dinsdale@example.com (foo)>',
+            '<dinsdale@example.com >',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(angle_addr.route)
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_angle_addr_ends_at_special(self):
+        angle_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_angle_addr,
+            '<dinsdale@example.com> (foo), next',
+            '<dinsdale@example.com> (foo)',
+            '<dinsdale@example.com> ',
+            [],
+            ', next')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(angle_addr.route)
+        self.assertEqual(angle_addr.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_angle_addr_no_angle_raise(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_angle_addr('(foo) ')
+
+    def test_get_angle_addr_no_angle_before_special_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_angle_addr('(foo) , next')
+
+    def test_get_angle_addr_no_angle_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_angle_addr('bar')
+
+    def test_get_angle_addr_special_after_angle_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_angle_addr('(foo) <, bar')
+
+    # get_display_name  This is phrase but with a different value.
+
+    def test_get_display_name_simple(self):
+        display_name = self._test_get_x(parser.get_display_name,
+            'Fred A Johnson',
+            'Fred A Johnson',
+            'Fred A Johnson',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(display_name.token_type, 'display-name')
+        self.assertEqual(display_name.display_name, 'Fred A Johnson')
+
+    def test_get_display_name_complex1(self):
+        display_name = self._test_get_x(parser.get_display_name,
+            '"Fred A. Johnson" is his name, oh.',
+            '"Fred A. Johnson" is his name',
+            '"Fred A. Johnson is his name"',
+            [],
+            ', oh.')
+        self.assertEqual(display_name.token_type, 'display-name')
+        self.assertEqual(display_name.display_name, 'Fred A. Johnson is his name')
+
+    def test_get_display_name_complex2(self):
+        display_name = self._test_get_x(parser.get_display_name,
+            ' (A) bird (in (my|your)) "hand  " is messy\t<>\t',
+            ' (A) bird (in (my|your)) "hand  " is messy\t',
+            ' "bird hand   is messy" ',
+            [],
+            '<>\t')
+        self.assertEqual(display_name[0][0].comments, ['A'])
+        self.assertEqual(display_name[0][2].comments, ['in (my|your)'])
+        self.assertEqual(display_name.display_name, 'bird hand   is messy')
+
+    def test_get_display_name_obsolete(self):
+        display_name = self._test_get_x(parser.get_display_name,
+            'Fred A.(weird).O Johnson',
+            'Fred A.(weird).O Johnson',
+            '"Fred A. .O Johnson"',
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect]*3,
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(len(display_name), 7)
+        self.assertEqual(display_name[3].comments, ['weird'])
+        self.assertEqual(display_name.display_name, 'Fred A. .O Johnson')
+
+    def test_get_display_name_pharse_must_start_with_word(self):
+        display_name = self._test_get_x(parser.get_display_name,
+            '(even weirder).name',
+            '(even weirder).name',
+            ' ".name"',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect] + [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect]*2,
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(len(display_name), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(display_name[0].comments, ['even weirder'])
+        self.assertEqual(display_name.display_name, '.name')
+
+    def test_get_display_name_ending_with_obsolete(self):
+        display_name = self._test_get_x(parser.get_display_name,
+            'simple phrase.(with trailing comment):boo',
+            'simple phrase.(with trailing comment)',
+            '"simple phrase." ',
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect]*2,
+            ':boo')
+        self.assertEqual(len(display_name), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(display_name[3].comments, ['with trailing comment'])
+        self.assertEqual(display_name.display_name, 'simple phrase.')
+
+    # get_name_addr
+
+    def test_get_name_addr_angle_addr_only(self):
+        name_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_name_addr,
+            '<dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '<dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '<dinsdale@example.com>',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.token_type, 'name-addr')
+        self.assertIsNone(name_addr.display_name)
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(name_addr.route)
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_name_addr_atom_name(self):
+        name_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_name_addr,
+            'Dinsdale <dinsdale@example.com>',
+            'Dinsdale <dinsdale@example.com>',
+            'Dinsdale <dinsdale@example.com>',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.token_type, 'name-addr')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.display_name, 'Dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(name_addr.route)
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_name_addr_atom_name_with_cfws(self):
+        name_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_name_addr,
+            '(foo) Dinsdale (bar) <dinsdale@example.com> (bird)',
+            '(foo) Dinsdale (bar) <dinsdale@example.com> (bird)',
+            ' Dinsdale <dinsdale@example.com> ',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.display_name, 'Dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(name_addr.route)
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_name_addr_name_with_cfws_and_dots(self):
+        name_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_name_addr,
+            '(foo) Roy.A.Bear (bar) <dinsdale@example.com> (bird)',
+            '(foo) Roy.A.Bear (bar) <dinsdale@example.com> (bird)',
+            ' "Roy.A.Bear" <dinsdale@example.com> ',
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect]*2,
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.display_name, 'Roy.A.Bear')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(name_addr.route)
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_name_addr_qs_name(self):
+        name_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_name_addr,
+            '"Roy.A.Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '"Roy.A.Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '"Roy.A.Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.display_name, 'Roy.A.Bear')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(name_addr.route)
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_name_addr_with_route(self):
+        name_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_name_addr,
+            '"Roy.A.Bear" <@two.example.com: dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '"Roy.A.Bear" <@two.example.com: dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '"Roy.A.Bear" <@two.example.com: dinsdale@example.com>',
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.display_name, 'Roy.A.Bear')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.route, ['two.example.com'])
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_name_addr_ends_at_special(self):
+        name_addr = self._test_get_x(parser.get_name_addr,
+            '"Roy.A.Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>, next',
+            '"Roy.A.Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '"Roy.A.Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>',
+            [],
+            ', next')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.display_name, 'Roy.A.Bear')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(name_addr.route)
+        self.assertEqual(name_addr.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_name_addr_no_content_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_name_addr(' (foo) ')
+
+    def test_get_name_addr_no_content_before_special_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_name_addr(' (foo) ,')
+
+    def test_get_name_addr_no_angle_after_display_name_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError):
+            parser.get_name_addr('foo bar')
+
+    # get_mailbox
+
+    def test_get_mailbox_addr_spec_only(self):
+        mailbox = self._test_get_x(parser.get_mailbox,
+            'dinsdale@example.com',
+            'dinsdale@example.com',
+            'dinsdale@example.com',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.token_type, 'mailbox')
+        self.assertIsNone(mailbox.display_name)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(mailbox.route)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_mailbox_angle_addr_only(self):
+        mailbox = self._test_get_x(parser.get_mailbox,
+            '<dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '<dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '<dinsdale@example.com>',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.token_type, 'mailbox')
+        self.assertIsNone(mailbox.display_name)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(mailbox.route)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_mailbox_name_addr(self):
+        mailbox = self._test_get_x(parser.get_mailbox,
+            '"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.token_type, 'mailbox')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.display_name, 'Roy A. Bear')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(mailbox.route)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_mailbox_ends_at_special(self):
+        mailbox = self._test_get_x(parser.get_mailbox,
+            '"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>, rest',
+            '"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>',
+            [],
+            ', rest')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.token_type, 'mailbox')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.display_name, 'Roy A. Bear')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(mailbox.route)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_mailbox_quoted_strings_in_atom_list(self):
+        mailbox = self._test_get_x(parser.get_mailbox,
+            '""example" example"@example.com',
+            '""example" example"@example.com',
+            'example example@example.com',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*3,
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.local_part, 'example example')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.addr_spec, '"example example"@example.com')
+
+    # get_mailbox_list
+
+    def test_get_mailbox_list_single_addr(self):
+        mailbox_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_mailbox_list,
+            'dinsdale@example.com',
+            'dinsdale@example.com',
+            'dinsdale@example.com',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.token_type, 'mailbox-list')
+        self.assertEqual(len(mailbox_list.mailboxes), 1)
+        mailbox = mailbox_list.mailboxes[0]
+        self.assertIsNone(mailbox.display_name)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertIsNone(mailbox.route)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.addr_spec, 'dinsdale@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes,
+                         mailbox_list.all_mailboxes)
+
+    def test_get_mailbox_list_two_simple_addr(self):
+        mailbox_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_mailbox_list,
+            'dinsdale@example.com, dinsdale@test.example.com',
+            'dinsdale@example.com, dinsdale@test.example.com',
+            'dinsdale@example.com, dinsdale@test.example.com',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.token_type, 'mailbox-list')
+        self.assertEqual(len(mailbox_list.mailboxes), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[0].addr_spec,
+                        'dinsdale@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[1].addr_spec,
+                        'dinsdale@test.example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes,
+                         mailbox_list.all_mailboxes)
+
+    def test_get_mailbox_list_two_name_addr(self):
+        mailbox_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_mailbox_list,
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>,'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test.example.com>'),
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>,'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test.example.com>'),
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>,'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test.example.com>'),
