Split C API docs in Py3k branch.
diff --git a/Doc/c-api/concrete.rst b/Doc/c-api/concrete.rst
index 343223c..a0dfe21 100644
--- a/Doc/c-api/concrete.rst
+++ b/Doc/c-api/concrete.rst
@@ -29,99 +29,10 @@
This section describes Python type objects and the singleton object ``None``.
+.. toctree::
-.. _typeobjects:
-
-Type Objects
-------------
-
-.. index:: object: type
-
-
-.. ctype:: PyTypeObject
-
- The C structure of the objects used to describe built-in types.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyObject* PyType_Type
-
- .. index:: single: TypeType (in module types)
-
- This is the type object for type objects; it is the same object as ``type`` and
- ``types.TypeType`` in the Python layer.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyType_Check(PyObject *o)
-
- Return true if the object *o* is a type object, including instances of types
- derived from the standard type object. Return false in all other cases.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyType_CheckExact(PyObject *o)
-
- Return true if the object *o* is a type object, but not a subtype of the
- standard type object. Return false in all other cases.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyType_HasFeature(PyObject *o, int feature)
-
- Return true if the type object *o* sets the feature *feature*. Type features
- are denoted by single bit flags.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyType_IS_GC(PyObject *o)
-
- Return true if the type object includes support for the cycle detector; this
- tests the type flag :const:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyType_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b)
-
- Return true if *a* is a subtype of *b*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyType_GenericAlloc(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t nitems)
-
- XXX: Document.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyType_GenericNew(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
-
- XXX: Document.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *type)
-
- Finalize a type object. This should be called on all type objects to finish
- their initialization. This function is responsible for adding inherited slots
- from a type's base class. Return ``0`` on success, or return ``-1`` and sets an
- exception on error.
-
-
-.. _noneobject:
-
-The None Object
----------------
-
-.. index:: object: None
-
-Note that the :ctype:`PyTypeObject` for ``None`` is not directly exposed in the
-Python/C API. Since ``None`` is a singleton, testing for object identity (using
-``==`` in C) is sufficient. There is no :cfunc:`PyNone_Check` function for the
-same reason.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyObject* Py_None
-
- The Python ``None`` object, denoting lack of value. This object has no methods.
- It needs to be treated just like any other object with respect to reference
- counts.
-
-
-.. cmacro:: Py_RETURN_NONE
-
- Properly handle returning :cdata:`Py_None` from within a C function (that is,
- increment the reference count of None and return it.)
+ type.rst
+ none.rst
.. _numericobjects:
@@ -131,447 +42,12 @@
.. index:: object: numeric
+.. toctree::
-.. _boolobjects:
-
-Boolean Objects
----------------
-
-Booleans in Python are implemented as a subclass of integers. There are only
-two booleans, :const:`Py_False` and :const:`Py_True`. As such, the normal
-creation and deletion functions don't apply to booleans. The following macros
-are available, however.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyBool_Check(PyObject *o)
-
- Return true if *o* is of type :cdata:`PyBool_Type`.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyObject* Py_False
-
- The Python ``False`` object. This object has no methods. It needs to be
- treated just like any other object with respect to reference counts.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyObject* Py_True
-
- The Python ``True`` object. This object has no methods. It needs to be treated
- just like any other object with respect to reference counts.
-
-
-.. cmacro:: Py_RETURN_FALSE
-
- Return :const:`Py_False` from a function, properly incrementing its reference
- count.
-
-
-.. cmacro:: Py_RETURN_TRUE
-
- Return :const:`Py_True` from a function, properly incrementing its reference
- count.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyBool_FromLong(long v)
-
- Return a new reference to :const:`Py_True` or :const:`Py_False` depending on the
- truth value of *v*.
-
-
-.. _longobjects:
-
-Integer Objects
----------------
-
-.. index:: object: long integer
- object: integer
-
-All integers are implemented as "long" integer objects of arbitrary size.
-
-.. ctype:: PyLongObject
-
- This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents a Python integer object.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyLong_Type
-
- This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python integer type.
- This is the same object as ``int``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyLong_Check(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if its argument is a :ctype:`PyLongObject` or a subtype of
- :ctype:`PyLongObject`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyLong_CheckExact(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if its argument is a :ctype:`PyLongObject`, but not a subtype of
- :ctype:`PyLongObject`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyLong_FromLong(long v)
-
- Return a new :ctype:`PyLongObject` object from *v*, or *NULL* on failure.
-
- The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects for all integers
- between ``-5`` and ``256``, when you create an int in that range you actually
- just get back a reference to the existing object. So it should be possible to
- change the value of ``1``. I suspect the behaviour of Python in this case is
- undefined. :-)
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(unsigned long v)
-
- Return a new :ctype:`PyLongObject` object from a C :ctype:`unsigned long`, or
- *NULL* on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyLong_FromSsize_t(Py_ssize_t v)
-
- Return a new :ctype:`PyLongObject` object with a value of *v*, or *NULL*
- on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyLong_FromSize_t(size_t v)
-
- Return a new :ctype:`PyLongObject` object with a value of *v*, or *NULL*
- on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyLong_FromLongLong(PY_LONG_LONG v)
-
- Return a new :ctype:`PyLongObject` object from a C :ctype:`long long`, or *NULL*
- on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG v)
-
- Return a new :ctype:`PyLongObject` object from a C :ctype:`unsigned long long`,
- or *NULL* on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyLong_FromDouble(double v)
-
- Return a new :ctype:`PyLongObject` object from the integer part of *v*, or
- *NULL* on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyLong_FromString(char *str, char **pend, int base)
-
- Return a new :ctype:`PyLongObject` based on the string value in *str*, which
- is interpreted according to the radix in *base*. If *pend* is non-*NULL*,
- ``*pend`` will point to the first character in *str* which follows the
- representation of the number. If *base* is ``0``, the radix will be
- determined based on the leading characters of *str*: if *str* starts with
- ``'0x'`` or ``'0X'``, radix 16 will be used; if *str* starts with ``'0o'`` or
- ``'0O'``, radix 8 will be used; if *str* starts with ``'0b'`` or ``'0B'``,
- radix 2 will be used; otherwise radix 10 will be used. If *base* is not
- ``0``, it must be between ``2`` and ``36``, inclusive. Leading spaces are
- ignored. If there are no digits, :exc:`ValueError` will be raised.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyLong_FromUnicode(Py_UNICODE *u, Py_ssize_t length, int base)
-
- Convert a sequence of Unicode digits to a Python integer value. The Unicode
- string is first encoded to a byte string using :cfunc:`PyUnicode_EncodeDecimal`
- and then converted using :cfunc:`PyLong_FromString`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyLong_FromVoidPtr(void *p)
-
- Create a Python integer from the pointer *p*. The pointer value can be
- retrieved from the resulting value using :cfunc:`PyLong_AsVoidPtr`.
-
-
-.. XXX alias PyLong_AS_LONG (for now)
-.. cfunction:: long PyLong_AsLong(PyObject *pylong)
-
- .. index::
- single: LONG_MAX
- single: OverflowError (built-in exception)
-
- Return a C :ctype:`long` representation of the contents of *pylong*. If
- *pylong* is greater than :const:`LONG_MAX`, raise an :exc:`OverflowError`,
- and return -1. Convert non-long objects automatically to long first,
- and return -1 if that raises exceptions.
-
-.. cfunction:: long PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(PyObject *pylong, int* overflow)
-
- Return a C :ctype:`long` representation of the contents of *pylong*. If
- *pylong* is greater than :const:`LONG_MAX`, return -1 and
- set `*overflow` to 1 (for overflow) or -1 (for underflow).
- If an exception is set because of type errors, also return -1.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(PyObject *pylong)
-
- .. index::
- single: ULONG_MAX
- single: OverflowError (built-in exception)
-
- Return a C :ctype:`unsigned long` representation of the contents of *pylong*.
- If *pylong* is greater than :const:`ULONG_MAX`, an :exc:`OverflowError` is
- raised.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyLong_AsSsize_t(PyObject *pylong)
-
- .. index::
- single: PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
-
- Return a :ctype:`Py_ssize_t` representation of the contents of *pylong*. If
- *pylong* is greater than :const:`PY_SSIZE_T_MAX`, an :exc:`OverflowError` is
- raised.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: size_t PyLong_AsSize_t(PyObject *pylong)
-
- Return a :ctype:`size_t` representation of the contents of *pylong*. If
- *pylong* is greater than the maximum value for a :ctype:`size_t`, an
- :exc:`OverflowError` is raised.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsLongLong(PyObject *pylong)
-
- Return a C :ctype:`long long` from a Python integer. If *pylong* cannot be
- represented as a :ctype:`long long`, an :exc:`OverflowError` will be raised.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: unsigned PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(PyObject *pylong)
-
- Return a C :ctype:`unsigned long long` from a Python integer. If *pylong*
- cannot be represented as an :ctype:`unsigned long long`, an :exc:`OverflowError`
- will be raised if the value is positive, or a :exc:`TypeError` will be raised if
- the value is negative.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(PyObject *io)
-
- Return a C :ctype:`unsigned long` from a Python integer, without checking for
- overflow.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: unsigned PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(PyObject *io)
-
- Return a C :ctype:`unsigned long long` from a Python integer, without
- checking for overflow.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: double PyLong_AsDouble(PyObject *pylong)
-
- Return a C :ctype:`double` representation of the contents of *pylong*. If
- *pylong* cannot be approximately represented as a :ctype:`double`, an
- :exc:`OverflowError` exception is raised and ``-1.0`` will be returned.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: void* PyLong_AsVoidPtr(PyObject *pylong)
-
- Convert a Python integer *pylong* to a C :ctype:`void` pointer. If *pylong*
- cannot be converted, an :exc:`OverflowError` will be raised. This is only
- assured to produce a usable :ctype:`void` pointer for values created with
- :cfunc:`PyLong_FromVoidPtr`.
-
-
-.. _floatobjects:
-
-Floating Point Objects
-----------------------
-
-.. index:: object: floating point
-
-
-.. ctype:: PyFloatObject
-
- This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents a Python floating point object.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyFloat_Type
-
- .. index:: single: FloatType (in modules types)
-
- This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python floating point
- type. This is the same object as ``float`` and ``types.FloatType``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyFloat_Check(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if its argument is a :ctype:`PyFloatObject` or a subtype of
- :ctype:`PyFloatObject`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyFloat_CheckExact(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if its argument is a :ctype:`PyFloatObject`, but not a subtype of
- :ctype:`PyFloatObject`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyFloat_FromString(PyObject *str)
-
- Create a :ctype:`PyFloatObject` object based on the string value in *str*, or
- *NULL* on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyFloat_FromDouble(double v)
-
- Create a :ctype:`PyFloatObject` object from *v*, or *NULL* on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: double PyFloat_AsDouble(PyObject *pyfloat)
-
- Return a C :ctype:`double` representation of the contents of *pyfloat*. If
- *pyfloat* is not a Python floating point object but has a :meth:`__float__`
- method, this method will first be called to convert *pyfloat* into a float.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: double PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(PyObject *pyfloat)
-
- Return a C :ctype:`double` representation of the contents of *pyfloat*, but
- without error checking.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyFloat_GetInfo(void)
-
- Return a structseq instance which contains information about the
- precision, minimum and maximum values of a float. It's a thin wrapper
- around the header file :file:`float.h`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: double PyFloat_GetMax(void)
-
- Return the maximum representable finite float *DBL_MAX* as C :ctype:`double`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: double PyFloat_GetMin(void)
-
- Return the minimum normalized positive float *DBL_MIN* as C :ctype:`double`.
-
-
-.. _complexobjects:
-
-Complex Number Objects
-----------------------
-
-.. index:: object: complex number
-
-Python's complex number objects are implemented as two distinct types when
-viewed from the C API: one is the Python object exposed to Python programs, and
-the other is a C structure which represents the actual complex number value.
-The API provides functions for working with both.
-
-
-Complex Numbers as C Structures
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Note that the functions which accept these structures as parameters and return
-them as results do so *by value* rather than dereferencing them through
-pointers. This is consistent throughout the API.
