diff --git a/Mac/Modules/MacOS.c b/Mac/Modules/MacOS.c
index becb4b1..a888320 100644
--- a/Mac/Modules/MacOS.c
+++ b/Mac/Modules/MacOS.c
@@ -77,17 +77,17 @@
 	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &n))
 		return NULL;
 		
-	v = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, n);
+	v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, n);
 	if (v == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 		
-	err = FSRead(self->fRefNum, &n, PyString_AsString(v));
+	err = FSRead(self->fRefNum, &n, PyBytes_AsString(v));
 	if (err && err != eofErr) {
 		PyMac_Error(err);
 		Py_DECREF(v);
 		return NULL;
 	}
-	_PyString_Resize(&v, n);
+	_PyBytes_Resize(&v, n);
 	return v;
 }
 
@@ -301,8 +301,8 @@
 		return NULL;
 	if ((err = FSpGetFInfo(&fss, &info)) != noErr)
 		return PyErr_Mac(MacOS_Error, err);
-	creator = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)&info.fdCreator, 4);
-	type = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)&info.fdType, 4);
+	creator = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)&info.fdCreator, 4);
+	type = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)&info.fdType, 4);
 	res = Py_BuildValue("OO", creator, type);
 	Py_DECREF(creator);
 	Py_DECREF(type);
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@
 	** some of the image and sound processing interfaces on the mac:-(
 	*/
 	{
-		PyStringObject *p = 0;
+		PyBytesObject *p = 0;
 		long off = (long)&(p->ob_sval[0]);
 		
 		if( PyDict_SetItemString(d, "string_id_to_buffer", Py_BuildValue("i", off)) != 0)
diff --git a/Mac/Modules/Nav.c b/Mac/Modules/Nav.c
index 3d3914f..773664d 100644
--- a/Mac/Modules/Nav.c
+++ b/Mac/Modules/Nav.c
@@ -139,11 +139,11 @@
 	NavGetDefaultDialogOptions(opt);
 
 	while ( PyDict_Next(d, &pos, &key, &value) ) {
-		if ( !key || !value || !PyString_Check(key) ) {
+		if ( !key || !value || !PyBytes_Check(key) ) {
 			PyErr_SetString(ErrorObject, "DialogOption has non-string key");
 			return 0;
 		}
-		keystr = PyString_AsString(key);
+		keystr = PyBytes_AsString(key);
 		if( strcmp(keystr, "defaultLocation") == 0 ) {
 			if ( (defaultLocation_storage = PyMem_NEW(AEDesc, 1)) == NULL ) {
 				PyErr_NoMemory();
@@ -932,7 +932,7 @@
 
 	/* Add some symbolic constants to the module */
 	d = PyModule_GetDict(m);
-	ErrorObject = PyString_FromString("Nav.error");
+	ErrorObject = PyBytes_FromString("Nav.error");
 	PyDict_SetItemString(d, "error", ErrorObject);
 
 	/* XXXX Add constants here */
diff --git a/Mac/Modules/ae/_AEmodule.c b/Mac/Modules/ae/_AEmodule.c
index fd6ebcc..b883e70 100644
--- a/Mac/Modules/ae/_AEmodule.c
+++ b/Mac/Modules/ae/_AEmodule.c
@@ -835,9 +835,9 @@
 	OSErr err;
 
 	size = AEGetDescDataSize(&self->ob_itself);
-	if ( (res = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size)) == NULL )
+	if ( (res = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size)) == NULL )
 		return NULL;
-	if ( (ptr = PyString_AsString(res)) == NULL )
+	if ( (ptr = PyBytes_AsString(res)) == NULL )
 		return NULL;
 	if ( (err=AEGetDescData(&self->ob_itself, ptr, size)) < 0 )
 		return PyMac_Error(err);
diff --git a/Mac/Modules/cf/_CFmodule.c b/Mac/Modules/cf/_CFmodule.c
index 0904ae1..1ea5b7e 100644
--- a/Mac/Modules/cf/_CFmodule.c
+++ b/Mac/Modules/cf/_CFmodule.c
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@
 {
 	char buf[100];
 	sprintf(buf, "<CFTypeRef type-%d object at 0x%8.8x for 0x%8.8x>", (int)CFGetTypeID(self->ob_itself), (unsigned)self, (unsigned)self->ob_itself);
-	return PyString_FromString(buf);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(buf);
 }
 