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(len(mailbox_list.mailboxes), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[0].addr_spec,
+                        'dinsdale@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[0].display_name,
+                        'Roy A. Bear')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[1].addr_spec,
+                        'dinsdale@test.example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[1].display_name,
+                        'Fred Flintstone')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes,
+                         mailbox_list.all_mailboxes)
+
+    def test_get_mailbox_list_two_complex(self):
+        mailbox_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_mailbox_list,
+            ('(foo) "Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>(bar),'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test.(bird)example.com>'),
+            ('(foo) "Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>(bar),'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test.(bird)example.com>'),
+            (' "Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com> ,'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test. example.com>'),
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(len(mailbox_list.mailboxes), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[0].addr_spec,
+                        'dinsdale@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[0].display_name,
+                        'Roy A. Bear')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[1].addr_spec,
+                        'dinsdale@test.example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[1].display_name,
+                        'Fred Flintstone')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes,
+                         mailbox_list.all_mailboxes)
+
+    def test_get_mailbox_list_unparseable_mailbox_null(self):
+        mailbox_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_mailbox_list,
+            ('"Roy A. Bear"[] dinsdale@example.com,'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test.(bird)example.com>'),
+            ('"Roy A. Bear"[] dinsdale@example.com,'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test.(bird)example.com>'),
+            ('"Roy A. Bear"[] dinsdale@example.com,'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test. example.com>'),
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect,   # the 'extra' text after the local part
+             errors.InvalidHeaderDefect,   # the local part with no angle-addr
+             errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect,  # period in extra text (example.com)
+             errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect], # (bird) in valid address.
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(len(mailbox_list.mailboxes), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes[0].token_type,
+                        'invalid-mailbox')
+        self.assertIsNone(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes[0].display_name)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes[0].local_part,
+                        'Roy A. Bear')
+        self.assertIsNone(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes[0].domain)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes[0].addr_spec,
+                        '"Roy A. Bear"')
+        self.assertIs(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes[1],
+                        mailbox_list.mailboxes[0])
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[0].addr_spec,
+                        'dinsdale@test.example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[0].display_name,
+                        'Fred Flintstone')
+
+    def test_get_mailbox_list_junk_after_valid_address(self):
+        mailbox_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_mailbox_list,
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>@@,'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test.example.com>'),
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>@@,'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test.example.com>'),
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>@@,'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test.example.com>'),
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(len(mailbox_list.mailboxes), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes[0].addr_spec,
+                        'dinsdale@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes[0].display_name,
+                        'Roy A. Bear')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes[0].token_type,
+                        'invalid-mailbox')
+        self.assertIs(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes[1],
+                        mailbox_list.mailboxes[0])
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[0].addr_spec,
+                        'dinsdale@test.example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[0].display_name,
+                        'Fred Flintstone')
+
+    def test_get_mailbox_list_empty_list_element(self):
+        mailbox_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_mailbox_list,
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>, (bird),,'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test.example.com>'),
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>, (bird),,'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test.example.com>'),
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>, ,,'
+                ' "Fred Flintstone" <dinsdale@test.example.com>'),
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect]*2,
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(len(mailbox_list.mailboxes), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes,
+                         mailbox_list.mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes[0].addr_spec,
+                        'dinsdale@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes[0].display_name,
+                        'Roy A. Bear')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[1].addr_spec,
+                        'dinsdale@test.example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.mailboxes[1].display_name,
+                        'Fred Flintstone')
+
+    def test_get_mailbox_list_only_empty_elements(self):
+        mailbox_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_mailbox_list,
+            '(foo),, (bar)',
+            '(foo),, (bar)',
+            ' ,, ',
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect]*3,
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(len(mailbox_list.mailboxes), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox_list.all_mailboxes,
+                         mailbox_list.mailboxes)
+
+    # get_group_list
+
+    def test_get_group_list_cfws_only(self):
+        group_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_group_list,
+            '(hidden);',
+            '(hidden)',
+            ' ',
+            [],
+            ';')
+        self.assertEqual(group_list.token_type, 'group-list')
+        self.assertEqual(len(group_list.mailboxes), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(group_list.mailboxes,
+                         group_list.all_mailboxes)
+
+    def test_get_group_list_mailbox_list(self):
+        group_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_group_list,
+            'dinsdale@example.org, "Fred A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.org>',
+            'dinsdale@example.org, "Fred A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.org>',
+            'dinsdale@example.org, "Fred A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.org>',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(group_list.token_type, 'group-list')
+        self.assertEqual(len(group_list.mailboxes), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(group_list.mailboxes,
+                         group_list.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual(group_list.mailboxes[1].display_name,
+                         'Fred A. Bear')
+
+    def test_get_group_list_obs_group_list(self):
+        group_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_group_list,
+            ', (foo),,(bar)',
+            ', (foo),,(bar)',
+            ', ,, ',
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(group_list.token_type, 'group-list')
+        self.assertEqual(len(group_list.mailboxes), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(group_list.mailboxes,
+                         group_list.all_mailboxes)
+
+    def test_get_group_list_comment_only_invalid(self):
+        group_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_group_list,
+            '(bar)',
+            '(bar)',
+            ' ',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(group_list.token_type, 'group-list')
+        self.assertEqual(len(group_list.mailboxes), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(group_list.mailboxes,
+                         group_list.all_mailboxes)
+
+    # get_group
+
+    def test_get_group_empty(self):
+        group = self._test_get_x(parser.get_group,
+            'Monty Python:;',
+            'Monty Python:;',
+            'Monty Python:;',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(group.token_type, 'group')
+        self.assertEqual(group.display_name, 'Monty Python')
+        self.assertEqual(len(group.mailboxes), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(group.mailboxes,
+                         group.all_mailboxes)
+
+    def test_get_troup_null_addr_spec(self):
+        group = self._test_get_x(parser.get_group,
+            'foo: <>;',
+            'foo: <>;',
+            'foo: <>;',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(group.display_name, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(len(group.mailboxes), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(group.all_mailboxes), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(group.all_mailboxes[0].value, '<>')
+
+    def test_get_group_cfws_only(self):
+        group = self._test_get_x(parser.get_group,
+            'Monty Python: (hidden);',
+            'Monty Python: (hidden);',
+            'Monty Python: ;',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(group.token_type, 'group')
+        self.assertEqual(group.display_name, 'Monty Python')
+        self.assertEqual(len(group.mailboxes), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(group.mailboxes,
+                         group.all_mailboxes)
+
+    def test_get_group_single_mailbox(self):
+        group = self._test_get_x(parser.get_group,
+            'Monty Python: "Fred A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>;',
+            'Monty Python: "Fred A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>;',
+            'Monty Python: "Fred A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>;',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(group.token_type, 'group')
+        self.assertEqual(group.display_name, 'Monty Python')
+        self.assertEqual(len(group.mailboxes), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(group.mailboxes,
+                         group.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual(group.mailboxes[0].addr_spec,
+                         'dinsdale@example.com')
+
+    def test_get_group_mixed_list(self):
+        group = self._test_get_x(parser.get_group,
+            ('Monty Python: "Fred A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>,'
+                '(foo) Roger <ping@exampele.com>, x@test.example.com;'),
+            ('Monty Python: "Fred A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>,'
+                '(foo) Roger <ping@exampele.com>, x@test.example.com;'),
+            ('Monty Python: "Fred A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>,'
+                ' Roger <ping@exampele.com>, x@test.example.com;'),
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(group.token_type, 'group')
+        self.assertEqual(group.display_name, 'Monty Python')
+        self.assertEqual(len(group.mailboxes), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(group.mailboxes,
+                         group.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual(group.mailboxes[0].display_name,
+                         'Fred A. Bear')
+        self.assertEqual(group.mailboxes[1].display_name,
+                         'Roger')
+        self.assertEqual(group.mailboxes[2].local_part, 'x')
+
+    def test_get_group_one_invalid(self):
+        group = self._test_get_x(parser.get_group,