-
-
-.. ctype:: Py_complex
-
- The C structure which corresponds to the value portion of a Python complex
- number object. Most of the functions for dealing with complex number objects
- use structures of this type as input or output values, as appropriate. It is
- defined as::
-
- typedef struct {
- double real;
- double imag;
- } Py_complex;
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_complex _Py_c_sum(Py_complex left, Py_complex right)
-
- Return the sum of two complex numbers, using the C :ctype:`Py_complex`
- representation.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_complex _Py_c_diff(Py_complex left, Py_complex right)
-
- Return the difference between two complex numbers, using the C
- :ctype:`Py_complex` representation.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_complex _Py_c_neg(Py_complex complex)
-
- Return the negation of the complex number *complex*, using the C
- :ctype:`Py_complex` representation.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_complex _Py_c_prod(Py_complex left, Py_complex right)
-
- Return the product of two complex numbers, using the C :ctype:`Py_complex`
- representation.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_complex _Py_c_quot(Py_complex dividend, Py_complex divisor)
-
- Return the quotient of two complex numbers, using the C :ctype:`Py_complex`
- representation.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_complex _Py_c_pow(Py_complex num, Py_complex exp)
-
- Return the exponentiation of *num* by *exp*, using the C :ctype:`Py_complex`
- representation.
-
-
-Complex Numbers as Python Objects
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-
-.. ctype:: PyComplexObject
-
- This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents a Python complex number object.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyComplex_Type
-
- This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python complex number
- type. It is the same object as ``complex`` and ``types.ComplexType``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyComplex_Check(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if its argument is a :ctype:`PyComplexObject` or a subtype of
- :ctype:`PyComplexObject`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyComplex_CheckExact(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if its argument is a :ctype:`PyComplexObject`, but not a subtype of
- :ctype:`PyComplexObject`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyComplex_FromCComplex(Py_complex v)
-
- Create a new Python complex number object from a C :ctype:`Py_complex` value.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyComplex_FromDoubles(double real, double imag)
-
- Return a new :ctype:`PyComplexObject` object from *real* and *imag*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: double PyComplex_RealAsDouble(PyObject *op)
-
- Return the real part of *op* as a C :ctype:`double`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: double PyComplex_ImagAsDouble(PyObject *op)
-
- Return the imaginary part of *op* as a C :ctype:`double`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_complex PyComplex_AsCComplex(PyObject *op)
-
- Return the :ctype:`Py_complex` value of the complex number *op*.
-
- If *op* is not a Python complex number object but has a :meth:`__complex__`
- method, this method will first be called to convert *op* to a Python complex
- number object.
+ long.rst
+ bool.rst
+ float.rst
+ complex.rst
.. _sequenceobjects:
@@ -587,1515 +63,13 @@
.. XXX sort out unicode, str, bytes and bytearray
-.. _stringobjects:
+.. toctree::
-String Objects
---------------
-
-These functions raise :exc:`TypeError` when expecting a string parameter and are
-called with a non-string parameter.
-
-.. index:: object: string
-
-
-.. ctype:: PyStringObject
-
- This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents a Python string object.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyString_Type
-
- .. index:: single: StringType (in module types)
-
- This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python string type; it is
- the same object as ``str`` and ``types.StringType`` in the Python layer. .
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyString_Check(PyObject *o)
-
- Return true if the object *o* is a string object or an instance of a subtype of
- the string type.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyString_CheckExact(PyObject *o)
-
- Return true if the object *o* is a string object, but not an instance of a
- subtype of the string type.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyString_FromString(const char *v)
-
- Return a new string object with a copy of the string *v* as value on success,
- and *NULL* on failure. The parameter *v* must not be *NULL*; it will not be
- checked.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyString_FromStringAndSize(const char *v, Py_ssize_t len)
-
- Return a new string object with a copy of the string *v* as value and length
- *len* on success, and *NULL* on failure. If *v* is *NULL*, the contents of the
- string are uninitialized.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyString_FromFormat(const char *format, ...)
-
- Take a C :cfunc:`printf`\ -style *format* string and a variable number of
- arguments, calculate the size of the resulting Python string and return a string
- with the values formatted into it. The variable arguments must be C types and
- must correspond exactly to the format characters in the *format* string. The
- following format characters are allowed:
-
- .. % XXX: This should be exactly the same as the table in PyErr_Format.
- .. % One should just refer to the other.
- .. % XXX: The descriptions for %zd and %zu are wrong, but the truth is complicated
- .. % because not all compilers support the %z width modifier -- we fake it
- .. % when necessary via interpolating PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T.
- .. % %u, %lu, %zu should have "new in Python 2.5" blurbs.
-
- +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
- | Format Characters | Type | Comment |
- +===================+===============+================================+
- | :attr:`%%` | *n/a* | The literal % character. |
- +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%c` | int | A single character, |
- | | | represented as an C int. |
- +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%d` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%d")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%u` | unsigned int | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%u")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%ld` | long | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%ld")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%lu` | unsigned long | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%lu")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%zd` | Py_ssize_t | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%zd")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%zu` | size_t | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%zu")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%i` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%i")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%x` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%x")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%s` | char\* | A null-terminated C character |
- | | | array. |
- +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%p` | void\* | The hex representation of a C |
- | | | pointer. Mostly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%p")`` except that |
- | | | it is guaranteed to start with |
- | | | the literal ``0x`` regardless |
- | | | of what the platform's |
- | | | ``printf`` yields. |
- +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
-
- An unrecognized format character causes all the rest of the format string to be
- copied as-is to the result string, and any extra arguments discarded.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyString_FromFormatV(const char *format, va_list vargs)
-
- Identical to :func:`PyString_FromFormat` except that it takes exactly two
- arguments.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyString_Size(PyObject *string)
-
- Return the length of the string in string object *string*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyString_GET_SIZE(PyObject *string)
-
- Macro form of :cfunc:`PyString_Size` but without error checking.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: char* PyString_AsString(PyObject *string)
-
- Return a NUL-terminated representation of the contents of *string*. The pointer
- refers to the internal buffer of *string*, not a copy. The data must not be
- modified in any way, unless the string was just created using
- ``PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size)``. It must not be deallocated. If
- *string* is a Unicode object, this function computes the default encoding of
- *string* and operates on that. If *string* is not a string object at all,
- :cfunc:`PyString_AsString` returns *NULL* and raises :exc:`TypeError`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: char* PyString_AS_STRING(PyObject *string)
-
- Macro form of :cfunc:`PyString_AsString` but without error checking. Only
- string objects are supported; no Unicode objects should be passed.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyString_AsStringAndSize(PyObject *obj, char **buffer, Py_ssize_t *length)
-
- Return a NUL-terminated representation of the contents of the object *obj*
- through the output variables *buffer* and *length*.
-
- The function accepts both string and Unicode objects as input. For Unicode
- objects it returns the default encoded version of the object. If *length* is
- *NULL*, the resulting buffer may not contain NUL characters; if it does, the
- function returns ``-1`` and a :exc:`TypeError` is raised.
-
- The buffer refers to an internal string buffer of *obj*, not a copy. The data
- must not be modified in any way, unless the string was just created using
- ``PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size)``. It must not be deallocated. If
- *string* is a Unicode object, this function computes the default encoding of
- *string* and operates on that. If *string* is not a string object at all,
- :cfunc:`PyString_AsStringAndSize` returns ``-1`` and raises :exc:`TypeError`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: void PyString_Concat(PyObject **string, PyObject *newpart)
-
- Create a new string object in *\*string* containing the contents of *newpart*
- appended to *string*; the caller will own the new reference. The reference to
- the old value of *string* will be stolen. If the new string cannot be created,
- the old reference to *string* will still be discarded and the value of
- *\*string* will be set to *NULL*; the appropriate exception will be set.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: void PyString_ConcatAndDel(PyObject **string, PyObject *newpart)
-
- Create a new string object in *\*string* containing the contents of *newpart*
- appended to *string*. This version decrements the reference count of *newpart*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int _PyString_Resize(PyObject **string, Py_ssize_t newsize)
-
- A way to resize a string object even though it is "immutable". Only use this to
- build up a brand new string object; don't use this if the string may already be
- known in other parts of the code. It is an error to call this function if the
- refcount on the input string object is not one. Pass the address of an existing
- string object as an lvalue (it may be written into), and the new size desired.
- On success, *\*string* holds the resized string object and ``0`` is returned;
- the address in *\*string* may differ from its input value. If the reallocation
- fails, the original string object at *\*string* is deallocated, *\*string* is
- set to *NULL*, a memory exception is set, and ``-1`` is returned.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyString_Format(PyObject *format, PyObject *args)
-
- Return a new string object from *format* and *args*. Analogous to ``format %
- args``. The *args* argument must be a tuple.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: void PyString_InternInPlace(PyObject **string)
-
- Intern the argument *\*string* in place. The argument must be the address of a
- pointer variable pointing to a Python string object. If there is an existing
- interned string that is the same as *\*string*, it sets *\*string* to it
- (decrementing the reference count of the old string object and incrementing the
- reference count of the interned string object), otherwise it leaves *\*string*
- alone and interns it (incrementing its reference count). (Clarification: even
- though there is a lot of talk about reference counts, think of this function as
- reference-count-neutral; you own the object after the call if and only if you
- owned it before the call.)
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyString_InternFromString(const char *v)
-
- A combination of :cfunc:`PyString_FromString` and
- :cfunc:`PyString_InternInPlace`, returning either a new string object that has
- been interned, or a new ("owned") reference to an earlier interned string object
- with the same value.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyString_Decode(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
-
- Create an object by decoding *size* bytes of the encoded buffer *s* using the
- codec registered for *encoding*. *encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning
- as the parameters of the same name in the :func:`unicode` built-in function.
- The codec to be used is looked up using the Python codec registry. Return
- *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyString_AsDecodedObject(PyObject *str, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
-
- Decode a string object by passing it to the codec registered for *encoding* and
- return the result as Python object. *encoding* and *errors* have the same
- meaning as the parameters of the same name in the string :meth:`encode` method.
- The codec to be used is looked up using the Python codec registry. Return *NULL*
- if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyString_AsEncodedObject(PyObject *str, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
-
- Encode a string object using the codec registered for *encoding* and return the
- result as Python object. *encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning as the
- parameters of the same name in the string :meth:`encode` method. The codec to be
- used is looked up using the Python codec registry. Return *NULL* if an exception
- was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. _unicodeobjects:
-
-Unicode Objects
----------------
-
-.. sectionauthor:: Marc-Andre Lemburg <mal@lemburg.com>
-
-
-These are the basic Unicode object types used for the Unicode implementation in
-Python:
-
-.. % --- Unicode Type -------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-.. ctype:: Py_UNICODE
-
- This type represents the storage type which is used by Python internally as
- basis for holding Unicode ordinals. Python's default builds use a 16-bit type
- for :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` and store Unicode values internally as UCS2. It is also
- possible to build a UCS4 version of Python (most recent Linux distributions come
- with UCS4 builds of Python). These builds then use a 32-bit type for
- :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` and store Unicode data internally as UCS4. On platforms
- where :ctype:`wchar_t` is available and compatible with the chosen Python
- Unicode build variant, :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` is a typedef alias for
- :ctype:`wchar_t` to enhance native platform compatibility. On all other
- platforms, :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` is a typedef alias for either :ctype:`unsigned
- short` (UCS2) or :ctype:`unsigned long` (UCS4).
-
-Note that UCS2 and UCS4 Python builds are not binary compatible. Please keep
-this in mind when writing extensions or interfaces.
-
-
-.. ctype:: PyUnicodeObject
-
- This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents a Python Unicode object.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyUnicode_Type
-
- This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python Unicode type. It
- is exposed to Python code as ``str``.
-
-The following APIs are really C macros and can be used to do fast checks and to
-access internal read-only data of Unicode objects:
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyUnicode_Check(PyObject *o)
-
- Return true if the object *o* is a Unicode object or an instance of a Unicode
- subtype.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyUnicode_CheckExact(PyObject *o)
-
- Return true if the object *o* is a Unicode object, but not an instance of a
- subtype.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(PyObject *o)
-
- Return the size of the object. *o* has to be a :ctype:`PyUnicodeObject` (not
- checked).
