diff --git a/Doc/distutils/setupscript.rst b/Doc/distutils/setupscript.rst
index 1d13a9c..15f130f 100644
--- a/Doc/distutils/setupscript.rst
+++ b/Doc/distutils/setupscript.rst
@@ -684,6 +684,8 @@
         DistributionMetadata.download_url = None
 
 
+.. _debug-setup-script:
+
 Debugging the setup script
 ==========================
 
@@ -699,7 +701,8 @@
 and see that it's a permission problem.
 
 On the other hand, this doesn't help the developer to find the cause of the
-failure. For this purpose, the DISTUTILS_DEBUG environment variable can be set
+failure. For this purpose, the :envvar:`DISTUTILS_DEBUG` environment variable can be set
 to anything except an empty string, and distutils will now print detailed
-information what it is doing, and prints the full traceback in case an exception
-occurs.
+information about what it is doing, dump the full traceback when an exception
+occurs, and print the whole command line when an external program (like a C
+compiler) fails.
diff --git a/Doc/install/index.rst b/Doc/install/index.rst
index a5a4c21..ad939ab 100644
--- a/Doc/install/index.rst
+++ b/Doc/install/index.rst
@@ -58,7 +58,9 @@
 document; there will be some brief forays into using Python's interactive mode
 to explore your installation, but that's it.  If you're looking for information
 on how to distribute your own Python modules so that others may use them, see
-the :ref:`distutils-index` manual.
+the :ref:`distutils-index` manual.  :ref:`debug-setup-script` may also be of
+interest.
+
 
 
 .. _inst-trivial-install:
diff --git a/Lib/distutils/spawn.py b/Lib/distutils/spawn.py
index 7306099..321344a 100644
--- a/Lib/distutils/spawn.py
+++ b/Lib/distutils/spawn.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 import os
 
 from distutils.errors import DistutilsPlatformError, DistutilsExecError
+from distutils.debug import DEBUG
 from distutils import log
 
 def spawn(cmd, search_path=1, verbose=0, dry_run=0):
@@ -30,6 +31,9 @@
     Raise DistutilsExecError if running the program fails in any way; just
     return on success.
     """
+    # cmd is documented as a list, but just in case some code passes a tuple
+    # in, protect our %-formatting code against horrible death
+    cmd = list(cmd)
     if os.name == 'posix':
         _spawn_posix(cmd, search_path, dry_run=dry_run)
     elif os.name == 'nt':
@@ -69,12 +73,16 @@
             rc = os.spawnv(os.P_WAIT, executable, cmd)
         except OSError, exc:
             # this seems to happen when the command isn't found
+            if not DEBUG:
+                cmd = executable
             raise DistutilsExecError, \
-                  "command '%s' failed: %s" % (cmd[0], exc[-1])
+                  "command %r failed: %s" % (cmd, exc[-1])
         if rc != 0:
             # and this reflects the command running but failing
+            if not DEBUG:
+                cmd = executable
             raise DistutilsExecError, \
-                  "command '%s' failed with exit status %d" % (cmd[0], rc)
+                  "command %r failed with exit status %d" % (cmd, rc)
 
 def _spawn_os2(cmd, search_path=1, verbose=0, dry_run=0):
     executable = cmd[0]
@@ -88,13 +96,17 @@
             rc = os.spawnv(os.P_WAIT, executable, cmd)
         except OSError, exc:
             # this seems to happen when the command isn't found
+            if not DEBUG:
+                cmd = executable
             raise DistutilsExecError, \
-                  "command '%s' failed: %s" % (cmd[0], exc[-1])
+                  "command %r failed: %s" % (cmd, exc[-1])
         if rc != 0:
             # and this reflects the command running but failing
-            log.debug("command '%s' failed with exit status %d" % (cmd[0], rc))
+            if not DEBUG:
+                cmd = executable
+            log.debug("command %r failed with exit status %d" % (cmd, rc))
             raise DistutilsExecError, \
-                  "command '%s' failed with exit status %d" % (cmd[0], rc)
+                  "command %r failed with exit status %d" % (cmd, rc)
 