+            ('Monty Python: "Fred A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>,'
+                '(foo) Roger ping@exampele.com, x@test.example.com;'),
+            ('Monty Python: "Fred A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>,'
+                '(foo) Roger ping@exampele.com, x@test.example.com;'),
+            ('Monty Python: "Fred A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>,'
+                ' Roger ping@exampele.com, x@test.example.com;'),
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect,   # non-angle addr makes local part invalid
+             errors.InvalidHeaderDefect],   # and its not obs-local either: no dots.
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(group.token_type, 'group')
+        self.assertEqual(group.display_name, 'Monty Python')
+        self.assertEqual(len(group.mailboxes), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(group.all_mailboxes), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(group.mailboxes[0].display_name,
+                         'Fred A. Bear')
+        self.assertEqual(group.mailboxes[1].local_part, 'x')
+        self.assertIsNone(group.all_mailboxes[1].display_name)
+
+    # get_address
+
+    def test_get_address_simple(self):
+        address = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address,
+            'dinsdale@example.com',
+            'dinsdale@example.com',
+            'dinsdale@example.com',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(address.token_type, 'address')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address.mailboxes), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(address.mailboxes,
+                         address.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual(address.mailboxes[0].domain,
+                         'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(address[0].token_type,
+                         'mailbox')
+
+    def test_get_address_complex(self):
+        address = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address,
+            '(foo) "Fred A. Bear" <(bird)dinsdale@example.com>',
+            '(foo) "Fred A. Bear" <(bird)dinsdale@example.com>',
+            ' "Fred A. Bear" < dinsdale@example.com>',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(address.token_type, 'address')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address.mailboxes), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(address.mailboxes,
+                         address.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual(address.mailboxes[0].display_name,
+                         'Fred A. Bear')
+        self.assertEqual(address[0].token_type,
+                         'mailbox')
+
+    def test_get_address_empty_group(self):
+        address = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address,
+            'Monty Python:;',
+            'Monty Python:;',
+            'Monty Python:;',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(address.token_type, 'address')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address.mailboxes), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(address.mailboxes,
+                         address.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual(address[0].token_type,
+                         'group')
+        self.assertEqual(address[0].display_name,
+                         'Monty Python')
+
+    def test_get_address_group(self):
+        address = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address,
+            'Monty Python: x@example.com, y@example.com;',
+            'Monty Python: x@example.com, y@example.com;',
+            'Monty Python: x@example.com, y@example.com;',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(address.token_type, 'address')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address.mailboxes), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(address.mailboxes,
+                         address.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual(address[0].token_type,
+                         'group')
+        self.assertEqual(address[0].display_name,
+                         'Monty Python')
+        self.assertEqual(address.mailboxes[0].local_part, 'x')
+
+    def test_get_address_quoted_local_part(self):
+        address = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address,
+            '"foo bar"@example.com',
+            '"foo bar"@example.com',
+            '"foo bar"@example.com',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(address.token_type, 'address')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address.mailboxes), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(address.mailboxes,
+                         address.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual(address.mailboxes[0].domain,
+                         'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(address.mailboxes[0].local_part,
+                         'foo bar')
+        self.assertEqual(address[0].token_type, 'mailbox')
+
+    def test_get_address_ends_at_special(self):
+        address = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address,
+            'dinsdale@example.com, next',
+            'dinsdale@example.com',
+            'dinsdale@example.com',
+            [],
+            ', next')
+        self.assertEqual(address.token_type, 'address')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address.mailboxes), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(address.mailboxes,
+                         address.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual(address.mailboxes[0].domain,
+                         'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(address[0].token_type, 'mailbox')
+
+    def test_get_address_invalid_mailbox_invalid(self):
+        address = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address,
+            'ping example.com, next',
+            'ping example.com',
+            'ping example.com',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect,    # addr-spec with no domain
+             errors.InvalidHeaderDefect,    # invalid local-part
+             errors.InvalidHeaderDefect,    # missing .s in local-part
+            ],
+            ', next')
+        self.assertEqual(address.token_type, 'address')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address.mailboxes), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(address.all_mailboxes), 1)
+        self.assertIsNone(address.all_mailboxes[0].domain)
+        self.assertEqual(address.all_mailboxes[0].local_part, 'ping example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(address[0].token_type, 'invalid-mailbox')
+
+    def test_get_address_quoted_strings_in_atom_list(self):
+        address = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address,
+            '""example" example"@example.com',
+            '""example" example"@example.com',
+            'example example@example.com',
+            [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*3,
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(address.all_mailboxes[0].local_part, 'example example')
+        self.assertEqual(address.all_mailboxes[0].domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(address.all_mailboxes[0].addr_spec, '"example example"@example.com')
+
+
+    # get_address_list
+
+    def test_get_address_list_mailboxes_simple(self):
+        address_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address_list,
+            'dinsdale@example.com',
+            'dinsdale@example.com',
+            'dinsdale@example.com',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.token_type, 'address-list')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address_list.mailboxes), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes,
+                         address_list.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual([str(x) for x in address_list.mailboxes],
+                         [str(x) for x in address_list.addresses])
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes[0].domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list[0].token_type, 'address')
+        self.assertIsNone(address_list[0].display_name)
+
+    def test_get_address_list_mailboxes_two_simple(self):
+        address_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address_list,
+            'foo@example.com, "Fred A. Bar" <bar@example.com>',
+            'foo@example.com, "Fred A. Bar" <bar@example.com>',
+            'foo@example.com, "Fred A. Bar" <bar@example.com>',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.token_type, 'address-list')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address_list.mailboxes), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes,
+                         address_list.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual([str(x) for x in address_list.mailboxes],
+                         [str(x) for x in address_list.addresses])
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes[0].local_part, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes[1].display_name, "Fred A. Bar")
+
+    def test_get_address_list_mailboxes_complex(self):
+        address_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address_list,
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>, '
+                '(ping) Foo <x@example.com>,'
+                'Nobody Is. Special <y@(bird)example.(bad)com>'),
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>, '
+                '(ping) Foo <x@example.com>,'
+                'Nobody Is. Special <y@(bird)example.(bad)com>'),
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>, '
+                'Foo <x@example.com>,'
+                '"Nobody Is. Special" <y@example. com>'),
+            [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect, # period in Is.
+            errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect], # cfws in domain
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.token_type, 'address-list')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address_list.mailboxes), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes,
+                         address_list.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual([str(x) for x in address_list.mailboxes],
+                         [str(x) for x in address_list.addresses])
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes[0].domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes[0].token_type, 'mailbox')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.addresses[0].token_type, 'address')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes[1].local_part, 'x')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes[2].display_name,
+                         'Nobody Is. Special')
+
+    def test_get_address_list_mailboxes_invalid_addresses(self):
+        address_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address_list,
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>, '
+                '(ping) Foo x@example.com[],'
+                'Nobody Is. Special <(bird)example.(bad)com>'),
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>, '
+                '(ping) Foo x@example.com[],'
+                'Nobody Is. Special <(bird)example.(bad)com>'),
+            ('"Roy A. Bear" <dinsdale@example.com>, '
+                'Foo x@example.com[],'
+                '"Nobody Is. Special" < example. com>'),
+             [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect,   # invalid address in list
+              errors.InvalidHeaderDefect,   # 'Foo x' local part invalid.
+              errors.InvalidHeaderDefect,   # Missing . in 'Foo x' local part
+              errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect,  # period in 'Is.' disp-name phrase
+              errors.InvalidHeaderDefect,   # no domain part in addr-spec
+              errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect], # addr-spec has comment in it
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.token_type, 'address-list')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address_list.mailboxes), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(address_list.all_mailboxes), 3)
+        self.assertEqual([str(x) for x in address_list.all_mailboxes],
+                         [str(x) for x in address_list.addresses])