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_GET_DATA_SIZE(PyObject *o)
-
- Return the size of the object's internal buffer in bytes. *o* has to be a
- :ctype:`PyUnicodeObject` (not checked).
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_UNICODE* PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(PyObject *o)
-
- Return a pointer to the internal :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the object. *o*
- has to be a :ctype:`PyUnicodeObject` (not checked).
-
-
-.. cfunction:: const char* PyUnicode_AS_DATA(PyObject *o)
-
- Return a pointer to the internal buffer of the object. *o* has to be a
- :ctype:`PyUnicodeObject` (not checked).
-
-Unicode provides many different character properties. The most often needed ones
-are available through these macros which are mapped to C functions depending on
-the Python configuration.
-
-.. % --- Unicode character properties ---------------------------------------
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a whitespace character.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a lowercase character.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an uppercase character.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a titlecase character.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int Py_UNICODE_ISLINEBREAK(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a linebreak character.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int Py_UNICODE_ISDECIMAL(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a decimal character.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int Py_UNICODE_ISDIGIT(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a digit character.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int Py_UNICODE_ISNUMERIC(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a numeric character.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int Py_UNICODE_ISALPHA(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an alphabetic character.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int Py_UNICODE_ISALNUM(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an alphanumeric character.
-
-These APIs can be used for fast direct character conversions:
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_UNICODE Py_UNICODE_TOLOWER(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return the character *ch* converted to lower case.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_UNICODE Py_UNICODE_TOUPPER(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return the character *ch* converted to upper case.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_UNICODE Py_UNICODE_TOTITLE(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return the character *ch* converted to title case.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return the character *ch* converted to a decimal positive integer. Return
- ``-1`` if this is not possible. This macro does not raise exceptions.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int Py_UNICODE_TODIGIT(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return the character *ch* converted to a single digit integer. Return ``-1`` if
- this is not possible. This macro does not raise exceptions.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: double Py_UNICODE_TONUMERIC(Py_UNICODE ch)
-
- Return the character *ch* converted to a double. Return ``-1.0`` if this is not
- possible. This macro does not raise exceptions.
-
-To create Unicode objects and access their basic sequence properties, use these
-APIs:
-
-.. % --- Plain Py_UNICODE ---------------------------------------------------
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromUnicode(const Py_UNICODE *u, Py_ssize_t size)
-
- Create a Unicode Object from the Py_UNICODE buffer *u* of the given size. *u*
- may be *NULL* which causes the contents to be undefined. It is the user's
- responsibility to fill in the needed data. The buffer is copied into the new
- object. If the buffer is not *NULL*, the return value might be a shared object.
- Therefore, modification of the resulting Unicode object is only allowed when *u*
- is *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(const char *u, Py_ssize_t size)
-
- Create a Unicode Object from the char buffer *u*. The bytes will be interpreted
- as being UTF-8 encoded. *u* may also be *NULL* which
- causes the contents to be undefined. It is the user's responsibility to fill in
- the needed data. The buffer is copied into the new object. If the buffer is not
- *NULL*, the return value might be a shared object. Therefore, modification of
- the resulting Unicode object is only allowed when *u* is *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject *PyUnicode_FromString(const char *u)
-
- Create a Unicode object from an UTF-8 encoded null-terminated char buffer
- *u*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromFormat(const char *format, ...)
-
- Take a C :cfunc:`printf`\ -style *format* string and a variable number of
- arguments, calculate the size of the resulting Python unicode string and return
- a string with the values formatted into it. The variable arguments must be C
- types and must correspond exactly to the format characters in the *format*
- string. The following format characters are allowed:
-
- .. % The descriptions for %zd and %zu are wrong, but the truth is complicated
- .. % because not all compilers support the %z width modifier -- we fake it
- .. % when necessary via interpolating PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T.
-
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | Format Characters | Type | Comment |
- +===================+=====================+================================+
- | :attr:`%%` | *n/a* | The literal % character. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%c` | int | A single character, |
- | | | represented as an C int. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%d` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%d")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%u` | unsigned int | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%u")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%ld` | long | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%ld")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%lu` | unsigned long | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%lu")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%zd` | Py_ssize_t | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%zd")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%zu` | size_t | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%zu")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%i` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%i")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%x` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%x")``. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%s` | char\* | A null-terminated C character |
- | | | array. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%p` | void\* | The hex representation of a C |
- | | | pointer. Mostly equivalent to |
- | | | ``printf("%p")`` except that |
- | | | it is guaranteed to start with |
- | | | the literal ``0x`` regardless |
- | | | of what the platform's |
- | | | ``printf`` yields. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%U` | PyObject\* | A unicode object. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%V` | PyObject\*, char \* | A unicode object (which may be |
- | | | *NULL*) and a null-terminated |
- | | | C character array as a second |
- | | | parameter (which will be used, |
- | | | if the first parameter is |
- | | | *NULL*). |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%S` | PyObject\* | The result of calling |
- | | | :func:`PyObject_Unicode`. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
- | :attr:`%R` | PyObject\* | The result of calling |
- | | | :func:`PyObject_Repr`. |
- +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
-
- An unrecognized format character causes all the rest of the format string to be
- copied as-is to the result string, and any extra arguments discarded.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromFormatV(const char *format, va_list vargs)
-
- Identical to :func:`PyUnicode_FromFormat` except that it takes exactly two
- arguments.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_UNICODE* PyUnicode_AsUnicode(PyObject *unicode)
-
- Return a read-only pointer to the Unicode object's internal :ctype:`Py_UNICODE`
- buffer, *NULL* if *unicode* is not a Unicode object.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_GetSize(PyObject *unicode)
-
- Return the length of the Unicode object.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(PyObject *obj, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
-
- Coerce an encoded object *obj* to an Unicode object and return a reference with
- incremented refcount.
-
- String and other char buffer compatible objects are decoded according to the
- given encoding and using the error handling defined by errors. Both can be
- *NULL* to have the interface use the default values (see the next section for
- details).
-
- All other objects, including Unicode objects, cause a :exc:`TypeError` to be
- set.
-
- The API returns *NULL* if there was an error. The caller is responsible for
- decref'ing the returned objects.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromObject(PyObject *obj)
-
- Shortcut for ``PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(obj, NULL, "strict")`` which is used
- throughout the interpreter whenever coercion to Unicode is needed.
-
-If the platform supports :ctype:`wchar_t` and provides a header file wchar.h,
-Python can interface directly to this type using the following functions.
-Support is optimized if Python's own :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` type is identical to
-the system's :ctype:`wchar_t`.
-
-.. % --- wchar_t support for platforms which support it ---------------------
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromWideChar(const wchar_t *w, Py_ssize_t size)
-
- Create a Unicode object from the :ctype:`wchar_t` buffer *w* of the given size.
- Return *NULL* on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_AsWideChar(PyUnicodeObject *unicode, wchar_t *w, Py_ssize_t size)
-
- Copy the Unicode object contents into the :ctype:`wchar_t` buffer *w*. At most
- *size* :ctype:`wchar_t` characters are copied (excluding a possibly trailing
- 0-termination character). Return the number of :ctype:`wchar_t` characters
- copied or -1 in case of an error. Note that the resulting :ctype:`wchar_t`
- string may or may not be 0-terminated. It is the responsibility of the caller
- to make sure that the :ctype:`wchar_t` string is 0-terminated in case this is
- required by the application.
-
-
-.. _builtincodecs:
-
-Built-in Codecs
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Python provides a set of builtin codecs which are written in C for speed. All of
-these codecs are directly usable via the following functions.
-
-Many of the following APIs take two arguments encoding and errors. These
-parameters encoding and errors have the same semantics as the ones of the
-builtin unicode() Unicode object constructor.
-
-Setting encoding to *NULL* causes the default encoding to be used which is
-ASCII. The file system calls should use :cdata:`Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding`
-as the encoding for file names. This variable should be treated as read-only: On
-some systems, it will be a pointer to a static string, on others, it will change
-at run-time (such as when the application invokes setlocale).
-
-Error handling is set by errors which may also be set to *NULL* meaning to use
-the default handling defined for the codec. Default error handling for all
-builtin codecs is "strict" (:exc:`ValueError` is raised).
-
-The codecs all use a similar interface. Only deviation from the following
-generic ones are documented for simplicity.
-
-These are the generic codec APIs:
-
-.. % --- Generic Codecs -----------------------------------------------------
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Decode(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
-
- Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the encoded string *s*.
- *encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name
- in the :func:`unicode` builtin function. The codec to be used is looked up
- using the Python codec registry. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by
- the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Encode(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
-
- Encode the :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given size and return a Python
- string object. *encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning as the parameters
- of the same name in the Unicode :meth:`encode` method. The codec to be used is
- looked up using the Python codec registry. Return *NULL* if an exception was
- raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(PyObject *unicode, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
-
- Encode a Unicode object and return the result as Python string object.
- *encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name
- in the Unicode :meth:`encode` method. The codec to be used is looked up using
- the Python codec registry. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the
- codec.
-
-These are the UTF-8 codec APIs:
-
-.. % --- UTF-8 Codecs -------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
-
- Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the UTF-8 encoded string
- *s*. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, Py_ssize_t *consumed)
-
- If *consumed* is *NULL*, behave like :cfunc:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8`. If
- *consumed* is not *NULL*, trailing incomplete UTF-8 byte sequences will not be
- treated as an error. Those bytes will not be decoded and the number of bytes
- that have been decoded will be stored in *consumed*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeUTF8(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
-
- Encode the :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given size using UTF-8 and return a
- Python string object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(PyObject *unicode)
-
- Encode a Unicode object using UTF-8 and return the result as Python string
- object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an exception was raised
- by the codec.
-
-These are the UTF-32 codec APIs:
-
-.. % --- UTF-32 Codecs ------------------------------------------------------ */
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int *byteorder)
-
- Decode *length* bytes from a UTF-32 encoded buffer string and return the
- corresponding Unicode object. *errors* (if non-*NULL*) defines the error
- handling. It defaults to "strict".
-
- If *byteorder* is non-*NULL*, the decoder starts decoding using the given byte
- order::
-
- *byteorder == -1: little endian
- *byteorder == 0: native order
- *byteorder == 1: big endian
-
- and then switches if the first four bytes of the input data are a byte order mark
- (BOM) and the specified byte order is native order. This BOM is not copied into
- the resulting Unicode string. After completion, *\*byteorder* is set to the
- current byte order at the end of input data.
-
- In a narrow build codepoints outside the BMP will be decoded as surrogate pairs.
-
- If *byteorder* is *NULL*, the codec starts in native order mode.
-
- Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32Stateful(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int *byteorder, Py_ssize_t *consumed)
-
- If *consumed* is *NULL*, behave like :cfunc:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32`. If
- *consumed* is not *NULL*, :cfunc:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32Stateful` will not treat
- trailing incomplete UTF-32 byte sequences (such as a number of bytes not divisible
- by four) as an error. Those bytes will not be decoded and the number of bytes
- that have been decoded will be stored in *consumed*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeUTF32(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int byteorder)
-
- Return a Python bytes object holding the UTF-32 encoded value of the Unicode
- data in *s*. If *byteorder* is not ``0``, output is written according to the
- following byte order::
-
- byteorder == -1: little endian
- byteorder == 0: native byte order (writes a BOM mark)
- byteorder == 1: big endian
-
- If byteorder is ``0``, the output string will always start with the Unicode BOM
- mark (U+FEFF). In the other two modes, no BOM mark is prepended.
-
- If *Py_UNICODE_WIDE* is not defined, surrogate pairs will be output
- as a single codepoint.
-
- Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsUTF32String(PyObject *unicode)
-
- Return a Python string using the UTF-32 encoding in native byte order. The
- string always starts with a BOM mark. Error handling is "strict". Return
- *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-These are the UTF-16 codec APIs:
-
-.. % --- UTF-16 Codecs ------------------------------------------------------ */
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int *byteorder)
-
- Decode *length* bytes from a UTF-16 encoded buffer string and return the
- corresponding Unicode object. *errors* (if non-*NULL*) defines the error
- handling. It defaults to "strict".
