Initial revision
diff --git a/Misc/ACKS b/Misc/ACKS
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/ACKS
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+Acknowledgements
+----------------
+
+This list is not complete and not in any useful order, but I would
+like to thank everybody who contributed in any way, with code, hints,
+bug reports, ideas, moral support, endorsement, or even complaints....
+Without you I would've stopped working on Python long ago!
+
+ --Guido
+
+Amrit
+Mark Anacker
+Anthony Baxter
+Donald Beaudry
+Eric Beser
+Stephen Bevan
+Peter Bosch
+Terrence Brannon
+Erik de Bueger
+Jan-Hein B"uhrman
+Dick Bulterman
+David Chaum
+Jonathan Dasteel
+John DeGood
+Roger Dev
+Lance Ellinghouse
+Stoffel Erasmus
+Niels Ferguson
+Michael Guravage
+Paul ten Hagen
+Lynda Hardman
+Ivan Herman
+Chris Hoffman
+Philip Homburg
+Jack Jansen
+Bill Janssen
+Drew Jenkins
+Lou Kates
+Robert van Liere
+Steve Majewski
+Lambert Meertens
+Steven Miale
+Doug Moen
+Sape Mullender
+Sjoerd Mullender
+George Neville-Neil
+Randy Pausch
+Marcel van der Peijl
+Steven Pemberton
+Tim Peters
+John Redford
+Timothy Roscoe
+Kevin Samborn
+Fred Sells
+Denis Severson
+Michael Shiplett
+Paul Sijben
+Dirk Soede
+Per Spilling
+Quentin Stafford-Fraser
+Tracy Tims
+Bennett Todd
+Jaap Vermeulen
+Dik Winter
diff --git a/Misc/AIX-NOTES b/Misc/AIX-NOTES
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97c0944
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+++ b/Misc/AIX-NOTES
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+[Excerpt from an email describing how to build Python on AIX.]
+
+
+Subject: Re: Python 1.0.0 BETA 5 -- also for Macintosh!
+From: se@MI.Uni-Koeln.DE (Stefan Esser)
+To: Guido.van.Rossum@cwi.nl
+Date: Fri, 7 Jan 1994 17:40:43 +0100
+
+[...]
+
+The following are [...] Instructions
+to get a clean compile using gcc and xlc
+under AIX 3.2.4.
+
+Since I wanted to make sure that Python compiles
+using both compilers and several sets of options
+(ANSI and traditional C, optimize on/off) I didn't
+try to include bash readline or other optional
+modules.
+
+'make test' succeeded using Python compiled with
+the AIX C-compiler invoked as 'cc' and with options
+'-o -qMEMMAX=4000' and compiled with 'gcc' and
+options '-O -Wall'.
+
+There were some problems trying to compile python
+using 'gcc -ansi' (because of _AIX no longer being
+defined), but I didn't have time to look into this.
+
+
+
+Regards,
+
+Stefan Esser
+
+
+
+
+REQUIRED:
+---------
+
+1) AIX compilers don't like the LANG env
+ varaiable set to european locales.
+ This makes the compiler generate floating
+ point constants using "," as the decimal
+ seperator, which the assembler doesnt't
+ understand (or was it the other way around,
+ with the assembler expecting "," in float
+ numbers ???).
+ Anyway: "LANG=C; export LANG" solves the
+ problem, as does "LANG=C $(MAKE) ..." in
+ the master Makefile.
+
+OPTIONAL:
+---------
+
+2) The xlc compiler considers "Python/ceval.c"
+ too complex to optimize, except when invoked
+ with "-qMEMMAX=4000".
+
+[...]
diff --git a/Misc/BLURB b/Misc/BLURB
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index 0000000..53cf55b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/BLURB
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+What is Python?
+---------------
+
+Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming
+language. It incorporates modules, exceptions, dynamic typing, very
+high level dynamic data types, and classes. Python combines
+remarkable power with very clear syntax. It has interfaces to many
+system calls and libraries, as well as to various window systems, and
+is extensible in C or C++. It is also usable as an extension language
+for applications that need a programmable interface. Finally, Python
+is portable: it runs on many brands of UNIX, on the Mac, and on
+MS-DOS.
+
+As a short example of what Python looks like, here's a script to
+print prime numbers (not blazingly fast, but readable!). When this
+file is made executable, it is callable directly from the UNIX shell
+(if your system supports #! in scripts and the python interpreter is
+installed at the indicated place).
+
+#!/usr/local/bin/python
+
+# Print prime numbers in a given range
+
+def main():
+ import sys
+ min, max = 2, 0x7fffffff
+ if sys.argv[1:]:
+ min = int(eval(sys.argv[1]))
+ if sys.argv[2:]:
+ max = int(eval(sys.argv[2]))
+ primes(min, max)
+
+def primes(min, max):
+ if 2 >= min: print 2
+ primes = [2]
+ i = 3
+ while i <= max:
+ for p in primes:
+ if i%p == 0 or p*p > i: break
+ if i%p <> 0:
+ primes.append(i)
+ if i >= min: print i
+ i = i+2
+
+main()
diff --git a/Misc/BLURB.LUTZ b/Misc/BLURB.LUTZ
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e508207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/BLURB.LUTZ
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+Newsgroups: comp.lang.perl,comp.lang.tcl
+From: lutz@xvt.com (Mark Lutz)
+Subject: Python (was Re: Has anyone done a tk addition to perl?)
