diff --git a/Objects/bytesobject.c b/Objects/bytesobject.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ba90aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Objects/bytesobject.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3432 @@
+/* bytes object implementation */
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+
+#include "Python.h"
+#include "internal/mem.h"
+#include "internal/pystate.h"
+
+#include "bytes_methods.h"
+#include "pystrhex.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+/*[clinic input]
+class bytes "PyBytesObject *" "&PyBytes_Type"
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=7a238f965d64892b]*/
+
+#include "clinic/bytesobject.c.h"
+
+#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
+Py_ssize_t null_strings, one_strings;
+#endif
+
+static PyBytesObject *characters[UCHAR_MAX + 1];
+static PyBytesObject *nullstring;
+
+/* PyBytesObject_SIZE gives the basic size of a string; any memory allocation
+   for a string of length n should request PyBytesObject_SIZE + n bytes.
+
+   Using PyBytesObject_SIZE instead of sizeof(PyBytesObject) saves
+   3 bytes per string allocation on a typical system.
+*/
+#define PyBytesObject_SIZE (offsetof(PyBytesObject, ob_sval) + 1)
+
+/* Forward declaration */
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_ssize_t) _PyBytesWriter_GetSize(_PyBytesWriter *writer,
+                                                   char *str);
+
+/*
+   For PyBytes_FromString(), the parameter `str' points to a null-terminated
+   string containing exactly `size' bytes.
+
+   For PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(), the parameter `str' is
+   either NULL or else points to a string containing at least `size' bytes.
+   For PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(), the string in the `str' parameter does
+   not have to be null-terminated.  (Therefore it is safe to construct a
+   substring by calling `PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(origstring, substrlen)'.)
+   If `str' is NULL then PyBytes_FromStringAndSize() will allocate `size+1'
+   bytes (setting the last byte to the null terminating character) and you can
+   fill in the data yourself.  If `str' is non-NULL then the resulting
+   PyBytes object must be treated as immutable and you must not fill in nor
+   alter the data yourself, since the strings may be shared.
+
+   The PyObject member `op->ob_size', which denotes the number of "extra
+   items" in a variable-size object, will contain the number of bytes
+   allocated for string data, not counting the null terminating character.
+   It is therefore equal to the `size' parameter (for
+   PyBytes_FromStringAndSize()) or the length of the string in the `str'
+   parameter (for PyBytes_FromString()).
+*/
+static PyObject *
+_PyBytes_FromSize(Py_ssize_t size, int use_calloc)
+{
+    PyBytesObject *op;
+    assert(size >= 0);
+
+    if (size == 0 && (op = nullstring) != NULL) {
+#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
+        null_strings++;
+#endif
+        Py_INCREF(op);
+        return (PyObject *)op;
+    }
+
+    if ((size_t)size > (size_t)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - PyBytesObject_SIZE) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                        "byte string is too large");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* Inline PyObject_NewVar */
+    if (use_calloc)
+        op = (PyBytesObject *)PyObject_Calloc(1, PyBytesObject_SIZE + size);
+    else
+        op = (PyBytesObject *)PyObject_Malloc(PyBytesObject_SIZE + size);
+    if (op == NULL)
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+    (void)PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, &PyBytes_Type, size);
+    op->ob_shash = -1;
+    if (!use_calloc)
+        op->ob_sval[size] = '\0';
+    /* empty byte string singleton */
+    if (size == 0) {
+        nullstring = op;
+        Py_INCREF(op);
+    }
+    return (PyObject *) op;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(const char *str, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    PyBytesObject *op;
+    if (size < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
+            "Negative size passed to PyBytes_FromStringAndSize");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (size == 1 && str != NULL &&
+        (op = characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX]) != NULL)
+    {
+#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
+        one_strings++;
+#endif
+        Py_INCREF(op);
+        return (PyObject *)op;
+    }
+
+    op = (PyBytesObject *)_PyBytes_FromSize(size, 0);
+    if (op == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (str == NULL)
+        return (PyObject *) op;
+
+    memcpy(op->ob_sval, str, size);
+    /* share short strings */
+    if (size == 1) {
+        characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX] = op;
+        Py_INCREF(op);
+    }
+    return (PyObject *) op;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyBytes_FromString(const char *str)
+{
+    size_t size;
+    PyBytesObject *op;
+
+    assert(str != NULL);
+    size = strlen(str);
+    if (size > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - PyBytesObject_SIZE) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+            "byte string is too long");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (size == 0 && (op = nullstring) != NULL) {
+#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
+        null_strings++;
+#endif
+        Py_INCREF(op);
+        return (PyObject *)op;
+    }
+    if (size == 1 && (op = characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX]) != NULL) {
+#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
+        one_strings++;
+#endif
+        Py_INCREF(op);
+        return (PyObject *)op;
+    }
+
+    /* Inline PyObject_NewVar */
+    op = (PyBytesObject *)PyObject_MALLOC(PyBytesObject_SIZE + size);
+    if (op == NULL)
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+    (void)PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, &PyBytes_Type, size);
+    op->ob_shash = -1;
+    memcpy(op->ob_sval, str, size+1);
+    /* share short strings */
+    if (size == 0) {
+        nullstring = op;
+        Py_INCREF(op);
+    } else if (size == 1) {
+        characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX] = op;
+        Py_INCREF(op);
+    }
+    return (PyObject *) op;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyBytes_FromFormatV(const char *format, va_list vargs)
+{
+    char *s;
+    const char *f;
+    const char *p;
+    Py_ssize_t prec;
+    int longflag;
+    int size_tflag;
+    /* Longest 64-bit formatted numbers:
+       - "18446744073709551615\0" (21 bytes)
+       - "-9223372036854775808\0" (21 bytes)
+       Decimal takes the most space (it isn't enough for octal.)
+
+       Longest 64-bit pointer representation:
+       "0xffffffffffffffff\0" (19 bytes). */
+    char buffer[21];
+    _PyBytesWriter writer;
+
+    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);
+
+    s = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, strlen(format));
+    if (s == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    writer.overallocate = 1;
+
+#define WRITE_BYTES(str) \
+    do { \
+        s = _PyBytesWriter_WriteBytes(&writer, s, (str), strlen(str)); \
+        if (s == NULL) \
+            goto error; \
+    } while (0)
+
+    for (f = format; *f; f++) {
+        if (*f != '%') {
+            *s++ = *f;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        p = f++;
+
+        /* ignore the width (ex: 10 in "%10s") */
+        while (Py_ISDIGIT(*f))
+            f++;
+
+        /* parse the precision (ex: 10 in "%.10s") */
+        prec = 0;
+        if (*f == '.') {
+            f++;
+            for (; Py_ISDIGIT(*f); f++) {
+                prec = (prec * 10) + (*f - '0');
+            }
+        }
+
+        while (*f && *f != '%' && !Py_ISALPHA(*f))
+            f++;
+
+        /* handle the long flag ('l'), but only for %ld and %lu.
+           others can be added when necessary. */
+        longflag = 0;
+        if (*f == 'l' && (f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u')) {
+            longflag = 1;
+            ++f;
+        }
+
+        /* handle the size_t flag ('z'). */
+        size_tflag = 0;
+        if (*f == 'z' && (f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u')) {
+            size_tflag = 1;
+            ++f;
+        }
+
+        /* subtract bytes preallocated for the format string
+           (ex: 2 for "%s") */
+        writer.min_size -= (f - p + 1);
+
+        switch (*f) {
+        case 'c':
+        {
+            int c = va_arg(vargs, int);
+            if (c < 0 || c > 255) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                                "PyBytes_FromFormatV(): %c format "
+                                "expects an integer in range [0; 255]");
+                goto error;
+            }
+            writer.min_size++;
+            *s++ = (unsigned char)c;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case 'd':
+            if (longflag)
+                sprintf(buffer, "%ld", va_arg(vargs, long));
+            else if (size_tflag)
+                sprintf(buffer, "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d",
+                    va_arg(vargs, Py_ssize_t));
+            else
+                sprintf(buffer, "%d", va_arg(vargs, int));
+            assert(strlen(buffer) < sizeof(buffer));
+            WRITE_BYTES(buffer);
+            break;
+
+        case 'u':
+            if (longflag)
+                sprintf(buffer, "%lu",
+                    va_arg(vargs, unsigned long));
+            else if (size_tflag)
+                sprintf(buffer, "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "u",
+                    va_arg(vargs, size_t));
+            else
+                sprintf(buffer, "%u",
+                    va_arg(vargs, unsigned int));
+            assert(strlen(buffer) < sizeof(buffer));
+            WRITE_BYTES(buffer);
+            break;
+
+        case 'i':
+            sprintf(buffer, "%i", va_arg(vargs, int));
+            assert(strlen(buffer) < sizeof(buffer));
+            WRITE_BYTES(buffer);
+            break;
+
+        case 'x':
+            sprintf(buffer, "%x", va_arg(vargs, int));
+            assert(strlen(buffer) < sizeof(buffer));
+            WRITE_BYTES(buffer);
+            break;
+
+        case 's':
+        {
+            Py_ssize_t i;
+
+            p = va_arg(vargs, const char*);
+            i = strlen(p);
+            if (prec > 0 && i > prec)
+                i = prec;
+            s = _PyBytesWriter_WriteBytes(&writer, s, p, i);
+            if (s == NULL)
+                goto error;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case 'p':
+            sprintf(buffer, "%p", va_arg(vargs, void*));
+            assert(strlen(buffer) < sizeof(buffer));
+            /* %p is ill-defined:  ensure leading 0x. */
+            if (buffer[1] == 'X')
+                buffer[1] = 'x';
+            else if (buffer[1] != 'x') {
+                memmove(buffer+2, buffer, strlen(buffer)+1);
+                buffer[0] = '0';
+                buffer[1] = 'x';
+            }
+            WRITE_BYTES(buffer);
+            break;
+
+        case '%':
+            writer.min_size++;
+            *s++ = '%';
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            if (*f == 0) {
+                /* fix min_size if we reached the end of the format string */
+                writer.min_size++;
+            }
+
+            /* invalid format string: copy unformatted string and exit */
+            WRITE_BYTES(p);
+            return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, s);
+        }
+    }
+
+#undef WRITE_BYTES
+
+    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, s);
+
+ error:
+    _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyBytes_FromFormat(const char *format, ...)
