update to new C roles and directives
diff --git a/Doc/library/os.rst b/Doc/library/os.rst
index 2c86076..8c63444 100644
--- a/Doc/library/os.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/os.rst
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
On some platforms, including FreeBSD and Mac OS X, setting ``environ`` may
cause memory leaks. Refer to the system documentation for
- :cfunc:`putenv`.
+ :c:func:`putenv`.
If :func:`putenv` is not provided, a modified copy of this mapping may be
passed to the appropriate process-creation functions to cause child processes
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@
.. function:: setpgrp()
- Call the system call :cfunc:`setpgrp` or :cfunc:`setpgrp(0, 0)` depending on
+ Call the system call :c:func:`setpgrp` or :c:func:`setpgrp(0, 0)` depending on
which version is implemented (if any). See the Unix manual for the semantics.
Availability: Unix.
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@
.. function:: setpgid(pid, pgrp)
- Call the system call :cfunc:`setpgid` to set the process group id of the
+ Call the system call :c:func:`setpgid` to set the process group id of the
process with id *pid* to the process group with id *pgrp*. See the Unix manual
for the semantics.
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@
.. function:: getsid(pid)
- Call the system call :cfunc:`getsid`. See the Unix manual for the semantics.
+ Call the system call :c:func:`getsid`. See the Unix manual for the semantics.
Availability: Unix.
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@
.. function:: setsid()
- Call the system call :cfunc:`setsid`. See the Unix manual for the semantics.
+ Call the system call :c:func:`setsid`. See the Unix manual for the semantics.
Availability: Unix.
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@
.. function:: strerror(code)
Return the error message corresponding to the error code in *code*.
- On platforms where :cfunc:`strerror` returns ``NULL`` when given an unknown
+ On platforms where :c:func:`strerror` returns ``NULL`` when given an unknown
error number, :exc:`ValueError` is raised.
Availability: Unix, Windows.
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
On Unix, when the *mode* argument starts with ``'a'``, the *O_APPEND* flag is
- set on the file descriptor (which the :cfunc:`fdopen` implementation already
+ set on the file descriptor (which the :c:func:`fdopen` implementation already
does on most platforms).
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
This function worked unreliably under Windows in earlier versions of Python.
- This was due to the use of the :cfunc:`_popen` function from the libraries
+ This was due to the use of the :c:func:`_popen` function from the libraries
provided with Windows. Newer versions of Python do not use the broken
implementation from the Windows libraries.
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@
.. function:: fsync(fd)
Force write of file with filedescriptor *fd* to disk. On Unix, this calls the
- native :cfunc:`fsync` function; on Windows, the MS :cfunc:`_commit` function.
+ native :c:func:`fsync` function; on Windows, the MS :c:func:`_commit` function.
If you're starting with a Python file object *f*, first do ``f.flush()``, and
then do ``os.fsync(f.fileno())``, to ensure that all internal buffers associated
@@ -1142,7 +1142,7 @@
.. function:: lstat(path)
- Perform the equivalent of an :cfunc:`lstat` system call on the given path.
+ Perform the equivalent of an :c:func:`lstat` system call on the given path.
Similar to :func:`~os.stat`, but does not follow symbolic links. On
platforms that do not support symbolic links, this is an alias for
:func:`~os.stat`.
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@
.. function:: major(device)
Extract the device major number from a raw device number (usually the
- :attr:`st_dev` or :attr:`st_rdev` field from :ctype:`stat`).
+ :attr:`st_dev` or :attr:`st_rdev` field from :c:type:`stat`).
.. versionadded:: 2.3
@@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@
.. function:: minor(device)
Extract the device minor number from a raw device number (usually the
- :attr:`st_dev` or :attr:`st_rdev` field from :ctype:`stat`).
+ :attr:`st_dev` or :attr:`st_rdev` field from :c:type:`stat`).
.. versionadded:: 2.3
@@ -1343,11 +1343,11 @@
.. function:: stat(path)
- Perform the equivalent of a :cfunc:`stat` system call on the given path.
+ Perform the equivalent of a :c:func:`stat` system call on the given path.