+Organization: XVT Software Inc.
+Date: Thu, 14 Oct 1993 17:10:37 GMT
+X-Disclaimer: The views expressed in this message are those of an
+ individual at XVT Software Inc., and do not necessarily
+ reflect those of the company.
+
+
+I've gotten a number of requests for information about Python,
+since my post here earlier this week. Since this appears to be
+of general interest, and since there's no python news group yet,
+I'm posting a description here. I'm not the best authority on
+the language, but here's my take on it.
+
+[TCL/Perl zealots: this is informational only; I'm not trying to
+'convert' anybody, and don't have time for a language war :-)
+There is a paper comparing TCL/Perl/Python/Emacs-Lisp, which is
+referenced in the comp.lang.misc faq, I beleive.]
+
+
+What is Python?...
+
+Python is a relatively new very-high-level language developed
+in Amsterdam. Python is a simple, procedural language, with
+features taken from ABC, Icon, Modula-3, and C/C++.
+
+It's central goal is to provide the best of both worlds:
+the dynamic nature of scripting languages like Perl/TCL/REXX,
+but also support for general programming found in the more
+traditional languages like Icon, C, Modula,...
+
+As such, it can function as a scripting/extension language,
+as a rapid prototyping language, and as a serious software
+development language. Python is suitable for fast development
+of large programs, but also does well at throw-away shell coding.
+
+Python resembles other scripting languages a number of ways:
+ - dynamic, interpretive, interactive nature
+ - no explicit compile or link steps needed
+ - no type declarations (it's dynamically typed)
+ - high-level operators ('in', concatenation, etc)
+ - automatic memory allocation/deallocation (no 'pointers')
+ - high level objects: lists, tuples, strings, associative arrays
+ - programs can construct and execute program code using strings
+ - very fast edit/compile/run cycle; no static linking
+ - well-defined interface to and from C functions and data
+ - well-defined ways to add C modules to the system and language
+
+Python's features that make it useful for serious programming:
+ - it's object-oriented; it has a simplified subset of
+ C++'s 'class' facility, made more useful by python's
+ dynamic typing; the language is object-oriented from
+ the ground up (rather than being an add-on, as in C++)
+
+ - it supports modules (imported packages, as in Modula-3);
+ modules replace C's 'include' files and linking, and allow
+ for multiple-module systems, code sharing, etc.;
+
+ - it has a good exception handling system (a 'try' statement,
+ and a 'raise' statement, with user-defined exceptions);
+
+ - it's orthogonal; everything is a first-class object in the
+ language (functions, modules, classes, class instance methods...)
+ and can be assigned/passed and used generically;
+
+ - it's fairly run-time secure; it does many run-time checks
+ like index-out-of-bounds, etc., that C usually doesn't;
+
+ - it has general data structuring support; Python lists are
+ heterogeneous, variable length, nestable, support slicing,
+ concatenation, etc., and come into existance and are reclaimed
+ automatically; strings and dictionaries are similarly general;
+
+ - it's got a symbolic debugger and profiler (written in python,
+ of course..), and an interactive command-line interface;
+ as in Lisp, you can enter code and test functions in isolation,
+ from the interactive command line (even linked C functions);
+
+ - it has a large library of built-in modules; it has support
+ for sockets, regular expressions, posix bindings, etc.
+
+ - it supports dynamic loading of C modules on many platforms;
+
+ - it has a _readable_ syntax; python code looks like normal
+ programming languages; tcl and perl can be very unreadable
+ (IMHO; what was that joke about Perl looking the same after
+ rot13..); python's syntax is simple, and statement based;
+
+
+Of course, Python isn't perfect, but it's a good compromise betweem
+scripting languages and traditional ones, and so is widely applicable.
+'Perfect' languages aren't always useful for real-world tasks (Prolog,
+for example), and languages at either extreme are not useful in the other
+domain (C is poor for shell coding and prototyping, and awk is useless
+for large systems design; Python does both well).
+
+For example, I've used Python successfully for a 4K line expert system
+shell project; it would have been at least twice as large in C, and would
+have been very difficult in TCL or Perl.
+
+Python uses an indentation-based syntax which may seem unusual at first
+to C coders, but after using it I have found it to be _very_ handy, since
+there's less to type. [I now forget to type '}' in my C code, and am
+busy calculating how much time I wasted typing all those '}', 'END', etc.,
+just to pander to 'brain-dead' C/Pascal compilers :-)].
+
+Python's currently at release 0.9.9. It seems suprisingly stable.
+The first 'official' 1.0 release is due out by the end of this year.
+Python runs on most popular machines/systems (mac, dos, unix, etc.)
+It's public domain and distributable, and can be had via ftp. The
+distribution includes examples, tutorials, and documentation. The
+latest ftp address I have (I got it on a cd-rom):
+ pub/python/* at ftp.cwi.nl
+ pub/? at wuarchive.wustl.edu (in america)
+
+There's a python mailing list maintained by the language's creator.