+{
+    PyObject* ret;
+    va_list vargs;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
+    va_start(vargs, format);
+#else
+    va_start(vargs);
+#endif
+    ret = PyBytes_FromFormatV(format, vargs);
+    va_end(vargs);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/* Helpers for formatstring */
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
+getnextarg(PyObject *args, Py_ssize_t arglen, Py_ssize_t *p_argidx)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t argidx = *p_argidx;
+    if (argidx < arglen) {
+        (*p_argidx)++;
+        if (arglen < 0)
+            return args;
+        else
+            return PyTuple_GetItem(args, argidx);
+    }
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                    "not enough arguments for format string");
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Format codes
+ * F_LJUST      '-'
+ * F_SIGN       '+'
+ * F_BLANK      ' '
+ * F_ALT        '#'
+ * F_ZERO       '0'
+ */
+#define F_LJUST (1<<0)
+#define F_SIGN  (1<<1)
+#define F_BLANK (1<<2)
+#define F_ALT   (1<<3)
+#define F_ZERO  (1<<4)
+
+/* Returns a new reference to a PyBytes object, or NULL on failure. */
+
+static char*
+formatfloat(PyObject *v, int flags, int prec, int type,
+            PyObject **p_result, _PyBytesWriter *writer, char *str)
+{
+    char *p;
+    PyObject *result;
+    double x;
+    size_t len;
+
+    x = PyFloat_AsDouble(v);
+    if (x == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "float argument required, "
+                     "not %.200s", Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (prec < 0)
+        prec = 6;
+
+    p = PyOS_double_to_string(x, type, prec,
+                              (flags & F_ALT) ? Py_DTSF_ALT : 0, NULL);
+
+    if (p == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    len = strlen(p);
+    if (writer != NULL) {
+        str = _PyBytesWriter_Prepare(writer, str, len);
+        if (str == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        memcpy(str, p, len);
+        PyMem_Free(p);
+        str += len;
+        return str;
+    }
+
+    result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(p, len);
+    PyMem_Free(p);
+    *p_result = result;
+    return str;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+formatlong(PyObject *v, int flags, int prec, int type)
+{
+    PyObject *result, *iobj;
+    if (type == 'i')
+        type = 'd';
+    if (PyLong_Check(v))
+        return _PyUnicode_FormatLong(v, flags & F_ALT, prec, type);
+    if (PyNumber_Check(v)) {
+        /* make sure number is a type of integer for o, x, and X */
+        if (type == 'o' || type == 'x' || type == 'X')
+            iobj = PyNumber_Index(v);
+        else
+            iobj = PyNumber_Long(v);
+        if (iobj == NULL) {
+            if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError))
+                return NULL;
+        }
+        else if (!PyLong_Check(iobj))
+            Py_CLEAR(iobj);
+        if (iobj != NULL) {
+            result = _PyUnicode_FormatLong(iobj, flags & F_ALT, prec, type);
+            Py_DECREF(iobj);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+        "%%%c format: %s is required, not %.200s", type,
+        (type == 'o' || type == 'x' || type == 'X') ? "an integer"
+                                                    : "a number",
+        Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static int
+byte_converter(PyObject *arg, char *p)
+{
+    if (PyBytes_Check(arg) && PyBytes_GET_SIZE(arg) == 1) {
+        *p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(arg)[0];
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else if (PyByteArray_Check(arg) && PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(arg) == 1) {
+        *p = PyByteArray_AS_STRING(arg)[0];
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        PyObject *iobj;
+        long ival;
+        int overflow;
+        /* make sure number is a type of integer */
+        if (PyLong_Check(arg)) {
+            ival = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(arg, &overflow);
+        }
+        else {
+            iobj = PyNumber_Index(arg);
+            if (iobj == NULL) {
+                if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError))
+                    return 0;
+                goto onError;
+            }
+            ival = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(iobj, &overflow);
+            Py_DECREF(iobj);
+        }
+        if (!overflow && ival == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+            goto onError;
+        if (overflow || !(0 <= ival && ival <= 255)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                            "%c arg not in range(256)");
+            return 0;
+        }
+        *p = (char)ival;
+        return 1;
+    }
+  onError:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+        "%c requires an integer in range(256) or a single byte");
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static PyObject *_PyBytes_FromBuffer(PyObject *x);
+
+static PyObject *
+format_obj(PyObject *v, const char **pbuf, Py_ssize_t *plen)
+{
+    PyObject *func, *result;
+    _Py_IDENTIFIER(__bytes__);
+    /* is it a bytes object? */
+    if (PyBytes_Check(v)) {
+        *pbuf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(v);
+        *plen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(v);
+        Py_INCREF(v);
+        return v;
+    }
+    if (PyByteArray_Check(v)) {
+        *pbuf = PyByteArray_AS_STRING(v);
+        *plen = PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(v);
+        Py_INCREF(v);
+        return v;
+    }
+    /* does it support __bytes__? */
+    func = _PyObject_LookupSpecial(v, &PyId___bytes__);
+    if (func != NULL) {
+        result = _PyObject_CallNoArg(func);
+        Py_DECREF(func);
+        if (result == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        if (!PyBytes_Check(result)) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                         "__bytes__ returned non-bytes (type %.200s)",
+                         Py_TYPE(result)->tp_name);
+            Py_DECREF(result);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        *pbuf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
+        *plen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(result);
+        return result;
+    }
+    /* does it support buffer protocol? */
+    if (PyObject_CheckBuffer(v)) {
+        /* maybe we can avoid making a copy of the buffer object here? */
+        result = _PyBytes_FromBuffer(v);
+        if (result == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        *pbuf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
+        *plen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(result);
+        return result;
+    }
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                 "%%b requires a bytes-like object, "
+                 "or an object that implements __bytes__, not '%.100s'",
+                 Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* fmt%(v1,v2,...) is roughly equivalent to sprintf(fmt, v1, v2, ...) */
+
+PyObject *
+_PyBytes_FormatEx(const char *format, Py_ssize_t format_len,
+                  PyObject *args, int use_bytearray)
+{
+    const char *fmt;
+    char *res;
+    Py_ssize_t arglen, argidx;
+    Py_ssize_t fmtcnt;
+    int args_owned = 0;
+    PyObject *dict = NULL;
+    _PyBytesWriter writer;
+
+    if (args == NULL) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    fmt = format;
+    fmtcnt = format_len;
+
+    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);
+    writer.use_bytearray = use_bytearray;
+
+    res = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, fmtcnt);
+    if (res == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (!use_bytearray)
+        writer.overallocate = 1;
+
+    if (PyTuple_Check(args)) {
+        arglen = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args);
+        argidx = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        arglen = -1;
+        argidx = -2;
+    }
+    if (Py_TYPE(args)->tp_as_mapping && Py_TYPE(args)->tp_as_mapping->mp_subscript &&
+        !PyTuple_Check(args) && !PyBytes_Check(args) && !PyUnicode_Check(args) &&
+        !PyByteArray_Check(args)) {
+            dict = args;
+    }
+
+    while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
+        if (*fmt != '%') {
+            Py_ssize_t len;
+            char *pos;
+
+            pos = (char *)memchr(fmt + 1, '%', fmtcnt);
+            if (pos != NULL)
+                len = pos - fmt;
+            else
+                len = fmtcnt + 1;
+            assert(len != 0);
+
+            memcpy(res, fmt, len);
+            res += len;
+            fmt += len;
+            fmtcnt -= (len - 1);
+        }
+        else {
+            /* Got a format specifier */
+            int flags = 0;
+            Py_ssize_t width = -1;
+            int prec = -1;
+            int c = '\0';
+            int fill;
+            PyObject *v = NULL;
+            PyObject *temp = NULL;
+            const char *pbuf = NULL;
+            int sign;
+            Py_ssize_t len = 0;
+            char onechar; /* For byte_converter() */
+            Py_ssize_t alloc;
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+            char *before;
+#endif
+
+            fmt++;
+            if (*fmt == '%') {
+                *res++ = '%';
+                fmt++;
+                fmtcnt--;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (*fmt == '(') {
+                const char *keystart;
+                Py_ssize_t keylen;
+                PyObject *key;
+                int pcount = 1;
+
+                if (dict == NULL) {
+                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                             "format requires a mapping");
+                    goto error;
+                }
+                ++fmt;
+                --fmtcnt;
+                keystart = fmt;
+                /* Skip over balanced parentheses */
+                while (pcount > 0 && --fmtcnt >= 0) {
+                    if (*fmt == ')')
+                        --pcount;
+                    else if (*fmt == '(')
+                        ++pcount;
+                    fmt++;
+                }
+                keylen = fmt - keystart - 1;
+                if (fmtcnt < 0 || pcount > 0) {
+                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+                               "incomplete format key");
+                    goto error;
+                }
+                key = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(keystart,
+                                                 keylen);
+                if (key == NULL)
+                    goto error;
+                if (args_owned) {
+                    Py_DECREF(args);
+                    args_owned = 0;
+                }
+                args = PyObject_GetItem(dict, key);
+                Py_DECREF(key);
+                if (args == NULL) {
+                    goto error;
+                }
+                args_owned = 1;
+                arglen = -1;
+                argidx = -2;
+            }
+
+            /* Parse flags. Example: "%+i" => flags=F_SIGN. */
+            while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
+                switch (c = *fmt++) {
+                case '-': flags |= F_LJUST; continue;
+                case '+': flags |= F_SIGN; continue;
+                case ' ': flags |= F_BLANK; continue;
+                case '#': flags |= F_ALT; continue;
+                case '0': flags |= F_ZERO; continue;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            /* Parse width. Example: "%10s" => width=10 */
+            if (c == '*') {
+                v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
+                if (v == NULL)
+                    goto error;
+                if (!PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                                    "* wants int");
+                    goto error;
+                }
+                width = PyLong_AsSsize_t(v);
+                if (width == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+                    goto error;
+                if (width < 0) {
+                    flags |= F_LJUST;
+                    width = -width;
+                }
+                if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
+                    c = *fmt++;
+            }
+            else if (c >= 0 && isdigit(c)) {
+                width = c - '0';
+                while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
+                    c = Py_CHARMASK(*fmt++);
+                    if (!isdigit(c))
+                        break;
+                    if (width > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - ((int)c - '0')) / 10) {
+                        PyErr_SetString(
+                            PyExc_ValueError,
+                            "width too big");
+                        goto error;
+                    }
+                    width = width*10 + (c - '0');
+                }
+            }
+
+            /* Parse precision. Example: "%.3f" => prec=3 */
+            if (c == '.') {
+                prec = 0;
+                if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
+                    c = *fmt++;
+                if (c == '*') {
+                    v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
+                    if (v == NULL)
+                        goto error;
+                    if (!PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                        PyErr_SetString(
+                            PyExc_TypeError,
+                            "* wants int");
+                        goto error;
+                    }
+                    prec = _PyLong_AsInt(v);
+                    if (prec == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+                        goto error;
+                    if (prec < 0)
+                        prec = 0;
+                    if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
+                        c = *fmt++;
+                }
+                else if (c >= 0 && isdigit(c)) {
+                    prec = c - '0';
+                    while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
+                        c = Py_CHARMASK(*fmt++);
+                        if (!isdigit(c))
+                            break;
+                        if (prec > (INT_MAX - ((int)c - '0')) / 10) {
+                            PyErr_SetString(
+                                PyExc_ValueError,
+                                "prec too big");
+                            goto error;
+                        }
+                        prec = prec*10 + (c - '0');
+                    }
+                }
+            } /* prec */
+            if (fmtcnt >= 0) {
+                if (c == 'h' || c == 'l' || c == 'L') {
+                    if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
+                        c = *fmt++;
+                }
+            }
+            if (fmtcnt < 0) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+                                "incomplete format");