-
- If *byteorder* is non-*NULL*, the decoder starts decoding using the given byte
- order::
-
- *byteorder == -1: little endian
- *byteorder == 0: native order
- *byteorder == 1: big endian
-
- and then switches if the first two bytes of the input data are a byte order mark
- (BOM) and the specified byte order is native order. This BOM is not copied into
- the resulting Unicode string. After completion, *\*byteorder* is set to the
- current byte order at the end of input data.
-
- If *byteorder* is *NULL*, the codec starts in native order mode.
-
- Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16Stateful(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int *byteorder, Py_ssize_t *consumed)
-
- If *consumed* is *NULL*, behave like :cfunc:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16`. If
- *consumed* is not *NULL*, :cfunc:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16Stateful` will not treat
- trailing incomplete UTF-16 byte sequences (such as an odd number of bytes or a
- split surrogate pair) as an error. Those bytes will not be decoded and the
- number of bytes that have been decoded will be stored in *consumed*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeUTF16(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int byteorder)
-
- Return a Python string object holding the UTF-16 encoded value of the Unicode
- data in *s*. If *byteorder* is not ``0``, output is written according to the
- following byte order::
-
- byteorder == -1: little endian
- byteorder == 0: native byte order (writes a BOM mark)
- byteorder == 1: big endian
-
- If byteorder is ``0``, the output string will always start with the Unicode BOM
- mark (U+FEFF). In the other two modes, no BOM mark is prepended.
-
- If *Py_UNICODE_WIDE* is defined, a single :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` value may get
- represented as a surrogate pair. If it is not defined, each :ctype:`Py_UNICODE`
- values is interpreted as an UCS-2 character.
-
- Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsUTF16String(PyObject *unicode)
-
- Return a Python string using the UTF-16 encoding in native byte order. The
- string always starts with a BOM mark. Error handling is "strict". Return
- *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-These are the "Unicode Escape" codec APIs:
-
-.. % --- Unicode-Escape Codecs ----------------------------------------------
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
-
- Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the Unicode-Escape encoded
- string *s*. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeUnicodeEscape(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size)
-
- Encode the :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given size using Unicode-Escape and
- return a Python string object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the
- codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsUnicodeEscapeString(PyObject *unicode)
-
- Encode a Unicode object using Unicode-Escape and return the result as Python
- string object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an exception was
- raised by the codec.
-
-These are the "Raw Unicode Escape" codec APIs:
-
-.. % --- Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs ------------------------------------------
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeRawUnicodeEscape(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
-
- Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the Raw-Unicode-Escape
- encoded string *s*. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeRawUnicodeEscape(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
-
- Encode the :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given size using Raw-Unicode-Escape
- and return a Python string object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by
- the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsRawUnicodeEscapeString(PyObject *unicode)
-
- Encode a Unicode object using Raw-Unicode-Escape and return the result as
- Python string object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an exception
- was raised by the codec.
-
-These are the Latin-1 codec APIs: Latin-1 corresponds to the first 256 Unicode
-ordinals and only these are accepted by the codecs during encoding.
-
-.. % --- Latin-1 Codecs -----------------------------------------------------
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
-
- Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the Latin-1 encoded string
- *s*. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeLatin1(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
-
- Encode the :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given size using Latin-1 and return
- a Python string object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsLatin1String(PyObject *unicode)
-
- Encode a Unicode object using Latin-1 and return the result as Python string
- object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an exception was raised
- by the codec.
-
-These are the ASCII codec APIs. Only 7-bit ASCII data is accepted. All other
-codes generate errors.
-
-.. % --- ASCII Codecs -------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
-
- Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the ASCII encoded string
- *s*. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeASCII(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
-
- Encode the :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given size using ASCII and return a
- Python string object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(PyObject *unicode)
-
- Encode a Unicode object using ASCII and return the result as Python string
- object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an exception was raised
- by the codec.
-
-These are the mapping codec APIs:
-
-.. % --- Character Map Codecs -----------------------------------------------
-
-This codec is special in that it can be used to implement many different codecs
-(and this is in fact what was done to obtain most of the standard codecs
-included in the :mod:`encodings` package). The codec uses mapping to encode and
-decode characters.
-
-Decoding mappings must map single string characters to single Unicode
-characters, integers (which are then interpreted as Unicode ordinals) or None
-(meaning "undefined mapping" and causing an error).
-
-Encoding mappings must map single Unicode characters to single string
-characters, integers (which are then interpreted as Latin-1 ordinals) or None
-(meaning "undefined mapping" and causing an error).
-
-The mapping objects provided must only support the __getitem__ mapping
-interface.
-
-If a character lookup fails with a LookupError, the character is copied as-is
-meaning that its ordinal value will be interpreted as Unicode or Latin-1 ordinal
-resp. Because of this, mappings only need to contain those mappings which map
-characters to different code points.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeCharmap(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, PyObject *mapping, const char *errors)
-
- Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the encoded string *s* using
- the given *mapping* object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the
- codec. If *mapping* is *NULL* latin-1 decoding will be done. Else it can be a
- dictionary mapping byte or a unicode string, which is treated as a lookup table.
- Byte values greater that the length of the string and U+FFFE "characters" are
- treated as "undefined mapping".
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeCharmap(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, PyObject *mapping, const char *errors)
-
- Encode the :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given size using the given
- *mapping* object and return a Python string object. Return *NULL* if an
- exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsCharmapString(PyObject *unicode, PyObject *mapping)
-
- Encode a Unicode object using the given *mapping* object and return the result
- as Python string object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an
- exception was raised by the codec.
-
-The following codec API is special in that maps Unicode to Unicode.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, PyObject *table, const char *errors)
-
- Translate a :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given length by applying a
- character mapping *table* to it and return the resulting Unicode object. Return
- *NULL* when an exception was raised by the codec.
-
- The *mapping* table must map Unicode ordinal integers to Unicode ordinal
- integers or None (causing deletion of the character).
-
- Mapping tables need only provide the :meth:`__getitem__` interface; dictionaries
- and sequences work well. Unmapped character ordinals (ones which cause a
- :exc:`LookupError`) are left untouched and are copied as-is.
-
-These are the MBCS codec APIs. They are currently only available on Windows and
-use the Win32 MBCS converters to implement the conversions. Note that MBCS (or
-DBCS) is a class of encodings, not just one. The target encoding is defined by
-the user settings on the machine running the codec.
-
-.. % --- MBCS codecs for Windows --------------------------------------------
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeMBCS(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
-
- Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the MBCS encoded string *s*.
- Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeMBCSStateful(const char *s, int size, const char *errors, int *consumed)
-
- If *consumed* is *NULL*, behave like :cfunc:`PyUnicode_DecodeMBCS`. If
- *consumed* is not *NULL*, :cfunc:`PyUnicode_DecodeMBCSStateful` will not decode
- trailing lead byte and the number of bytes that have been decoded will be stored
- in *consumed*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeMBCS(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
-
- Encode the :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given size using MBCS and return a
- Python string object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsMBCSString(PyObject *unicode)
-
- Encode a Unicode object using MBCS and return the result as Python string
- object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an exception was raised
- by the codec.
-
-.. % --- Methods & Slots ----------------------------------------------------
-
-
-.. _unicodemethodsandslots:
-
-Methods and Slot Functions
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The following APIs are capable of handling Unicode objects and strings on input
-(we refer to them as strings in the descriptions) and return Unicode objects or
-integers as appropriate.
-
-They all return *NULL* or ``-1`` if an exception occurs.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Concat(PyObject *left, PyObject *right)
-
- Concat two strings giving a new Unicode string.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Split(PyObject *s, PyObject *sep, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)
-
- Split a string giving a list of Unicode strings. If sep is *NULL*, splitting
- will be done at all whitespace substrings. Otherwise, splits occur at the given
- separator. At most *maxsplit* splits will be done. If negative, no limit is
- set. Separators are not included in the resulting list.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Splitlines(PyObject *s, int keepend)
-
- Split a Unicode string at line breaks, returning a list of Unicode strings.
- CRLF is considered to be one line break. If *keepend* is 0, the Line break
- characters are not included in the resulting strings.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Translate(PyObject *str, PyObject *table, const char *errors)
-
- Translate a string by applying a character mapping table to it and return the
- resulting Unicode object.
-
- The mapping table must map Unicode ordinal integers to Unicode ordinal integers
- or None (causing deletion of the character).
-
- Mapping tables need only provide the :meth:`__getitem__` interface; dictionaries
- and sequences work well. Unmapped character ordinals (ones which cause a
- :exc:`LookupError`) are left untouched and are copied as-is.
-
- *errors* has the usual meaning for codecs. It may be *NULL* which indicates to
- use the default error handling.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Join(PyObject *separator, PyObject *seq)
-
- Join a sequence of strings using the given separator and return the resulting
- Unicode string.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyUnicode_Tailmatch(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, int direction)
-
- Return 1 if *substr* matches *str*[*start*:*end*] at the given tail end
- (*direction* == -1 means to do a prefix match, *direction* == 1 a suffix match),
- 0 otherwise. Return ``-1`` if an error occurred.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_Find(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, int direction)
-
- Return the first position of *substr* in *str*[*start*:*end*] using the given
- *direction* (*direction* == 1 means to do a forward search, *direction* == -1 a
- backward search). The return value is the index of the first match; a value of
- ``-1`` indicates that no match was found, and ``-2`` indicates that an error
- occurred and an exception has been set.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_Count(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end)
-
- Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of *substr* in
- ``str[start:end]``. Return ``-1`` if an error occurred.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Replace(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, PyObject *replstr, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
-
- Replace at most *maxcount* occurrences of *substr* in *str* with *replstr* and
- return the resulting Unicode object. *maxcount* == -1 means replace all
- occurrences.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyUnicode_Compare(PyObject *left, PyObject *right)
-
- Compare two strings and return -1, 0, 1 for less than, equal, and greater than,
- respectively.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyUnicode_RichCompare(PyObject *left, PyObject *right, int op)
-
- Rich compare two unicode strings and return one of the following:
-
- * ``NULL`` in case an exception was raised
- * :const:`Py_True` or :const:`Py_False` for successful comparisons
- * :const:`Py_NotImplemented` in case the type combination is unknown
-
- Note that :const:`Py_EQ` and :const:`Py_NE` comparisons can cause a
- :exc:`UnicodeWarning` in case the conversion of the arguments to Unicode fails
- with a :exc:`UnicodeDecodeError`.
-
- Possible values for *op* are :const:`Py_GT`, :const:`Py_GE`, :const:`Py_EQ`,
- :const:`Py_NE`, :const:`Py_LT`, and :const:`Py_LE`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Format(PyObject *format, PyObject *args)
-
- Return a new string object from *format* and *args*; this is analogous to
- ``format % args``. The *args* argument must be a tuple.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyUnicode_Contains(PyObject *container, PyObject *element)
-
- Check whether *element* is contained in *container* and return true or false
- accordingly.
-
- *element* has to coerce to a one element Unicode string. ``-1`` is returned if
- there was an error.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: void PyUnicode_InternInPlace(PyObject **string)
-
- Intern the argument *\*string* in place. The argument must be the address of a
- pointer variable pointing to a Python unicode string object. If there is an
- existing interned string that is the same as *\*string*, it sets *\*string* to
- it (decrementing the reference count of the old string object and incrementing
- the reference count of the interned string object), otherwise it leaves
- *\*string* alone and interns it (incrementing its reference count).
- (Clarification: even though there is a lot of talk about reference counts, think
- of this function as reference-count-neutral; you own the object after the call
- if and only if you owned it before the call.)
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyUnicode_InternFromString(const char *v)
-
- A combination of :cfunc:`PyUnicode_FromString` and
- :cfunc:`PyUnicode_InternInPlace`, returning either a new unicode string object
- that has been interned, or a new ("owned") reference to an earlier interned
- string object with the same value.
-
-
-.. _bufferobjects:
-
-Buffer Objects
---------------
-
-.. sectionauthor:: Greg Stein <gstein@lyra.org>
-
-
-.. index::
- object: buffer
- single: buffer interface
-
-Python objects implemented in C can export a group of functions called the
-"buffer interface." These functions can be used by an object to expose its data
-in a raw, byte-oriented format. Clients of the object can use the buffer
-interface to access the object data directly, without needing to copy it first.