+Mail 'python-list-request@cwi.nl' to get on it.
+
+Mark Lutz
+lutz@xvt.com
diff --git a/Misc/COPYRIGHT b/Misc/COPYRIGHT
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38ad364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/COPYRIGHT
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum,
+Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
+
+ All Rights Reserved
+
+Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
+documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
+provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
+both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch
+Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
+distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission.
+
+STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
+FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
+OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/Misc/FAQ b/Misc/FAQ
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49b1607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/FAQ
@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+Subject: FAQ: Python -- an object-oriented language
+Newsgroups: comp.lang.misc,comp.answers,news.answers
+Followup-to: comp.lang.misc
+From: guido@cwi.nl (Guido van Rossum)
+Reply-to: guido@cwi.nl (Guido van Rossum)
+Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
+
+Archive-name: python-faq/part1
+Version: 1.2
+Last-modified: 24 Jan 1994
+
+This article contains answers to Frequently Asked Questions about
+Python (an object-oriented interpreted programming language -- see
+the answer to question 1.1 for a short overview).
+
+Copyright 1993, 1994 Guido van Rossum. Unchanged electronic
+redistribution of this FAQ is allowed. Printed redistribution only
+with permission of the author. No warranties.
+
+Author's address:
+ Guido van Rossum
+ CWI, dept. CST
+ Kruislaan 413
+ P.O. Box 94079
+ 1090 GB Amsterdam
+ The Netherlands
+Email: guido@cwi.nl
+
+The latest version of this FAQ is available by anonymous ftp from
+ftp.cwi.nl [192.16.184.180] in the directory /pub/python, with
+filename python-FAQ. It will also be posted regularly to the
+newsgroups comp.answers and comp.lang.misc.
+
+Many FAQs, including this one, are available by anonymous ftp from
+rtfm.mit.edu [18.70.0.209] in the directory pub/usenet/news.answers.
+The name under which a FAQ is archived appears in the Archive-name line
+at the top of the article. This FAQ is archived as python-faq/part1.
+
+There's a mail server on that machine which will send you files from
+the archive by e-mail if you have no ftp access. You send a e-mail
+message to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu containing the single word help in
+the message body to receive instructions.
+
+This FAQ is divided in the following chapters:
+
+ 1. General information and availability
+ 2. Python in the real world
+ 3. Building Python
+ 4. Programming in Python
+ 5. Extending Python
+ 6. Python's design
+ 7. Using Python on non-UNIX platforms
+
+To find the start of a particular chapter, search for the chapter number
+followed by a dot and a space at the beginning of a line (e.g. to
+find chapter 4 in vi, type /^4\. /).
+
+Here's an overview of the questions per chapter:
+
+ 1. General information and availability
+ 1.1. Q. What is Python?
+ 1.2. Q. Why is it called Python?
+ 1.3. Q. How do I obtain a copy of the Python source?
+ 1.4. Q. How do I get documentation on Python?
+ 1.5. Q. Is there a newsgroup or mailing list devoted to Python?
+ 1.6. Q. Is there a book on Python, or will there be one out soon?
+ 1.7. Q. Are there any published articles about Python that I can quote?
+
+ 2. Python in the real world
+ 2.1. Q. How many people are using Python?
+ 2.2. Q. Have any significant projects been done in Python?
+ 2.3. Q. Are there any commercial projects going on using Python?
+ 2.4. Q. What new developments are expected for Python in the future?
+ 2.5. Q. How stable is Python?
+ 2.6. Q. Any more future plans?
+
+ 3. Building Python
+ 3.1. Q. I have trouble building the md5 module and/or finding the file
+ md5.c.
+ 3.2. Q. Is there a test set?
+ 3.3. Q. When running the test set, I get complaints about floating point
+ operations, but when playing with floating point operations I cannot
+ find anything wrong with them.
+ 3.4. Q. I get an OverflowError on evaluating 2*2. What is going on?
+ 3.5. Q. Trouble building Python 0.9.9 on platform X.
+
+ 4. Programming in Python
+ 4.1. Q. Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in
+ C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)? (Also phrased as:
+ Can I use a built-in type as base class?)
+ 4.2. Q. I assign to a variable in a call to exec() but when I try to
+ use it on the next line I get an error. What is going on?
+ 4.3. Q. Why does that work?
+ 4.4. Q. Is there a curses/termcap package for Python?
+ 4.5. Q. Is there an equivalent to C's onexit() in Python?
+ 4.6. Q. When I define a function nested inside another function, the
+ nested function seemingly can't access the local variables of the
+ outer function. What is going on? How do I pass local data to a
+ nested function?
+ 4.7. Q. How do I iterate over a sequence in reverse order?
+ 4.8. Q. My program is too slow. How do I speed it up?
+ 4.9. Q. When I have imported a module, then edit it, and import it
+ again (into the same Python process), the changes don't seem to take
+ place. What is going on?
+
+ 5. Extending Python
+ 5.1. Q. Can I create my own functions in C?