+                goto error;
+            }
+            v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
+            if (v == NULL)
+                goto error;
+
+            if (fmtcnt < 0) {
+                /* last writer: disable writer overallocation */
+                writer.overallocate = 0;
+            }
+
+            sign = 0;
+            fill = ' ';
+            switch (c) {
+            case 'r':
+                // %r is only for 2/3 code; 3 only code should use %a
+            case 'a':
+                temp = PyObject_ASCII(v);
+                if (temp == NULL)
+                    goto error;
+                assert(PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(temp));
+                pbuf = (const char *)PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(temp);
+                len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(temp);
+                if (prec >= 0 && len > prec)
+                    len = prec;
+                break;
+
+            case 's':
+                // %s is only for 2/3 code; 3 only code should use %b
+            case 'b':
+                temp = format_obj(v, &pbuf, &len);
+                if (temp == NULL)
+                    goto error;
+                if (prec >= 0 && len > prec)
+                    len = prec;
+                break;
+
+            case 'i':
+            case 'd':
+            case 'u':
+            case 'o':
+            case 'x':
+            case 'X':
+                if (PyLong_CheckExact(v)
+                    && width == -1 && prec == -1
+                    && !(flags & (F_SIGN | F_BLANK))
+                    && c != 'X')
+                {
+                    /* Fast path */
+                    int alternate = flags & F_ALT;
+                    int base;
+
+                    switch(c)
+                    {
+                        default:
+                            Py_UNREACHABLE();
+                        case 'd':
+                        case 'i':
+                        case 'u':
+                            base = 10;
+                            break;
+                        case 'o':
+                            base = 8;
+                            break;
+                        case 'x':
+                        case 'X':
+                            base = 16;
+                            break;
+                    }
+
+                    /* Fast path */
+                    writer.min_size -= 2; /* size preallocated for "%d" */
+                    res = _PyLong_FormatBytesWriter(&writer, res,
+                                                    v, base, alternate);
+                    if (res == NULL)
+                        goto error;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                temp = formatlong(v, flags, prec, c);
+                if (!temp)
+                    goto error;
+                assert(PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(temp));
+                pbuf = (const char *)PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(temp);
+                len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(temp);
+                sign = 1;
+                if (flags & F_ZERO)
+                    fill = '0';
+                break;
+
+            case 'e':
+            case 'E':
+            case 'f':
+            case 'F':
+            case 'g':
+            case 'G':
+                if (width == -1 && prec == -1
+                    && !(flags & (F_SIGN | F_BLANK)))
+                {
+                    /* Fast path */
+                    writer.min_size -= 2; /* size preallocated for "%f" */
+                    res = formatfloat(v, flags, prec, c, NULL, &writer, res);
+                    if (res == NULL)
+                        goto error;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!formatfloat(v, flags, prec, c, &temp, NULL, res))
+                    goto error;
+                pbuf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(temp);
+                len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(temp);
+                sign = 1;
+                if (flags & F_ZERO)
+                    fill = '0';
+                break;
+
+            case 'c':
+                pbuf = &onechar;
+                len = byte_converter(v, &onechar);
+                if (!len)
+                    goto error;
+                if (width == -1) {
+                    /* Fast path */
+                    *res++ = onechar;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                  "unsupported format character '%c' (0x%x) "
+                  "at index %zd",
+                  c, c,
+                  (Py_ssize_t)(fmt - 1 - format));
+                goto error;
+            }
+
+            if (sign) {
+                if (*pbuf == '-' || *pbuf == '+') {
+                    sign = *pbuf++;
+                    len--;
+                }
+                else if (flags & F_SIGN)
+                    sign = '+';
+                else if (flags & F_BLANK)
+                    sign = ' ';
+                else
+                    sign = 0;
+            }
+            if (width < len)
+                width = len;
+
+            alloc = width;
+            if (sign != 0 && len == width)
+                alloc++;
+            /* 2: size preallocated for %s */
+            if (alloc > 2) {
+                res = _PyBytesWriter_Prepare(&writer, res, alloc - 2);
+                if (res == NULL)
+                    goto error;
+            }
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+            before = res;
+#endif
+
+            /* Write the sign if needed */
+            if (sign) {
+                if (fill != ' ')
+                    *res++ = sign;
+                if (width > len)
+                    width--;
+            }
+
+            /* Write the numeric prefix for "x", "X" and "o" formats
+               if the alternate form is used.
+               For example, write "0x" for the "%#x" format. */
+            if ((flags & F_ALT) && (c == 'o' || c == 'x' || c == 'X')) {
+                assert(pbuf[0] == '0');
+                assert(pbuf[1] == c);
+                if (fill != ' ') {
+                    *res++ = *pbuf++;
+                    *res++ = *pbuf++;
+                }
+                width -= 2;
+                if (width < 0)
+                    width = 0;
+                len -= 2;
+            }
+
+            /* Pad left with the fill character if needed */
+            if (width > len && !(flags & F_LJUST)) {
+                memset(res, fill, width - len);
+                res += (width - len);
+                width = len;
+            }
+
+            /* If padding with spaces: write sign if needed and/or numeric
+               prefix if the alternate form is used */
+            if (fill == ' ') {
+                if (sign)
+                    *res++ = sign;
+                if ((flags & F_ALT) && (c == 'o' || c == 'x' || c == 'X')) {
+                    assert(pbuf[0] == '0');
+                    assert(pbuf[1] == c);
+                    *res++ = *pbuf++;
+                    *res++ = *pbuf++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /* Copy bytes */
+            memcpy(res, pbuf, len);
+            res += len;
+
+            /* Pad right with the fill character if needed */
+            if (width > len) {
+                memset(res, ' ', width - len);
+                res += (width - len);
+            }
+
+            if (dict && (argidx < arglen)) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                           "not all arguments converted during bytes formatting");
+                Py_XDECREF(temp);
+                goto error;
+            }
+            Py_XDECREF(temp);
+
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+            /* check that we computed the exact size for this write */
+            assert((res - before) == alloc);
+#endif
+        } /* '%' */
+
+        /* If overallocation was disabled, ensure that it was the last
+           write. Otherwise, we missed an optimization */
+        assert(writer.overallocate || fmtcnt < 0 || use_bytearray);
+    } /* until end */
+
+    if (argidx < arglen && !dict) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "not all arguments converted during bytes formatting");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (args_owned) {
+        Py_DECREF(args);
+    }
+    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, res);
+
+ error:
+    _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
+    if (args_owned) {
+        Py_DECREF(args);
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* =-= */
+
+static void
+bytes_dealloc(PyObject *op)
+{
+    Py_TYPE(op)->tp_free(op);
+}
+
+/* Unescape a backslash-escaped string. If unicode is non-zero,
+   the string is a u-literal. If recode_encoding is non-zero,
+   the string is UTF-8 encoded and should be re-encoded in the
+   specified encoding.  */
+
+static char *
+_PyBytes_DecodeEscapeRecode(const char **s, const char *end,
+                            const char *errors, const char *recode_encoding,
+                            _PyBytesWriter *writer, char *p)
+{
+    PyObject *u, *w;
+    const char* t;
+
+    t = *s;
+    /* Decode non-ASCII bytes as UTF-8. */
+    while (t < end && (*t & 0x80))
+        t++;
+    u = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(*s, t - *s, errors);
+    if (u == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    /* Recode them in target encoding. */
+    w = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(u, recode_encoding, errors);
+    Py_DECREF(u);
+    if  (w == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    assert(PyBytes_Check(w));
+
+    /* Append bytes to output buffer. */
+    writer->min_size--;   /* subtract 1 preallocated byte */
+    p = _PyBytesWriter_WriteBytes(writer, p,
+                                  PyBytes_AS_STRING(w),
+                                  PyBytes_GET_SIZE(w));
+    Py_DECREF(w);
+    if (p == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    *s = t;
+    return p;
+}
+
+PyObject *_PyBytes_DecodeEscape(const char *s,
+                                Py_ssize_t len,
+                                const char *errors,
+                                Py_ssize_t unicode,
+                                const char *recode_encoding,
+                                const char **first_invalid_escape)
+{
+    int c;
+    char *p;
+    const char *end;
+    _PyBytesWriter writer;
+
+    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);
+
+    p = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, len);
+    if (p == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    writer.overallocate = 1;
+
+    *first_invalid_escape = NULL;
+
+    end = s + len;
+    while (s < end) {
+        if (*s != '\\') {
+          non_esc:
+            if (!(recode_encoding && (*s & 0x80))) {
+                *p++ = *s++;
+            }
+            else {
+                /* non-ASCII character and need to recode */
+                p = _PyBytes_DecodeEscapeRecode(&s, end,
+                                                errors, recode_encoding,
+                                                &writer, p);
+                if (p == NULL)
+                    goto failed;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        s++;
+        if (s == end) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+                            "Trailing \\ in string");
+            goto failed;
+        }
+
+        switch (*s++) {
+        /* XXX This assumes ASCII! */
+        case '\n': break;
+        case '\\': *p++ = '\\'; break;
+        case '\'': *p++ = '\''; break;
+        case '\"': *p++ = '\"'; break;
+        case 'b': *p++ = '\b'; break;
+        case 'f': *p++ = '\014'; break; /* FF */
+        case 't': *p++ = '\t'; break;
+        case 'n': *p++ = '\n'; break;
+        case 'r': *p++ = '\r'; break;
+        case 'v': *p++ = '\013'; break; /* VT */
+        case 'a': *p++ = '\007'; break; /* BEL, not classic C */
+        case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
+        case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
+            c = s[-1] - '0';
+            if (s < end && '0' <= *s && *s <= '7') {
+                c = (c<<3) + *s++ - '0';
+                if (s < end && '0' <= *s && *s <= '7')
+                    c = (c<<3) + *s++ - '0';
+            }
+            *p++ = c;
+            break;
+        case 'x':
+            if (s+1 < end) {
+                int digit1, digit2;
+                digit1 = _PyLong_DigitValue[Py_CHARMASK(s[0])];
+                digit2 = _PyLong_DigitValue[Py_CHARMASK(s[1])];
+                if (digit1 < 16 && digit2 < 16) {
+                    *p++ = (unsigned char)((digit1 << 4) + digit2);
+                    s += 2;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            /* invalid hexadecimal digits */
+
+            if (!errors || strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0) {
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                             "invalid \\x escape at position %d",
+                             s - 2 - (end - len));
+                goto failed;
+            }
+            if (strcmp(errors, "replace") == 0) {
+                *p++ = '?';
+            } else if (strcmp(errors, "ignore") == 0)
+                /* do nothing */;
+            else {
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                             "decoding error; unknown "
+                             "error handling code: %.400s",
+                             errors);
+                goto failed;
+            }
+            /* skip \x */
+            if (s < end && Py_ISXDIGIT(s[0]))
+                s++; /* and a hexdigit */
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            if (*first_invalid_escape == NULL) {
+                *first_invalid_escape = s-1; /* Back up one char, since we've
+                                                already incremented s. */
+            }
+            *p++ = '\\';
+            s--;
+            goto non_esc; /* an arbitrary number of unescaped
+                             UTF-8 bytes may follow. */
+        }
+    }
+
+    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, p);
+
+  failed:
+    _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject *PyBytes_DecodeEscape(const char *s,
+                                Py_ssize_t len,
+                                const char *errors,
+                                Py_ssize_t unicode,
+                                const char *recode_encoding)
+{
+    const char* first_invalid_escape;
+    PyObject *result = _PyBytes_DecodeEscape(s, len, errors, unicode,
+                                             recode_encoding,
+                                             &first_invalid_escape);
+    if (result == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (first_invalid_escape != NULL) {
+        if (PyErr_WarnFormat(PyExc_DeprecationWarning, 1,
+                             "invalid escape sequence '\\%c'",
+                             (unsigned char)*first_invalid_escape) < 0) {