 static int CFTypeRefObj_hash(CFTypeRefObject *self)
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@
 {
 	char buf[100];
 	sprintf(buf, "<CFArrayRef object at 0x%8.8x for 0x%8.8x>", (unsigned)self, (unsigned)self->ob_itself);
-	return PyString_FromString(buf);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(buf);
 }
 
 static int CFArrayRefObj_hash(CFArrayRefObject *self)
@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@
 {
 	char buf[100];
 	sprintf(buf, "<CFMutableArrayRef object at 0x%8.8x for 0x%8.8x>", (unsigned)self, (unsigned)self->ob_itself);
-	return PyString_FromString(buf);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(buf);
 }
 
 static int CFMutableArrayRefObj_hash(CFMutableArrayRefObject *self)
@@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@
 {
 	char buf[100];
 	sprintf(buf, "<CFDictionaryRef object at 0x%8.8x for 0x%8.8x>", (unsigned)self, (unsigned)self->ob_itself);
-	return PyString_FromString(buf);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(buf);
 }
 
 static int CFDictionaryRefObj_hash(CFDictionaryRefObject *self)
@@ -1206,7 +1206,7 @@
 {
 	char buf[100];
 	sprintf(buf, "<CFMutableDictionaryRef object at 0x%8.8x for 0x%8.8x>", (unsigned)self, (unsigned)self->ob_itself);
-	return PyString_FromString(buf);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(buf);
 }
 
 static int CFMutableDictionaryRefObj_hash(CFMutableDictionaryRefObject *self)
@@ -1327,10 +1327,10 @@
 {
 
 	if (v == Py_None) { *p_itself = NULL; return 1; }
-	if (PyString_Check(v)) {
+	if (PyBytes_Check(v)) {
 	    char *cStr;
 	    Py_ssize_t cLen;
-	    if( PyString_AsStringAndSize(v, &cStr, &cLen) < 0 ) return 0;
+	    if( PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(v, &cStr, &cLen) < 0 ) return 0;
 	    *p_itself = CFDataCreate((CFAllocatorRef)NULL, (unsigned char *)cStr, cLen);
 	    return 1;
 	}
@@ -1405,7 +1405,7 @@
 	int size = CFDataGetLength(_self->ob_itself);
 	char *data = (char *)CFDataGetBytePtr(_self->ob_itself);
 
-	_res = (PyObject *)PyString_FromStringAndSize(data, size);
+	_res = (PyObject *)PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(data, size);
 	return _res;
 
 }
@@ -1437,7 +1437,7 @@
 {
 	char buf[100];
 	sprintf(buf, "<CFDataRef object at 0x%8.8x for 0x%8.8x>", (unsigned)self, (unsigned)self->ob_itself);
-	return PyString_FromString(buf);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(buf);
 }
 
 static int CFDataRefObj_hash(CFDataRefObject *self)
@@ -1702,7 +1702,7 @@
 {
 	char buf[100];
 	sprintf(buf, "<CFMutableDataRef object at 0x%8.8x for 0x%8.8x>", (unsigned)self, (unsigned)self->ob_itself);
-	return PyString_FromString(buf);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(buf);
 }
 
 static int CFMutableDataRefObj_hash(CFMutableDataRefObject *self)
@@ -1823,7 +1823,7 @@
 {
 
 	if (v == Py_None) { *p_itself = NULL; return 1; }
-	if (PyString_Check(v)) {
+	if (PyBytes_Check(v)) {
 	    char *cStr;
 	    if (!PyArg_Parse(v, "es", "ascii", &cStr))
 	        return 0;
@@ -2344,7 +2344,7 @@
 