-
-Two examples of objects that support the buffer interface are strings and
-arrays. The string object exposes the character contents in the buffer
-interface's byte-oriented form. An array can also expose its contents, but it
-should be noted that array elements may be multi-byte values.
-
-An example user of the buffer interface is the file object's :meth:`write`
-method. Any object that can export a series of bytes through the buffer
-interface can be written to a file. There are a number of format codes to
-:cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` that operate against an object's buffer interface,
-returning data from the target object.
-
-.. index:: single: PyBufferProcs
-
-More information on the buffer interface is provided in the section
-:ref:`buffer-structs`, under the description for :ctype:`PyBufferProcs`.
-
-A "buffer object" is defined in the :file:`bufferobject.h` header (included by
-:file:`Python.h`). These objects look very similar to string objects at the
-Python programming level: they support slicing, indexing, concatenation, and
-some other standard string operations. However, their data can come from one of
-two sources: from a block of memory, or from another object which exports the
-buffer interface.
-
-Buffer objects are useful as a way to expose the data from another object's
-buffer interface to the Python programmer. They can also be used as a zero-copy
-slicing mechanism. Using their ability to reference a block of memory, it is
-possible to expose any data to the Python programmer quite easily. The memory
-could be a large, constant array in a C extension, it could be a raw block of
-memory for manipulation before passing to an operating system library, or it
-could be used to pass around structured data in its native, in-memory format.
-
-
-.. ctype:: PyBufferObject
-
- This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents a buffer object.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyBuffer_Type
-
- .. index:: single: BufferType (in module types)
-
- The instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` which represents the Python buffer type;
- it is the same object as ``buffer`` and ``types.BufferType`` in the Python
- layer. .
-
-
-.. cvar:: int Py_END_OF_BUFFER
-
- This constant may be passed as the *size* parameter to
- :cfunc:`PyBuffer_FromObject` or :cfunc:`PyBuffer_FromReadWriteObject`. It
- indicates that the new :ctype:`PyBufferObject` should refer to *base* object
- from the specified *offset* to the end of its exported buffer. Using this
- enables the caller to avoid querying the *base* object for its length.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyBuffer_Check(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if the argument has type :cdata:`PyBuffer_Type`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyBuffer_FromObject(PyObject *base, Py_ssize_t offset, Py_ssize_t size)
-
- Return a new read-only buffer object. This raises :exc:`TypeError` if *base*
- doesn't support the read-only buffer protocol or doesn't provide exactly one
- buffer segment, or it raises :exc:`ValueError` if *offset* is less than zero.
- The buffer will hold a reference to the *base* object, and the buffer's contents
- will refer to the *base* object's buffer interface, starting as position
- *offset* and extending for *size* bytes. If *size* is :const:`Py_END_OF_BUFFER`,
- then the new buffer's contents extend to the length of the *base* object's
- exported buffer data.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyBuffer_FromReadWriteObject(PyObject *base, Py_ssize_t offset, Py_ssize_t size)
-
- Return a new writable buffer object. Parameters and exceptions are similar to
- those for :cfunc:`PyBuffer_FromObject`. If the *base* object does not export
- the writable buffer protocol, then :exc:`TypeError` is raised.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyBuffer_FromMemory(void *ptr, Py_ssize_t size)
-
- Return a new read-only buffer object that reads from a specified location in
- memory, with a specified size. The caller is responsible for ensuring that the
- memory buffer, passed in as *ptr*, is not deallocated while the returned buffer
- object exists. Raises :exc:`ValueError` if *size* is less than zero. Note that
- :const:`Py_END_OF_BUFFER` may *not* be passed for the *size* parameter;
- :exc:`ValueError` will be raised in that case.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyBuffer_FromReadWriteMemory(void *ptr, Py_ssize_t size)
-
- Similar to :cfunc:`PyBuffer_FromMemory`, but the returned buffer is writable.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyBuffer_New(Py_ssize_t size)
-
- Return a new writable buffer object that maintains its own memory buffer of
- *size* bytes. :exc:`ValueError` is returned if *size* is not zero or positive.
- Note that the memory buffer (as returned by :cfunc:`PyObject_AsWriteBuffer`) is
- not specifically aligned.
-
-
-.. _tupleobjects:
-
-Tuple Objects
--------------
-
-.. index:: object: tuple
-
-
-.. ctype:: PyTupleObject
-
- This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents a Python tuple object.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyTuple_Type
-
- .. index:: single: TupleType (in module types)
-
- This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python tuple type; it is
- the same object as ``tuple`` and ``types.TupleType`` in the Python layer..
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyTuple_Check(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if *p* is a tuple object or an instance of a subtype of the tuple
- type.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyTuple_CheckExact(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if *p* is a tuple object, but not an instance of a subtype of the
- tuple type.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyTuple_New(Py_ssize_t len)
-
- Return a new tuple object of size *len*, or *NULL* on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyTuple_Pack(Py_ssize_t n, ...)
-
- Return a new tuple object of size *n*, or *NULL* on failure. The tuple values
- are initialized to the subsequent *n* C arguments pointing to Python objects.
- ``PyTuple_Pack(2, a, b)`` is equivalent to ``Py_BuildValue("(OO)", a, b)``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyTuple_Size(PyObject *p)
-
- Take a pointer to a tuple object, and return the size of that tuple.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyTuple_GET_SIZE(PyObject *p)
-
- Return the size of the tuple *p*, which must be non-*NULL* and point to a tuple;
- no error checking is performed.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyTuple_GetItem(PyObject *p, Py_ssize_t pos)
-
- Return the object at position *pos* in the tuple pointed to by *p*. If *pos* is
- out of bounds, return *NULL* and sets an :exc:`IndexError` exception.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyTuple_GET_ITEM(PyObject *p, Py_ssize_t pos)
-
- Like :cfunc:`PyTuple_GetItem`, but does no checking of its arguments.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyTuple_GetSlice(PyObject *p, Py_ssize_t low, Py_ssize_t high)
-
- Take a slice of the tuple pointed to by *p* from *low* to *high* and return it
- as a new tuple.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyTuple_SetItem(PyObject *p, Py_ssize_t pos, PyObject *o)
-
- Insert a reference to object *o* at position *pos* of the tuple pointed to by
- *p*. Return ``0`` on success.
-
- .. note::
-
- This function "steals" a reference to *o*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: void PyTuple_SET_ITEM(PyObject *p, Py_ssize_t pos, PyObject *o)
-
- Like :cfunc:`PyTuple_SetItem`, but does no error checking, and should *only* be
- used to fill in brand new tuples.
-
- .. note::
-
- This function "steals" a reference to *o*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int _PyTuple_Resize(PyObject **p, Py_ssize_t newsize)
-
- Can be used to resize a tuple. *newsize* will be the new length of the tuple.
- Because tuples are *supposed* to be immutable, this should only be used if there
- is only one reference to the object. Do *not* use this if the tuple may already
- be known to some other part of the code. The tuple will always grow or shrink
- at the end. Think of this as destroying the old tuple and creating a new one,
- only more efficiently. Returns ``0`` on success. Client code should never
- assume that the resulting value of ``*p`` will be the same as before calling
- this function. If the object referenced by ``*p`` is replaced, the original
- ``*p`` is destroyed. On failure, returns ``-1`` and sets ``*p`` to *NULL*, and
- raises :exc:`MemoryError` or :exc:`SystemError`.
-
-
-.. _listobjects:
-
-List Objects
-------------
-
-.. index:: object: list
-
-
-.. ctype:: PyListObject
-
- This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents a Python list object.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyList_Type
-
- .. index:: single: ListType (in module types)
-
- This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python list type. This is
- the same object as ``list`` and ``types.ListType`` in the Python layer.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyList_Check(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if *p* is a list object or an instance of a subtype of the list
- type.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyList_CheckExact(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if *p* is a list object, but not an instance of a subtype of the
- list type.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyList_New(Py_ssize_t len)
-
- Return a new list of length *len* on success, or *NULL* on failure.
-
- .. note::
-
- If *length* is greater than zero, the returned list object's items are set to
- ``NULL``. Thus you cannot use abstract API functions such as
- :cfunc:`PySequence_SetItem` or expose the object to Python code before setting
- all items to a real object with :cfunc:`PyList_SetItem`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyList_Size(PyObject *list)
-
- .. index:: builtin: len
-
- Return the length of the list object in *list*; this is equivalent to
- ``len(list)`` on a list object.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyList_GET_SIZE(PyObject *list)
-
- Macro form of :cfunc:`PyList_Size` without error checking.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyList_GetItem(PyObject *list, Py_ssize_t index)
-
- Return the object at position *pos* in the list pointed to by *p*. The position
- must be positive, indexing from the end of the list is not supported. If *pos*
- is out of bounds, return *NULL* and set an :exc:`IndexError` exception.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyList_GET_ITEM(PyObject *list, Py_ssize_t i)
-
- Macro form of :cfunc:`PyList_GetItem` without error checking.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyList_SetItem(PyObject *list, Py_ssize_t index, PyObject *item)
-
- Set the item at index *index* in list to *item*. Return ``0`` on success or
- ``-1`` on failure.
-
- .. note::
-
- This function "steals" a reference to *item* and discards a reference to an item
- already in the list at the affected position.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: void PyList_SET_ITEM(PyObject *list, Py_ssize_t i, PyObject *o)
-
- Macro form of :cfunc:`PyList_SetItem` without error checking. This is normally
- only used to fill in new lists where there is no previous content.
-
- .. note::
-
- This function "steals" a reference to *item*, and, unlike
- :cfunc:`PyList_SetItem`, does *not* discard a reference to any item that it
- being replaced; any reference in *list* at position *i* will be leaked.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyList_Insert(PyObject *list, Py_ssize_t index, PyObject *item)
-
- Insert the item *item* into list *list* in front of index *index*. Return ``0``
- if successful; return ``-1`` and set an exception if unsuccessful. Analogous to
- ``list.insert(index, item)``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyList_Append(PyObject *list, PyObject *item)
-
- Append the object *item* at the end of list *list*. Return ``0`` if successful;
- return ``-1`` and set an exception if unsuccessful. Analogous to
- ``list.append(item)``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyList_GetSlice(PyObject *list, Py_ssize_t low, Py_ssize_t high)
-
- Return a list of the objects in *list* containing the objects *between* *low*
- and *high*. Return *NULL* and set an exception if unsuccessful. Analogous to
- ``list[low:high]``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyList_SetSlice(PyObject *list, Py_ssize_t low, Py_ssize_t high, PyObject *itemlist)
-
- Set the slice of *list* between *low* and *high* to the contents of *itemlist*.
- Analogous to ``list[low:high] = itemlist``. The *itemlist* may be *NULL*,
- indicating the assignment of an empty list (slice deletion). Return ``0`` on
- success, ``-1`` on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyList_Sort(PyObject *list)
-
- Sort the items of *list* in place. Return ``0`` on success, ``-1`` on failure.
- This is equivalent to ``list.sort()``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyList_Reverse(PyObject *list)
-
- Reverse the items of *list* in place. Return ``0`` on success, ``-1`` on
- failure. This is the equivalent of ``list.reverse()``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyList_AsTuple(PyObject *list)
-
- .. index:: builtin: tuple
-
- Return a new tuple object containing the contents of *list*; equivalent to
- ``tuple(list)``.
+ string.rst
+ unicode.rst
+ buffer.rst
+ tuple.rst
+ list.rst
.. _mapobjects:
@@ -2105,211 +79,9 @@
.. index:: object: mapping
+.. toctree::
-.. _dictobjects:
-
-Dictionary Objects
-------------------
-
-.. index:: object: dictionary
-
-
-.. ctype:: PyDictObject
-
- This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents a Python dictionary object.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyDict_Type
-
- .. index::
- single: DictType (in module types)
- single: DictionaryType (in module types)
-
- This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python dictionary type.