+            Py_DECREF(result);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+
+}
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* object api */
+
+Py_ssize_t
+PyBytes_Size(PyObject *op)
+{
+    if (!PyBytes_Check(op)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+             "expected bytes, %.200s found", Py_TYPE(op)->tp_name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return Py_SIZE(op);
+}
+
+char *
+PyBytes_AsString(PyObject *op)
+{
+    if (!PyBytes_Check(op)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+             "expected bytes, %.200s found", Py_TYPE(op)->tp_name);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return ((PyBytesObject *)op)->ob_sval;
+}
+
+int
+PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(PyObject *obj,
+                         char **s,
+                         Py_ssize_t *len)
+{
+    if (s == NULL) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (!PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+             "expected bytes, %.200s found", Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(obj);
+    if (len != NULL)
+        *len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj);
+    else if (strlen(*s) != (size_t)PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+                        "embedded null byte");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* Methods */
+
+#include "stringlib/stringdefs.h"
+
+#include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
+#include "stringlib/count.h"
+#include "stringlib/find.h"
+#include "stringlib/join.h"
+#include "stringlib/partition.h"
+#include "stringlib/split.h"
+#include "stringlib/ctype.h"
+
+#include "stringlib/transmogrify.h"
+
+PyObject *
+PyBytes_Repr(PyObject *obj, int smartquotes)
+{
+    PyBytesObject* op = (PyBytesObject*) obj;
+    Py_ssize_t i, length = Py_SIZE(op);
+    Py_ssize_t newsize, squotes, dquotes;
+    PyObject *v;
+    unsigned char quote, *s, *p;
+
+    /* Compute size of output string */
+    squotes = dquotes = 0;
+    newsize = 3; /* b'' */
+    s = (unsigned char*)op->ob_sval;
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        Py_ssize_t incr = 1;
+        switch(s[i]) {
+        case '\'': squotes++; break;
+        case '"':  dquotes++; break;
+        case '\\': case '\t': case '\n': case '\r':
+            incr = 2; break; /* \C */
+        default:
+            if (s[i] < ' ' || s[i] >= 0x7f)
+                incr = 4; /* \xHH */
+        }
+        if (newsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - incr)
+            goto overflow;
+        newsize += incr;
+    }
+    quote = '\'';
+    if (smartquotes && squotes && !dquotes)
+        quote = '"';
+    if (squotes && quote == '\'') {
+        if (newsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - squotes)
+            goto overflow;
+        newsize += squotes;
+    }
+
+    v = PyUnicode_New(newsize, 127);
+    if (v == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    p = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(v);
+
+    *p++ = 'b', *p++ = quote;
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        unsigned char c = op->ob_sval[i];
+        if (c == quote || c == '\\')
+            *p++ = '\\', *p++ = c;
+        else if (c == '\t')
+            *p++ = '\\', *p++ = 't';
+        else if (c == '\n')
+            *p++ = '\\', *p++ = 'n';
+        else if (c == '\r')
+            *p++ = '\\', *p++ = 'r';
+        else if (c < ' ' || c >= 0x7f) {
+            *p++ = '\\';
+            *p++ = 'x';
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(c & 0xf0) >> 4];
+            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[c & 0xf];
+        }
+        else
+            *p++ = c;
+    }
+    *p++ = quote;
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(v, 1));
+    return v;
+
+  overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                    "bytes object is too large to make repr");
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_repr(PyObject *op)
+{
+    return PyBytes_Repr(op, 1);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_str(PyObject *op)
+{
+    if (Py_BytesWarningFlag) {
+        if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_BytesWarning,
+                         "str() on a bytes instance", 1))
+            return NULL;
+    }
+    return bytes_repr(op);
+}
+
+static Py_ssize_t
+bytes_length(PyBytesObject *a)
+{
+    return Py_SIZE(a);
+}
+
+/* This is also used by PyBytes_Concat() */
+static PyObject *
+bytes_concat(PyObject *a, PyObject *b)
+{
+    Py_buffer va, vb;
+    PyObject *result = NULL;
+
+    va.len = -1;
+    vb.len = -1;
+    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(a, &va, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0 ||
+        PyObject_GetBuffer(b, &vb, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "can't concat %.100s to %.100s",
+                     Py_TYPE(b)->tp_name, Py_TYPE(a)->tp_name);
+        goto done;
+    }
+
+    /* Optimize end cases */
+    if (va.len == 0 && PyBytes_CheckExact(b)) {
+        result = b;
+        Py_INCREF(result);
+        goto done;
+    }
+    if (vb.len == 0 && PyBytes_CheckExact(a)) {
+        result = a;
+        Py_INCREF(result);
+        goto done;
+    }
+
+    if (va.len > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - vb.len) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto done;
+    }
+
+    result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, va.len + vb.len);
+    if (result != NULL) {
+        memcpy(PyBytes_AS_STRING(result), va.buf, va.len);
+        memcpy(PyBytes_AS_STRING(result) + va.len, vb.buf, vb.len);
+    }
+
+  done:
+    if (va.len != -1)
+        PyBuffer_Release(&va);
+    if (vb.len != -1)
+        PyBuffer_Release(&vb);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_repeat(PyBytesObject *a, Py_ssize_t n)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+    Py_ssize_t j;
+    Py_ssize_t size;
+    PyBytesObject *op;
+    size_t nbytes;
+    if (n < 0)
+        n = 0;
+    /* watch out for overflows:  the size can overflow int,
+     * and the # of bytes needed can overflow size_t
+     */
+    if (n > 0 && Py_SIZE(a) > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / n) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+            "repeated bytes are too long");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    size = Py_SIZE(a) * n;
+    if (size == Py_SIZE(a) && PyBytes_CheckExact(a)) {
+        Py_INCREF(a);
+        return (PyObject *)a;
+    }
+    nbytes = (size_t)size;
+    if (nbytes + PyBytesObject_SIZE <= nbytes) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+            "repeated bytes are too long");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    op = (PyBytesObject *)PyObject_MALLOC(PyBytesObject_SIZE + nbytes);
+    if (op == NULL)
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+    (void)PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, &PyBytes_Type, size);
+    op->ob_shash = -1;
+    op->ob_sval[size] = '\0';
+    if (Py_SIZE(a) == 1 && n > 0) {
+        memset(op->ob_sval, a->ob_sval[0] , n);
+        return (PyObject *) op;
+    }
+    i = 0;
+    if (i < size) {
+        memcpy(op->ob_sval, a->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(a));
+        i = Py_SIZE(a);
+    }
+    while (i < size) {
+        j = (i <= size-i)  ?  i  :  size-i;
+        memcpy(op->ob_sval+i, op->ob_sval, j);
+        i += j;
+    }
+    return (PyObject *) op;
+}
+
+static int
+bytes_contains(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg)
+{
+    return _Py_bytes_contains(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), arg);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_item(PyBytesObject *a, Py_ssize_t i)
+{
+    if (i < 0 || i >= Py_SIZE(a)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "index out of range");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return PyLong_FromLong((unsigned char)a->ob_sval[i]);
+}
+
+static int
+bytes_compare_eq(PyBytesObject *a, PyBytesObject *b)
+{
+    int cmp;
+    Py_ssize_t len;
+
+    len = Py_SIZE(a);
+    if (Py_SIZE(b) != len)
+        return 0;
+
+    if (a->ob_sval[0] != b->ob_sval[0])
+        return 0;
+
+    cmp = memcmp(a->ob_sval, b->ob_sval, len);
+    return (cmp == 0);
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+bytes_richcompare(PyBytesObject *a, PyBytesObject *b, int op)
+{
+    int c;
+    Py_ssize_t len_a, len_b;
+    Py_ssize_t min_len;
+    PyObject *result;
+    int rc;
+
+    /* Make sure both arguments are strings. */
+    if (!(PyBytes_Check(a) && PyBytes_Check(b))) {
+        if (Py_BytesWarningFlag && (op == Py_EQ || op == Py_NE)) {
+            rc = PyObject_IsInstance((PyObject*)a,
+                                     (PyObject*)&PyUnicode_Type);
+            if (!rc)
+                rc = PyObject_IsInstance((PyObject*)b,
+                                         (PyObject*)&PyUnicode_Type);
+            if (rc < 0)
+                return NULL;
+            if (rc) {
+                if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_BytesWarning,
+                                 "Comparison between bytes and string", 1))
+                    return NULL;
+            }
+            else {
+                rc = PyObject_IsInstance((PyObject*)a,
+                                         (PyObject*)&PyLong_Type);
+                if (!rc)
+                    rc = PyObject_IsInstance((PyObject*)b,
+                                             (PyObject*)&PyLong_Type);
+                if (rc < 0)
+                    return NULL;
+                if (rc) {
+                    if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_BytesWarning,
+                                     "Comparison between bytes and int", 1))
+                        return NULL;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        result = Py_NotImplemented;
+    }
+    else if (a == b) {
+        switch (op) {
+        case Py_EQ:
+        case Py_LE:
+        case Py_GE:
+            /* a string is equal to itself */
+            result = Py_True;
+            break;
+        case Py_NE:
+        case Py_LT:
+        case Py_GT:
+            result = Py_False;
+            break;
+        default:
+            PyErr_BadArgument();
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (op == Py_EQ || op == Py_NE) {
+        int eq = bytes_compare_eq(a, b);
+        eq ^= (op == Py_NE);
+        result = eq ? Py_True : Py_False;
+    }
+    else {
+        len_a = Py_SIZE(a);
+        len_b = Py_SIZE(b);
+        min_len = Py_MIN(len_a, len_b);
+        if (min_len > 0) {
+            c = Py_CHARMASK(*a->ob_sval) - Py_CHARMASK(*b->ob_sval);
+            if (c == 0)
+                c = memcmp(a->ob_sval, b->ob_sval, min_len);
+        }
+        else
+            c = 0;
+        if (c == 0)
+            c = (len_a < len_b) ? -1 : (len_a > len_b) ? 1 : 0;
+        switch (op) {
+        case Py_LT: c = c <  0; break;
+        case Py_LE: c = c <= 0; break;
+        case Py_GT: c = c >  0; break;
+        case Py_GE: c = c >= 0; break;
+        default:
+            PyErr_BadArgument();
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        result = c ? Py_True : Py_False;
+    }
+
+    Py_INCREF(result);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static Py_hash_t
+bytes_hash(PyBytesObject *a)
+{
+    if (a->ob_shash == -1) {
+        /* Can't fail */
+        a->ob_shash = _Py_HashBytes(a->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(a));
+    }
+    return a->ob_shash;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+bytes_subscript(PyBytesObject* self, PyObject* item)
+{
+    if (PyIndex_Check(item)) {
+        Py_ssize_t i = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(item, PyExc_IndexError);
+        if (i == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+            return NULL;
+        if (i < 0)
+            i += PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
+        if (i < 0 || i >= PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError,
+                            "index out of range");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        return PyLong_FromLong((unsigned char)self->ob_sval[i]);
+    }
+    else if (PySlice_Check(item)) {
+        Py_ssize_t start, stop, step, slicelength, cur, i;
+        char* source_buf;
+        char* result_buf;
+        PyObject* result;
+
+        if (PySlice_Unpack(item, &start, &stop, &step) < 0) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        slicelength = PySlice_AdjustIndices(PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), &start,
+                                            &stop, step);
+
+        if (slicelength <= 0) {
+            return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+        }
+        else if (start == 0 && step == 1 &&
+                 slicelength == PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self) &&
+                 PyBytes_CheckExact(self)) {
+            Py_INCREF(self);
+            return (PyObject *)self;
+        }
+        else if (step == 1) {
+            return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
+                PyBytes_AS_STRING(self) + start,
+                slicelength);
+        }
+        else {
+            source_buf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
+            result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, slicelength);
+            if (result == NULL)
+                return NULL;
+
+            result_buf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
+            for (cur = start, i = 0; i < slicelength;
+                 cur += step, i++) {
+                result_buf[i] = source_buf[cur];
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                     "byte indices must be integers or slices, not %.200s",
+                     Py_TYPE(item)->tp_name);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+bytes_buffer_getbuffer(PyBytesObject *self, Py_buffer *view, int flags)
+{
+    return PyBuffer_FillInfo(view, (PyObject*)self, (void *)self->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(self),
+                             1, flags);
+}
+
+static PySequenceMethods bytes_as_sequence = {
+    (lenfunc)bytes_length, /*sq_length*/
+    (binaryfunc)bytes_concat, /*sq_concat*/
+    (ssizeargfunc)bytes_repeat, /*sq_repeat*/
+    (ssizeargfunc)bytes_item, /*sq_item*/
+    0,                  /*sq_slice*/
+    0,                  /*sq_ass_item*/
+    0,                  /*sq_ass_slice*/
+    (objobjproc)bytes_contains /*sq_contains*/
+};
+
+static PyMappingMethods bytes_as_mapping = {
+    (lenfunc)bytes_length,
+    (binaryfunc)bytes_subscript,
+    0,
+};
+
+static PyBufferProcs bytes_as_buffer = {
+    (getbufferproc)bytes_buffer_getbuffer,
+    NULL,
+};
+
+
+#define LEFTSTRIP 0
+#define RIGHTSTRIP 1
+#define BOTHSTRIP 2
+
+/*[clinic input]
+bytes.split
+
+    sep: object = None
+        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
+        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
+        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
+    maxsplit: Py_ssize_t = -1
+        Maximum number of splits to do.
