| #! /usr/bin/env python |
| # |
| # Class for profiling python code. rev 1.0 6/2/94 |
| # |
| # Based on prior profile module by Sjoerd Mullender... |
| # which was hacked somewhat by: Guido van Rossum |
| |
| """Class for profiling Python code.""" |
| |
| # Copyright 1994, by InfoSeek Corporation, all rights reserved. |
| # Written by James Roskind |
| # |
| # Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software |
| # and its associated documentation for any purpose (subject to the |
| # restriction in the following sentence) without fee is hereby granted, |
| # provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and |
| # that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in |
| # supporting documentation, and that the name of InfoSeek not be used in |
| # advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software |
| # without specific, written prior permission. This permission is |
| # explicitly restricted to the copying and modification of the software |
| # to remain in Python, compiled Python, or other languages (such as C) |
| # wherein the modified or derived code is exclusively imported into a |
| # Python module. |
| # |
| # INFOSEEK CORPORATION DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS |
| # SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND |
| # FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL INFOSEEK CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY |
| # SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER |
| # RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF |
| # CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN |
| # CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. |
| |
| |
| |
| import sys |
| import os |
| import time |
| import marshal |
| from optparse import OptionParser |
| |
| __all__ = ["run", "runctx", "help", "Profile"] |
| |
| # Sample timer for use with |
| #i_count = 0 |
| #def integer_timer(): |
| # global i_count |
| # i_count = i_count + 1 |
| # return i_count |
| #itimes = integer_timer # replace with C coded timer returning integers |
| |
| #************************************************************************** |
| # The following are the static member functions for the profiler class |
| # Note that an instance of Profile() is *not* needed to call them. |
| #************************************************************************** |
| |
| def run(statement, filename=None, sort=-1): |
| """Run statement under profiler optionally saving results in filename |
| |
| This function takes a single argument that can be passed to the |
| "exec" statement, and an optional file name. In all cases this |
| routine attempts to "exec" its first argument and gather profiling |
| statistics from the execution. If no file name is present, then this |
| function automatically prints a simple profiling report, sorted by the |
| standard name string (file/line/function-name) that is presented in |
| each line. |
| """ |
| prof = Profile() |
| try: |
| prof = prof.run(statement) |
| except SystemExit: |
| pass |
| if filename is not None: |
| prof.dump_stats(filename) |
| else: |
| return prof.print_stats(sort) |
| |
| def runctx(statement, globals, locals, filename=None): |
| """Run statement under profiler, supplying your own globals and locals, |
| optionally saving results in filename. |
| |
| statement and filename have the same semantics as profile.run |
| """ |
| prof = Profile() |
| try: |
| prof = prof.runctx(statement, globals, locals) |
| except SystemExit: |
| pass |
| |
| if filename is not None: |
| prof.dump_stats(filename) |
| else: |
| return prof.print_stats() |
| |
| # Backwards compatibility. |
| def help(): |
| print "Documentation for the profile module can be found " |
| print "in the Python Library Reference, section 'The Python Profiler'." |
| |
| if os.name == "mac": |
| import MacOS |
| def _get_time_mac(timer=MacOS.GetTicks): |
| return timer() / 60.0 |
| |
| if hasattr(os, "times"): |
| def _get_time_times(timer=os.times): |
| t = timer() |
| return t[0] + t[1] |
| |
| |
| class Profile: |
| """Profiler class. |
| |
| self.cur is always a tuple. Each such tuple corresponds to a stack |
| frame that is currently active (self.cur[-2]). The following are the |