 if sys.platform == 'darwin':
     from distutils import sysconfig
@@ -105,8 +117,9 @@
     log.info(' '.join(cmd))
     if dry_run:
         return
+    executable = cmd[0]
     exec_fn = search_path and os.execvp or os.execv
-    exec_args = [cmd[0], cmd]
+    env = None
     if sys.platform == 'darwin':
         global _cfg_target, _cfg_target_split
         if _cfg_target is None:
@@ -127,18 +140,24 @@
             env = dict(os.environ,
                        MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=cur_target)
             exec_fn = search_path and os.execvpe or os.execve
-            exec_args.append(env)
     pid = os.fork()
 
     if pid == 0:  # in the child
         try:
-            exec_fn(*exec_args)
+            if env is None:
+                exec_fn(executable, cmd)
+            else:
+                exec_fn(executable, cmd, env)
         except OSError, e:
-            sys.stderr.write("unable to execute %s: %s\n" %
-                             (cmd[0], e.strerror))
+            if not DEBUG:
+                cmd = executable
+            sys.stderr.write("unable to execute %r: %s\n" %
+                             (cmd, e.strerror))
             os._exit(1)
 
-        sys.stderr.write("unable to execute %s for unknown reasons" % cmd[0])
+        if not DEBUG:
+            cmd = executable
+        sys.stderr.write("unable to execute %r for unknown reasons" % cmd)
         os._exit(1)
     else:   # in the parent
         # Loop until the child either exits or is terminated by a signal
@@ -150,29 +169,37 @@
                 import errno
                 if exc.errno == errno.EINTR:
                     continue
+                if not DEBUG:
+                    cmd = executable
                 raise DistutilsExecError, \
-                      "command '%s' failed: %s" % (cmd[0], exc[-1])
+                      "command %r failed: %s" % (cmd, exc[-1])
             if os.WIFSIGNALED(status):
+                if not DEBUG:
+                    cmd = executable
                 raise DistutilsExecError, \
-                      "command '%s' terminated by signal %d" % \
-                      (cmd[0], os.WTERMSIG(status))
+                      "command %r terminated by signal %d" % \
+                      (cmd, os.WTERMSIG(status))
 
             elif os.WIFEXITED(status):
                 exit_status = os.WEXITSTATUS(status)
                 if exit_status == 0:
                     return   # hey, it succeeded!
                 else:
+                    if not DEBUG:
+                        cmd = executable
                     raise DistutilsExecError, \
-                          "command '%s' failed with exit status %d" % \
-                          (cmd[0], exit_status)
+                          "command %r failed with exit status %d" % \
+                          (cmd, exit_status)
 
             elif os.WIFSTOPPED(status):
                 continue
 
             else:
+                if not DEBUG:
+                    cmd = executable
                 raise DistutilsExecError, \
-                      "unknown error executing '%s': termination status %d" % \
-                      (cmd[0], status)
+                      "unknown error executing %r: termination status %d" % \
+                      (cmd, status)
 
 def find_executable(executable, path=None):
     """Tries to find 'executable' in the directories listed in 'path'.
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS
index 2fce437..4e915f5 100644
--- a/Misc/NEWS
+++ b/Misc/NEWS
@@ -44,6 +44,10 @@
   as documented.  The pattern and source keyword parameters are left as
   deprecated aliases.
 
+- Issue #11599: When an external command (e.g. compiler) fails, distutils now
+  prints out the whole command line (instead of just the command name) if the
+  environment variable DISTUTILS_DEBUG is set.
+
 - Issue #4931: distutils should not produce unhelpful "error: None" messages
   anymore.  distutils.util.grok_environment_error is kept but doc-deprecated.