- This is exposed to Python programs as ``dict`` and ``types.DictType``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDict_Check(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if *p* is a dict object or an instance of a subtype of the dict
- type.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDict_CheckExact(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if *p* is a dict object, but not an instance of a subtype of the
- dict type.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDict_New()
-
- Return a new empty dictionary, or *NULL* on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDictProxy_New(PyObject *dict)
-
- Return a proxy object for a mapping which enforces read-only behavior. This is
- normally used to create a proxy to prevent modification of the dictionary for
- non-dynamic class types.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: void PyDict_Clear(PyObject *p)
-
- Empty an existing dictionary of all key-value pairs.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDict_Contains(PyObject *p, PyObject *key)
-
- Determine if dictionary *p* contains *key*. If an item in *p* is matches *key*,
- return ``1``, otherwise return ``0``. On error, return ``-1``. This is
- equivalent to the Python expression ``key in p``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDict_Copy(PyObject *p)
-
- Return a new dictionary that contains the same key-value pairs as *p*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDict_SetItem(PyObject *p, PyObject *key, PyObject *val)
-
- Insert *value* into the dictionary *p* with a key of *key*. *key* must be
- :term:`hashable`; if it isn't, :exc:`TypeError` will be raised. Return ``0``
- on success or ``-1`` on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDict_SetItemString(PyObject *p, const char *key, PyObject *val)
-
- .. index:: single: PyString_FromString()
-
- Insert *value* into the dictionary *p* using *key* as a key. *key* should be a
- :ctype:`char\*`. The key object is created using ``PyString_FromString(key)``.
- Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDict_DelItem(PyObject *p, PyObject *key)
-
- Remove the entry in dictionary *p* with key *key*. *key* must be hashable; if it
- isn't, :exc:`TypeError` is raised. Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` on
- failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDict_DelItemString(PyObject *p, char *key)
-
- Remove the entry in dictionary *p* which has a key specified by the string
- *key*. Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDict_GetItem(PyObject *p, PyObject *key)
-
- Return the object from dictionary *p* which has a key *key*. Return *NULL* if
- the key *key* is not present, but *without* setting an exception.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDict_GetItemString(PyObject *p, const char *key)
-
- This is the same as :cfunc:`PyDict_GetItem`, but *key* is specified as a
- :ctype:`char\*`, rather than a :ctype:`PyObject\*`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDict_Items(PyObject *p)
-
- Return a :ctype:`PyListObject` containing all the items from the dictionary, as
- in the dictionary method :meth:`dict.items`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDict_Keys(PyObject *p)
-
- Return a :ctype:`PyListObject` containing all the keys from the dictionary, as
- in the dictionary method :meth:`dict.keys`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDict_Values(PyObject *p)
-
- Return a :ctype:`PyListObject` containing all the values from the dictionary
- *p*, as in the dictionary method :meth:`dict.values`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyDict_Size(PyObject *p)
-
- .. index:: builtin: len
-
- Return the number of items in the dictionary. This is equivalent to ``len(p)``
- on a dictionary.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDict_Next(PyObject *p, Py_ssize_t *ppos, PyObject **pkey, PyObject **pvalue)
-
- Iterate over all key-value pairs in the dictionary *p*. The :ctype:`int`
- referred to by *ppos* must be initialized to ``0`` prior to the first call to
- this function to start the iteration; the function returns true for each pair in
- the dictionary, and false once all pairs have been reported. The parameters
- *pkey* and *pvalue* should either point to :ctype:`PyObject\*` variables that
- will be filled in with each key and value, respectively, or may be *NULL*. Any
- references returned through them are borrowed. *ppos* should not be altered
- during iteration. Its value represents offsets within the internal dictionary
- structure, and since the structure is sparse, the offsets are not consecutive.
-
- For example::
-
- PyObject *key, *value;
- Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
-
- while (PyDict_Next(self->dict, &pos, &key, &value)) {
- /* do something interesting with the values... */
- ...
- }
-
- The dictionary *p* should not be mutated during iteration. It is safe (since
- Python 2.1) to modify the values of the keys as you iterate over the dictionary,
- but only so long as the set of keys does not change. For example::
-
- PyObject *key, *value;
- Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
-
- while (PyDict_Next(self->dict, &pos, &key, &value)) {
- long i = PyLong_AsLong(value);
- if (i == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
- return -1;
- }
- PyObject *o = PyLong_FromLong(i + 1);
- if (o == NULL)
- return -1;
- if (PyDict_SetItem(self->dict, key, o) < 0) {
- Py_DECREF(o);
- return -1;
- }
- Py_DECREF(o);
- }
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDict_Merge(PyObject *a, PyObject *b, int override)
-
- Iterate over mapping object *b* adding key-value pairs to dictionary *a*. *b*
- may be a dictionary, or any object supporting :func:`PyMapping_Keys` and
- :func:`PyObject_GetItem`. If *override* is true, existing pairs in *a* will be
- replaced if a matching key is found in *b*, otherwise pairs will only be added
- if there is not a matching key in *a*. Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` if an
- exception was raised.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDict_Update(PyObject *a, PyObject *b)
-
- This is the same as ``PyDict_Merge(a, b, 1)`` in C, or ``a.update(b)`` in
- Python. Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` if an exception was raised.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDict_MergeFromSeq2(PyObject *a, PyObject *seq2, int override)
-
- Update or merge into dictionary *a*, from the key-value pairs in *seq2*. *seq2*
- must be an iterable object producing iterable objects of length 2, viewed as
- key-value pairs. In case of duplicate keys, the last wins if *override* is
- true, else the first wins. Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` if an exception was
- raised. Equivalent Python (except for the return value)::
-
- def PyDict_MergeFromSeq2(a, seq2, override):
- for key, value in seq2:
- if override or key not in a:
- a[key] = value
+ dict.rst
.. _otherobjects:
@@ -2317,1089 +89,18 @@
Other Objects
=============
-.. _fileobjects:
+.. toctree::
-File Objects
-------------
-
-.. index:: object: file
-
-Python's built-in file objects are implemented entirely on the :ctype:`FILE\*`
-support from the C standard library. This is an implementation detail and may
-change in future releases of Python.
-
-
-.. ctype:: PyFileObject
-
- This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents a Python file object.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyFile_Type
-
- .. index:: single: FileType (in module types)
-
- This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python file type. This is
- exposed to Python programs as ``file`` and ``types.FileType``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyFile_Check(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if its argument is a :ctype:`PyFileObject` or a subtype of
- :ctype:`PyFileObject`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyFile_CheckExact(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if its argument is a :ctype:`PyFileObject`, but not a subtype of
- :ctype:`PyFileObject`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyFile_FromFd(int fd, char *name, char *mode, int buffering, char *encoding, char *newline, int closefd)
-
- Create a new :ctype:`PyFileObject` from the file descriptor of an already
- opened file *fd*. The arguments *name*, *encoding* and *newline* can be
- *NULL* to use the defaults; *buffering* can be *-1* to use the default.
- Return *NULL* on failure.
-
- .. warning::
-
- Take care when you are mixing streams and descriptors! For more
- information, see `the GNU C Library docs
- <http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stream_002fDescriptor-Precautions.html#Stream_002fDescriptor-Precautions>`_.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyObject_AsFileDescriptor(PyObject *p)
-
- Return the file descriptor associated with *p* as an :ctype:`int`. If the
- object is an integer, its value is returned. If not, the
- object's :meth:`fileno` method is called if it exists; the method must return
- an integer, which is returned as the file descriptor value. Sets an
- exception and returns ``-1`` on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyFile_GetLine(PyObject *p, int n)
-
- .. index:: single: EOFError (built-in exception)
-
- Equivalent to ``p.readline([n])``, this function reads one line from the
- object *p*. *p* may be a file object or any object with a :meth:`readline`
- method. If *n* is ``0``, exactly one line is read, regardless of the length of
- the line. If *n* is greater than ``0``, no more than *n* bytes will be read
- from the file; a partial line can be returned. In both cases, an empty string
- is returned if the end of the file is reached immediately. If *n* is less than
- ``0``, however, one line is read regardless of length, but :exc:`EOFError` is
- raised if the end of the file is reached immediately.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyFile_Name(PyObject *p)
-
- Return the name of the file specified by *p* as a string object.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: void PyFile_SetBufSize(PyFileObject *p, int n)
-
- .. index:: single: setvbuf()
-
- Available on systems with :cfunc:`setvbuf` only. This should only be called
- immediately after file object creation.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyFile_SetEncoding(PyFileObject *p, const char *enc)
-
- Set the file's encoding for Unicode output to *enc*. Return 1 on success and 0
- on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyFile_SoftSpace(PyObject *p, int newflag)
-
- .. index:: single: softspace (file attribute)
-
- This function exists for internal use by the interpreter. Set the
- :attr:`softspace` attribute of *p* to *newflag* and return the previous value.
- *p* does not have to be a file object for this function to work properly; any
- object is supported (thought its only interesting if the :attr:`softspace`
- attribute can be set). This function clears any errors, and will return ``0``
- as the previous value if the attribute either does not exist or if there were
- errors in retrieving it. There is no way to detect errors from this function,
- but doing so should not be needed.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyFile_WriteObject(PyObject *obj, PyObject *p, int flags)
-
- .. index:: single: Py_PRINT_RAW
-
- Write object *obj* to file object *p*. The only supported flag for *flags* is
- :const:`Py_PRINT_RAW`; if given, the :func:`str` of the object is written
- instead of the :func:`repr`. Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` on failure; the
- appropriate exception will be set.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyFile_WriteString(const char *s, PyObject *p)
-
- Write string *s* to file object *p*. Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` on
- failure; the appropriate exception will be set.
-
-
-.. _function-objects:
-
-Function Objects
-----------------
-
-.. index:: object: function
-
-There are a few functions specific to Python functions.
-
-
-.. ctype:: PyFunctionObject
-
- The C structure used for functions.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyFunction_Type
-
- .. index:: single: MethodType (in module types)
-
- This is an instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` and represents the Python function
- type. It is exposed to Python programmers as ``types.FunctionType``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyFunction_Check(PyObject *o)
-
- Return true if *o* is a function object (has type :cdata:`PyFunction_Type`).
- The parameter must not be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyFunction_New(PyObject *code, PyObject *globals)
-
- Return a new function object associated with the code object *code*. *globals*
- must be a dictionary with the global variables accessible to the function.
-
- The function's docstring, name and *__module__* are retrieved from the code
- object, the argument defaults and closure are set to *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyFunction_GetCode(PyObject *op)
-
- Return the code object associated with the function object *op*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyFunction_GetGlobals(PyObject *op)
-
- Return the globals dictionary associated with the function object *op*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyFunction_GetModule(PyObject *op)
-
- Return the *__module__* attribute of the function object *op*. This is normally
- a string containing the module name, but can be set to any other object by
- Python code.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyFunction_GetDefaults(PyObject *op)
-
- Return the argument default values of the function object *op*. This can be a
- tuple of arguments or *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyFunction_SetDefaults(PyObject *op, PyObject *defaults)
-
- Set the argument default values for the function object *op*. *defaults* must be
- *Py_None* or a tuple.
-
- Raises :exc:`SystemError` and returns ``-1`` on failure.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyFunction_GetClosure(PyObject *op)
-
- Return the closure associated with the function object *op*. This can be *NULL*
- or a tuple of cell objects.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyFunction_SetClosure(PyObject *op, PyObject *closure)
-
- Set the closure associated with the function object *op*. *closure* must be
- *Py_None* or a tuple of cell objects.
-
- Raises :exc:`SystemError` and returns ``-1`` on failure.
-
-
-.. _instancemethod-objects:
-
-Instance Method Objects
------------------------
-
-.. index:: object: instancemethod
-
-An instance method is a wrapper for a :cdata:`PyCFunction` and the new way
-to bind a :cdata:`PyCFunction` to a class object. It replaces the former call
-``PyMethod_New(func, NULL, class)``.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyInstanceMethod_Type
-
- This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python instance
- method type. It is not exposed to Python programs.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyInstanceMethod_Check(PyObject *o)
-
- Return true if *o* is an instance method object (has type
- :cdata:`PyInstanceMethod_Type`). The parameter must not be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyInstanceMethod_New(PyObject *func)
-
- Return a new instance method object, with *func* being any callable object
- *func* is is the function that will be called when the instance method is
- called.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyInstanceMethod_Function(PyObject *im)
-
- Return the function object associated with the instance method *im*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyInstanceMethod_GET_FUNCTION(PyObject *im)
-
- Macro version of :cfunc:`PyInstanceMethod_Function` which avoids error checking.