| definitions of its members. We use this external "parallel stack" to |
| avoid contaminating the program that we are profiling. (old profiler |
| used to write into the frames local dictionary!!) Derived classes |
| can change the definition of some entries, as long as they leave |
| [-2:] intact (frame and previous tuple). In case an internal error is |
| detected, the -3 element is used as the function name. |
| |
| [ 0] = Time that needs to be charged to the parent frame's function. |
| It is used so that a function call will not have to access the |
| timing data for the parent frame. |
| [ 1] = Total time spent in this frame's function, excluding time in |
| subfunctions (this latter is tallied in cur[2]). |
| [ 2] = Total time spent in subfunctions, excluding time executing the |
| frame's function (this latter is tallied in cur[1]). |
| [-3] = Name of the function that corresponds to this frame. |
| [-2] = Actual frame that we correspond to (used to sync exception handling). |
| [-1] = Our parent 6-tuple (corresponds to frame.f_back). |
| |
| Timing data for each function is stored as a 5-tuple in the dictionary |
| self.timings[]. The index is always the name stored in self.cur[-3]. |
| The following are the definitions of the members: |
| |
| [0] = The number of times this function was called, not counting direct |
| or indirect recursion, |
| [1] = Number of times this function appears on the stack, minus one |
| [2] = Total time spent internal to this function |
| [3] = Cumulative time that this function was present on the stack. In |
| non-recursive functions, this is the total execution time from start |
| to finish of each invocation of a function, including time spent in |
| all subfunctions. |
| [4] = A dictionary indicating for each function name, the number of times |
| it was called by us. |
| """ |
| |
| bias = 0 # calibration constant |
| |
| def __init__(self, timer=None, bias=None): |
| self.timings = {} |
| self.cur = None |
| self.cmd = "" |
| self.c_func_name = "" |
| |
| if bias is None: |
| bias = self.bias |
| self.bias = bias # Materialize in local dict for lookup speed. |
| |
| if timer is None: |
| if os.name == 'mac': |
| self.timer = MacOS.GetTicks |
| self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_mac |
| self.get_time = _get_time_mac |
| elif hasattr(time, 'clock'): |
| self.timer = self.get_time = time.clock |
| self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_i |
| elif hasattr(os, 'times'): |
| self.timer = os.times |
| self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch |
| self.get_time = _get_time_times |
| else: |
| self.timer = self.get_time = time.time |
| self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_i |
| else: |
| self.timer = timer |
| t = self.timer() # test out timer function |
| try: |
| length = len(t) |
| except TypeError: |
| self.get_time = timer |
| self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_i |
| else: |
| if length == 2: |
| self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch |
| else: |
| self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_l |
| # This get_time() implementation needs to be defined |
| # here to capture the passed-in timer in the parameter |
| # list (for performance). Note that we can't assume |
| # the timer() result contains two values in all |
| # cases. |
| def get_time_timer(timer=timer, sum=sum): |
| return sum(timer()) |
| self.get_time = get_time_timer |
| self.t = self.get_time() |
| self.simulate_call('profiler') |
| |
| # Heavily optimized dispatch routine for os.times() timer |
| |
| def trace_dispatch(self, frame, event, arg): |
| timer = self.timer |
| t = timer() |
| t = t[0] + t[1] - self.t - self.bias |
| |
| if event == "c_call": |
| self.c_func_name = arg.__name__ |
| |
| if self.dispatch[event](self, frame,t): |
| t = timer() |
| self.t = t[0] + t[1] |
| else: |
| r = timer() |
| self.t = r[0] + r[1] - t # put back unrecorded delta |
| |
| # Dispatch routine for best timer program (return = scalar, fastest if |
| # an integer but float works too -- and time.clock() relies on that). |
| |
| def trace_dispatch_i(self, frame, event, arg): |
| timer = self.timer |
| t = timer() - self.t - self.bias |
| |
| if event == "c_call": |
| self.c_func_name = arg.__name__ |
| |