+        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
+
+Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_split_impl(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *sep, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=52126b5844c1d8ef input=8b809b39074abbfa]*/
+{
+    Py_ssize_t len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), n;
+    const char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), *sub;
+    Py_buffer vsub;
+    PyObject *list;
+
+    if (maxsplit < 0)
+        maxsplit = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+    if (sep == Py_None)
+        return stringlib_split_whitespace((PyObject*) self, s, len, maxsplit);
+    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(sep, &vsub, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0)
+        return NULL;
+    sub = vsub.buf;
+    n = vsub.len;
+
+    list = stringlib_split((PyObject*) self, s, len, sub, n, maxsplit);
+    PyBuffer_Release(&vsub);
+    return list;
+}
+
+/*[clinic input]
+bytes.partition
+
+    sep: Py_buffer
+    /
+
+Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
+
+This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
+returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
+itself, and the part after it.
+
+If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
+object and two empty bytes objects.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_partition_impl(PyBytesObject *self, Py_buffer *sep)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=f532b392a17ff695 input=61cca95519406099]*/
+{
+    return stringlib_partition(
+        (PyObject*) self,
+        PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self),
+        sep->obj, (const char *)sep->buf, sep->len
+        );
+}
+
+/*[clinic input]
+bytes.rpartition
+
+    sep: Py_buffer
+    /
+
+Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
+
+This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
+the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
+separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
+
+If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
+objects and the original bytes object.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_rpartition_impl(PyBytesObject *self, Py_buffer *sep)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=191b114cbb028e50 input=d78db010c8cfdbe1]*/
+{
+    return stringlib_rpartition(
+        (PyObject*) self,
+        PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self),
+        sep->obj, (const char *)sep->buf, sep->len
+        );
+}
+
+/*[clinic input]
+bytes.rsplit = bytes.split
+
+Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
+
+Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_rsplit_impl(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *sep, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=ba698d9ea01e1c8f input=0f86c9f28f7d7b7b]*/
+{
+    Py_ssize_t len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), n;
+    const char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), *sub;
+    Py_buffer vsub;
+    PyObject *list;
+
+    if (maxsplit < 0)
+        maxsplit = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+    if (sep == Py_None)
+        return stringlib_rsplit_whitespace((PyObject*) self, s, len, maxsplit);
+    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(sep, &vsub, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0)
+        return NULL;
+    sub = vsub.buf;
+    n = vsub.len;
+
+    list = stringlib_rsplit((PyObject*) self, s, len, sub, n, maxsplit);
+    PyBuffer_Release(&vsub);
+    return list;
+}
+
+
+/*[clinic input]
+bytes.join
+
+    iterable_of_bytes: object
+    /
+
+Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
+
+The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
+
+The result is returned as a new bytes object.
+
+Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_join(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *iterable_of_bytes)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=a046f379f626f6f8 input=7fe377b95bd549d2]*/
+{
+    return stringlib_bytes_join((PyObject*)self, iterable_of_bytes);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_PyBytes_Join(PyObject *sep, PyObject *x)
+{
+    assert(sep != NULL && PyBytes_Check(sep));
+    assert(x != NULL);
+    return bytes_join((PyBytesObject*)sep, x);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_find(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    return _Py_bytes_find(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), args);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_index(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    return _Py_bytes_index(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), args);
+}
+
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_rfind(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    return _Py_bytes_rfind(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), args);
+}
+
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_rindex(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    return _Py_bytes_rindex(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), args);
+}
+
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
+do_xstrip(PyBytesObject *self, int striptype, PyObject *sepobj)
+{
+    Py_buffer vsep;
+    char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
+    Py_ssize_t len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
+    char *sep;
+    Py_ssize_t seplen;
+    Py_ssize_t i, j;
+
+    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(sepobj, &vsep, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0)
+        return NULL;
+    sep = vsep.buf;
+    seplen = vsep.len;
+
+    i = 0;
+    if (striptype != RIGHTSTRIP) {
+        while (i < len && memchr(sep, Py_CHARMASK(s[i]), seplen)) {
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    j = len;
+    if (striptype != LEFTSTRIP) {
+        do {
+            j--;
+        } while (j >= i && memchr(sep, Py_CHARMASK(s[j]), seplen));
+        j++;
+    }
+
+    PyBuffer_Release(&vsep);
+
+    if (i == 0 && j == len && PyBytes_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_INCREF(self);
+        return (PyObject*)self;
+    }
+    else
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(s+i, j-i);
+}
+
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
+do_strip(PyBytesObject *self, int striptype)
+{
+    char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
+    Py_ssize_t len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), i, j;
+
+    i = 0;
+    if (striptype != RIGHTSTRIP) {
+        while (i < len && Py_ISSPACE(s[i])) {
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    j = len;
+    if (striptype != LEFTSTRIP) {
+        do {
+            j--;
+        } while (j >= i && Py_ISSPACE(s[j]));
+        j++;
+    }
+
+    if (i == 0 && j == len && PyBytes_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_INCREF(self);
+        return (PyObject*)self;
+    }
+    else
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(s+i, j-i);
+}
+
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
+do_argstrip(PyBytesObject *self, int striptype, PyObject *bytes)
+{
+    if (bytes != NULL && bytes != Py_None) {
+        return do_xstrip(self, striptype, bytes);
+    }
+    return do_strip(self, striptype);
+}
+
+/*[clinic input]
+bytes.strip
+
+    bytes: object = None
+    /
+
+Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
+
+If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_strip_impl(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *bytes)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=c7c228d3bd104a1b input=8a354640e4e0b3ef]*/
+{
+    return do_argstrip(self, BOTHSTRIP, bytes);
+}
+
+/*[clinic input]
+bytes.lstrip
+
+    bytes: object = None
+    /
+
+Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
+
+If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_lstrip_impl(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *bytes)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=28602e586f524e82 input=9baff4398c3f6857]*/
+{
+    return do_argstrip(self, LEFTSTRIP, bytes);
+}
+
+/*[clinic input]
+bytes.rstrip
+
+    bytes: object = None
+    /
+
+Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
+
+If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_rstrip_impl(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *bytes)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=547e3815c95447da input=b78af445c727e32b]*/
+{
+    return do_argstrip(self, RIGHTSTRIP, bytes);
+}
+
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_count(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    return _Py_bytes_count(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), args);
+}
+
+
+/*[clinic input]
+bytes.translate
+
+    table: object
+        Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
+    /
+    delete as deletechars: object(c_default="NULL") = b''
+
+Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
+
+All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
+The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_translate_impl(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *table,
+                     PyObject *deletechars)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=43be3437f1956211 input=0ecdf159f654233c]*/
+{
+    char *input, *output;
+    Py_buffer table_view = {NULL, NULL};
+    Py_buffer del_table_view = {NULL, NULL};
+    const char *table_chars;
+    Py_ssize_t i, c, changed = 0;
+    PyObject *input_obj = (PyObject*)self;
+    const char *output_start, *del_table_chars=NULL;
+    Py_ssize_t inlen, tablen, dellen = 0;
+    PyObject *result;
+    int trans_table[256];
+
+    if (PyBytes_Check(table)) {
+        table_chars = PyBytes_AS_STRING(table);
+        tablen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(table);
+    }
+    else if (table == Py_None) {
+        table_chars = NULL;
+        tablen = 256;
+    }
+    else {
+        if (PyObject_GetBuffer(table, &table_view, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0)
+            return NULL;
+        table_chars = table_view.buf;
+        tablen = table_view.len;
+    }
+
+    if (tablen != 256) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+          "translation table must be 256 characters long");
+        PyBuffer_Release(&table_view);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (deletechars != NULL) {
+        if (PyBytes_Check(deletechars)) {
+            del_table_chars = PyBytes_AS_STRING(deletechars);
+            dellen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(deletechars);
+        }
+        else {
+            if (PyObject_GetBuffer(deletechars, &del_table_view, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0) {
+                PyBuffer_Release(&table_view);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            del_table_chars = del_table_view.buf;
+            dellen = del_table_view.len;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        del_table_chars = NULL;
+        dellen = 0;
+    }
+
+    inlen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(input_obj);
+    result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, inlen);
+    if (result == NULL) {
+        PyBuffer_Release(&del_table_view);
+        PyBuffer_Release(&table_view);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    output_start = output = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
+    input = PyBytes_AS_STRING(input_obj);
+
+    if (dellen == 0 && table_chars != NULL) {
+        /* If no deletions are required, use faster code */
+        for (i = inlen; --i >= 0; ) {
+            c = Py_CHARMASK(*input++);
+            if (Py_CHARMASK((*output++ = table_chars[c])) != c)
+                changed = 1;
+        }
+        if (!changed && PyBytes_CheckExact(input_obj)) {
+            Py_INCREF(input_obj);
+            Py_DECREF(result);
+            result = input_obj;
+        }
+        PyBuffer_Release(&del_table_view);
+        PyBuffer_Release(&table_view);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    if (table_chars == NULL) {
+        for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
+            trans_table[i] = Py_CHARMASK(i);
+    } else {
+        for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
+            trans_table[i] = Py_CHARMASK(table_chars[i]);
+    }
+    PyBuffer_Release(&table_view);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < dellen; i++)
+        trans_table[(int) Py_CHARMASK(del_table_chars[i])] = -1;
+    PyBuffer_Release(&del_table_view);
+
+    for (i = inlen; --i >= 0; ) {
+        c = Py_CHARMASK(*input++);
+        if (trans_table[c] != -1)
+            if (Py_CHARMASK(*output++ = (char)trans_table[c]) == c)
+                continue;
+        changed = 1;
+    }
+    if (!changed && PyBytes_CheckExact(input_obj)) {
+        Py_DECREF(result);
+        Py_INCREF(input_obj);
+        return input_obj;
+    }
+    /* Fix the size of the resulting string */
+    if (inlen > 0)
+        _PyBytes_Resize(&result, output - output_start);
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/*[clinic input]
+
+@staticmethod
+bytes.maketrans
+
+    frm: Py_buffer
+    to: Py_buffer
+    /
+
+Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
+
+The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
+the same position in to.
