diff --git a/Doc/library/bdb.rst b/Doc/library/bdb.rst
index 4ee2f19..c0c3dc8 100644
--- a/Doc/library/bdb.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/bdb.rst
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
       * ``"exception"``: An exception has occurred.
       * ``"c_call"``: A C function is about to be called.
       * ``"c_return"``: A C function has returned.
-      * ``"c_exception"``: A C function has thrown an exception.
+      * ``"c_exception"``: A C function has raised an exception.
 
       For the Python events, specialized functions (see below) are called.  For
       the C events, no action is taken.
diff --git a/Doc/library/doctest.rst b/Doc/library/doctest.rst
index 5cabc5e..5ca38c4 100644
--- a/Doc/library/doctest.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/doctest.rst
@@ -1768,7 +1768,7 @@
 
 .. exception:: DocTestFailure(test, example, got)
 
-   An exception thrown by :class:`DocTestRunner` to signal that a doctest example's
+   An exception raised by :class:`DocTestRunner` to signal that a doctest example's
    actual output did not match its expected output. The constructor arguments are
    used to initialize the member variables of the same names.
 
@@ -1792,9 +1792,9 @@
 
 .. exception:: UnexpectedException(test, example, exc_info)
 
-   An exception thrown by :class:`DocTestRunner` to signal that a doctest example
-   raised an unexpected exception.  The constructor arguments are used to
-   initialize the member variables of the same names.
+   An exception raised by :class:`DocTestRunner` to signal that a doctest
+   example raised an unexpected exception.  The constructor arguments are used
+   to initialize the member variables of the same names.
 
 :exc:`UnexpectedException` defines the following member variables:
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/email.errors.rst b/Doc/library/email.errors.rst
index 7a0c52a..06598d5 100644
--- a/Doc/library/email.errors.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/email.errors.rst
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 .. exception:: MessageParseError()
 
-   This is the base class for exceptions thrown by the :class:`~email.parser.Parser`
+   This is the base class for exceptions raised by the :class:`~email.parser.Parser`
    class.  It is derived from :exc:`MessageError`.
 
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/functions.rst b/Doc/library/functions.rst
index 1f67369..3b18c9a 100644
--- a/Doc/library/functions.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/functions.rst
@@ -347,6 +347,9 @@
    returns the current global and local dictionary, respectively, which may be
    useful to pass around for use by :func:`eval` or :func:`execfile`.
 
+   See :func:`ast.literal_eval` for a function that can safely evaluate strings
+   with expressions containing only literals.
+
 
 .. function:: execfile(filename[, globals[, locals]])
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/io.rst b/Doc/library/io.rst
index 7ae656e..5d6a697 100644
--- a/Doc/library/io.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/io.rst
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 At the top of the I/O hierarchy is the abstract base class :class:`IOBase`.  It
 defines the basic interface to a stream.  Note, however, that there is no
 separation between reading and writing to streams; implementations are allowed
-to throw an :exc:`IOError` if they do not support a given operation.
+to raise an :exc:`IOError` if they do not support a given operation.
 
 Extending :class:`IOBase` is :class:`RawIOBase` which deals simply with the
 reading and writing of raw bytes to a stream.  :class:`FileIO` subclasses
diff --git a/Doc/library/json.rst b/Doc/library/json.rst
index 095119c..f708052 100644
--- a/Doc/library/json.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/json.rst
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@
    encoders and decoders.  Otherwise, it will be a :exc:`ValueError` to encode
    such floats.
 
-   If *sort_keys* is ``True`` (the default), then the output of dictionaries
+   If *sort_keys* is ``True`` (default ``False``), then the output of dictionaries
    will be sorted by key; this is useful for regression tests to ensure that
    JSON serializations can be compared on a day-to-day basis.
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/linecache.rst b/Doc/library/linecache.rst
index f3d8379..5c1ad86 100644
--- a/Doc/library/linecache.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/linecache.rst
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 .. function:: getline(filename, lineno[, module_globals])
 
-   Get line *lineno* from file named *filename*. This function will never throw an
+   Get line *lineno* from file named *filename*. This function will never raise an
    exception --- it will return ``''`` on errors (the terminating newline character
    will be included for lines that are found).
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/mmap.rst b/Doc/library/mmap.rst
index a6e9bdc..125b34f 100644
--- a/Doc/library/mmap.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/mmap.rst
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@
 
       Copy the *count* bytes starting at offset *src* to the destination index
       *dest*.  If the mmap was created with :const:`ACCESS_READ`, then calls to
-      move will throw a :exc:`TypeError` exception.
+      move will raise a :exc:`TypeError` exception.
 