+ 5.2. Q. Can I create my own functions in C++?
+
+ 6. Python's design
+ 6.1. Q. Why isn't there a generic copying operation for objects in
+ Python?
+ 6.2. Q. Why isn't there a generic way to implement persistent objects
+ in Python? (Persistent == automatically saved to and restored from
+ disk.)
+ 6.3. Q. Why isn't there a switch or case statement in Python?
+
+ 7. Using Python on non-UNIX platforms
+ 7.1. Q. Where's the DOS version of 0.9.9?
+ 7.2. Q. Is there a Windows version of Python?
+ 7.3. Q. I have the Mac or DOS version but it appears to be only a binary.
+ Where's the library?
+ 7.4. Q. Where's the documentation for the Mac or DOS version?
+ 7.5. Q. The Mac version doesn't seem to have any facilities for creating or
+ editing programs apart from entering it interactively, and there seems
+ to be no way to save code that was entered interactively. How do I
+ create a Python program on the Mac?
+
+To find a particular question, search for the question number followed
+by a dot, a space, and a Q at the beginning of a line (e.g. to find
+question 4.2 in vi, type /^4\.2\. Q/).
+
+
+1. General information and availability
+=======================================
+
+1.1. Q. What is Python?
+
+A. Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming
+language. It incorporates modules, exceptions, dynamic typing, very
+high level dynamic data types, and classes. Python combines
+remarkable power with very clear syntax. It has interfaces to many
+system calls and libraries, as well as to various window systems, and
+is extensible in C or C++. It is also usable as an extension language
+for applications that need a programmable interface. Finally, Python
+is portable: it runs on many brands of UNIX, on the Mac, and on
+MS-DOS.
+
+To find out more, the best thing to do is to start reading the
+tutorial from the documentation set (see a few questions further
+down).
+
+1.2. Q. Why is it called Python?
+
+A. Apart from being a computer wizard, I'm also a fan of "Monty
+Python's Flying Circus" (a BBC comedy series from the seventies, in
+case you didn't know). It occurred to me one day that I needed a name
+that was short, unique, and slightly mysterious. And I happened to be
+reading some scripts from the series at the time... So then I decided
+to call my language Python. But Python is not a joke. And don't you
+associate it with dangerous reptiles either!
+
+1.3. Q. How do I obtain a copy of the Python source?
+
+A. The latest Python source distribution is always available by
+anonymous ftp from ftp.cwi.nl [192.16.184.180] in the directory
+/pub/python, with filename python<version>.tar.Z. It is a compressed
+tar file containing the complete C source, LaTeX documentation, Python
+library modules, example programs, and several useful pieces of freely
+distributable software. This will compile and run out of the box on
+most UNIX platforms. Currently <version> is 0.9.9. (See section 7
+for non-UNIX information.)
+
+1.4. Q. How do I get documentation on Python?
+
+A. The latest Python documentation set is always available by
+anonymous ftp from ftp.cwi.nl [192.16.184.180] in the directory
+/pub/python, with filename pythondoc-ps<version>.tar.Z. It is a
+compressed tar file containing PostScript files of the reference
+manual, the library manual, and the tutorial. Currently <version> is
+0.9.9. (Note that the library manual is the most important one of the
+set, as much of Python's power stems from the standard or built-in
+types, functions and modules, all of which are described here.)
+PostScript for a high-level description of Python is in the file
+nluug-paper.ps.
+
+The following sites keep mirrors of the Python distribution:
+
+Site IP address Directory
+
+gatekeeper.dec.com 16.1.0.2 /pub/plan/python/cwi
+ftp.uu.net 192.48.96.9 /languages/python
+ftp.wustl.edu 128.252.135.4 /graphics/graphics/sgi-stuff/python
+ftp.funet.fi 128.214.6.100 /pub/languages/python (old?)
+ftp.fu-berlin.de 130.133.4.50 /pub/unix/languages/python (python* only)
+
+Or try archie on e.g. python0.9.9.tar.Z to locate the nearest copy of
+that version...
+
+1.5. Q. Is there a newsgroup or mailing list devoted to Python?
+
+A. There is no Python newsgroup yet; if you want to post to the net
+about Python, use comp.lang.misc. There is a mailing list devoted to
+Python; send e-mail to python-list-request@cwi.nl to (un)subscribe.
+There are plans to start the discussion about creation of
+comp.lang.python as soon as version 1.0.0 has been released.
+
+1.6. Q. Is there a book on Python, or will there be one out soon?
+
+A. Unfortunately, not yet. I would like to write one but my
+obligations at CWI include too much other work to make much progress
+on it. Several parties have expressed interest in sponsoring or
+helping the production of a book or reference manual, but so far there
+are no firm plans. If you volunteer help, by all means drop me a
+note!
+
+1.7. Q. Are there any published articles about Python that I can quote?
+
+A. So far the only refereed and published article that describes
+Python in some detail is:
+
+ Guido van Rossum and Jelke de Boer, "Interactively Testing Remote
+ Servers Using the Python Programming Language", CWI Quarterly, Volume
+ 4, Issue 4 (December 1991), Amsterdam, pp 283-303.