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes[0].domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes[0].token_type, 'mailbox')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.addresses[0].token_type, 'address')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.addresses[1].token_type, 'address')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address_list.addresses[0].mailboxes), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(address_list.addresses[1].mailboxes), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(address_list.addresses[1].mailboxes), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            address_list.addresses[1].all_mailboxes[0].local_part, 'Foo x')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            address_list.addresses[2].all_mailboxes[0].display_name,
+                "Nobody Is. Special")
+
+    def test_get_address_list_group_empty(self):
+        address_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address_list,
+            'Monty Python: ;',
+            'Monty Python: ;',
+            'Monty Python: ;',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.token_type, 'address-list')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address_list.mailboxes), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes,
+                         address_list.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual(len(address_list.addresses), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.addresses[0].token_type, 'address')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.addresses[0].display_name, 'Monty Python')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address_list.addresses[0].mailboxes), 0)
+
+    def test_get_address_list_group_simple(self):
+        address_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address_list,
+            'Monty Python: dinsdale@example.com;',
+            'Monty Python: dinsdale@example.com;',
+            'Monty Python: dinsdale@example.com;',
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.token_type, 'address-list')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address_list.mailboxes), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes,
+                         address_list.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes[0].domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.addresses[0].display_name,
+                         'Monty Python')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.addresses[0].mailboxes[0].domain,
+                         'example.com')
+
+    def test_get_address_list_group_and_mailboxes(self):
+        address_list = self._test_get_x(parser.get_address_list,
+            ('Monty Python: dinsdale@example.com, "Fred" <flint@example.com>;, '
+                'Abe <x@example.com>, Bee <y@example.com>'),
+            ('Monty Python: dinsdale@example.com, "Fred" <flint@example.com>;, '
+                'Abe <x@example.com>, Bee <y@example.com>'),
+            ('Monty Python: dinsdale@example.com, "Fred" <flint@example.com>;, '
+                'Abe <x@example.com>, Bee <y@example.com>'),
+            [],
+            '')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.token_type, 'address-list')
+        self.assertEqual(len(address_list.mailboxes), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes,
+                         address_list.all_mailboxes)
+        self.assertEqual(len(address_list.addresses), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.mailboxes[0].local_part, 'dinsdale')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.addresses[0].display_name,
+                         'Monty Python')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.addresses[0].mailboxes[0].domain,
+                         'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.addresses[0].mailboxes[1].local_part,
+                         'flint')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.addresses[1].mailboxes[0].local_part,
+                         'x')
+        self.assertEqual(address_list.addresses[2].mailboxes[0].local_part,
+                         'y')
+        self.assertEqual(str(address_list.addresses[1]),
+                         str(address_list.mailboxes[2]))
+
+
+class TestFolding(TestEmailBase):
+
+    policy = policy.default
+
+    def _test(self, tl, folded, policy=policy):
+        self.assertEqual(tl.fold(policy=policy), folded, tl.ppstr())
+
+    def test_simple_unstructured_no_folds(self):
+        self._test(parser.get_unstructured("This is a test"),
+                   "This is a test\n")
+
+    def test_simple_unstructured_folded(self):
+        self._test(parser.get_unstructured("This is also a test, but this "
+                        "time there are enough words (and even some "
+                        "symbols) to make it wrap; at least in theory."),
+                   "This is also a test, but this time there are enough "
+                        "words (and even some\n"
+                   " symbols) to make it wrap; at least in theory.\n")
+
+    def test_unstructured_with_unicode_no_folds(self):
+        self._test(parser.get_unstructured("hübsch kleiner beißt"),
+                   "=?utf-8?q?h=C3=BCbsch_kleiner_bei=C3=9Ft?=\n")
+
+    def test_one_ew_on_each_of_two_wrapped_lines(self):
+        self._test(parser.get_unstructured("Mein kleiner Kaktus ist sehr "
+                                           "hübsch.  Es hat viele Stacheln "
+                                           "und oft beißt mich."),
+                   "Mein kleiner Kaktus ist sehr =?utf-8?q?h=C3=BCbsch=2E?=  "
+                        "Es hat viele Stacheln\n"
+                   " und oft =?utf-8?q?bei=C3=9Ft?= mich.\n")
+
+    def test_ews_combined_before_wrap(self):
+        self._test(parser.get_unstructured("Mein Kaktus ist hübsch.  "
+                                           "Es beißt mich.  "
+                                           "And that's all I'm sayin."),
+                   "Mein Kaktus ist =?utf-8?q?h=C3=BCbsch=2E__Es_bei=C3=9Ft?= "
+                        "mich.  And that's\n"
+                   " all I'm sayin.\n")
+
+    # XXX Need test of an encoded word so long that it needs to be wrapped
+
+    def test_simple_address(self):
+        self._test(parser.get_address_list("abc <xyz@example.com>")[0],
+                   "abc <xyz@example.com>\n")
+
+    def test_address_list_folding_at_commas(self):
+        self._test(parser.get_address_list('abc <xyz@example.com>, '
+                                            '"Fred Blunt" <sharp@example.com>, '
+                                            '"J.P.Cool" <hot@example.com>, '
+                                            '"K<>y" <key@example.com>, '
+                                            'Firesale <cheap@example.com>, '
+                                            '<end@example.com>')[0],
+                    'abc <xyz@example.com>, "Fred Blunt" <sharp@example.com>,\n'
+                    ' "J.P.Cool" <hot@example.com>, "K<>y" <key@example.com>,\n'
+                    ' Firesale <cheap@example.com>, <end@example.com>\n')
+
+    def test_address_list_with_unicode_names(self):
+        self._test(parser.get_address_list(
+            'Hübsch Kaktus <beautiful@example.com>, '
+                'beißt beißt <biter@example.com>')[0],
+            '=?utf-8?q?H=C3=BCbsch?= Kaktus <beautiful@example.com>,\n'
+                ' =?utf-8?q?bei=C3=9Ft_bei=C3=9Ft?= <biter@example.com>\n')
+
+    def test_address_list_with_unicode_names_in_quotes(self):
+        self._test(parser.get_address_list(
+            '"Hübsch Kaktus" <beautiful@example.com>, '
+                '"beißt" beißt <biter@example.com>')[0],
+            '=?utf-8?q?H=C3=BCbsch?= Kaktus <beautiful@example.com>,\n'
+                ' =?utf-8?q?bei=C3=9Ft_bei=C3=9Ft?= <biter@example.com>\n')
+
+    # XXX Need tests with comments on various sides of a unicode token,
+    # and with unicode tokens in the comments.  Spaces inside the quotes
+    # currently don't do the right thing.
+
+    def test_initial_whitespace_splitting(self):
+        body = parser.get_unstructured('   ' + 'x'*77)
+        header = parser.Header([
+            parser.HeaderLabel([parser.ValueTerminal('test:', 'atext')]),
+            parser.CFWSList([parser.WhiteSpaceTerminal(' ', 'fws')]), body])
+        self._test(header, 'test:   \n ' + 'x'*77 + '\n')
+
+    def test_whitespace_splitting(self):
+        self._test(parser.get_unstructured('xxx   ' + 'y'*77),
+                   'xxx  \n ' + 'y'*77 + '\n')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_email/test__headerregistry.py b/Lib/test/test_email/test__headerregistry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4398e29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_email/test__headerregistry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,717 @@
+import datetime
+import textwrap
+import unittest
+from email import errors
+from email import policy
+from test.test_email import TestEmailBase
+from email import _headerregistry
+# Address and Group are public but I'm not sure where to put them yet.
+from email._headerregistry import Address, Group
+
+
+class TestHeaderRegistry(TestEmailBase):
+
+    def test_arbitrary_name_unstructured(self):
+        factory = _headerregistry.HeaderRegistry()
+        h = factory('foobar', 'test')
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.BaseHeader)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.UnstructuredHeader)
+
+    def test_name_case_ignored(self):
+        factory = _headerregistry.HeaderRegistry()
+        # Whitebox check that test is valid
+        self.assertNotIn('Subject', factory.registry)
+        h = factory('Subject', 'test')
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.BaseHeader)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.UniqueUnstructuredHeader)
+
+    class FooBase:
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+            pass
+
+    def test_override_default_base_class(self):
+        factory = _headerregistry.HeaderRegistry(base_class=self.FooBase)
+        h = factory('foobar', 'test')
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, self.FooBase)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.UnstructuredHeader)
+
+    class FooDefault:
+        parse = _headerregistry.UnstructuredHeader.parse
+
+    def test_override_default_class(self):
+        factory = _headerregistry.HeaderRegistry(default_class=self.FooDefault)
+        h = factory('foobar', 'test')
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.BaseHeader)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, self.FooDefault)
+
+    def test_override_default_class_only_overrides_default(self):
+        factory = _headerregistry.HeaderRegistry(default_class=self.FooDefault)
+        h = factory('subject', 'test')
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.BaseHeader)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.UniqueUnstructuredHeader)
+
+    def test_dont_use_default_map(self):
+        factory = _headerregistry.HeaderRegistry(use_default_map=False)
+        h = factory('subject', 'test')
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.BaseHeader)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.UnstructuredHeader)
+
+    def test_map_to_type(self):
+        factory = _headerregistry.HeaderRegistry()
+        h1 = factory('foobar', 'test')
+        factory.map_to_type('foobar', _headerregistry.UniqueUnstructuredHeader)
+        h2 = factory('foobar', 'test')
+        self.assertIsInstance(h1, _headerregistry.BaseHeader)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h1, _headerregistry.UnstructuredHeader)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h2, _headerregistry.BaseHeader)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h2, _headerregistry.UniqueUnstructuredHeader)
+
+
+class TestHeaderBase(TestEmailBase):
+
+    factory = _headerregistry.HeaderRegistry()
+
+    def make_header(self, name, value):
+        return self.factory(name, value)
+
+
+class TestBaseHeaderFeatures(TestHeaderBase):
+
+    def test_str(self):
+        h = self.make_header('subject', 'this is a test')
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, str)
+        self.assertEqual(h, 'this is a test')
+        self.assertEqual(str(h), 'this is a test')
+
+    def test_substr(self):
+        h = self.make_header('subject', 'this is a test')
+        self.assertEqual(h[5:7], 'is')
+
+    def test_has_name(self):
+        h = self.make_header('subject', 'this is a test')
+        self.assertEqual(h.name, 'subject')
+
+    def _test_attr_ro(self, attr):
+        h = self.make_header('subject', 'this is a test')
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            setattr(h, attr, 'foo')
+
+    def test_name_read_only(self):
+        self._test_attr_ro('name')
+
+    def test_defects_read_only(self):
+        self._test_attr_ro('defects')
+
+    def test_defects_is_tuple(self):
+        h = self.make_header('subject', 'this is a test')
+        self.assertEqual(len(h.defects), 0)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h.defects, tuple)