-
-
-.. _method-objects:
-
-Method Objects
---------------
-
-.. index:: object: method
-
-Methods are bound function objects. Methods are always bound to an instance of
-an user-defined class. Unbound methods (methods bound to a class object) are
-no longer available.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyMethod_Type
-
- .. index:: single: MethodType (in module types)
-
- This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python method type. This
- is exposed to Python programs as ``types.MethodType``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyMethod_Check(PyObject *o)
-
- Return true if *o* is a method object (has type :cdata:`PyMethod_Type`). The
- parameter must not be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyMethod_New(PyObject *func, PyObject *self)
-
- Return a new method object, with *func* being any callable object and *self*
- the instance the method should be bound. *func* is is the function that will
- be called when the method is called. *self* must not be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyMethod_Function(PyObject *meth)
-
- Return the function object associated with the method *meth*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(PyObject *meth)
-
- Macro version of :cfunc:`PyMethod_Function` which avoids error checking.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyMethod_Self(PyObject *meth)
-
- Return the instance associated with the method *meth*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyMethod_GET_SELF(PyObject *meth)
-
- Macro version of :cfunc:`PyMethod_Self` which avoids error checking.
-
-
-.. _moduleobjects:
-
-Module Objects
---------------
-
-.. index:: object: module
-
-There are only a few functions special to module objects.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyModule_Type
-
- .. index:: single: ModuleType (in module types)
-
- This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python module type. This
- is exposed to Python programs as ``types.ModuleType``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyModule_Check(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if *p* is a module object, or a subtype of a module object.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyModule_CheckExact(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if *p* is a module object, but not a subtype of
- :cdata:`PyModule_Type`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyModule_New(const char *name)
-
- .. index::
- single: __name__ (module attribute)
- single: __doc__ (module attribute)
- single: __file__ (module attribute)
-
- Return a new module object with the :attr:`__name__` attribute set to *name*.
- Only the module's :attr:`__doc__` and :attr:`__name__` attributes are filled in;
- the caller is responsible for providing a :attr:`__file__` attribute.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyModule_GetDict(PyObject *module)
-
- .. index:: single: __dict__ (module attribute)
-
- Return the dictionary object that implements *module*'s namespace; this object
- is the same as the :attr:`__dict__` attribute of the module object. This
- function never fails. It is recommended extensions use other
- :cfunc:`PyModule_\*` and :cfunc:`PyObject_\*` functions rather than directly
- manipulate a module's :attr:`__dict__`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: char* PyModule_GetName(PyObject *module)
-
- .. index::
- single: __name__ (module attribute)
- single: SystemError (built-in exception)
-
- Return *module*'s :attr:`__name__` value. If the module does not provide one,
- or if it is not a string, :exc:`SystemError` is raised and *NULL* is returned.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: char* PyModule_GetFilename(PyObject *module)
-
- .. index::
- single: __file__ (module attribute)
- single: SystemError (built-in exception)
-
- Return the name of the file from which *module* was loaded using *module*'s
- :attr:`__file__` attribute. If this is not defined, or if it is not a string,
- raise :exc:`SystemError` and return *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyModule_AddObject(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
-
- Add an object to *module* as *name*. This is a convenience function which can
- be used from the module's initialization function. This steals a reference to
- *value*. Return ``-1`` on error, ``0`` on success.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyModule_AddIntConstant(PyObject *module, const char *name, long value)
-
- Add an integer constant to *module* as *name*. This convenience function can be
- used from the module's initialization function. Return ``-1`` on error, ``0`` on
- success.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyModule_AddStringConstant(PyObject *module, const char *name, const char *value)
-
- Add a string constant to *module* as *name*. This convenience function can be
- used from the module's initialization function. The string *value* must be
- null-terminated. Return ``-1`` on error, ``0`` on success.
-
-
-.. _iterator-objects:
-
-Iterator Objects
-----------------
-
-Python provides two general-purpose iterator objects. The first, a sequence
-iterator, works with an arbitrary sequence supporting the :meth:`__getitem__`
-method. The second works with a callable object and a sentinel value, calling
-the callable for each item in the sequence, and ending the iteration when the
-sentinel value is returned.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PySeqIter_Type
-
- Type object for iterator objects returned by :cfunc:`PySeqIter_New` and the
- one-argument form of the :func:`iter` built-in function for built-in sequence
- types.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PySeqIter_Check(op)
-
- Return true if the type of *op* is :cdata:`PySeqIter_Type`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PySeqIter_New(PyObject *seq)
-
- Return an iterator that works with a general sequence object, *seq*. The
- iteration ends when the sequence raises :exc:`IndexError` for the subscripting
- operation.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyCallIter_Type
-
- Type object for iterator objects returned by :cfunc:`PyCallIter_New` and the
- two-argument form of the :func:`iter` built-in function.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyCallIter_Check(op)
-
- Return true if the type of *op* is :cdata:`PyCallIter_Type`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyCallIter_New(PyObject *callable, PyObject *sentinel)
-
- Return a new iterator. The first parameter, *callable*, can be any Python
- callable object that can be called with no parameters; each call to it should
- return the next item in the iteration. When *callable* returns a value equal to
- *sentinel*, the iteration will be terminated.
-
-
-.. _descriptor-objects:
-
-Descriptor Objects
-------------------
-
-"Descriptors" are objects that describe some attribute of an object. They are
-found in the dictionary of type objects.
-
-.. XXX document these!
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyProperty_Type
-
- The type object for the built-in descriptor types.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDescr_NewGetSet(PyTypeObject *type, struct PyGetSetDef *getset)
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDescr_NewMember(PyTypeObject *type, struct PyMemberDef *meth)
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDescr_NewMethod(PyTypeObject *type, struct PyMethodDef *meth)
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDescr_NewWrapper(PyTypeObject *type, struct wrapperbase *wrapper, void *wrapped)
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDescr_NewClassMethod(PyTypeObject *type, PyMethodDef *method)
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDescr_IsData(PyObject *descr)
-
- Return true if the descriptor objects *descr* describes a data attribute, or
- false if it describes a method. *descr* must be a descriptor object; there is
- no error checking.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyWrapper_New(PyObject *, PyObject *)
-
-
-.. _slice-objects:
-
-Slice Objects
--------------
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PySlice_Type
-
- .. index:: single: SliceType (in module types)
-
- The type object for slice objects. This is the same as ``slice`` and
- ``types.SliceType``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PySlice_Check(PyObject *ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is a slice object; *ob* must not be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PySlice_New(PyObject *start, PyObject *stop, PyObject *step)
-
- Return a new slice object with the given values. The *start*, *stop*, and
- *step* parameters are used as the values of the slice object attributes of the
- same names. Any of the values may be *NULL*, in which case the ``None`` will be
- used for the corresponding attribute. Return *NULL* if the new object could not
- be allocated.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PySlice_GetIndices(PySliceObject *slice, Py_ssize_t length, Py_ssize_t *start, Py_ssize_t *stop, Py_ssize_t *step)
-
- Retrieve the start, stop and step indices from the slice object *slice*,
- assuming a sequence of length *length*. Treats indices greater than *length* as
- errors.
-
- Returns 0 on success and -1 on error with no exception set (unless one of the
- indices was not :const:`None` and failed to be converted to an integer, in which
- case -1 is returned with an exception set).
-
- You probably do not want to use this function. If you want to use slice objects
- in versions of Python prior to 2.3, you would probably do well to incorporate
- the source of :cfunc:`PySlice_GetIndicesEx`, suitably renamed, in the source of
- your extension.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PySlice_GetIndicesEx(PySliceObject *slice, Py_ssize_t length, Py_ssize_t *start, Py_ssize_t *stop, Py_ssize_t *step, Py_ssize_t *slicelength)
-
- Usable replacement for :cfunc:`PySlice_GetIndices`. Retrieve the start, stop,
- and step indices from the slice object *slice* assuming a sequence of length
- *length*, and store the length of the slice in *slicelength*. Out of bounds
- indices are clipped in a manner consistent with the handling of normal slices.
-
- Returns 0 on success and -1 on error with exception set.
-
-
-.. _weakrefobjects:
-
-Weak Reference Objects
-----------------------
-
-Python supports *weak references* as first-class objects. There are two
-specific object types which directly implement weak references. The first is a
-simple reference object, and the second acts as a proxy for the original object
-as much as it can.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyWeakref_Check(ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is either a reference or proxy object.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyWeakref_CheckRef(ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is a reference object.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyWeakref_CheckProxy(ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is a proxy object.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyWeakref_NewRef(PyObject *ob, PyObject *callback)
-
- Return a weak reference object for the object *ob*. This will always return
- a new reference, but is not guaranteed to create a new object; an existing
- reference object may be returned. The second parameter, *callback*, can be a
- callable object that receives notification when *ob* is garbage collected; it
- should accept a single parameter, which will be the weak reference object
- itself. *callback* may also be ``None`` or *NULL*. If *ob* is not a
- weakly-referencable object, or if *callback* is not callable, ``None``, or
- *NULL*, this will return *NULL* and raise :exc:`TypeError`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyWeakref_NewProxy(PyObject *ob, PyObject *callback)
-
- Return a weak reference proxy object for the object *ob*. This will always
- return a new reference, but is not guaranteed to create a new object; an
- existing proxy object may be returned. The second parameter, *callback*, can
- be a callable object that receives notification when *ob* is garbage
- collected; it should accept a single parameter, which will be the weak
- reference object itself. *callback* may also be ``None`` or *NULL*. If *ob*
- is not a weakly-referencable object, or if *callback* is not callable,
- ``None``, or *NULL*, this will return *NULL* and raise :exc:`TypeError`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyWeakref_GetObject(PyObject *ref)
-
- Return the referenced object from a weak reference, *ref*. If the referent is
- no longer live, returns ``None``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyWeakref_GET_OBJECT(PyObject *ref)
-
- Similar to :cfunc:`PyWeakref_GetObject`, but implemented as a macro that does no
- error checking.
-
-
-.. _cobjects:
-
-CObjects
---------
-
-.. index:: object: CObject
-
-Refer to *Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter*, section 1.12,
-"Providing a C API for an Extension Module," for more information on using these
-objects.
-
-
-.. ctype:: PyCObject
-
- This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents an opaque value, useful for C
- extension modules who need to pass an opaque value (as a :ctype:`void\*`
- pointer) through Python code to other C code. It is often used to make a C
- function pointer defined in one module available to other modules, so the
- regular import mechanism can be used to access C APIs defined in dynamically
- loaded modules.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyCObject_Check(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if its argument is a :ctype:`PyCObject`.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyCObject_FromVoidPtr(void* cobj, void (*destr)(void *))
-
- Create a :ctype:`PyCObject` from the ``void *`` *cobj*. The *destr* function
- will be called when the object is reclaimed, unless it is *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyCObject_FromVoidPtrAndDesc(void* cobj, void* desc, void (*destr)(void *, void *))
-
- Create a :ctype:`PyCObject` from the :ctype:`void \*` *cobj*. The *destr*
- function will be called when the object is reclaimed. The *desc* argument can
- be used to pass extra callback data for the destructor function.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: void* PyCObject_AsVoidPtr(PyObject* self)
-
- Return the object :ctype:`void \*` that the :ctype:`PyCObject` *self* was
- created with.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: void* PyCObject_GetDesc(PyObject* self)
-
- Return the description :ctype:`void \*` that the :ctype:`PyCObject` *self* was
- created with.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyCObject_SetVoidPtr(PyObject* self, void* cobj)
-
- Set the void pointer inside *self* to *cobj*. The :ctype:`PyCObject` must not
- have an associated destructor. Return true on success, false on failure.
-
-
-.. _cell-objects:
-
-Cell Objects
-------------
-
-"Cell" objects are used to implement variables referenced by multiple scopes.
-For each such variable, a cell object is created to store the value; the local
-variables of each stack frame that references the value contains a reference to
-the cells from outer scopes which also use that variable. When the value is
-accessed, the value contained in the cell is used instead of the cell object
-itself. This de-referencing of the cell object requires support from the
-generated byte-code; these are not automatically de-referenced when accessed.
-Cell objects are not likely to be useful elsewhere.