+
+The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_maketrans_impl(Py_buffer *frm, Py_buffer *to)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=a36f6399d4b77f6f input=de7a8fc5632bb8f1]*/
+{
+    return _Py_bytes_maketrans(frm, to);
+}
+
+
+/*[clinic input]
+bytes.replace
+
+    old: Py_buffer
+    new: Py_buffer
+    count: Py_ssize_t = -1
+        Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
+        -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
+    /
+
+Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
+
+If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
+replaced.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_replace_impl(PyBytesObject *self, Py_buffer *old, Py_buffer *new,
+                   Py_ssize_t count)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=994fa588b6b9c104 input=b2fbbf0bf04de8e5]*/
+{
+    return stringlib_replace((PyObject *)self,
+                             (const char *)old->buf, old->len,
+                             (const char *)new->buf, new->len, count);
+}
+
+/** End DALKE **/
+
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_startswith(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    return _Py_bytes_startswith(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), args);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_endswith(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    return _Py_bytes_endswith(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), args);
+}
+
+
+/*[clinic input]
+bytes.decode
+
+    encoding: str(c_default="NULL") = 'utf-8'
+        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
+    errors: str(c_default="NULL") = 'strict'
+        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
+        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
+        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
+        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
+        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
+
+Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_decode_impl(PyBytesObject *self, const char *encoding,
+                  const char *errors)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=5649a53dde27b314 input=958174769d2a40ca]*/
+{
+    return PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject((PyObject*)self, encoding, errors);
+}
+
+
+/*[clinic input]
+bytes.splitlines
+
+    keepends: bool(accept={int}) = False
+
+Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
+
+Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
+true.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_splitlines_impl(PyBytesObject *self, int keepends)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=3484149a5d880ffb input=a8b32eb01ff5a5ed]*/
+{
+    return stringlib_splitlines(
+        (PyObject*) self, PyBytes_AS_STRING(self),
+        PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), keepends
+        );
+}
+
+/*[clinic input]
+@classmethod
+bytes.fromhex
+
+    string: unicode
+    /
+
+Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
+
+Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
+Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_fromhex_impl(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *string)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=0973acc63661bb2e input=bf4d1c361670acd3]*/
+{
+    PyObject *result = _PyBytes_FromHex(string, 0);
+    if (type != &PyBytes_Type && result != NULL) {
+        Py_SETREF(result, PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs((PyObject *)type,
+                                                       result, NULL));
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+PyObject*
+_PyBytes_FromHex(PyObject *string, int use_bytearray)
+{
+    char *buf;
+    Py_ssize_t hexlen, invalid_char;
+    unsigned int top, bot;
+    Py_UCS1 *str, *end;
+    _PyBytesWriter writer;
+
+    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);
+    writer.use_bytearray = use_bytearray;
+
+    assert(PyUnicode_Check(string));
+    if (PyUnicode_READY(string))
+        return NULL;
+    hexlen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string);
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(string)) {
+        void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(string);
+        unsigned int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(string);
+        Py_ssize_t i;
+
+        /* search for the first non-ASCII character */
+        for (i = 0; i < hexlen; i++) {
+            if (PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i) >= 128)
+                break;
+        }
+        invalid_char = i;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    assert(PyUnicode_KIND(string) == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
+    str = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(string);
+
+    /* This overestimates if there are spaces */
+    buf = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, hexlen / 2);
+    if (buf == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    end = str + hexlen;
+    while (str < end) {
+        /* skip over spaces in the input */
+        if (Py_ISSPACE(*str)) {
+            do {
+                str++;
+            } while (Py_ISSPACE(*str));
+            if (str >= end)
+                break;
+        }
+
+        top = _PyLong_DigitValue[*str];
+        if (top >= 16) {
+            invalid_char = str - PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(string);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        str++;
+
+        bot = _PyLong_DigitValue[*str];
+        if (bot >= 16) {
+            invalid_char = str - PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(string);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        str++;
+
+        *buf++ = (unsigned char)((top << 4) + bot);
+    }
+
+    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, buf);
+
+  error:
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                 "non-hexadecimal number found in "
+                 "fromhex() arg at position %zd", invalid_char);
+    _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(hex__doc__,
+"B.hex() -> string\n\
+\n\
+Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.\n\
+Example: b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.hex() -> 'b901ef'.");
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_hex(PyBytesObject *self)
+{
+    char* argbuf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
+    Py_ssize_t arglen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
+    return _Py_strhex(argbuf, arglen);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_getnewargs(PyBytesObject *v)
+{
+    return Py_BuildValue("(y#)", v->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(v));
+}
+
+
+static PyMethodDef
+bytes_methods[] = {
+    {"__getnewargs__",          (PyCFunction)bytes_getnewargs,  METH_NOARGS},
+    {"capitalize", (PyCFunction)stringlib_capitalize, METH_NOARGS,
+     _Py_capitalize__doc__},
+    {"center", (PyCFunction)stringlib_center, METH_VARARGS,
+     _Py_center__doc__},
+    {"count", (PyCFunction)bytes_count, METH_VARARGS,
+     _Py_count__doc__},
+    BYTES_DECODE_METHODDEF
+    {"endswith", (PyCFunction)bytes_endswith, METH_VARARGS,
+     _Py_endswith__doc__},
+    {"expandtabs", (PyCFunction)stringlib_expandtabs, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
+     _Py_expandtabs__doc__},
+    {"find", (PyCFunction)bytes_find, METH_VARARGS,
+     _Py_find__doc__},
+    BYTES_FROMHEX_METHODDEF
+    {"hex", (PyCFunction)bytes_hex, METH_NOARGS, hex__doc__},
+    {"index", (PyCFunction)bytes_index, METH_VARARGS, _Py_index__doc__},
+    {"isalnum", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isalnum, METH_NOARGS,
+     _Py_isalnum__doc__},
+    {"isalpha", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isalpha, METH_NOARGS,
+     _Py_isalpha__doc__},
+    {"isdigit", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isdigit, METH_NOARGS,
+     _Py_isdigit__doc__},
+    {"islower", (PyCFunction)stringlib_islower, METH_NOARGS,
+     _Py_islower__doc__},
+    {"isspace", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isspace, METH_NOARGS,
+     _Py_isspace__doc__},
+    {"istitle", (PyCFunction)stringlib_istitle, METH_NOARGS,
+     _Py_istitle__doc__},
+    {"isupper", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isupper, METH_NOARGS,
+     _Py_isupper__doc__},
+    BYTES_JOIN_METHODDEF
+    {"ljust", (PyCFunction)stringlib_ljust, METH_VARARGS, _Py_ljust__doc__},
+    {"lower", (PyCFunction)stringlib_lower, METH_NOARGS, _Py_lower__doc__},
+    BYTES_LSTRIP_METHODDEF
+    BYTES_MAKETRANS_METHODDEF
+    BYTES_PARTITION_METHODDEF
+    BYTES_REPLACE_METHODDEF
+    {"rfind", (PyCFunction)bytes_rfind, METH_VARARGS, _Py_rfind__doc__},
+    {"rindex", (PyCFunction)bytes_rindex, METH_VARARGS, _Py_rindex__doc__},
+    {"rjust", (PyCFunction)stringlib_rjust, METH_VARARGS, _Py_rjust__doc__},
+    BYTES_RPARTITION_METHODDEF
+    BYTES_RSPLIT_METHODDEF
+    BYTES_RSTRIP_METHODDEF
+    BYTES_SPLIT_METHODDEF
+    BYTES_SPLITLINES_METHODDEF
+    {"startswith", (PyCFunction)bytes_startswith, METH_VARARGS,
+     _Py_startswith__doc__},
+    BYTES_STRIP_METHODDEF
+    {"swapcase", (PyCFunction)stringlib_swapcase, METH_NOARGS,
+     _Py_swapcase__doc__},
+    {"title", (PyCFunction)stringlib_title, METH_NOARGS, _Py_title__doc__},
+    BYTES_TRANSLATE_METHODDEF
+    {"upper", (PyCFunction)stringlib_upper, METH_NOARGS, _Py_upper__doc__},
+    {"zfill", (PyCFunction)stringlib_zfill, METH_VARARGS, _Py_zfill__doc__},
+    {NULL,     NULL}                         /* sentinel */
+};
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_mod(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg)
+{
+    if (!PyBytes_Check(self)) {
+        Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED;
+    }
+    return _PyBytes_FormatEx(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self),
+                             arg, 0);
+}
+
+static PyNumberMethods bytes_as_number = {
+    0,              /*nb_add*/
+    0,              /*nb_subtract*/
+    0,              /*nb_multiply*/
+    bytes_mod,      /*nb_remainder*/
+};
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_subtype_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds);
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    PyObject *x = NULL;
+    const char *encoding = NULL;
+    const char *errors = NULL;
+    PyObject *new = NULL;
+    PyObject *func;
+    Py_ssize_t size;
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"source", "encoding", "errors", 0};
+    _Py_IDENTIFIER(__bytes__);
+
+    if (type != &PyBytes_Type)
+        return bytes_subtype_new(type, args, kwds);
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|Oss:bytes", kwlist, &x,
+                                     &encoding, &errors))
+        return NULL;
+    if (x == NULL) {
+        if (encoding != NULL || errors != NULL) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                            "encoding or errors without sequence "
+                            "argument");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
+    }
+
+    if (encoding != NULL) {
+        /* Encode via the codec registry */
+        if (!PyUnicode_Check(x)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                            "encoding without a string argument");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        new = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(x, encoding, errors);
+        if (new == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        assert(PyBytes_Check(new));
+        return new;
+    }
+
+    if (errors != NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        PyUnicode_Check(x) ?