+        # Make sure it is still true when there are defects.
+        h = self.make_header('date', '')
+        self.assertEqual(len(h.defects), 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h.defects, tuple)
+
+    # XXX: FIXME
+    #def test_CR_in_value(self):
+    #    # XXX: this also re-raises the issue of embedded headers,
+    #    # need test and solution for that.
+    #    value = '\r'.join(['this is', ' a test'])
+    #    h = self.make_header('subject', value)
+    #    self.assertEqual(h, value)
+    #    self.assertDefectsEqual(h.defects, [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect])
+
+    def test_RFC2047_value_decoded(self):
+        value = '=?utf-8?q?this_is_a_test?='
+        h = self.make_header('subject', value)
+        self.assertEqual(h, 'this is a test')
+
+
+class TestDateHeader(TestHeaderBase):
+
+    datestring = 'Sun, 23 Sep 2001 20:10:55 -0700'
+    utcoffset = datetime.timedelta(hours=-7)
+    tz = datetime.timezone(utcoffset)
+    dt = datetime.datetime(2001, 9, 23, 20, 10, 55, tzinfo=tz)
+
+    def test_parse_date(self):
+        h = self.make_header('date', self.datestring)
+        self.assertEqual(h, self.datestring)
+        self.assertEqual(h.datetime, self.dt)
+        self.assertEqual(h.datetime.utcoffset(), self.utcoffset)
+        self.assertEqual(h.defects, ())
+
+    def test_set_from_datetime(self):
+        h = self.make_header('date', self.dt)
+        self.assertEqual(h, self.datestring)
+        self.assertEqual(h.datetime, self.dt)
+        self.assertEqual(h.defects, ())
+
+    def test_date_header_properties(self):
+        h = self.make_header('date', self.datestring)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.UniqueDateHeader)
+        self.assertEqual(h.max_count, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(h.defects, ())
+
+    def test_resent_date_header_properties(self):
+        h = self.make_header('resent-date', self.datestring)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.DateHeader)
+        self.assertEqual(h.max_count, None)
+        self.assertEqual(h.defects, ())
+
+    def test_no_value_is_defect(self):
+        h = self.make_header('date', '')
+        self.assertEqual(len(h.defects), 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h.defects[0], errors.HeaderMissingRequiredValue)
+
+    def test_datetime_read_only(self):
+        h = self.make_header('date', self.datestring)
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            h.datetime = 'foo'
+
+
+class TestAddressHeader(TestHeaderBase):
+
+    examples = {
+
+        'empty':
+            ('<>',
+             [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect],
+             '<>',
+             '',
+             '<>',
+             '',
+             '',
+             None),
+
+        'address_only':
+            ('zippy@pinhead.com',
+             [],
+             'zippy@pinhead.com',
+             '',
+             'zippy@pinhead.com',
+             'zippy',
+             'pinhead.com',
+             None),
+
+        'name_and_address':
+            ('Zaphrod Beblebrux <zippy@pinhead.com>',
+             [],
+             'Zaphrod Beblebrux <zippy@pinhead.com>',
+             'Zaphrod Beblebrux',
+             'zippy@pinhead.com',
+             'zippy',
+             'pinhead.com',
+             None),
+
+        'quoted_local_part':
+            ('Zaphrod Beblebrux <"foo bar"@pinhead.com>',
+             [],
+             'Zaphrod Beblebrux <"foo bar"@pinhead.com>',
+             'Zaphrod Beblebrux',
+             '"foo bar"@pinhead.com',
+             'foo bar',
+             'pinhead.com',
+             None),
+
+        'quoted_parens_in_name':
+            (r'"A \(Special\) Person" <person@dom.ain>',
+             [],
+             '"A (Special) Person" <person@dom.ain>',
+             'A (Special) Person',
+             'person@dom.ain',
+             'person',
+             'dom.ain',
+             None),
+
+        'quoted_backslashes_in_name':
+            (r'"Arthur \\Backslash\\ Foobar" <person@dom.ain>',
+             [],
+             r'"Arthur \\Backslash\\ Foobar" <person@dom.ain>',
+             r'Arthur \Backslash\ Foobar',
+             'person@dom.ain',
+             'person',
+             'dom.ain',
+             None),
+
+        'name_with_dot':
+            ('John X. Doe <jxd@example.com>',
+             [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect],
+             '"John X. Doe" <jxd@example.com>',
+             'John X. Doe',
+             'jxd@example.com',
+             'jxd',
+             'example.com',
+             None),
+
+        'quoted_strings_in_local_part':
+            ('""example" example"@example.com',
+             [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*3,
+             '"example example"@example.com',
+             '',
+             '"example example"@example.com',
+             'example example',
+             'example.com',
+             None),
+
+        'escaped_quoted_strings_in_local_part':
+            (r'"\"example\" example"@example.com',
+             [],
+             r'"\"example\" example"@example.com',
+             '',
+             r'"\"example\" example"@example.com',
+             r'"example" example',
+             'example.com',
+            None),
+
+        'escaped_escapes_in_local_part':
+            (r'"\\"example\\" example"@example.com',
+             [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*5,
+             r'"\\example\\\\ example"@example.com',
+             '',
+             r'"\\example\\\\ example"@example.com',
+             r'\example\\ example',
+             'example.com',
+            None),
+
+        'spaces_in_unquoted_local_part_collapsed':
+            ('merwok  wok  @example.com',
+             [errors.InvalidHeaderDefect]*2,
+             '"merwok wok"@example.com',
+             '',
+             '"merwok wok"@example.com',
+             'merwok wok',
+             'example.com',
+             None),
+
+        'spaces_around_dots_in_local_part_removed':
+            ('merwok. wok .  wok@example.com',
+             [errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect],
+             'merwok.wok.wok@example.com',
+             '',
+             'merwok.wok.wok@example.com',
+             'merwok.wok.wok',
+             'example.com',
+             None),
+
+        }
+
+        # XXX: Need many more examples, and in particular some with names in
+        # trailing comments, which aren't currently handled.  comments in
+        # general are not handled yet.
+
+    def _test_single_addr(self, source, defects, decoded, display_name,
+                          addr_spec, username, domain, comment):
+        h = self.make_header('sender', source)
+        self.assertEqual(h, decoded)
+        self.assertDefectsEqual(h.defects, defects)
+        a = h.address
+        self.assertEqual(str(a), decoded)
+        self.assertEqual(len(h.groups), 1)
+        self.assertEqual([a], list(h.groups[0].addresses))
+        self.assertEqual([a], list(h.addresses))
+        self.assertEqual(a.display_name, display_name)
+        self.assertEqual(a.addr_spec, addr_spec)
+        self.assertEqual(a.username, username)
+        self.assertEqual(a.domain, domain)
+        # XXX: we have no comment support yet.
+        #self.assertEqual(a.comment, comment)
+
+    for name in examples:
+        locals()['test_'+name] = (
+            lambda self, name=name:
+                self._test_single_addr(*self.examples[name]))
+
+    def _test_group_single_addr(self, source, defects, decoded, display_name,
+                                addr_spec, username, domain, comment):
+        source = 'foo: {};'.format(source)
+        gdecoded = 'foo: {};'.format(decoded) if decoded else 'foo:;'
+        h = self.make_header('to', source)
+        self.assertEqual(h, gdecoded)
+        self.assertDefectsEqual(h.defects, defects)
+        self.assertEqual(h.groups[0].addresses, h.addresses)
+        self.assertEqual(len(h.groups), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(h.addresses), 1)
+        a = h.addresses[0]
+        self.assertEqual(str(a), decoded)
+        self.assertEqual(a.display_name, display_name)
+        self.assertEqual(a.addr_spec, addr_spec)
+        self.assertEqual(a.username, username)
+        self.assertEqual(a.domain, domain)
+
+    for name in examples:
+        locals()['test_group_'+name] = (
+            lambda self, name=name:
+                self._test_group_single_addr(*self.examples[name]))
+
+    def test_simple_address_list(self):
+        value = ('Fred <dinsdale@python.org>, foo@example.com, '
+                    '"Harry W. Hastings" <hasty@example.com>')
+        h = self.make_header('to', value)
+        self.assertEqual(h, value)
+        self.assertEqual(len(h.groups), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(h.addresses), 3)
+        for i in range(3):
+            self.assertEqual(h.groups[i].addresses[0], h.addresses[i])
+        self.assertEqual(str(h.addresses[0]), 'Fred <dinsdale@python.org>')
+        self.assertEqual(str(h.addresses[1]), 'foo@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(str(h.addresses[2]),
+            '"Harry W. Hastings" <hasty@example.com>')
+        self.assertEqual(h.addresses[2].display_name,
+            'Harry W. Hastings')
+
+    def test_complex_address_list(self):
+        examples = list(self.examples.values())
+        source = ('dummy list:;, another: (empty);,' +
+                 ', '.join([x[0] for x in examples[:4]]) + ', ' +
+                 r'"A \"list\"": ' +
+                    ', '.join([x[0] for x in examples[4:6]]) + ';,' +
+                 ', '.join([x[0] for x in examples[6:]])
+            )
+        # XXX: the fact that (empty) disappears here is a potential API design
+        # bug.  We don't currently have a way to preserve comments.
+        expected = ('dummy list:;, another:;, ' +
+                 ', '.join([x[2] for x in examples[:4]]) + ', ' +
+                 r'"A \"list\"": ' +
+                    ', '.join([x[2] for x in examples[4:6]]) + ';, ' +
+                 ', '.join([x[2] for x in examples[6:]])
+            )
+
+        h = self.make_header('to', source)
+        self.assertEqual(h.split(','), expected.split(','))
+        self.assertEqual(h, expected)
+        self.assertEqual(len(h.groups), 7 + len(examples) - 6)
+        self.assertEqual(h.groups[0].display_name, 'dummy list')
+        self.assertEqual(h.groups[1].display_name, 'another')
+        self.assertEqual(h.groups[6].display_name, 'A "list"')
+        self.assertEqual(len(h.addresses), len(examples))
+        for i in range(4):
+            self.assertIsNone(h.groups[i+2].display_name)
+            self.assertEqual(str(h.groups[i+2].addresses[0]), examples[i][2])
+        for i in range(7, 7 + len(examples) - 6):
+            self.assertIsNone(h.groups[i].display_name)
+            self.assertEqual(str(h.groups[i].addresses[0]), examples[i-1][2])
+        for i in range(len(examples)):
+            self.assertEqual(str(h.addresses[i]), examples[i][2])
+            self.assertEqual(h.addresses[i].addr_spec, examples[i][4])
+
+    def test_address_read_only(self):
+        h = self.make_header('sender', 'abc@xyz.com')
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            h.address = 'foo'
+
+    def test_addresses_read_only(self):
+        h = self.make_header('sender', 'abc@xyz.com')
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            h.addresses = 'foo'
+
+    def test_groups_read_only(self):
+        h = self.make_header('sender', 'abc@xyz.com')
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            h.groups = 'foo'
+
+    def test_addresses_types(self):
+        source = 'me <who@example.com>'
+        h = self.make_header('to', source)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h.addresses, tuple)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h.addresses[0], Address)
+
+    def test_groups_types(self):
+        source = 'me <who@example.com>'
+        h = self.make_header('to', source)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h.groups, tuple)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h.groups[0], Group)
+
+    def test_set_from_Address(self):
+        h = self.make_header('to', Address('me', 'foo', 'example.com'))
+        self.assertEqual(h, 'me <foo@example.com>')
+
+    def test_set_from_Address_list(self):
+        h = self.make_header('to', [Address('me', 'foo', 'example.com'),
+                                    Address('you', 'bar', 'example.com')])
+        self.assertEqual(h, 'me <foo@example.com>, you <bar@example.com>')
+