+
+LaTeX source for this paper is available as part of the Python source
+distribution.
+
+A more recent high-level description of Python is:
+
+ Guido van Rossum, "An Introduction to Python for UNIX/C
+ Programmers", in the proceedings of the NLUUG najaarsconferentie
+ 1993 (dutch UNIX users group meeting november 1993).
+
+PostScript for this paper and for the slides used for the accompanying
+presentation can be found in the ftp directory mentioned a few
+questions earlier, with filenames nluug-paper.ps and nluug-slides.ps,
+respectively.
+
+
+2. Python in the real world
+===========================
+
+2.1. Q. How many people are using Python?
+
+A. I don't know, but at the last count there were at least 130
+addresses on the Python mailing list (several of which are local
+redistribution lists). I suspect that many users don't bother
+to subscribe to the list.
+
+2.2. Q. Have any significant projects been done in Python?
+
+A. Here at CWI (the home of Python), we have written a 20,000 line
+authoring environment for transportable hypermedia presentations, a
+multimedia teleconferencing tool, as well as many smaller programs.
+
+The University of Virginia uses Python to control a virtual reality
+engine. Contact: Matt Conway <conway@virginia.edu>.
+
+See also the next question.
+
+2.3. Q. Are there any commercial projects going on using Python?
+
+A. Several companies have revealed to me that they are planning or
+considering to use Python in a future product. The furthest is
+Sunrise Software, who already have a product out using Python -- they
+use Python for a GUI management application and an SNMP network
+manangement application. Contact: <info@sunrise.com>.
+
+Individuals at many other companies are using Python for
+internal development (witness their contributions to the Python
+mailing list).
+
+Python has also been elected as an extension language by MADE, a
+consortium supported by the European Committee's ESPRIT program and
+consisting of Bull, CWI and some other European companies. Contact:
+Ivan Herman <ivan@cwi.nl>.
+
+2.4. Q. What new developments are expected for Python in the future?
+
+A. I am almost ready to release version 1.0.0 -- it should be out by
+the end of January 1994. It will have some new functionality and
+bugfixes and be portable to more platforms. The directory tree
+structure and build procedure will be radically different -- almost
+all configuration is now done automatically, using GNU autoconf.
+User-visible changes include: double-quoted strings, functional
+programming operations (lambda, map, filter, reduce -- all evaluated
+eagerly), exec becomes a statement, str() is customizable through
+__str__ (used by print). The originally planned grand renaming scheme
+will not be implemented because of lack of time. A beta version can
+be ftp'ed from the usual sites, file python1.0.0beta.tar.Z.
+
+2.5. Q. How stable is Python?
+
+A. Very stable. While the current version number (0.9.9) would
+suggest it is in the early stages of development, in fact new, stable
+releases have been coming out every 3-6 months for the past three years.
+
+2.6. Q. Any more future plans?
+
+A. Without warranty that any of this will actually be realized: I am
+currently thinking about mechanisms for built-in on-line help and a
+switch/case statement. There are also some people (independently)
+working on a windowing interface based on STDWIN but with the power
+and ease of use of the average modern widget set. I still hope to get
+some help in producing a Windows version. It would be nice if there
+were a window-based class browser (Someone at CWI has contributed one
+using Motif but it needs some work).
+
+
+3. Building Python
+==================
+
+3.1. Q. I have trouble building the md5 module and/or finding the file
+md5.c.
+
+A. Apparently the md5 module was based on an older version of RSA's
+md5 implementation. The ftp site rsa.com mentioned in the Makefile
+where this version was found is no longer accessible, and the version
+from RFC 1321 (md5c.c) is slightly different. This will be fixed in
+the 1.0 release; write me if you need the fixes now.
+
+3.2. Q. Is there a test set?
+
+A. Yes, simply do "import testall" (or "import autotest" if you aren't
+interested in the output). The standard modules whose name begins
+with "test" together comprise the test. The test set doesn't test
+*all* features of Python but it goes a long way to confirm that a new
+port is actually working. The Makefile contains an entry "make test"
+which runs the autotest module.
+
+3.3. Q. When running the test set, I get complaints about floating point
+operations, but when playing with floating point operations I cannot
+find anything wrong with them.
+
+A. The test set makes occasional unwarranted assumptions about the
+semantics of C floating point operations. Until someone donates a
+better floating point test set, you will have to comment out the
+offending floating point tests and execute similar tests manually.
+
+3.4. Q. I get an OverflowError on evaluating 2*2. What is going on?
+
+A. Your machine probably has 64 bit long integers (e.g. DEC alpha or
+HP snake architectures). There are some dependencies on word length
+in file intobject.c. This will be corrected in the 1.0 release; until
+then, on a 64 bit machine, just comment out the check for overflow
+from int_mul:
+
+ #if 0
+ if (x > 0x7fffffff || x < (double) (long) 0x80000000)
+ return err_ovf("integer multiplication");
+ #endif
+
+You should also include <limits.h> and replace the constant 32 by
+LONG_BIT in int_[lr]shift.
+
+3.5. Q. Trouble building Python 0.9.9 on platform X.