+                        "string argument without an encoding" :
+                        "errors without a string argument");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* We'd like to call PyObject_Bytes here, but we need to check for an
+       integer argument before deferring to PyBytes_FromObject, something
+       PyObject_Bytes doesn't do. */
+    func = _PyObject_LookupSpecial(x, &PyId___bytes__);
+    if (func != NULL) {
+        new = _PyObject_CallNoArg(func);
+        Py_DECREF(func);
+        if (new == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        if (!PyBytes_Check(new)) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                         "__bytes__ returned non-bytes (type %.200s)",
+                         Py_TYPE(new)->tp_name);
+            Py_DECREF(new);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        return new;
+    }
+    else if (PyErr_Occurred())
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyUnicode_Check(x)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "string argument without an encoding");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    /* Is it an integer? */
+    if (PyIndex_Check(x)) {
+        size = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(x, PyExc_OverflowError);
+        if (size == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_OverflowError))
+                return NULL;
+            PyErr_Clear();  /* fall through */
+        }
+        else {
+            if (size < 0) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "negative count");
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            new = _PyBytes_FromSize(size, 1);
+            if (new == NULL)
+                return NULL;
+            return new;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return PyBytes_FromObject(x);
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+_PyBytes_FromBuffer(PyObject *x)
+{
+    PyObject *new;
+    Py_buffer view;
+
+    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(x, &view, PyBUF_FULL_RO) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    new = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, view.len);
+    if (!new)
+        goto fail;
+    if (PyBuffer_ToContiguous(((PyBytesObject *)new)->ob_sval,
+                &view, view.len, 'C') < 0)
+        goto fail;
+    PyBuffer_Release(&view);
+    return new;
+
+fail:
+    Py_XDECREF(new);
+    PyBuffer_Release(&view);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+#define _PyBytes_FROM_LIST_BODY(x, GET_ITEM)                                \
+    do {                                                                    \
+        PyObject *bytes;                                                    \
+        Py_ssize_t i;                                                       \
+        Py_ssize_t value;                                                   \
+        char *str;                                                          \
+        PyObject *item;                                                     \
+                                                                            \
+        bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, Py_SIZE(x));                \
+        if (bytes == NULL)                                                  \
+            return NULL;                                                    \
+        str = ((PyBytesObject *)bytes)->ob_sval;                            \
+                                                                            \
+        for (i = 0; i < Py_SIZE(x); i++) {                                  \
+            item = GET_ITEM((x), i);                                        \
+            value = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(item, NULL);                         \
+            if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())                            \
+                goto error;                                                 \
+                                                                            \
+            if (value < 0 || value >= 256) {                                \
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,                           \
+                                "bytes must be in range(0, 256)");          \
+                goto error;                                                 \
+            }                                                               \
+            *str++ = (char) value;                                          \
+        }                                                                   \
+        return bytes;                                                       \
+                                                                            \
+    error:                                                                  \
+        Py_DECREF(bytes);                                                   \
+        return NULL;                                                        \
+    } while (0)
+
+static PyObject*
+_PyBytes_FromList(PyObject *x)
+{
+    _PyBytes_FROM_LIST_BODY(x, PyList_GET_ITEM);
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+_PyBytes_FromTuple(PyObject *x)
+{
+    _PyBytes_FROM_LIST_BODY(x, PyTuple_GET_ITEM);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+_PyBytes_FromIterator(PyObject *it, PyObject *x)
+{
+    char *str;
+    Py_ssize_t i, size;
+    _PyBytesWriter writer;
+
+    /* For iterator version, create a string object and resize as needed */
+    size = PyObject_LengthHint(x, 64);
+    if (size == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+        return NULL;
+
+    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);
+    str = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, size);
+    if (str == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    writer.overallocate = 1;
+    size = writer.allocated;
+
+    /* Run the iterator to exhaustion */
+    for (i = 0; ; i++) {
+        PyObject *item;
+        Py_ssize_t value;
+
+        /* Get the next item */
+        item = PyIter_Next(it);
+        if (item == NULL) {
+            if (PyErr_Occurred())
+                goto error;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        /* Interpret it as an int (__index__) */
+        value = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(item, NULL);
+        Py_DECREF(item);
+        if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+            goto error;
+
+        /* Range check */
+        if (value < 0 || value >= 256) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+                            "bytes must be in range(0, 256)");
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        /* Append the byte */
+        if (i >= size) {
+            str = _PyBytesWriter_Resize(&writer, str, size+1);
+            if (str == NULL)
+                return NULL;
+            size = writer.allocated;
+        }
+        *str++ = (char) value;
+    }
+
+    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, str);
+
+  error:
+    _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyBytes_FromObject(PyObject *x)
+{
+    PyObject *it, *result;
+
+    if (x == NULL) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (PyBytes_CheckExact(x)) {
+        Py_INCREF(x);
+        return x;
+    }
+
+    /* Use the modern buffer interface */
+    if (PyObject_CheckBuffer(x))
+        return _PyBytes_FromBuffer(x);
+
+    if (PyList_CheckExact(x))
+        return _PyBytes_FromList(x);
+
+    if (PyTuple_CheckExact(x))
+        return _PyBytes_FromTuple(x);
+
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(x)) {
+        it = PyObject_GetIter(x);
+        if (it != NULL) {
+            result = _PyBytes_FromIterator(it, x);
+            Py_DECREF(it);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                 "cannot convert '%.200s' object to bytes",
+                 x->ob_type->tp_name);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_subtype_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    PyObject *tmp, *pnew;
+    Py_ssize_t n;
+
+    assert(PyType_IsSubtype(type, &PyBytes_Type));
+    tmp = bytes_new(&PyBytes_Type, args, kwds);
+    if (tmp == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    assert(PyBytes_Check(tmp));
+    n = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(tmp);
+    pnew = type->tp_alloc(type, n);
+    if (pnew != NULL) {
+        memcpy(PyBytes_AS_STRING(pnew),
+                  PyBytes_AS_STRING(tmp), n+1);
+        ((PyBytesObject *)pnew)->ob_shash =
+            ((PyBytesObject *)tmp)->ob_shash;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+    return pnew;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(bytes_doc,
+"bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes\n\
+bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes\n\
+bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer\n\
+bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes\n\
+bytes() -> empty bytes object\n\
+\n\
+Construct an immutable array of bytes from:\n\
+  - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)\n\
+  - a text string encoded using the specified encoding\n\
+  - any object implementing the buffer API.\n\
+  - an integer");
+
+static PyObject *bytes_iter(PyObject *seq);
+
+PyTypeObject PyBytes_Type = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
+    "bytes",
+    PyBytesObject_SIZE,
+    sizeof(char),
+    bytes_dealloc,                      /* tp_dealloc */
+    0,                                          /* tp_print */
+    0,                                          /* tp_getattr */
+    0,                                          /* tp_setattr */
+    0,                                          /* tp_reserved */
+    (reprfunc)bytes_repr,                       /* tp_repr */
+    &bytes_as_number,                           /* tp_as_number */
+    &bytes_as_sequence,                         /* tp_as_sequence */
+    &bytes_as_mapping,                          /* tp_as_mapping */
+    (hashfunc)bytes_hash,                       /* tp_hash */
+    0,                                          /* tp_call */
+    bytes_str,                                  /* tp_str */
+    PyObject_GenericGetAttr,                    /* tp_getattro */
+    0,                                          /* tp_setattro */
+    &bytes_as_buffer,                           /* tp_as_buffer */
+    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE |
+        Py_TPFLAGS_BYTES_SUBCLASS,              /* tp_flags */
+    bytes_doc,                                  /* tp_doc */
+    0,                                          /* tp_traverse */
+    0,                                          /* tp_clear */
+    (richcmpfunc)bytes_richcompare,             /* tp_richcompare */
+    0,                                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */
+    bytes_iter,                                 /* tp_iter */
+    0,                                          /* tp_iternext */
+    bytes_methods,                              /* tp_methods */
+    0,                                          /* tp_members */
+    0,                                          /* tp_getset */
+    &PyBaseObject_Type,                         /* tp_base */
+    0,                                          /* tp_dict */
+    0,                                          /* tp_descr_get */
+    0,                                          /* tp_descr_set */
+    0,                                          /* tp_dictoffset */
+    0,                                          /* tp_init */
+    0,                                          /* tp_alloc */
+    bytes_new,                                  /* tp_new */
+    PyObject_Del,                               /* tp_free */
+};
+
+void
+PyBytes_Concat(PyObject **pv, PyObject *w)
+{
+    assert(pv != NULL);
+    if (*pv == NULL)
+        return;
+    if (w == NULL) {
+        Py_CLEAR(*pv);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (Py_REFCNT(*pv) == 1 && PyBytes_CheckExact(*pv)) {
+        /* Only one reference, so we can resize in place */
+        Py_ssize_t oldsize;
+        Py_buffer wb;
+
+        wb.len = -1;
+        if (PyObject_GetBuffer(w, &wb, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "can't concat %.100s to %.100s",
+                         Py_TYPE(w)->tp_name, Py_TYPE(*pv)->tp_name);
+            Py_CLEAR(*pv);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        oldsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(*pv);
+        if (oldsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - wb.len) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            goto error;
+        }
+        if (_PyBytes_Resize(pv, oldsize + wb.len) < 0)
+            goto error;
+
+        memcpy(PyBytes_AS_STRING(*pv) + oldsize, wb.buf, wb.len);
+        PyBuffer_Release(&wb);
+        return;
+
+      error:
+        PyBuffer_Release(&wb);
+        Py_CLEAR(*pv);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    else {
+        /* Multiple references, need to create new object */
+        PyObject *v;
+        v = bytes_concat(*pv, w);
+        Py_SETREF(*pv, v);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+PyBytes_ConcatAndDel(PyObject **pv, PyObject *w)
+{
+    PyBytes_Concat(pv, w);
+    Py_XDECREF(w);
+}
+
+
+/* The following function breaks the notion that bytes are immutable:
+   it changes the size of a bytes object.  We get away with this only if there
+   is only one module referencing the object.  You can also think of it
+   as creating a new bytes object and destroying the old one, only
+   more efficiently.  In any case, don't use this if the bytes object may
+   already be known to some other part of the code...
+   Note that if there's not enough memory to resize the bytes object, the
+   original bytes object at *pv is deallocated, *pv is set to NULL, an "out of
+   memory" exception is set, and -1 is returned.  Else (on success) 0 is
+   returned, and the value in *pv may or may not be the same as on input.
+   As always, an extra byte is allocated for a trailing \0 byte (newsize
+   does *not* include that), and a trailing \0 byte is stored.