+    def test_set_from_Address_and_Group_list(self):
+        h = self.make_header('to', [Address('me', 'foo', 'example.com'),
+                                    Group('bing', [Address('fiz', 'z', 'b.com'),
+                                                   Address('zif', 'f', 'c.com')]),
+                                    Address('you', 'bar', 'example.com')])
+        self.assertEqual(h, 'me <foo@example.com>, bing: fiz <z@b.com>, '
+                            'zif <f@c.com>;, you <bar@example.com>')
+        self.assertEqual(h.fold(policy=policy.default.clone(max_line_length=40)),
+                        'to: me <foo@example.com>,\n'
+                        ' bing: fiz <z@b.com>, zif <f@c.com>;,\n'
+                        ' you <bar@example.com>\n')
+
+    def test_set_from_Group_list(self):
+        h = self.make_header('to', [Group('bing', [Address('fiz', 'z', 'b.com'),
+                                                   Address('zif', 'f', 'c.com')])])
+        self.assertEqual(h, 'bing: fiz <z@b.com>, zif <f@c.com>;')
+
+
+class TestAddressAndGroup(TestEmailBase):
+
+    def _test_attr_ro(self, obj, attr):
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            setattr(obj, attr, 'foo')
+
+    def test_address_display_name_ro(self):
+        self._test_attr_ro(Address('foo', 'bar', 'baz'), 'display_name')
+
+    def test_address_username_ro(self):
+        self._test_attr_ro(Address('foo', 'bar', 'baz'), 'username')
+
+    def test_address_domain_ro(self):
+        self._test_attr_ro(Address('foo', 'bar', 'baz'), 'domain')
+
+    def test_group_display_name_ro(self):
+        self._test_attr_ro(Group('foo'), 'display_name')
+
+    def test_group_addresses_ro(self):
+        self._test_attr_ro(Group('foo'), 'addresses')
+
+    def test_address_from_username_domain(self):
+        a = Address('foo', 'bar', 'baz')
+        self.assertEqual(a.display_name, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(a.username, 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(a.domain, 'baz')
+        self.assertEqual(a.addr_spec, 'bar@baz')
+        self.assertEqual(str(a), 'foo <bar@baz>')
+
+    def test_address_from_addr_spec(self):
+        a = Address('foo', addr_spec='bar@baz')
+        self.assertEqual(a.display_name, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(a.username, 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(a.domain, 'baz')
+        self.assertEqual(a.addr_spec, 'bar@baz')
+        self.assertEqual(str(a), 'foo <bar@baz>')
+
+    def test_address_with_no_display_name(self):
+        a = Address(addr_spec='bar@baz')
+        self.assertEqual(a.display_name, '')
+        self.assertEqual(a.username, 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(a.domain, 'baz')
+        self.assertEqual(a.addr_spec, 'bar@baz')
+        self.assertEqual(str(a), 'bar@baz')
+
+    def test_null_address(self):
+        a = Address()
+        self.assertEqual(a.display_name, '')
+        self.assertEqual(a.username, '')
+        self.assertEqual(a.domain, '')
+        self.assertEqual(a.addr_spec, '<>')
+        self.assertEqual(str(a), '<>')
+
+    def test_domain_only(self):
+        # This isn't really a valid address.
+        a = Address(domain='buzz')
+        self.assertEqual(a.display_name, '')
+        self.assertEqual(a.username, '')
+        self.assertEqual(a.domain, 'buzz')
+        self.assertEqual(a.addr_spec, '@buzz')
+        self.assertEqual(str(a), '@buzz')
+
+    def test_username_only(self):
+        # This isn't really a valid address.
+        a = Address(username='buzz')
+        self.assertEqual(a.display_name, '')
+        self.assertEqual(a.username, 'buzz')
+        self.assertEqual(a.domain, '')
+        self.assertEqual(a.addr_spec, 'buzz')
+        self.assertEqual(str(a), 'buzz')
+
+    def test_display_name_only(self):
+        a = Address('buzz')
+        self.assertEqual(a.display_name, 'buzz')
+        self.assertEqual(a.username, '')
+        self.assertEqual(a.domain, '')
+        self.assertEqual(a.addr_spec, '<>')
+        self.assertEqual(str(a), 'buzz <>')
+
+    def test_quoting(self):
+        # Ideally we'd check every special individually, but I'm not up for
+        # writing that many tests.
+        a = Address('Sara J.', 'bad name', 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(a.display_name, 'Sara J.')
+        self.assertEqual(a.username, 'bad name')
+        self.assertEqual(a.domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(a.addr_spec, '"bad name"@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(str(a), '"Sara J." <"bad name"@example.com>')
+
+    def test_il8n(self):
+        a = Address('Éric', 'wok', 'exàmple.com')
+        self.assertEqual(a.display_name, 'Éric')
+        self.assertEqual(a.username, 'wok')
+        self.assertEqual(a.domain, 'exàmple.com')
+        self.assertEqual(a.addr_spec, 'wok@exàmple.com')
+        self.assertEqual(str(a), 'Éric <wok@exàmple.com>')
+
+    # XXX: there is an API design issue that needs to be solved here.
+    #def test_non_ascii_username_raises(self):
+    #    with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+    #        Address('foo', 'wők', 'example.com')
+
+    def test_non_ascii_username_in_addr_spec_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            Address('foo', addr_spec='wők@example.com')
+
+    def test_address_addr_spec_and_username_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Address('foo', username='bing', addr_spec='bar@baz')
+
+    def test_address_addr_spec_and_domain_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Address('foo', domain='bing', addr_spec='bar@baz')
+
+    def test_address_addr_spec_and_username_and_domain_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Address('foo', username='bong', domain='bing', addr_spec='bar@baz')
+
+    def test_space_in_addr_spec_username_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            Address('foo', addr_spec="bad name@example.com")
+
+    def test_bad_addr_sepc_raises(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            Address('foo', addr_spec="name@ex[]ample.com")
+
+    def test_empty_group(self):
+        g = Group('foo')
+        self.assertEqual(g.display_name, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(g.addresses, tuple())
+        self.assertEqual(str(g), 'foo:;')
+
+    def test_empty_group_list(self):
+        g = Group('foo', addresses=[])
+        self.assertEqual(g.display_name, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(g.addresses, tuple())
+        self.assertEqual(str(g), 'foo:;')
+
+    def test_null_group(self):
+        g = Group()
+        self.assertIsNone(g.display_name)
+        self.assertEqual(g.addresses, tuple())
+        self.assertEqual(str(g), 'None:;')
+
+    def test_group_with_addresses(self):
+        addrs = [Address('b', 'b', 'c'), Address('a', 'b','c')]
+        g = Group('foo', addrs)
+        self.assertEqual(g.display_name, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(g.addresses, tuple(addrs))
+        self.assertEqual(str(g), 'foo: b <b@c>, a <b@c>;')
+
+    def test_group_with_addresses_no_display_name(self):
+        addrs = [Address('b', 'b', 'c'), Address('a', 'b','c')]
+        g = Group(addresses=addrs)
+        self.assertIsNone(g.display_name)
+        self.assertEqual(g.addresses, tuple(addrs))
+        self.assertEqual(str(g), 'None: b <b@c>, a <b@c>;')
+
+    def test_group_with_one_address_no_display_name(self):
+        addrs = [Address('b', 'b', 'c')]
+        g = Group(addresses=addrs)
+        self.assertIsNone(g.display_name)
+        self.assertEqual(g.addresses, tuple(addrs))
+        self.assertEqual(str(g), 'b <b@c>')
+
+    def test_display_name_quoting(self):
+        g = Group('foo.bar')
+        self.assertEqual(g.display_name, 'foo.bar')
+        self.assertEqual(g.addresses, tuple())
+        self.assertEqual(str(g), '"foo.bar":;')
+
+    def test_display_name_blanks_not_quoted(self):
+        g = Group('foo bar')
+        self.assertEqual(g.display_name, 'foo bar')
+        self.assertEqual(g.addresses, tuple())
+        self.assertEqual(str(g), 'foo bar:;')
+
+
+class TestFolding(TestHeaderBase):
+
+    def test_short_unstructured(self):
+        h = self.make_header('subject', 'this is a test')
+        self.assertEqual(h.fold(policy=self.policy),
+                         'subject: this is a test\n')
+
+    def test_long_unstructured(self):
+        h = self.make_header('Subject', 'This is a long header '
+            'line that will need to be folded into two lines '
+            'and will demonstrate basic folding')
+        self.assertEqual(h.fold(policy=self.policy),
+                        'Subject: This is a long header line that will '
+                            'need to be folded into two lines\n'
+                        ' and will demonstrate basic folding\n')
+
+    def test_unstructured_short_max_line_length(self):
+        h = self.make_header('Subject', 'this is a short header '
+            'that will be folded anyway')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            h.fold(policy=policy.default.clone(max_line_length=20)),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+                Subject: this is a
+                 short header that
+                 will be folded
+                 anyway
+                """))
+
+    def test_fold_unstructured_single_word(self):
+        h = self.make_header('Subject', 'test')
+        self.assertEqual(h.fold(policy=self.policy), 'Subject: test\n')
+
+    def test_fold_unstructured_short(self):
+        h = self.make_header('Subject', 'test test test')
+        self.assertEqual(h.fold(policy=self.policy),
+                        'Subject: test test test\n')
+
+    def test_fold_unstructured_with_overlong_word(self):
+        h = self.make_header('Subject', 'thisisaverylonglineconsistingofa'
+            'singlewordthatwontfit')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            h.fold(policy=policy.default.clone(max_line_length=20)),
+            'Subject: thisisaverylonglineconsistingofasinglewordthatwontfit\n')
+
+    def test_fold_unstructured_with_two_overlong_words(self):
+        h = self.make_header('Subject', 'thisisaverylonglineconsistingofa'
+            'singlewordthatwontfit plusanotherverylongwordthatwontfit')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            h.fold(policy=policy.default.clone(max_line_length=20)),
+            'Subject: thisisaverylonglineconsistingofasinglewordthatwontfit\n'
+                ' plusanotherverylongwordthatwontfit\n')
+
+    def test_fold_unstructured_with_slightly_long_word(self):
+        h = self.make_header('Subject', 'thislongwordislessthanmaxlinelen')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            h.fold(policy=policy.default.clone(max_line_length=35)),
+            'Subject:\n thislongwordislessthanmaxlinelen\n')
+
+    def test_fold_unstructured_with_commas(self):
+        # The old wrapper would fold this at the commas.
+        h = self.make_header('Subject', "This header is intended to "
+            "demonstrate, in a fairly susinct way, that we now do "
+            "not give a , special treatment in unstructured headers.")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            h.fold(policy=policy.default.clone(max_line_length=60)),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+                Subject: This header is intended to demonstrate, in a fairly
+                 susinct way, that we now do not give a , special treatment
+                 in unstructured headers.
+                 """))
+
+    def test_fold_address_list(self):
+        h = self.make_header('To', '"Theodore H. Perfect" <yes@man.com>, '
+            '"My address is very long because my name is long" <foo@bar.com>, '
+            '"Only A. Friend" <no@yes.com>')
+        self.assertEqual(h.fold(policy=self.policy), textwrap.dedent("""\
+            To: "Theodore H. Perfect" <yes@man.com>,
+             "My address is very long because my name is long" <foo@bar.com>,
+             "Only A. Friend" <no@yes.com>
+             """))
+
+    def test_fold_date_header(self):
+        h = self.make_header('Date', 'Sat, 2 Feb 2002 17:00:06 -0800')
+        self.assertEqual(h.fold(policy=self.policy),
+                        'Date: Sat, 02 Feb 2002 17:00:06 -0800\n')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_email/test_generator.py b/Lib/test/test_email/test_generator.py
index 8f5fde7..c1af024 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_email/test_generator.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_email/test_generator.py
@@ -6,14 +6,16 @@
 from email import policy
 from test.test_email import TestEmailBase
 