 	if( data == NULL ) return PyErr_NoMemory();
 	if ( CFStringGetCString(_self->ob_itself, data, size, 0) ) {
-	        _res = (PyObject *)PyString_FromString(data);
+	        _res = (PyObject *)PyBytes_FromString(data);
 	} else {
 	        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "CFStringGetCString could not fit the string");
 	        _res = NULL;
@@ -2445,7 +2445,7 @@
 {
 	char buf[100];
 	sprintf(buf, "<CFStringRef object at 0x%8.8x for 0x%8.8x>", (unsigned)self, (unsigned)self->ob_itself);
-	return PyString_FromString(buf);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(buf);
 }
 
 static int CFStringRefObj_hash(CFStringRefObject *self)
@@ -2833,7 +2833,7 @@
 {
 	char buf[100];
 	sprintf(buf, "<CFMutableStringRef object at 0x%8.8x for 0x%8.8x>", (unsigned)self, (unsigned)self->ob_itself);
-	return PyString_FromString(buf);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(buf);
 }
 
 static int CFMutableStringRefObj_hash(CFMutableStringRefObject *self)
@@ -3485,7 +3485,7 @@
 {
 	char buf[100];
 	sprintf(buf, "<CFURL object at 0x%8.8x for 0x%8.8x>", (unsigned)self, (unsigned)self->ob_itself);
-	return PyString_FromString(buf);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(buf);
 }
 
 static int CFURLRefObj_hash(CFURLRefObject *self)
diff --git a/Mac/Modules/cf/pycfbridge.c b/Mac/Modules/cf/pycfbridge.c
index 06700b3..7aa2386 100644
--- a/Mac/Modules/cf/pycfbridge.c
+++ b/Mac/Modules/cf/pycfbridge.c
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
 int
 PyCF_Python2CF(PyObject *src, CFTypeRef *dst) {
 
-	if (PyString_Check(src) || PyUnicode_Check(src))
+	if (PyBytes_Check(src) || PyUnicode_Check(src))
 		return PyCF_Python2CF_simple(src, dst);
 	if (PySequence_Check(src))
 		return PyCF_Python2CF_sequence(src, (CFArrayRef *)dst);
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@
 		return (*dst != NULL);
 	}
 #endif
-	if (PyString_Check(src) || PyUnicode_Check(src)) 
+	if (PyBytes_Check(src) || PyUnicode_Check(src)) 
 		return PyCF_Python2CF_string(src, (CFStringRef *)dst);
 	if (PyBool_Check(src)) {
 		if (src == Py_True)
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
 	CFIndex size;
 	UniChar *unichars;
 	
-	if (PyString_Check(src)) {
+	if (PyBytes_Check(src)) {
 		if (!PyArg_Parse(src, "es", "ascii", &chars))
 			return 0; /* This error is more descriptive than the general one below */
 		*dst = CFStringCreateWithCString((CFAllocatorRef)NULL, chars, kCFStringEncodingASCII);
diff --git a/Mac/Modules/file/_Filemodule.c b/Mac/Modules/file/_Filemodule.c
index 07bd341..fca92bf 100644
--- a/Mac/Modules/file/_Filemodule.c
+++ b/Mac/Modules/file/_Filemodule.c
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@
 
 	                    size = GetHandleSize((Handle)self->ob_itself);
 	                    HLock((Handle)self->ob_itself);
-	                    rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize(*(Handle)self->ob_itself, size);
+	                    rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(*(Handle)self->ob_itself, size);
 	                    HUnlock((Handle)self->ob_itself);
 	                    return rv;
 	            
@@ -1315,7 +1315,7 @@
 	        PyMac_Error(err);
 	        return NULL;
 	}
-	_res = PyString_FromString(strbuf);
+	_res = PyBytes_FromString(strbuf);
 	return _res;
 
 }
@@ -1372,7 +1372,7 @@
 
 static PyObject *FSSpec_get_data(FSSpecObject *self, void *closure)
 {
-	return PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)&self->ob_itself, sizeof(self->ob_itself));
+	return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)&self->ob_itself, sizeof(self->ob_itself));
 }
 