+*/
+
+int
+_PyBytes_Resize(PyObject **pv, Py_ssize_t newsize)
+{
+    PyObject *v;
+    PyBytesObject *sv;
+    v = *pv;
+    if (!PyBytes_Check(v) || newsize < 0) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    if (Py_SIZE(v) == newsize) {
+        /* return early if newsize equals to v->ob_size */
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (Py_REFCNT(v) != 1) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    /* XXX UNREF/NEWREF interface should be more symmetrical */
+    _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
+    _Py_ForgetReference(v);
+    *pv = (PyObject *)
+        PyObject_REALLOC(v, PyBytesObject_SIZE + newsize);
+    if (*pv == NULL) {
+        PyObject_Del(v);
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return -1;
+    }
+    _Py_NewReference(*pv);
+    sv = (PyBytesObject *) *pv;
+    Py_SIZE(sv) = newsize;
+    sv->ob_sval[newsize] = '\0';
+    sv->ob_shash = -1;          /* invalidate cached hash value */
+    return 0;
+error:
+    *pv = 0;
+    Py_DECREF(v);
+    PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+    return -1;
+}
+
+void
+PyBytes_Fini(void)
+{
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < UCHAR_MAX + 1; i++)
+        Py_CLEAR(characters[i]);
+    Py_CLEAR(nullstring);
+}
+
+/*********************** Bytes Iterator ****************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    Py_ssize_t it_index;
+    PyBytesObject *it_seq; /* Set to NULL when iterator is exhausted */
+} striterobject;
+
+static void
+striter_dealloc(striterobject *it)
+{
+    _PyObject_GC_UNTRACK(it);
+    Py_XDECREF(it->it_seq);
+    PyObject_GC_Del(it);
+}
+
+static int
+striter_traverse(striterobject *it, visitproc visit, void *arg)
+{
+    Py_VISIT(it->it_seq);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+striter_next(striterobject *it)
+{
+    PyBytesObject *seq;
+    PyObject *item;
+
+    assert(it != NULL);
+    seq = it->it_seq;
+    if (seq == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    assert(PyBytes_Check(seq));
+
+    if (it->it_index < PyBytes_GET_SIZE(seq)) {
+        item = PyLong_FromLong(
+            (unsigned char)seq->ob_sval[it->it_index]);
+        if (item != NULL)
+            ++it->it_index;
+        return item;
+    }
+
+    it->it_seq = NULL;
+    Py_DECREF(seq);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+striter_len(striterobject *it)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t len = 0;
+    if (it->it_seq)
+        len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(it->it_seq) - it->it_index;
+    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(len);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(length_hint_doc,
+             "Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)).");
+
+static PyObject *
+striter_reduce(striterobject *it)
+{
+    if (it->it_seq != NULL) {
+        return Py_BuildValue("N(O)n", _PyObject_GetBuiltin("iter"),
+                             it->it_seq, it->it_index);
+    } else {
+        return Py_BuildValue("N(())", _PyObject_GetBuiltin("iter"));
+    }
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(reduce_doc, "Return state information for pickling.");
+
+static PyObject *
+striter_setstate(striterobject *it, PyObject *state)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t index = PyLong_AsSsize_t(state);
+    if (index == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+        return NULL;
+    if (it->it_seq != NULL) {
+        if (index < 0)
+            index = 0;
+        else if (index > PyBytes_GET_SIZE(it->it_seq))
+            index = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(it->it_seq); /* iterator exhausted */
+        it->it_index = index;
+    }
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(setstate_doc, "Set state information for unpickling.");
+
+static PyMethodDef striter_methods[] = {
+    {"__length_hint__", (PyCFunction)striter_len, METH_NOARGS,
+     length_hint_doc},
+    {"__reduce__",      (PyCFunction)striter_reduce, METH_NOARGS,
+     reduce_doc},
+    {"__setstate__",    (PyCFunction)striter_setstate, METH_O,
+     setstate_doc},
+    {NULL,              NULL}           /* sentinel */
+};
+
+PyTypeObject PyBytesIter_Type = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
+    "bytes_iterator",                           /* tp_name */
+    sizeof(striterobject),                      /* tp_basicsize */
+    0,                                          /* tp_itemsize */
+    /* methods */
+    (destructor)striter_dealloc,                /* tp_dealloc */
+    0,                                          /* tp_print */
+    0,                                          /* tp_getattr */
+    0,                                          /* tp_setattr */
+    0,                                          /* tp_reserved */
+    0,                                          /* tp_repr */
+    0,                                          /* tp_as_number */
+    0,                                          /* tp_as_sequence */
+    0,                                          /* tp_as_mapping */
+    0,                                          /* tp_hash */
+    0,                                          /* tp_call */
+    0,                                          /* tp_str */
+    PyObject_GenericGetAttr,                    /* tp_getattro */
+    0,                                          /* tp_setattro */
+    0,                                          /* tp_as_buffer */
+    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,/* tp_flags */
+    0,                                          /* tp_doc */
+    (traverseproc)striter_traverse,     /* tp_traverse */
+    0,                                          /* tp_clear */
+    0,                                          /* tp_richcompare */
+    0,                                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */
+    PyObject_SelfIter,                          /* tp_iter */
+    (iternextfunc)striter_next,                 /* tp_iternext */
+    striter_methods,                            /* tp_methods */
+    0,
+};
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_iter(PyObject *seq)
+{
+    striterobject *it;
+
+    if (!PyBytes_Check(seq)) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    it = PyObject_GC_New(striterobject, &PyBytesIter_Type);
+    if (it == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    it->it_index = 0;
+    Py_INCREF(seq);
+    it->it_seq = (PyBytesObject *)seq;
+    _PyObject_GC_TRACK(it);
+    return (PyObject *)it;
+}
+
+
+/* _PyBytesWriter API */
+
+#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
+   /* On Windows, overallocate by 50% is the best factor */
+#  define OVERALLOCATE_FACTOR 2
+#else
+   /* On Linux, overallocate by 25% is the best factor */
+#  define OVERALLOCATE_FACTOR 4
+#endif
+
+void
+_PyBytesWriter_Init(_PyBytesWriter *writer)
+{
+    /* Set all attributes before small_buffer to 0 */
+    memset(writer, 0, offsetof(_PyBytesWriter, small_buffer));
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+    memset(writer->small_buffer, 0xCB, sizeof(writer->small_buffer));
+#endif
+}
+
+void
+_PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(_PyBytesWriter *writer)
+{
+    Py_CLEAR(writer->buffer);
+}
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(char*)
+_PyBytesWriter_AsString(_PyBytesWriter *writer)
+{
+    if (writer->use_small_buffer) {
+        assert(writer->buffer == NULL);
+        return writer->small_buffer;
+    }
+    else if (writer->use_bytearray) {
+        assert(writer->buffer != NULL);
+        return PyByteArray_AS_STRING(writer->buffer);
+    }
+    else {
+        assert(writer->buffer != NULL);
+        return PyBytes_AS_STRING(writer->buffer);
+    }
+}
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_ssize_t)
+_PyBytesWriter_GetSize(_PyBytesWriter *writer, char *str)
+{
+    char *start = _PyBytesWriter_AsString(writer);
+    assert(str != NULL);
+    assert(str >= start);
+    assert(str - start <= writer->allocated);
+    return str - start;
+}
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(void)
+_PyBytesWriter_CheckConsistency(_PyBytesWriter *writer, char *str)
+{
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+    char *start, *end;
+
+    if (writer->use_small_buffer) {
+        assert(writer->buffer == NULL);
+    }
+    else {
+        assert(writer->buffer != NULL);
+        if (writer->use_bytearray)
+            assert(PyByteArray_CheckExact(writer->buffer));
+        else
+            assert(PyBytes_CheckExact(writer->buffer));
+        assert(Py_REFCNT(writer->buffer) == 1);
+    }
+
+    if (writer->use_bytearray) {
+        /* bytearray has its own overallocation algorithm,
+           writer overallocation must be disabled */
+        assert(!writer->overallocate);
+    }
+
+    assert(0 <= writer->allocated);
+    assert(0 <= writer->min_size && writer->min_size <= writer->allocated);
+    /* the last byte must always be null */
+    start = _PyBytesWriter_AsString(writer);
+    assert(start[writer->allocated] == 0);
+
+    end = start + writer->allocated;
+    assert(str != NULL);
+    assert(start <= str && str <= end);
+#endif
+}
+
+void*
+_PyBytesWriter_Resize(_PyBytesWriter *writer, void *str, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t allocated, pos;
+
+    _PyBytesWriter_CheckConsistency(writer, str);
+    assert(writer->allocated < size);
+
+    allocated = size;
+    if (writer->overallocate
+        && allocated <= (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - allocated / OVERALLOCATE_FACTOR)) {
+        /* overallocate to limit the number of realloc() */
+        allocated += allocated / OVERALLOCATE_FACTOR;
+    }
+
+    pos = _PyBytesWriter_GetSize(writer, str);
+    if (!writer->use_small_buffer) {
+        if (writer->use_bytearray) {
+            if (PyByteArray_Resize(writer->buffer, allocated))
+                goto error;
+            /* writer->allocated can be smaller than writer->buffer->ob_alloc,
+               but we cannot use ob_alloc because bytes may need to be moved
+               to use the whole buffer. bytearray uses an internal optimization
+               to avoid moving or copying bytes when bytes are removed at the
+               beginning (ex: del bytearray[:1]). */
+        }
+        else {
+            if (_PyBytes_Resize(&writer->buffer, allocated))
+                goto error;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        /* convert from stack buffer to bytes object buffer */
+        assert(writer->buffer == NULL);
+
+        if (writer->use_bytearray)
+            writer->buffer = PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(NULL, allocated);
+        else
+            writer->buffer = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, allocated);
+        if (writer->buffer == NULL)
+            goto error;
+
+        if (pos != 0) {
+            char *dest;
+            if (writer->use_bytearray)
+                dest = PyByteArray_AS_STRING(writer->buffer);
+            else
+                dest = PyBytes_AS_STRING(writer->buffer);
+            memcpy(dest,
+                      writer->small_buffer,
+                      pos);
+        }
+
+        writer->use_small_buffer = 0;
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+        memset(writer->small_buffer, 0xDB, sizeof(writer->small_buffer));
+#endif
+    }
+    writer->allocated = allocated;
+
+    str = _PyBytesWriter_AsString(writer) + pos;
+    _PyBytesWriter_CheckConsistency(writer, str);
+    return str;
+
+error:
+    _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(writer);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+void*
+_PyBytesWriter_Prepare(_PyBytesWriter *writer, void *str, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t new_min_size;
+
+    _PyBytesWriter_CheckConsistency(writer, str);
+    assert(size >= 0);
+
+    if (size == 0) {
+        /* nothing to do */
+        return str;
+    }
+
+    if (writer->min_size > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - size) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(writer);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    new_min_size = writer->min_size + size;
+
+    if (new_min_size > writer->allocated)
+        str = _PyBytesWriter_Resize(writer, str, new_min_size);
+
+    writer->min_size = new_min_size;
+    return str;
+}
+
+/* Allocate the buffer to write size bytes.
+   Return the pointer to the beginning of buffer data.
+   Raise an exception and return NULL on error. */
+void*
+_PyBytesWriter_Alloc(_PyBytesWriter *writer, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    /* ensure that _PyBytesWriter_Alloc() is only called once */
+    assert(writer->min_size == 0 && writer->buffer == NULL);
+    assert(size >= 0);
+
+    writer->use_small_buffer = 1;
+#ifdef Py_DEBUG
+    writer->allocated = sizeof(writer->small_buffer) - 1;
+    /* In debug mode, don't use the full small buffer because it is less
+       efficient than bytes and bytearray objects to detect buffer underflow
+       and buffer overflow. Use 10 bytes of the small buffer to test also
+       code using the smaller buffer in debug mode.
+
+       Don't modify the _PyBytesWriter structure (use a shorter small buffer)
+       in debug mode to also be able to detect stack overflow when running
+       tests in debug mode. The _PyBytesWriter is large (more than 512 bytes),
+       if Py_EnterRecursiveCall() is not used in deep C callback, we may hit a
+       stack overflow. */
+    writer->allocated = Py_MIN(writer->allocated, 10);
+    /* _PyBytesWriter_CheckConsistency() requires the last byte to be 0,
+       to detect buffer overflow */
+    writer->small_buffer[writer->allocated] = 0;
+#else
+    writer->allocated = sizeof(writer->small_buffer);
+#endif
+    return _PyBytesWriter_Prepare(writer, writer->small_buffer, size);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_PyBytesWriter_Finish(_PyBytesWriter *writer, void *str)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t size;
+    PyObject *result;
+
+    _PyBytesWriter_CheckConsistency(writer, str);
+
+    size = _PyBytesWriter_GetSize(writer, str);
+    if (size == 0 && !writer->use_bytearray) {
+        Py_CLEAR(writer->buffer);
+        /* Get the empty byte string singleton */
+        result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
+    }
+    else if (writer->use_small_buffer) {
+        if (writer->use_bytearray) {
+            result = PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(writer->small_buffer, size);
+        }
+        else {
+            result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(writer->small_buffer, size);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        result = writer->buffer;
+        writer->buffer = NULL;
+
+        if (size != writer->allocated) {
+            if (writer->use_bytearray) {
+                if (PyByteArray_Resize(result, size)) {
+                    Py_DECREF(result);
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                if (_PyBytes_Resize(&result, size)) {
+                    assert(result == NULL);
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+void*
+_PyBytesWriter_WriteBytes(_PyBytesWriter *writer, void *ptr,
+                          const void *bytes, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    char *str = (char *)ptr;
+
+    str = _PyBytesWriter_Prepare(writer, str, size);
+    if (str == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    memcpy(str, bytes, size);
+    str += size;
+
+    return str;
+}