-# XXX: move generator tests from test_email into here at some point.
 
+class TestGeneratorBase:
 
-class TestGeneratorBase():
+    policy = policy.default
 
-    policy = policy.compat32
+    def msgmaker(self, msg, policy=None):
+        policy = self.policy if policy is None else policy
+        return self.msgfunc(msg, policy=policy)
 
-    long_subject = {
+    refold_long_expected = {
         0: textwrap.dedent("""\
             To: whom_it_may_concern@example.com
             From: nobody_you_want_to_know@example.com
@@ -23,33 +25,32 @@
 
             None
             """),
+        # From is wrapped because wrapped it fits in 40.
         40: textwrap.dedent("""\
             To: whom_it_may_concern@example.com
-            From:\x20
+            From:
              nobody_you_want_to_know@example.com
             Subject: We the willing led by the
-             unknowing are doing the
-             impossible for the ungrateful. We have
-             done so much for so long with so little
-             we are now qualified to do anything
-             with nothing.
+             unknowing are doing the impossible for
+             the ungrateful. We have done so much
+             for so long with so little we are now
+             qualified to do anything with nothing.
 
             None
             """),
+        # Neither to nor from fit even if put on a new line,
+        # so we leave them sticking out on the first line.
         20: textwrap.dedent("""\
-            To:\x20
-             whom_it_may_concern@example.com
-            From:\x20
-             nobody_you_want_to_know@example.com
+            To: whom_it_may_concern@example.com
+            From: nobody_you_want_to_know@example.com
             Subject: We the
              willing led by the
              unknowing are doing
-             the
-             impossible for the
-             ungrateful. We have
-             done so much for so
-             long with so little
-             we are now
+             the impossible for
+             the ungrateful. We
+             have done so much
+             for so long with so
+             little we are now
              qualified to do
              anything with
              nothing.
@@ -57,65 +58,90 @@
             None
             """),
         }
-    long_subject[100] = long_subject[0]
+    refold_long_expected[100] = refold_long_expected[0]
 
-    def maxheaderlen_parameter_test(self, n):
-        msg = self.msgmaker(self.typ(self.long_subject[0]))
+    refold_all_expected = refold_long_expected.copy()
+    refold_all_expected[0] = (
+            "To: whom_it_may_concern@example.com\n"
+            "From: nobody_you_want_to_know@example.com\n"
+            "Subject: We the willing led by the unknowing are doing the "
+              "impossible for the ungrateful. We have done so much for "
+              "so long with so little we are now qualified to do anything "
+              "with nothing.\n"
+              "\n"
+              "None\n")
+    refold_all_expected[100] = (
+            "To: whom_it_may_concern@example.com\n"
+            "From: nobody_you_want_to_know@example.com\n"
+            "Subject: We the willing led by the unknowing are doing the "
+                "impossible for the ungrateful. We have\n"
+              " done so much for so long with so little we are now qualified "
+                "to do anything with nothing.\n"
+              "\n"
+              "None\n")
+
+    def _test_maxheaderlen_parameter(self, n):
+        msg = self.msgmaker(self.typ(self.refold_long_expected[0]))
         s = self.ioclass()
-        g = self.genclass(s, maxheaderlen=n)
+        g = self.genclass(s, maxheaderlen=n, policy=self.policy)
         g.flatten(msg)
-        self.assertEqual(s.getvalue(), self.typ(self.long_subject[n]))
+        self.assertEqual(s.getvalue(), self.typ(self.refold_long_expected[n]))
 
-    def test_maxheaderlen_parameter_0(self):
-        self.maxheaderlen_parameter_test(0)
+    for n in refold_long_expected:
+        locals()['test_maxheaderlen_parameter_' + str(n)] = (
+            lambda self, n=n:
+                self._test_maxheaderlen_parameter(n))
 
-    def test_maxheaderlen_parameter_100(self):
-        self.maxheaderlen_parameter_test(100)
-
-    def test_maxheaderlen_parameter_40(self):
-        self.maxheaderlen_parameter_test(40)
-
-    def test_maxheaderlen_parameter_20(self):
-        self.maxheaderlen_parameter_test(20)
-
-    def maxheaderlen_policy_test(self, n):
-        msg = self.msgmaker(self.typ(self.long_subject[0]))
+    def _test_max_line_length_policy(self, n):
+        msg = self.msgmaker(self.typ(self.refold_long_expected[0]))
         s = self.ioclass()
-        g = self.genclass(s, policy=policy.default.clone(max_line_length=n))
+        g = self.genclass(s, policy=self.policy.clone(max_line_length=n))
         g.flatten(msg)
-        self.assertEqual(s.getvalue(), self.typ(self.long_subject[n]))
+        self.assertEqual(s.getvalue(), self.typ(self.refold_long_expected[n]))
 
-    def test_maxheaderlen_policy_0(self):
-        self.maxheaderlen_policy_test(0)
+    for n in refold_long_expected:
+        locals()['test_max_line_length_policy' + str(n)] = (
+            lambda self, n=n:
+                self._test_max_line_length_policy(n))
 
-    def test_maxheaderlen_policy_100(self):
-        self.maxheaderlen_policy_test(100)
-
-    def test_maxheaderlen_policy_40(self):
-        self.maxheaderlen_policy_test(40)
-
-    def test_maxheaderlen_policy_20(self):
-        self.maxheaderlen_policy_test(20)
-
-    def maxheaderlen_parm_overrides_policy_test(self, n):
-        msg = self.msgmaker(self.typ(self.long_subject[0]))
+    def _test_maxheaderlen_parm_overrides_policy(self, n):
+        msg = self.msgmaker(self.typ(self.refold_long_expected[0]))
         s = self.ioclass()
         g = self.genclass(s, maxheaderlen=n,
-                          policy=policy.default.clone(max_line_length=10))
+                          policy=self.policy.clone(max_line_length=10))
         g.flatten(msg)
-        self.assertEqual(s.getvalue(), self.typ(self.long_subject[n]))
+        self.assertEqual(s.getvalue(), self.typ(self.refold_long_expected[n]))
 
-    def test_maxheaderlen_parm_overrides_policy_0(self):
-        self.maxheaderlen_parm_overrides_policy_test(0)
+    for n in refold_long_expected:
+        locals()['test_maxheaderlen_parm_overrides_policy' + str(n)] = (
+            lambda self, n=n:
+                self._test_maxheaderlen_parm_overrides_policy(n))
 
-    def test_maxheaderlen_parm_overrides_policy_100(self):
-        self.maxheaderlen_parm_overrides_policy_test(100)
+    def _test_refold_none_does_not_fold(self, n):
+        msg = self.msgmaker(self.typ(self.refold_long_expected[0]))
+        s = self.ioclass()
+        g = self.genclass(s, policy=self.policy.clone(refold_source='none',
+                                                      max_line_length=n))
+        g.flatten(msg)
+        self.assertEqual(s.getvalue(), self.typ(self.refold_long_expected[0]))
 
-    def test_maxheaderlen_parm_overrides_policy_40(self):
-        self.maxheaderlen_parm_overrides_policy_test(40)
+    for n in refold_long_expected:
+        locals()['test_refold_none_does_not_fold' + str(n)] = (
+            lambda self, n=n:
+                self._test_refold_none_does_not_fold(n))
 
-    def test_maxheaderlen_parm_overrides_policy_20(self):
-        self.maxheaderlen_parm_overrides_policy_test(20)
+    def _test_refold_all(self, n):
+        msg = self.msgmaker(self.typ(self.refold_long_expected[0]))
+        s = self.ioclass()
+        g = self.genclass(s, policy=self.policy.clone(refold_source='all',
+                                                      max_line_length=n))
+        g.flatten(msg)
+        self.assertEqual(s.getvalue(), self.typ(self.refold_all_expected[n]))
+
+    for n in refold_long_expected:
+        locals()['test_refold_all' + str(n)] = (
+            lambda self, n=n:
+                self._test_refold_all(n))
 
     def test_crlf_control_via_policy(self):
         source = "Subject: test\r\n\r\ntest body\r\n"
@@ -138,30 +164,24 @@
 
 class TestGenerator(TestGeneratorBase, TestEmailBase):
 
+    msgfunc = staticmethod(message_from_string)
     genclass = Generator
     ioclass = io.StringIO
     typ = str
 
-    def msgmaker(self, msg, policy=None):
-        policy = self.policy if policy is None else policy
-        return message_from_string(msg, policy=policy)
-
 
 class TestBytesGenerator(TestGeneratorBase, TestEmailBase):
 
+    msgfunc = staticmethod(message_from_bytes)
     genclass = BytesGenerator
     ioclass = io.BytesIO
     typ = lambda self, x: x.encode('ascii')
 