(This function follows symlinks; to stat a symlink use :func:`lstat`.)
The return value is an object whose attributes correspond to the members
- of the :ctype:`stat` structure, namely:
+ of the :c:type:`stat` structure, namely:
* :attr:`st_mode` - protection bits,
* :attr:`st_ino` - inode number,
@@ -1404,7 +1404,7 @@
For backward compatibility, the return value of :func:`~os.stat` is also accessible
as a tuple of at least 10 integers giving the most important (and portable)
- members of the :ctype:`stat` structure, in the order :attr:`st_mode`,
+ members of the :c:type:`stat` structure, in the order :attr:`st_mode`,
:attr:`st_ino`, :attr:`st_dev`, :attr:`st_nlink`, :attr:`st_uid`,
:attr:`st_gid`, :attr:`st_size`, :attr:`st_atime`, :attr:`st_mtime`,
:attr:`st_ctime`. More items may be added at the end by some implementations.
@@ -1412,7 +1412,7 @@
.. index:: module: stat
The standard module :mod:`stat` defines functions and constants that are useful
- for extracting information from a :ctype:`stat` structure. (On Windows, some
+ for extracting information from a :c:type:`stat` structure. (On Windows, some
items are filled with dummy values.)
Example::
@@ -1461,9 +1461,9 @@
.. function:: statvfs(path)
- Perform a :cfunc:`statvfs` system call on the given path. The return value is
+ Perform a :c:func:`statvfs` system call on the given path. The return value is
an object whose attributes describe the filesystem on the given path, and
- correspond to the members of the :ctype:`statvfs` structure, namely:
+ correspond to the members of the :c:type:`statvfs` structure, namely:
:attr:`f_bsize`, :attr:`f_frsize`, :attr:`f_blocks`, :attr:`f_bfree`,
:attr:`f_bavail`, :attr:`f_files`, :attr:`f_ffree`, :attr:`f_favail`,
:attr:`f_flag`, :attr:`f_namemax`.
@@ -1473,7 +1473,7 @@
For backward compatibility, the return value is also accessible as a tuple whose
values correspond to the attributes, in the order given above. The standard
module :mod:`statvfs` defines constants that are useful for extracting
- information from a :ctype:`statvfs` structure when accessing it as a sequence;
+ information from a :c:type:`statvfs` structure when accessing it as a sequence;
this remains useful when writing code that needs to work with versions of Python
that don't support accessing the fields as attributes.
@@ -1664,7 +1664,7 @@
program loaded into the process. In each case, the first of these arguments is
passed to the new program as its own name rather than as an argument a user may
have typed on a command line. For the C programmer, this is the ``argv[0]``
-passed to a program's :cfunc:`main`. For example, ``os.execv('/bin/echo',
+passed to a program's :c:func:`main`. For example, ``os.execv('/bin/echo',
['foo', 'bar'])`` will only print ``bar`` on standard output; ``foo`` will seem
to be ignored.
@@ -2117,7 +2117,7 @@
There is no option to wait for the application to close, and no way to retrieve
the application's exit status. The *path* parameter is relative to the current
directory. If you want to use an absolute path, make sure the first character
- is not a slash (``'/'``); the underlying Win32 :cfunc:`ShellExecute` function
+ is not a slash (``'/'``); the underlying Win32 :c:func:`ShellExecute` function
doesn't work if it is. Use the :func:`os.path.normpath` function to ensure that
the path is properly encoded for Win32.
@@ -2132,13 +2132,13 @@
.. function:: system(command)
Execute the command (a string) in a subshell. This is implemented by calling
- the Standard C function :cfunc:`system`, and has the same limitations.
+ the Standard C function :c:func:`system`, and has the same limitations.
Changes to :data:`sys.stdin`, etc. are not reflected in the environment of the
executed command.
On Unix, the return value is the exit status of the process encoded in the
format specified for :func:`wait`. Note that POSIX does not specify the meaning
- of the return value of the C :cfunc:`system` function, so the return value of
+ of the return value of the C :c:func:`system` function, so the return value of
the Python function is system-dependent.
On Windows, the return value is that returned by the system shell after running