+
+A. In the bootstrap phase (before you have built the first running
+interpreter), make sure the -D settings in the Makefile are correct
+for your system. In particular you may have to add or delete -DSYSV.
+It may also be necessary to change the flags used to compile
+posixmodule.c and timemodule.c; e.g. on AIX the following are
+necessary:
+ posixmodule.c: -DHAVE_STDLIB -DNOALTTZ -DOLDTZ -Dunix -DSYSV -DDO_TIMES
+ timemodule.c: -DHAVE_STDLIB -DNOALTTZ -DOLDTZ -Uunix -DSYSV -DBSD_TIME
+(Note the -Uunix for timemodule!)
+Those switches for timemodule also require that the
+ #ifdef unix
+ #ifdef BSD_TIME
+just above:
+ static long
+ millitimer()
+( and below the "#endif /* macintosh */" version of millitimer
+be changed to:
+ #if defined(unix) | defined(BSD_TIME)
+ #ifdef BSD_TIME
+
+
+4. Programming in Python
+========================
+
+4.1. Q. Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in
+C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)? (Also phrased as:
+Can I use a built-in type as base class?)
+
+A. No, but you can easily create a Python class which serves as a
+wrapper around a built-in object, e.g. (for dictionaries):
+
+ # A user-defined class behaving almost identical
+ # to a built-in dictionary.
+ class UserDict:
+ def __init__(self): self.data = {}
+ def __repr__(self): return repr(self.data)
+ def __cmp__(self, dict):
+ if type(dict) == type(self.data):
+ return cmp(self.data, dict)
+ else:
+ return cmp(self.data, dict.data)
+ def __len__(self): return len(self.data)
+ def __getitem__(self, key): return self.data[key]
+ def __setitem__(self, key, item): self.data[key] = item
+ def __delitem__(self, key): del self.data[key]
+ def keys(self): return self.data.keys()
+ def items(self): return self.data.items()
+ def values(self): return self.data.values()
+ def has_key(self, key): return self.data.has_key(key)
+
+4.2. Q. I assign to a variable in a call to exec() but when I try to
+use it on the next line I get an error. What is going on?
+
+A. The reason why this occurs is too complicated to explain (but see
+the next question). To fix it is easy, however: simply assign None to
+the variable *before* calling exec(). This will be fixed in the 1.0
+release.
+
+4.3. Q. Why does that work?
+
+A. When parsing your program and converting it into internal pseudo
+code, the interpreter does some optimizations to speed up function
+execution: it figures out the names of all the local variables and
+treats them specially. Because your assignment is done by exec(), it
+is not seen initially by the parser and the variable is not recognized
+as a local variable. The default treatment is as a global variable,
+but the exec() statement places it in the local scope, where it is not
+found. This will be fixed in release 1.0 by making exec into a
+statement; the parser will then be able to switch off the
+optimizations for local variables if it encounters an exec statement
+(recognizing calls to built-in functions is not possible for the
+parser, hence the syntax change to a statement).
+
+4.4. Q. Is there a curses/termcap package for Python?
+
+A. No, but you can use the "alfa" (== character cell) version of
+STDWIN. (STDWIN == Standard Windows, a portable windowing system
+interface by the same author, URL ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/stdwin.)
+This will also prepare your program for porting to windowing
+environments such as X11 or the Macintosh.
+
+4.5. Q. Is there an equivalent to C's onexit() in Python?
+
+A. Yes, if you import sys and assign a function to sys.exitfunc, it
+will be called when your program exits, is killed by an unhandled
+exception, or (on UNIX) receives a SIGHUP or SIGTERM signal.
+
+4.6. Q. When I define a function nested inside another function, the
+nested function seemingly can't access the local variables of the
+outer function. What is going on? How do I pass local data to a
+nested function?
+
+A. Python does not have arbitrarily nested scopes. When you need to
+create a function that needs to access some data which you have
+available locally, create a new class to hold the data and return a
+method of an instance of that class, e.g.:
+
+ class MultiplierClass:
+ def __init__(self, factor):
+ self.factor = factor
+ def multiplier(self, argument):
+ return argument * self.factor
+
+ def generate_multiplier(factor):
+ return MultiplierClass(factor).multiplier
+
+ twice = generate_multiplier(2)
+ print twice(10)
+ # Output: 20
+
+4.7. Q. How do I iterate over a sequence in reverse order?
+
+A. If it is a list, the fastest solution is
+
+ list.reverse()
+ try:
+ for x in list:
+ "do something with x"
+ finally:
+ list.reverse()
+
+This has the disadvantage that while you are in the loop, the list
+is temporarily reversed. If you don't like this, you can make a copy.
+This appears expensive but is actually faster than other solutions:
+
+ rev = list[:]
+ rev.reverse()
+ for x in rev:
+ <do something with x>
+
+If it isn't a list, a more general but slower solution is:
+
+ i = len(list)
+ while i > 0:
+ i = i-1
+ x = list[i]
+ <do something with x>
+
+A more elegant solution, is to define a class which acts as a sequence
+and yields the elements in reverse order (solution due to Steve
+Majewski):
+
+ class Rev:
+ def __init__(self, seq):
+ self.forw = seq
+ def __len__(self):
+ return len(self.forw)
+ def __getitem__(self, i):
+ return self.forw[-(i + 1)]
+
+You can now simply write:
+
+ for x in Rev(list):
+ <do something with x>
+
+Unfortunately, this solution is slowest of all, due the the method
+call overhead...