-    def msgmaker(self, msg, policy=None):
-        policy = self.policy if policy is None else policy
-        return message_from_bytes(msg, policy=policy)
-
     def test_cte_type_7bit_handles_unknown_8bit(self):
         source = ("Subject: Maintenant je vous présente mon "
                  "collègue\n\n").encode('utf-8')
-        expected = ('Subject: =?unknown-8bit?q?Maintenant_je_vous_pr=C3=A9sente_mon_'
-                    'coll=C3=A8gue?=\n\n').encode('ascii')
+        expected = ('Subject: Maintenant je vous =?unknown-8bit?q?'
+                    'pr=C3=A9sente_mon_coll=C3=A8gue?=\n\n').encode('ascii')
         msg = message_from_bytes(source)
         s = io.BytesIO()
         g = BytesGenerator(s, policy=self.policy.clone(cte_type='7bit'))
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_email/test_pickleable.py b/Lib/test/test_email/test_pickleable.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4c77ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_email/test_pickleable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import unittest
+import textwrap
+import copy
+import pickle
+from email import policy
+from email import message_from_string
+from email._headerregistry import HeaderRegistry
+from test.test_email import TestEmailBase
+
+class TestPickleCopyHeader(TestEmailBase):
+
+    unstructured = HeaderRegistry()('subject', 'this is a test')
+
+    def test_deepcopy_unstructured(self):
+        h = copy.deepcopy(self.unstructured)
+        self.assertEqual(str(h), str(self.unstructured))
+
+    def test_pickle_unstructured(self):
+        p = pickle.dumps(self.unstructured)
+        h = pickle.loads(p)
+        self.assertEqual(str(h), str(self.unstructured))
+
+    address = HeaderRegistry()('from', 'frodo@mordor.net')
+
+    def test_deepcopy_address(self):
+        h = copy.deepcopy(self.address)
+        self.assertEqual(str(h), str(self.address))
+
+    def test_pickle_address(self):
+        p = pickle.dumps(self.address)
+        h = pickle.loads(p)
+        self.assertEqual(str(h), str(self.address))
+
+
+class TestPickleCopyMessage(TestEmailBase):
+
+    testmsg = message_from_string(textwrap.dedent("""\
+            From: frodo@mordor.net
+            To: bilbo@underhill.org
+            Subject: help
+
+            I think I forgot the ring.
+            """), policy=policy.default)
+
+    def test_deepcopy(self):
+        msg2 = copy.deepcopy(self.testmsg)
+        self.assertEqual(msg2.as_string(), self.testmsg.as_string())
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        p = pickle.dumps(self.testmsg)
+        msg2 = pickle.loads(p)
+        self.assertEqual(msg2.as_string(), self.testmsg.as_string())
+
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_email/test_policy.py b/Lib/test/test_email/test_policy.py
index 07925a7..45a7666 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_email/test_policy.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_email/test_policy.py
@@ -5,49 +5,70 @@
 import email.policy
 import email.parser
 import email.generator
+from email import _headerregistry
+
+def make_defaults(base_defaults, differences):
+    defaults = base_defaults.copy()
+    defaults.update(differences)
+    return defaults
 
 class PolicyAPITests(unittest.TestCase):
 
     longMessage = True
 
-    # These default values are the ones set on email.policy.default.
-    # If any of these defaults change, the docs must be updated.
-    policy_defaults = {
+    # Base default values.
+    compat32_defaults = {
         'max_line_length':          78,
         'linesep':                  '\n',
         'cte_type':                 '8bit',
         'raise_on_defect':          False,
         }
+    # These default values are the ones set on email.policy.default.
+    # If any of these defaults change, the docs must be updated.
+    policy_defaults = compat32_defaults.copy()
+    policy_defaults.update({
+        'raise_on_defect':          False,
+        'header_factory':           email.policy.EmailPolicy.header_factory,
+        'refold_source':            'long',
+        })
 
-    # For each policy under test, we give here the values of the attributes
-    # that are different from the defaults for that policy.
+    # For each policy under test, we give here what we expect the defaults to
+    # be for that policy.  The second argument to make defaults is the
+    # difference between the base defaults and that for the particular policy.
+    new_policy = email.policy.EmailPolicy()
     policies = {
-        email.policy.Compat32(): {},
-        email.policy.compat32: {},
-        email.policy.default: {},
-        email.policy.SMTP: {'linesep': '\r\n'},
-        email.policy.HTTP: {'linesep': '\r\n', 'max_line_length': None},
-        email.policy.strict: {'raise_on_defect': True},
+        email.policy.compat32: make_defaults(compat32_defaults, {}),
+        email.policy.default: make_defaults(policy_defaults, {}),
+        email.policy.SMTP: make_defaults(policy_defaults,
+                                         {'linesep': '\r\n'}),
+        email.policy.HTTP: make_defaults(policy_defaults,
+                                         {'linesep': '\r\n',
+                                          'max_line_length': None}),
+        email.policy.strict: make_defaults(policy_defaults,
+                                           {'raise_on_defect': True}),
+        new_policy: make_defaults(policy_defaults, {}),
         }
+    # Creating a new policy creates a new header factory.  There is a test
+    # later that proves this.
+    policies[new_policy]['header_factory'] = new_policy.header_factory
 
     def test_defaults(self):
-        for policy, changed_defaults in self.policies.items():
-            expected = self.policy_defaults.copy()
-            expected.update(changed_defaults)
+        for policy, expected in self.policies.items():
             for attr, value in expected.items():
                 self.assertEqual(getattr(policy, attr), value,
                                 ("change {} docs/docstrings if defaults have "
                                 "changed").format(policy))
 
     def test_all_attributes_covered(self):
-        for attr in dir(email.policy.default):
-            if (attr.startswith('_') or
-               isinstance(getattr(email.policy.Policy, attr),
-                          types.FunctionType)):
-                continue
-            else:
-                self.assertIn(attr, self.policy_defaults,
-                              "{} is not fully tested".format(attr))
+        for policy, expected in self.policies.items():
+            for attr in dir(policy):
+                if (attr.startswith('_') or
+                        isinstance(getattr(email.policy.EmailPolicy, attr),
+                              types.FunctionType)):
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    self.assertIn(attr, expected,
+                                  "{} is not fully tested".format(attr))
 
     def test_abc(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
@@ -62,18 +83,20 @@
             self.assertIn(method, msg)
 
     def test_policy_is_immutable(self):
-        for policy in self.policies:
-            for attr in self.policy_defaults:
+        for policy, defaults in self.policies.items():
+            for attr in defaults:
                 with self.assertRaisesRegex(AttributeError, attr+".*read-only"):
                     setattr(policy, attr, None)
             with self.assertRaisesRegex(AttributeError, 'no attribute.*foo'):
                 policy.foo = None
 
-    def test_set_policy_attrs_when_calledl(self):
-        testattrdict = { attr: None for attr in self.policy_defaults }
-        for policyclass in self.policies:
+    def test_set_policy_attrs_when_cloned(self):
+        # None of the attributes has a default value of None, so we set them
+        # all to None in the clone call and check that it worked.
+        for policyclass, defaults in self.policies.items():
+            testattrdict = {attr: None for attr in defaults}
             policy = policyclass.clone(**testattrdict)
-            for attr in self.policy_defaults:
+            for attr in defaults:
                 self.assertIsNone(getattr(policy, attr))
 
     def test_reject_non_policy_keyword_when_called(self):
@@ -105,7 +128,7 @@
                 self.defects = []
         obj = Dummy()
         defect = object()
-        policy = email.policy.Compat32()
+        policy = email.policy.EmailPolicy()
         policy.register_defect(obj, defect)
         self.assertEqual(obj.defects, [defect])
         defect2 = object()
@@ -134,7 +157,7 @@
         email.policy.default.handle_defect(foo, defect2)
         self.assertEqual(foo.defects, [defect1, defect2])
 
-    class MyPolicy(email.policy.Compat32):
+    class MyPolicy(email.policy.EmailPolicy):
         defects = None
         def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
             super().__init__(*args, defects=[], **kw)
@@ -159,6 +182,49 @@
         self.assertEqual(my_policy.defects, [defect1, defect2])
         self.assertEqual(foo.defects, [])
 
+    def test_default_header_factory(self):
+        h = email.policy.default.header_factory('Test', 'test')
+        self.assertEqual(h.name, 'Test')
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.UnstructuredHeader)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.BaseHeader)
+
+    class Foo:
+        parse = _headerregistry.UnstructuredHeader.parse
+
+    def test_each_Policy_gets_unique_factory(self):
+        policy1 = email.policy.EmailPolicy()
+        policy2 = email.policy.EmailPolicy()
+        policy1.header_factory.map_to_type('foo', self.Foo)
+        h = policy1.header_factory('foo', 'test')
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, self.Foo)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.UnstructuredHeader)
+        h = policy2.header_factory('foo', 'test')
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(h, self.Foo)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, _headerregistry.UnstructuredHeader)
+
+    def test_clone_copies_factory(self):
+        policy1 = email.policy.EmailPolicy()
+        policy2 = policy1.clone()
+        policy1.header_factory.map_to_type('foo', self.Foo)
+        h = policy1.header_factory('foo', 'test')
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, self.Foo)
+        h = policy2.header_factory('foo', 'test')
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, self.Foo)
+
+    def test_new_factory_overrides_default(self):
+        mypolicy = email.policy.EmailPolicy()
+        myfactory = mypolicy.header_factory
+        newpolicy = mypolicy + email.policy.strict
+        self.assertEqual(newpolicy.header_factory, myfactory)
+        newpolicy = email.policy.strict + mypolicy
+        self.assertEqual(newpolicy.header_factory, myfactory)
+
+    def test_adding_default_policies_preserves_default_factory(self):
+        newpolicy = email.policy.default + email.policy.strict
+        self.assertEqual(newpolicy.header_factory,
+                         email.policy.EmailPolicy.header_factory)
+        self.assertEqual(newpolicy.__dict__, {'raise_on_defect': True})
+
     # XXX: Need subclassing tests.
     # For adding subclassed objects, make sure the usual rules apply (subclass
     # wins), but that the order still works (right overrides left).