 
    .. method:: read(num)
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
 
       Resizes the map and the underlying file, if any. If the mmap was created
       with :const:`ACCESS_READ` or :const:`ACCESS_COPY`, resizing the map will
-      throw a :exc:`TypeError` exception.
+      raise a :exc:`TypeError` exception.
 
 
    .. method:: rfind(string[, start[, end]])
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@
       Write the bytes in *string* into memory at the current position of the
       file pointer; the file position is updated to point after the bytes that
       were written. If the mmap was created with :const:`ACCESS_READ`, then
-      writing to it will throw a :exc:`TypeError` exception.
+      writing to it will raise a :exc:`TypeError` exception.
 
 
    .. method:: write_byte(byte)
@@ -242,6 +242,4 @@
       Write the single-character string *byte* into memory at the current
       position of the file pointer; the file position is advanced by ``1``. If
       the mmap was created with :const:`ACCESS_READ`, then writing to it will
-      throw a :exc:`TypeError` exception.
-
-
+      raise a :exc:`TypeError` exception.
diff --git a/Doc/library/multiprocessing.rst b/Doc/library/multiprocessing.rst
index a01ebbd..27b8703 100644
--- a/Doc/library/multiprocessing.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/multiprocessing.rst
@@ -2223,8 +2223,8 @@
 .. literalinclude:: ../includes/mp_synchronize.py
 
 
-An showing how to use queues to feed tasks to a collection of worker process and
-collect the results:
+An example showing how to use queues to feed tasks to a collection of worker
+process and collect the results:
 
 .. literalinclude:: ../includes/mp_workers.py
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/os.rst b/Doc/library/os.rst
index c3f67cb..c9747e3 100644
--- a/Doc/library/os.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/os.rst
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@
 .. function:: getresgid()
 
    Return a tuple (rgid, egid, sgid) denoting the current process's
-   real, effective, and saved user ids.
+   real, effective, and saved group ids.
 
    Availability: Unix.
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/parser.rst b/Doc/library/parser.rst
index b1cbd12..8fba6df 100644
--- a/Doc/library/parser.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/parser.rst
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
    The :func:`expr` function parses the parameter *source* as if it were an input
    to ``compile(source, 'file.py', 'eval')``.  If the parse succeeds, an ST object
    is created to hold the internal parse tree representation, otherwise an
-   appropriate exception is thrown.
+   appropriate exception is raised.
 
 
 .. function:: suite(source)
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
    The :func:`suite` function parses the parameter *source* as if it were an input
    to ``compile(source, 'file.py', 'exec')``.  If the parse succeeds, an ST object
    is created to hold the internal parse tree representation, otherwise an
-   appropriate exception is thrown.
+   appropriate exception is raised.
 
 
 .. function:: sequence2st(sequence)
@@ -139,9 +139,9 @@
    to the Python grammar and all nodes are valid node types in the host version of
    Python, an ST object is created from the internal representation and returned
    to the called.  If there is a problem creating the internal representation, or
-   if the tree cannot be validated, a :exc:`ParserError` exception is thrown.  An
+   if the tree cannot be validated, a :exc:`ParserError` exception is raised.  An
    ST object created this way should not be assumed to compile correctly; normal
-   exceptions thrown by compilation may still be initiated when the ST object is
+   exceptions raised by compilation may still be initiated when the ST object is
    passed to :func:`compilest`.  This may indicate problems not related to syntax
    (such as a :exc:`MemoryError` exception), but may also be due to constructs such
    as the result of parsing ``del f(0)``, which escapes the Python parser but is
@@ -264,8 +264,8 @@
 .. exception:: ParserError
 
    Exception raised when a failure occurs within the parser module.  This is
-   generally produced for validation failures rather than the built in
-   :exc:`SyntaxError` thrown during normal parsing. The exception argument is
+   generally produced for validation failures rather than the built-in
+   :exc:`SyntaxError` raised during normal parsing. The exception argument is
    either a string describing the reason of the failure or a tuple containing a
    sequence causing the failure from a parse tree passed to :func:`sequence2st`
    and an explanatory string.  Calls to :func:`sequence2st` need to be able to
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@
    will only need to be aware of the simple string values.
 