| if self.dispatch[event](self, frame, t): |
| self.t = timer() |
| else: |
| self.t = timer() - t # put back unrecorded delta |
| |
| # Dispatch routine for macintosh (timer returns time in ticks of |
| # 1/60th second) |
| |
| def trace_dispatch_mac(self, frame, event, arg): |
| timer = self.timer |
| t = timer()/60.0 - self.t - self.bias |
| |
| if event == "c_call": |
| self.c_func_name = arg.__name__ |
| |
| if self.dispatch[event](self, frame, t): |
| self.t = timer()/60.0 |
| else: |
| self.t = timer()/60.0 - t # put back unrecorded delta |
| |
| # SLOW generic dispatch routine for timer returning lists of numbers |
| |
| def trace_dispatch_l(self, frame, event, arg): |
| get_time = self.get_time |
| t = get_time() - self.t - self.bias |
| |
| if event == "c_call": |
| self.c_func_name = arg.__name__ |
| |
| if self.dispatch[event](self, frame, t): |
| self.t = get_time() |
| else: |
| self.t = get_time() - t # put back unrecorded delta |
| |
| # In the event handlers, the first 3 elements of self.cur are unpacked |
| # into vrbls w/ 3-letter names. The last two characters are meant to be |
| # mnemonic: |
| # _pt self.cur[0] "parent time" time to be charged to parent frame |
| # _it self.cur[1] "internal time" time spent directly in the function |
| # _et self.cur[2] "external time" time spent in subfunctions |
| |
| def trace_dispatch_exception(self, frame, t): |
| rpt, rit, ret, rfn, rframe, rcur = self.cur |
| if (rframe is not frame) and rcur: |
| return self.trace_dispatch_return(rframe, t) |
| self.cur = rpt, rit+t, ret, rfn, rframe, rcur |
| return 1 |
| |
| |
| def trace_dispatch_call(self, frame, t): |
| if self.cur and frame.f_back is not self.cur[-2]: |
| rpt, rit, ret, rfn, rframe, rcur = self.cur |
| if not isinstance(rframe, Profile.fake_frame): |
| assert rframe.f_back is frame.f_back, ("Bad call", rfn, |
| rframe, rframe.f_back, |
| frame, frame.f_back) |
| self.trace_dispatch_return(rframe, 0) |
| assert (self.cur is None or \ |
| frame.f_back is self.cur[-2]), ("Bad call", |
| self.cur[-3]) |
| fcode = frame.f_code |
| fn = (fcode.co_filename, fcode.co_firstlineno, fcode.co_name) |
| self.cur = (t, 0, 0, fn, frame, self.cur) |
| timings = self.timings |
| if fn in timings: |
| cc, ns, tt, ct, callers = timings[fn] |
| timings[fn] = cc, ns + 1, tt, ct, callers |
| else: |
| timings[fn] = 0, 0, 0, 0, {} |
| return 1 |
| |
| def trace_dispatch_c_call (self, frame, t): |
| fn = ("", 0, self.c_func_name) |
| self.cur = (t, 0, 0, fn, frame, self.cur) |
| timings = self.timings |
| if timings.has_key(fn): |
| cc, ns, tt, ct, callers = timings[fn] |
| timings[fn] = cc, ns+1, tt, ct, callers |
| else: |
| timings[fn] = 0, 0, 0, 0, {} |
| return 1 |
| |
| def trace_dispatch_return(self, frame, t): |
| if frame is not self.cur[-2]: |
| assert frame is self.cur[-2].f_back, ("Bad return", self.cur[-3]) |
| self.trace_dispatch_return(self.cur[-2], 0) |
| |
| # Prefix "r" means part of the Returning or exiting frame. |
| # Prefix "p" means part of the Previous or Parent or older frame. |
| |
| rpt, rit, ret, rfn, frame, rcur = self.cur |
| rit = rit + t |
| frame_total = rit + ret |
| |
| ppt, pit, pet, pfn, pframe, pcur = rcur |
| self.cur = ppt, pit + rpt, pet + frame_total, pfn, pframe, pcur |
| |
| timings = self.timings |
| cc, ns, tt, ct, callers = timings[rfn] |
| if not ns: |
| # This is the only occurrence of the function on the stack. |
| # Else this is a (directly or indirectly) recursive call, and |
| # its cumulative time will get updated when the topmost call to |
| # it returns. |
| ct = ct + frame_total |
| cc = cc + 1 |
| |
| if pfn in callers: |
| callers[pfn] = callers[pfn] + 1 # hack: gather more |
| # stats such as the amount of time added to ct courtesy |
| # of this specific call, and the contribution to cc |
| # courtesy of this call. |
| else: |
| callers[pfn] = 1 |
| |
| timings[rfn] = cc, ns - 1, tt + rit, ct, callers |
| |
| return 1 |
| |
| |
| dispatch = { |
| "call": trace_dispatch_call, |
| "exception": trace_dispatch_exception, |
| "return": trace_dispatch_return, |
| "c_call": trace_dispatch_c_call, |
| "c_exception": trace_dispatch_exception, |
| "c_return": trace_dispatch_return, |
| } |
| |
| |
| # The next few functions play with self.cmd. By carefully preloading |