 #define FSSpec_set_data NULL
@@ -1393,7 +1393,7 @@
 	        self->ob_itself.vRefNum,
 	        self->ob_itself.parID,
 	        self->ob_itself.name[0], self->ob_itself.name+1);
-	return PyString_FromString(buf);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(buf);
 }
 
 #define FSSpec_hash NULL
@@ -1925,7 +1925,7 @@
 
 static PyObject *FSRef_get_data(FSRefObject *self, void *closure)
 {
-	return PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)&self->ob_itself, sizeof(self->ob_itself));
+	return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)&self->ob_itself, sizeof(self->ob_itself));
 }
 
 #define FSRef_set_data NULL
@@ -3038,7 +3038,7 @@
 
 	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(_args, "O", &obj))
 	        return NULL;
-	if (PyString_Check(obj)) {
+	if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
 	        Py_INCREF(obj);
 	        return obj;
 	}
@@ -3201,7 +3201,7 @@
         }
 
         /* On OSX we now try a pathname */
-        if ( PyString_Check(v) || PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
+        if ( PyBytes_Check(v) || PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
                 char *path = NULL;
                 if (!PyArg_Parse(v, "et", Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding, &path))
                         return 0;
diff --git a/Mac/Modules/qd/_Qdmodule.c b/Mac/Modules/qd/_Qdmodule.c
index bfb040f..f0ff9ad 100644
--- a/Mac/Modules/qd/_Qdmodule.c
+++ b/Mac/Modules/qd/_Qdmodule.c
@@ -1457,7 +1457,7 @@
 	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(_args, "ii", &from, &length) )
 	        return NULL;
 	cp = _self->ob_itself->baseAddr+from;
-	_res = PyString_FromStringAndSize(cp, length);
+	_res = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(cp, length);
 	return _res;
 
 }
@@ -1510,14 +1510,14 @@
 
 static PyObject *BMObj_get_bitmap_data(BitMapObject *self, void *closure)
 {
-	return PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)self->ob_itself, sizeof(BitMap));
+	return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)self->ob_itself, sizeof(BitMap));
 }
 
 #define BMObj_set_bitmap_data NULL
 
 static PyObject *BMObj_get_pixmap_data(BitMapObject *self, void *closure)
 {
-	return PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)self->ob_itself, sizeof(PixMap));
+	return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)self->ob_itself, sizeof(PixMap));
 }
 
 #define BMObj_set_pixmap_data NULL
@@ -6500,10 +6500,10 @@
 	int rowbytes;
 	char *data;
 
-	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(_args, "O!iO&", &PyString_Type, &source, &rowbytes, PyMac_GetRect,
+	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(_args, "O!iO&", &PyBytes_Type, &source, &rowbytes, PyMac_GetRect,
 	                &bounds) )
 	        return NULL;
-	data = PyString_AsString(source);
+	data = PyBytes_AsString(source);
 	if ((ptr=(BitMap *)malloc(sizeof(BitMap))) == NULL )
 	        return PyErr_NoMemory();
 	ptr->baseAddr = (Ptr)data;
@@ -6527,15 +6527,15 @@
 	BitMap *ptr;
 	PyObject *source;
 
-	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(_args, "O!", &PyString_Type, &source) )
+	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(_args, "O!", &PyBytes_Type, &source) )
 	        return NULL;
-	if ( PyString_Size(source) != sizeof(BitMap) && PyString_Size(source) != sizeof(PixMap) ) {
+	if ( PyBytes_Size(source) != sizeof(BitMap) && PyBytes_Size(source) != sizeof(PixMap) ) {
 	        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
 	                "Argument size was %ld, should be %lu (sizeof BitMap) or %lu (sizeof PixMap)",
-	                PyString_Size(source), sizeof(BitMap), sizeof(PixMap));
+	                PyBytes_Size(source), sizeof(BitMap), sizeof(PixMap));
 	        return NULL;
 	}
-	ptr = (BitMapPtr)PyString_AsString(source);
+	ptr = (BitMapPtr)PyBytes_AsString(source);
 	if ( (_res = BMObj_New(ptr)) == NULL ) {
 	        return NULL;
 	}
diff --git a/Mac/Modules/qdoffs/_Qdoffsmodule.c b/Mac/Modules/qdoffs/_Qdoffsmodule.c
index 9a77054..f87e6b7 100644
--- a/Mac/Modules/qdoffs/_Qdoffsmodule.c
+++ b/Mac/Modules/qdoffs/_Qdoffsmodule.c
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@
 	if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(_args, "O&ii", ResObj_Convert, &pm, &from, &length) )
 	        return NULL;
 	cp = GetPixBaseAddr(pm)+from;
-	_res = PyString_FromStringAndSize(cp, length);
+	_res = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(cp, length);
 	return _res;
 