-
-
-.. ctype:: PyCellObject
-
- The C structure used for cell objects.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyCell_Type
-
- The type object corresponding to cell objects.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyCell_Check(ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is a cell object; *ob* must not be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyCell_New(PyObject *ob)
-
- Create and return a new cell object containing the value *ob*. The parameter may
- be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyCell_Get(PyObject *cell)
-
- Return the contents of the cell *cell*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyCell_GET(PyObject *cell)
-
- Return the contents of the cell *cell*, but without checking that *cell* is
- non-*NULL* and a cell object.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyCell_Set(PyObject *cell, PyObject *value)
-
- Set the contents of the cell object *cell* to *value*. This releases the
- reference to any current content of the cell. *value* may be *NULL*. *cell*
- must be non-*NULL*; if it is not a cell object, ``-1`` will be returned. On
- success, ``0`` will be returned.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: void PyCell_SET(PyObject *cell, PyObject *value)
-
- Sets the value of the cell object *cell* to *value*. No reference counts are
- adjusted, and no checks are made for safety; *cell* must be non-*NULL* and must
- be a cell object.
-
-
-.. _gen-objects:
-
-Generator Objects
------------------
-
-Generator objects are what Python uses to implement generator iterators. They
-are normally created by iterating over a function that yields values, rather
-than explicitly calling :cfunc:`PyGen_New`.
-
-
-.. ctype:: PyGenObject
-
- The C structure used for generator objects.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyGen_Type
-
- The type object corresponding to generator objects
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyGen_Check(ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is a generator object; *ob* must not be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyGen_CheckExact(ob)
-
- Return true if *ob*'s type is *PyGen_Type* is a generator object; *ob* must not
- be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyGen_New(PyFrameObject *frame)
-
- Create and return a new generator object based on the *frame* object. A
- reference to *frame* is stolen by this function. The parameter must not be
- *NULL*.
-
-
-.. _datetimeobjects:
-
-DateTime Objects
-----------------
-
-Various date and time objects are supplied by the :mod:`datetime` module.
-Before using any of these functions, the header file :file:`datetime.h` must be
-included in your source (note that this is not included by :file:`Python.h`),
-and the macro :cfunc:`PyDateTime_IMPORT` must be invoked. The macro puts a
-pointer to a C structure into a static variable, ``PyDateTimeAPI``, that is
-used by the following macros.
-
-Type-check macros:
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDate_Check(PyObject *ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_DateType` or a subtype of
- :cdata:`PyDateTime_DateType`. *ob* must not be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDate_CheckExact(PyObject *ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_DateType`. *ob* must not be
- *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_Check(PyObject *ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_DateTimeType` or a subtype of
- :cdata:`PyDateTime_DateTimeType`. *ob* must not be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_CheckExact(PyObject *ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_DateTimeType`. *ob* must not
- be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyTime_Check(PyObject *ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_TimeType` or a subtype of
- :cdata:`PyDateTime_TimeType`. *ob* must not be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyTime_CheckExact(PyObject *ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_TimeType`. *ob* must not be
- *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDelta_Check(PyObject *ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_DeltaType` or a subtype of
- :cdata:`PyDateTime_DeltaType`. *ob* must not be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDelta_CheckExact(PyObject *ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_DeltaType`. *ob* must not be
- *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyTZInfo_Check(PyObject *ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_TZInfoType` or a subtype of
- :cdata:`PyDateTime_TZInfoType`. *ob* must not be *NULL*.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyTZInfo_CheckExact(PyObject *ob)
-
- Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_TZInfoType`. *ob* must not be
- *NULL*.
-
-
-Macros to create objects:
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDate_FromDate(int year, int month, int day)
-
- Return a ``datetime.date`` object with the specified year, month and day.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDateTime_FromDateAndTime(int year, int month, int day, int hour, int minute, int second, int usecond)
-
- Return a ``datetime.datetime`` object with the specified year, month, day, hour,
- minute, second and microsecond.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyTime_FromTime(int hour, int minute, int second, int usecond)
-
- Return a ``datetime.time`` object with the specified hour, minute, second and
- microsecond.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDelta_FromDSU(int days, int seconds, int useconds)
-
- Return a ``datetime.timedelta`` object representing the given number of days,
- seconds and microseconds. Normalization is performed so that the resulting
- number of microseconds and seconds lie in the ranges documented for
- ``datetime.timedelta`` objects.
-
-
-Macros to extract fields from date objects. The argument must be an instance of
-:cdata:`PyDateTime_Date`, including subclasses (such as
-:cdata:`PyDateTime_DateTime`). The argument must not be *NULL*, and the type is
-not checked:
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_GET_YEAR(PyDateTime_Date *o)
-
- Return the year, as a positive int.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_GET_MONTH(PyDateTime_Date *o)
-
- Return the month, as an int from 1 through 12.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_GET_DAY(PyDateTime_Date *o)
-
- Return the day, as an int from 1 through 31.
-
-
-Macros to extract fields from datetime objects. The argument must be an
-instance of :cdata:`PyDateTime_DateTime`, including subclasses. The argument
-must not be *NULL*, and the type is not checked:
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_DATE_GET_HOUR(PyDateTime_DateTime *o)
-
- Return the hour, as an int from 0 through 23.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_DATE_GET_MINUTE(PyDateTime_DateTime *o)
-
- Return the minute, as an int from 0 through 59.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_DATE_GET_SECOND(PyDateTime_DateTime *o)
-
- Return the second, as an int from 0 through 59.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_DATE_GET_MICROSECOND(PyDateTime_DateTime *o)
-
- Return the microsecond, as an int from 0 through 999999.
-
-
-Macros to extract fields from time objects. The argument must be an instance of
-:cdata:`PyDateTime_Time`, including subclasses. The argument must not be *NULL*,
-and the type is not checked:
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_TIME_GET_HOUR(PyDateTime_Time *o)
-
- Return the hour, as an int from 0 through 23.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_TIME_GET_MINUTE(PyDateTime_Time *o)
-
- Return the minute, as an int from 0 through 59.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_TIME_GET_SECOND(PyDateTime_Time *o)
-
- Return the second, as an int from 0 through 59.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_TIME_GET_MICROSECOND(PyDateTime_Time *o)
-
- Return the microsecond, as an int from 0 through 999999.
-
-
-Macros for the convenience of modules implementing the DB API:
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDateTime_FromTimestamp(PyObject *args)
-
- Create and return a new ``datetime.datetime`` object given an argument tuple
- suitable for passing to ``datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp()``.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDate_FromTimestamp(PyObject *args)
-
- Create and return a new ``datetime.date`` object given an argument tuple
- suitable for passing to ``datetime.date.fromtimestamp()``.
-
-
-.. _setobjects:
-
-Set Objects
------------
-
-.. sectionauthor:: Raymond D. Hettinger <python@rcn.com>
-
-
-.. index::
- object: set
- object: frozenset
-
-This section details the public API for :class:`set` and :class:`frozenset`
-objects. Any functionality not listed below is best accessed using the either
-the abstract object protocol (including :cfunc:`PyObject_CallMethod`,
-:cfunc:`PyObject_RichCompareBool`, :cfunc:`PyObject_Hash`,
-:cfunc:`PyObject_Repr`, :cfunc:`PyObject_IsTrue`, :cfunc:`PyObject_Print`, and
-:cfunc:`PyObject_GetIter`) or the abstract number protocol (including
-:cfunc:`PyNumber_And`, :cfunc:`PyNumber_Subtract`, :cfunc:`PyNumber_Or`,
-:cfunc:`PyNumber_Xor`, :cfunc:`PyNumber_InPlaceAnd`,
-:cfunc:`PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract`, :cfunc:`PyNumber_InPlaceOr`, and
-:cfunc:`PyNumber_InPlaceXor`).
-
-
-.. ctype:: PySetObject
-
- This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` is used to hold the internal data for both
- :class:`set` and :class:`frozenset` objects. It is like a :ctype:`PyDictObject`
- in that it is a fixed size for small sets (much like tuple storage) and will
- point to a separate, variable sized block of memory for medium and large sized
- sets (much like list storage). None of the fields of this structure should be
- considered public and are subject to change. All access should be done through
- the documented API rather than by manipulating the values in the structure.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PySet_Type
-
- This is an instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` representing the Python
- :class:`set` type.
-
-
-.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyFrozenSet_Type
-
- This is an instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` representing the Python
- :class:`frozenset` type.
-
-The following type check macros work on pointers to any Python object. Likewise,
-the constructor functions work with any iterable Python object.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyAnySet_Check(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if *p* is a :class:`set` object, a :class:`frozenset` object, or an
- instance of a subtype.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyAnySet_CheckExact(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if *p* is a :class:`set` object or a :class:`frozenset` object but
- not an instance of a subtype.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PyFrozenSet_CheckExact(PyObject *p)
-
- Return true if *p* is a :class:`frozenset` object but not an instance of a
- subtype.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PySet_New(PyObject *iterable)
-
- Return a new :class:`set` containing objects returned by the *iterable*. The
- *iterable* may be *NULL* to create a new empty set. Return the new set on
- success or *NULL* on failure. Raise :exc:`TypeError` if *iterable* is not
- actually iterable. The constructor is also useful for copying a set
- (``c=set(s)``).
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyFrozenSet_New(PyObject *iterable)
-
- Return a new :class:`frozenset` containing objects returned by the *iterable*.
- The *iterable* may be *NULL* to create a new empty frozenset. Return the new
- set on success or *NULL* on failure. Raise :exc:`TypeError` if *iterable* is
- not actually iterable.
-
-The following functions and macros are available for instances of :class:`set`
-or :class:`frozenset` or instances of their subtypes.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PySet_Size(PyObject *anyset)
-
- .. index:: builtin: len
-
- Return the length of a :class:`set` or :class:`frozenset` object. Equivalent to
- ``len(anyset)``. Raises a :exc:`PyExc_SystemError` if *anyset* is not a
- :class:`set`, :class:`frozenset`, or an instance of a subtype.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PySet_GET_SIZE(PyObject *anyset)
-
- Macro form of :cfunc:`PySet_Size` without error checking.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PySet_Contains(PyObject *anyset, PyObject *key)
-
- Return 1 if found, 0 if not found, and -1 if an error is encountered. Unlike
- the Python :meth:`__contains__` method, this function does not automatically
- convert unhashable sets into temporary frozensets. Raise a :exc:`TypeError` if
- the *key* is unhashable. Raise :exc:`PyExc_SystemError` if *anyset* is not a
- :class:`set`, :class:`frozenset`, or an instance of a subtype.
-
-The following functions are available for instances of :class:`set` or its
-subtypes but not for instances of :class:`frozenset` or its subtypes.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PySet_Add(PyObject *set, PyObject *key)
-
- Add *key* to a :class:`set` instance. Does not apply to :class:`frozenset`
- instances. Return 0 on success or -1 on failure. Raise a :exc:`TypeError` if
- the *key* is unhashable. Raise a :exc:`MemoryError` if there is no room to grow.
- Raise a :exc:`SystemError` if *set* is an not an instance of :class:`set` or its
- subtype.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PySet_Discard(PyObject *set, PyObject *key)
-
- Return 1 if found and removed, 0 if not found (no action taken), and -1 if an
- error is encountered. Does not raise :exc:`KeyError` for missing keys. Raise a
- :exc:`TypeError` if the *key* is unhashable. Unlike the Python :meth:`discard`
- method, this function does not automatically convert unhashable sets into
- temporary frozensets. Raise :exc:`PyExc_SystemError` if *set* is an not an
- instance of :class:`set` or its subtype.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: PyObject* PySet_Pop(PyObject *set)
-
- Return a new reference to an arbitrary object in the *set*, and removes the
- object from the *set*. Return *NULL* on failure. Raise :exc:`KeyError` if the
- set is empty. Raise a :exc:`SystemError` if *set* is an not an instance of
- :class:`set` or its subtype.
-
-
-.. cfunction:: int PySet_Clear(PyObject *set)
-
- Empty an existing set of all elements.
-
+ set.rst
+ function.rst
+ method.rst
+ file.rst
+ module.rst
+ iterator.rst
+ descriptor.rst
+ slice.rst
+ weakref.rst
+ cobject.rst
+ cell.rst
+ gen.rst
+ datetime.rst