+
+4.8. Q. My program is too slow. How do I speed it up?
+
+A. That's a tough one, in general. There are many tricks to speed up
+Python code; I would consider rewriting parts in C only as a last
+resort. One thing to notice is that function and (especially) method
+calls are rather expensive; if you have designed a purely OO interface
+with lots of tiny functions that don't do much more than get or set an
+instance variable or call another method, you may consider using a
+more direct way, e.g. directly accessing instance variables. Also see
+the standard module "profile" (described in the file
+"python/lib/profile.doc") which makes it possible to find out where
+your program is spending most of its time (if you have some patience
+-- the profiling itself can slow your program down by an order of
+magnitude).
+
+4.9. Q. When I have imported a module, then edit it, and import it
+again (into the same Python process), the changes don't seem to take
+place. What is going on?
+
+A. For efficiency reasons, Python only reads the module file on the
+first time a module is imported (otherwise a program consisting of
+many modules, each of which imports the same basic module, would read
+the basic module over and over again). To force a changed module
+being read again, do this:
+
+ import modname
+ reload(modname)
+
+Warning: this technique is not 100% fool-proof. In particular,
+modules containing statements like
+
+ from modname import some_objects
+
+will continue to work with the old version of the objects imported
+thus.
+
+
+5. Extending Python
+===================
+
+5.1. Q. Can I create my own functions in C?
+
+A. Yes, you can create built-in modules containing functions,
+variables, exceptions and even new types in C. This is all explained
+in the file "python/misc/EXTENDING". Also read the file "DYNLOAD"
+there for hints on how to load such extension modules
+
+5.2. Q. Can I create my own functions in C++?
+
+A. Yes, using the C-compatibility features found in C++. Basically
+you place extern "C" { ... } around the Python include files and put
+extern "C" before each function that is going to be called by the
+Python interpreter. Global or static C++ objects with constructors
+are probably not a good idea.
+
+
+6. Python's design
+==================
+
+6.1. Q. Why isn't there a generic copying operation for objects in
+Python?
+
+A. Hmm. Maybe there should be one, but it's difficult to assign a
+useful meaning to copying of open files, sockets and windows, or
+recursive data structures. As long as you design all your classes
+yourself you are of course free to define a standard base class that
+defines an overridable copying operation for all the objects you care
+about. (One practical point: it would have to be a built-in function,
+not a standard method name, since not all built-in object types have
+methods; e.g. strings, integers and tuples don't.)
+
+6.2. Q. Why isn't there a generic way to implement persistent objects
+in Python? (Persistent == automatically saved to and restored from
+disk.)
+
+A. Hmm, hmm. Basically for the same reasons as why there is no
+generic copying operation.
+
+6.3. Q. Why isn't there a switch or case statement in Python?
+
+A. You can do this easily enough with a sequence of
+if... elif... elif... else. There have been some proposals for switch
+statement syntax, but there is no concensus (yet) on whether and how
+to do range tests.
+
+
+7. Using Python on non-UNIX platforms
+=====================================
+
+7.1. Q. Where's the DOS version of 0.9.9?
+
+A. I hope it will be coming soon. A friend with a DOS machine and a
+compiler has volunteered to build it but he's very busy. Until then,
+you will have to make do with the 0.9.8 version (which isn't so bad,
+actually).
+
+7.2. Q. Is there a Windows version of Python?
+
+A. Not yet. Several Windows hackers with C compilers are working on a
+port though, so maybe we'll have one soon.
+
+7.3. Q. I have the Mac or DOS version but it appears to be only a binary.
+Where's the library?
+
+A. You still need to copy the files from the distribution directory
+"python/lib" to your system. If you don't have the full distribution,
+you can ftp the file pythonlib0.9.9.tar.Z from site ftp.cwi.nl,
+directory /pub/python; this is a subset of the distribution containing
+just those file.
+
+7.4. Q. Where's the documentation for the Mac or DOS version?
+
+A. There isn't any. The documentation for the Unix version also
+applies to the Mac and DOS versions. Where applicable, differences
+are indicated in the text.
+
+7.5. Q. The Mac version doesn't seem to have any facilities for creating or
+editing programs apart from entering it interactively, and there seems
+to be no way to save code that was entered interactively. How do I
+create a Python program on the Mac?
+
+A. Use an external editor. I am quite happy with the Desk Accessory
+called Sigma Edit; this doesn't require Multifinder or System 7. I
+work like this: start the interpreter; edit a module file using Sigma
+Edit; import and test it in the interpreter; edit again in Sigma Edit;
+then use the built-in function reload() to re-read the imported
+module; etc.
diff --git a/Misc/Fixcprt.py b/Misc/Fixcprt.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..7b447fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/Fixcprt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#! /usr/local/bin/python
+
+import regex
+import regsub
+import glob
+import sys
+import os
+import stat
+import getopt
+
+oldcprt = 'Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum,\nAmsterdam, The Netherlands.'