 }
diff --git a/Mac/Modules/res/_Resmodule.c b/Mac/Modules/res/_Resmodule.c
index 9069e9c..011c575 100644
--- a/Mac/Modules/res/_Resmodule.c
+++ b/Mac/Modules/res/_Resmodule.c
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@
 
 	            state = HGetState(self->ob_itself);
 	            HLock(self->ob_itself);
-	            res = PyString_FromStringAndSize(
+	            res = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
 	                    *self->ob_itself,
 	                    GetHandleSize(self->ob_itself));
 	            HUnlock(self->ob_itself);
@@ -537,10 +537,10 @@
 
 	            if ( v == NULL )
 	                    return -1;
-	            if ( !PyString_Check(v) )
+	            if ( !PyBytes_Check(v) )
 	                    return -1;
-	            size = PyString_Size(v);
-	            data = PyString_AsString(v);
+	            size = PyBytes_Size(v);
+	            data = PyBytes_AsString(v);
 	            /* XXXX Do I need the GetState/SetState calls? */
 	            SetHandleSize(self->ob_itself, size);
 	            if ( MemError())
diff --git a/Mac/Modules/scrap/_Scrapmodule.c b/Mac/Modules/scrap/_Scrapmodule.c
index 5ee22eb..2ba8130 100644
--- a/Mac/Modules/scrap/_Scrapmodule.c
+++ b/Mac/Modules/scrap/_Scrapmodule.c
@@ -105,12 +105,12 @@
 	                          flavorType,
 	                          &byteCount);
 	if (_err != noErr) return PyMac_Error(_err);
-	_res = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, (int)byteCount);
+	_res = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, (int)byteCount);
 	if ( _res == NULL ) return NULL;
 	_err = GetScrapFlavorData(_self->ob_itself,
 	                          flavorType,
 	                          &byteCount,
-	                          PyString_AS_STRING(_res));
+	                          PyBytes_AS_STRING(_res));
 	if (_err != noErr) {
 		Py_XDECREF(_res);
 		return PyMac_Error(_err);
diff --git a/Mac/Modules/snd/_Sndihooks.c b/Mac/Modules/snd/_Sndihooks.c
index 74cad9b..582cf74 100644
--- a/Mac/Modules/snd/_Sndihooks.c
+++ b/Mac/Modules/snd/_Sndihooks.c
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@
 
 	/* Add some symbolic constants to the module */
 	d = PyModule_GetDict(m);
-	ErrorObject = PyString_FromString("Sndihooks.error");
+	ErrorObject = PyBytes_FromString("Sndihooks.error");
 	PyDict_SetItemString(d, "error", ErrorObject);
 
 	/* XXXX Add constants here */
diff --git a/Mac/Modules/win/_Winmodule.c b/Mac/Modules/win/_Winmodule.c
index fa8c52d..21682b6 100644
--- a/Mac/Modules/win/_Winmodule.c
+++ b/Mac/Modules/win/_Winmodule.c
@@ -2580,7 +2580,7 @@
 {
 	char buf[100];
 	sprintf(buf, "<Window object at 0x%8.8x for 0x%8.8x>", (unsigned)self, (unsigned)self->ob_itself);
-	return PyString_FromString(buf);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(buf);
 }
 
 static int WinObj_hash(WindowObject *self)