 Note that the functions :func:`compilest`, :func:`expr`, and :func:`suite` may
-throw exceptions which are normally thrown by the parsing and compilation
+raise exceptions which are normally thrown by the parsing and compilation
 process.  These include the built in exceptions :exc:`MemoryError`,
 :exc:`OverflowError`, :exc:`SyntaxError`, and :exc:`SystemError`.  In these
 cases, these exceptions carry all the meaning normally associated with them.
diff --git a/Doc/library/pyexpat.rst b/Doc/library/pyexpat.rst
index 04179a4..4333588 100644
--- a/Doc/library/pyexpat.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/pyexpat.rst
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@
    Called if the XML document hasn't been declared as being a standalone document.
    This happens when there is an external subset or a reference to a parameter
    entity, but the XML declaration does not set standalone to ``yes`` in an XML
-   declaration.  If this handler returns ``0``, then the parser will throw an
+   declaration.  If this handler returns ``0``, then the parser will raise an
    :const:`XML_ERROR_NOT_STANDALONE` error.  If this handler is not set, no
    exception is raised by the parser for this condition.
 
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@
    responsible for creating the sub-parser using
    ``ExternalEntityParserCreate(context)``, initializing it with the appropriate
    callbacks, and parsing the entity.  This handler should return an integer; if it
-   returns ``0``, the parser will throw an
+   returns ``0``, the parser will raise an
    :const:`XML_ERROR_EXTERNAL_ENTITY_HANDLING` error, otherwise parsing will
    continue.
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/smtplib.rst b/Doc/library/smtplib.rst
index c8f4ed1..64369b5 100644
--- a/Doc/library/smtplib.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/smtplib.rst
@@ -298,9 +298,9 @@
    and ESMTP options suppressed.
 
    This method will return normally if the mail is accepted for at least one
-   recipient. Otherwise it will throw an exception.  That is, if this method does
-   not throw an exception, then someone should get your mail. If this method does
-   not throw an exception, it returns a dictionary, with one entry for each
+   recipient. Otherwise it will raise an exception.  That is, if this method does
+   not raise an exception, then someone should get your mail. If this method does
+   not raise an exception, it returns a dictionary, with one entry for each
    recipient that was refused.  Each entry contains a tuple of the SMTP error code
    and the accompanying error message sent by the server.
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/socket.rst b/Doc/library/socket.rst
index 4e893cd..0af8db6 100644
--- a/Doc/library/socket.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/socket.rst
@@ -798,7 +798,9 @@
    Shut down one or both halves of the connection.  If *how* is :const:`SHUT_RD`,
    further receives are disallowed.  If *how* is :const:`SHUT_WR`, further sends
    are disallowed.  If *how* is :const:`SHUT_RDWR`, further sends and receives are
-   disallowed.
+   disallowed.  Depending on the platform, shutting down one half of the connection
+   can also close the opposite half (e.g. on Mac OS X, ``shutdown(SHUT_WR)`` does
+   not allow further reads on the other end of the connection).
 
 Note that there are no methods :meth:`read` or :meth:`write`; use
 :meth:`~socket.recv` and :meth:`~socket.send` without *flags* argument instead.
diff --git a/Doc/library/string.rst b/Doc/library/string.rst
index 2cf8d01..84a2b9d 100644
--- a/Doc/library/string.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/string.rst
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
       the format string (integers for positional arguments, and strings for
       named arguments), and a reference to the *args* and *kwargs* that was
       passed to vformat.  The set of unused args can be calculated from these
-      parameters.  :meth:`check_unused_args` is assumed to throw an exception if
+      parameters.  :meth:`check_unused_args` is assumed to raise an exception if
       the check fails.
 