| # our parallel stack, we can force the profiled result to include |
| # an arbitrary string as the name of the calling function. |
| # We use self.cmd as that string, and the resulting stats look |
| # very nice :-). |
| |
| def set_cmd(self, cmd): |
| if self.cur[-1]: return # already set |
| self.cmd = cmd |
| self.simulate_call(cmd) |
| |
| class fake_code: |
| def __init__(self, filename, line, name): |
| self.co_filename = filename |
| self.co_line = line |
| self.co_name = name |
| self.co_firstlineno = 0 |
| |
| def __repr__(self): |
| return repr((self.co_filename, self.co_line, self.co_name)) |
| |
| class fake_frame: |
| def __init__(self, code, prior): |
| self.f_code = code |
| self.f_back = prior |
| |
| def simulate_call(self, name): |
| code = self.fake_code('profile', 0, name) |
| if self.cur: |
| pframe = self.cur[-2] |
| else: |
| pframe = None |
| frame = self.fake_frame(code, pframe) |
| self.dispatch['call'](self, frame, 0) |
| |
| # collect stats from pending stack, including getting final |
| # timings for self.cmd frame. |
| |
| def simulate_cmd_complete(self): |
| get_time = self.get_time |
| t = get_time() - self.t |
| while self.cur[-1]: |
| # We *can* cause assertion errors here if |
| # dispatch_trace_return checks for a frame match! |
| self.dispatch['return'](self, self.cur[-2], t) |
| t = 0 |
| self.t = get_time() - t |
| |
| |
| def print_stats(self, sort=-1): |
| import pstats |
| pstats.Stats(self).strip_dirs().sort_stats(sort). \ |
| print_stats() |
| |
| def dump_stats(self, file): |
| f = open(file, 'wb') |
| self.create_stats() |
| marshal.dump(self.stats, f) |
| f.close() |
| |
| def create_stats(self): |
| self.simulate_cmd_complete() |
| self.snapshot_stats() |
| |
| def snapshot_stats(self): |
| self.stats = {} |
| for func, (cc, ns, tt, ct, callers) in self.timings.iteritems(): |
| callers = callers.copy() |
| nc = 0 |
| for callcnt in callers.itervalues(): |
| nc += callcnt |
| self.stats[func] = cc, nc, tt, ct, callers |
| |
| |
| # The following two methods can be called by clients to use |
| # a profiler to profile a statement, given as a string. |
| |
| def run(self, cmd): |
| import __main__ |
| dict = __main__.__dict__ |
| return self.runctx(cmd, dict, dict) |
| |
| def runctx(self, cmd, globals, locals): |
| self.set_cmd(cmd) |
| sys.setprofile(self.dispatcher) |
| try: |
| exec cmd in globals, locals |
| finally: |
| sys.setprofile(None) |
| return self |
| |
| # This method is more useful to profile a single function call. |
| def runcall(self, func, *args, **kw): |
| self.set_cmd(repr(func)) |
| sys.setprofile(self.dispatcher) |
| try: |
| return func(*args, **kw) |
| finally: |
| sys.setprofile(None) |
| |
| |
| #****************************************************************** |
| # The following calculates the overhead for using a profiler. The |
| # problem is that it takes a fair amount of time for the profiler |
| # to stop the stopwatch (from the time it receives an event). |
| # Similarly, there is a delay from the time that the profiler |
| # re-starts the stopwatch before the user's code really gets to |
| # continue. The following code tries to measure the difference on |
| # a per-event basis. |
| # |
| # Note that this difference is only significant if there are a lot of |
| # events, and relatively little user code per event. For example, |
| # code with small functions will typically benefit from having the |
| # profiler calibrated for the current platform. This *could* be |
| # done on the fly during init() time, but it is not worth the |
| # effort. Also note that if too large a value specified, then |
| # execution time on some functions will actually appear as a |
| # negative number. It is *normal* for some functions (with very |
| # low call counts) to have such negative stats, even if the |
| # calibration figure is "correct." |
| # |
| # One alternative to profile-time calibration adjustments (i.e., |
| # adding in the magic little delta during each event) is to track |
| # more carefully the number of events (and cumulatively, the number |
| # of events during sub functions) that are seen. If this were |
| # done, then the arithmetic could be done after the fact (i.e., at |
| # display time). Currently, we track only call/return events. |