    .. method:: format_field(value, format_spec)
@@ -324,11 +324,11 @@
    precision: `integer`
    type: "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%"
 
-The *fill* character can be any character other than '}' (which signifies the
-end of the field).  The presence of a fill character is signaled by the *next*
-character, which must be one of the alignment options. If the second character
-of *format_spec* is not a valid alignment option, then it is assumed that both
-the fill character and the alignment option are absent.
+The *fill* character can be any character other than '{' or '}'.  The presence
+of a fill character is signaled by the character following it, which must be
+one of the alignment options.  If the second character of *format_spec* is not
+a valid alignment option, then it is assumed that both the fill character and
+the alignment option are absent.
 
 The meaning of the various alignment options is as follows:
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/subprocess.rst b/Doc/library/subprocess.rst
index 3ca0db9..cc64b4a 100644
--- a/Doc/library/subprocess.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/subprocess.rst
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@
 Exceptions raised in the child process, before the new program has started to
 execute, will be re-raised in the parent.  Additionally, the exception object
 will have one extra attribute called :attr:`child_traceback`, which is a string
-containing traceback information from the childs point of view.
+containing traceback information from the child's point of view.
 
 The most common exception raised is :exc:`OSError`.  This occurs, for example,
 when trying to execute a non-existent file.  Applications should prepare for
diff --git a/Doc/library/sys.rst b/Doc/library/sys.rst
index c15e55b..0661d7d 100644
--- a/Doc/library/sys.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/sys.rst
@@ -890,7 +890,7 @@
       A C function has returned. *arg* is ``None``.
 
    ``'c_exception'``
-      A C function has thrown an exception.  *arg* is ``None``.
+      A C function has raised an exception.  *arg* is ``None``.
 
    Note that as an exception is propagated down the chain of callers, an
    ``'exception'`` event is generated at each level.
diff --git a/Doc/library/threading.rst b/Doc/library/threading.rst
index f18c959..2028f8b 100644
--- a/Doc/library/threading.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/threading.rst
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@
    variable allows one or more threads to wait until they are notified by another
    thread.
 
+   See :ref:`condition-objects`.
+
 
 .. function:: current_thread()
               currentThread()
@@ -69,6 +71,8 @@
    with the :meth:`clear` method.  The :meth:`wait` method blocks until the flag
    is true.
 
+   See :ref:`event-objects`.
+
 
 .. class:: local
 
@@ -93,6 +97,8 @@
    acquired it, subsequent attempts to acquire it block, until it is released; any
    thread may release it.
 
+   See :ref:`lock-objects`.
+
 
 .. function:: RLock()
 
@@ -101,6 +107,8 @@
    reentrant lock, the same thread may acquire it again without blocking; the
    thread must release it once for each time it has acquired it.
 
+   See :ref:`rlock-objects`.
+
 
 .. function:: Semaphore([value])
    :noindex:
@@ -111,6 +119,8 @@
    if necessary until it can return without making the counter negative.  If not
    given, *value* defaults to 1.
 
+   See :ref:`semaphore-objects`.
+
 
 .. function:: BoundedSemaphore([value])
 
@@ -122,15 +132,21 @@
 
 
 .. class:: Thread
+   :noindex:
 
    A class that represents a thread of control.  This class can be safely
    subclassed in a limited fashion.
 
+   See :ref:`thread-objects`.
+
 
 .. class:: Timer
+   :noindex:
 
    A thread that executes a function after a specified interval has passed.
 
+   See :ref:`timer-objects`.
+
 
 .. function:: settrace(func)
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/xml.sax.reader.rst b/Doc/library/xml.sax.reader.rst
index 75c7d5b..4b3c18a 100644
--- a/Doc/library/xml.sax.reader.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/xml.sax.reader.rst
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@
    Allow an application to set the locale for errors and warnings.
 
    SAX parsers are not required to provide localization for errors and warnings; if
-   they cannot support the requested locale, however, they must throw a SAX
+   they cannot support the requested locale, however, they must raise a SAX
    exception.  Applications may request a locale change in the middle of a parse.