| # These values can be deduced by examining the callees and callers |
| # vectors for each functions. Hence we *can* almost correct the |
| # internal time figure at print time (note that we currently don't |
| # track exception event processing counts). Unfortunately, there |
| # is currently no similar information for cumulative sub-function |
| # time. It would not be hard to "get all this info" at profiler |
| # time. Specifically, we would have to extend the tuples to keep |
| # counts of this in each frame, and then extend the defs of timing |
| # tuples to include the significant two figures. I'm a bit fearful |
| # that this additional feature will slow the heavily optimized |
| # event/time ratio (i.e., the profiler would run slower, fur a very |
| # low "value added" feature.) |
| #************************************************************** |
| |
| def calibrate(self, m, verbose=0): |
| if self.__class__ is not Profile: |
| raise TypeError("Subclasses must override .calibrate().") |
| |
| saved_bias = self.bias |
| self.bias = 0 |
| try: |
| return self._calibrate_inner(m, verbose) |
| finally: |
| self.bias = saved_bias |
| |
| def _calibrate_inner(self, m, verbose): |
| get_time = self.get_time |
| |
| # Set up a test case to be run with and without profiling. Include |
| # lots of calls, because we're trying to quantify stopwatch overhead. |
| # Do not raise any exceptions, though, because we want to know |
| # exactly how many profile events are generated (one call event, + |
| # one return event, per Python-level call). |
| |
| def f1(n): |
| for i in range(n): |
| x = 1 |
| |
| def f(m, f1=f1): |
| for i in range(m): |
| f1(100) |
| |
| f(m) # warm up the cache |
| |
| # elapsed_noprofile <- time f(m) takes without profiling. |
| t0 = get_time() |
| f(m) |
| t1 = get_time() |
| elapsed_noprofile = t1 - t0 |
| if verbose: |
| print "elapsed time without profiling =", elapsed_noprofile |
| |
| # elapsed_profile <- time f(m) takes with profiling. The difference |
| # is profiling overhead, only some of which the profiler subtracts |
| # out on its own. |
| p = Profile() |
| t0 = get_time() |
| p.runctx('f(m)', globals(), locals()) |
| t1 = get_time() |
| elapsed_profile = t1 - t0 |
| if verbose: |
| print "elapsed time with profiling =", elapsed_profile |
| |
| # reported_time <- "CPU seconds" the profiler charged to f and f1. |
| total_calls = 0.0 |
| reported_time = 0.0 |
| for (filename, line, funcname), (cc, ns, tt, ct, callers) in \ |
| p.timings.items(): |
| if funcname in ("f", "f1"): |
| total_calls += cc |
| reported_time += tt |
| |
| if verbose: |
| print "'CPU seconds' profiler reported =", reported_time |
| print "total # calls =", total_calls |
| if total_calls != m + 1: |
| raise ValueError("internal error: total calls = %d" % total_calls) |
| |
| # reported_time - elapsed_noprofile = overhead the profiler wasn't |
| # able to measure. Divide by twice the number of calls (since there |
| # are two profiler events per call in this test) to get the hidden |
| # overhead per event. |
| mean = (reported_time - elapsed_noprofile) / 2.0 / total_calls |
| if verbose: |
| print "mean stopwatch overhead per profile event =", mean |
| return mean |
| |
| #**************************************************************************** |
| def Stats(*args): |
| print 'Report generating functions are in the "pstats" module\a' |
| |
| def main(): |
| usage = "profile.py [-o output_file_path] [-s sort] scriptfile [arg] ..." |
| parser = OptionParser(usage=usage) |
| parser.allow_interspersed_args = False |
| parser.add_option('-o', '--outfile', dest="outfile", |
| help="Save stats to <outfile>", default=None) |
| parser.add_option('-s', '--sort', dest="sort", |
| help="Sort order when printing to stdout, based on pstats.Stats class", default=-1) |
| |
| if not sys.argv[1:]: |
| parser.print_usage() |
| sys.exit(2) |
| |
| (options, args) = parser.parse_args() |
| sys.argv[:] = args |
| |
| if (len(sys.argv) > 0): |
| sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0])) |
| run('execfile(%r)' % (sys.argv[0],), options.outfile, options.sort) |
| else: |
| parser.print_usage() |
| return parser |
| |
| # When invoked as main program, invoke the profiler on a script |
| if __name__ == '__main__': |
| main() |