+newcprt = 'Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum,\nAmsterdam, The Netherlands.'
+
+oldprog = regex.compile(oldcprt)
+newprog = regex.compile(newcprt)
+
+def main():
+ opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'y:')
+ agelimit = 0L
+ for opt, arg in opts:
+ if opt == '-y':
+ agelimit = os.stat(arg)[stat.ST_MTIME]
+ if not args:
+ args = glob.glob('*.[ch]')
+ for file in args:
+ try:
+ age = os.stat(file)[stat.ST_MTIME]
+ except os.error, msg:
+ print file, ': stat failed :', msg
+ continue
+ if age <= agelimit:
+ print file, ': too old, skipped'
+ continue
+ try:
+ f = open(file, 'r')
+ except IOError, msg:
+ print file, ': open failed :', msg
+ continue
+ head = f.read(1024)
+ if oldprog.search(head) < 0:
+ if newprog.search(head) < 0:
+ print file, ': NO COPYRIGHT FOUND'
+ else:
+ print file, ': (new copyright already there)'
+ f.close()
+ continue
+ newhead = regsub.sub(oldcprt, newcprt, head)
+ data = newhead + f.read()
+ f.close()
+ try:
+ f = open(file + '.new', 'w')
+ except IOError, msg:
+ print file, ': creat failed :', msg
+ continue
+ f.write(data)
+ f.close()
+ try:
+ os.rename(file, file + '~')
+ except IOError, msg:
+ print file, ': rename to backup failed :', msg
+ continue
+ try:
+ os.rename(file + '.new', file)
+ except IOError, msg:
+ print file, ': rename from .new failed :', msg
+ continue
+ print file, ': copyright changed.'
+
+main()
diff --git a/Misc/HISTORY b/Misc/HISTORY
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82c4b31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/HISTORY
@@ -0,0 +1,1400 @@
+Python history
+--------------
+
+This file contains the release messages for previous Python releases
+(slightly edited to adapt them to the format of this file). As you
+read on you go back to the dark ages of Python's history.
+
+===================================
+==> Release 0.9.9 (29 Jul 1993) <==
+===================================
+
+I *believe* these are the main user-visible changes in this release,
+but there may be others. SGI users may scan the {src,lib}/ChangeLog
+files for improvements of some SGI specific modules, e.g. aifc and
+cl. Developers of extension modules should also read src/ChangeLog.
+
+
+Naming of C symbols used by the Python interpreter
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+* This is the last release using the current naming conventions. New
+naming conventions are explained in the file misc/NAMING.
+Summarizing, all externally visible symbols get (at least) a "Py"
+prefix, and most functions are renamed to the standard form
+PyModule_FunctionName.
+
+* Writers of extensions are urged to start using the new naming
+conventions. The next release will use the new naming conventions
+throughout (it will also have a different source directory
+structure).
+
+* As a result of the preliminary work for the great renaming, many
+functions that were accidentally global have been made static.
+
+
+BETA X11 support
+----------------
+
+* There are now modules interfacing to the X11 Toolkit Intrinsics, the
+Athena widgets, and the Motif 1.1 widget set. These are not yet
+documented except through the examples and README file in the demo/x11
+directory. It is expected that this interface will be replaced by a
+more powerful and correct one in the future, which may or may not be
+backward compatible. In other words, this part of the code is at most
+BETA level software! (Note: the rest of Python is rock solid as ever!)
+
+* I understand that the above may be a bit of a disappointment,
+however my current schedule does not allow me to change this situation
+before putting the release out of the door. By releasing it
+undocumented and buggy, at least some of the (working!) demo programs,
+like itr (my Internet Talk Radio browser) become available to a larger
+audience.
+
+* There are also modules interfacing to SGI's "Glx" widget (a GL
+window wrapped in a widget) and to NCSA's "HTML" widget (which can
+format HyperText Markup Language, the document format used by the
+World Wide Web).
+
+* I've experienced some problems when building the X11 support. In
+particular, the Xm and Xaw widget sets don't go together, and it
+appears that using X11R5 is better than using X11R4. Also the threads
+module and its link time options may spoil things. My own strategy is
+to build two Python binaries: one for use with X11 and one without
+it, which can contain a richer set of built-in modules. Don't even
+*think* of loading the X11 modules dynamically...
+
+
+Environmental changes
+---------------------
+
+* Compiled files (*.pyc files) created by this Python version are
+incompatible with those created by the previous version. Both
+versions detect this and silently create a correct version, but it
+means that it is not a good idea to use the same library directory for
+an old and a new interpreter, since they will start to "fight" over
+the *.pyc files...
+
+* When a stack trace is printed, the exception is printed last instead
+of first. This means that if the beginning of the stack trace
+scrolled out of your window you can still see what exception caused
+it.
+
+* Sometimes interrupting a Python operation does not work because it
+hangs in a blocking system call. You can now kill the interpreter by
+interrupting it three times. The second time you interrupt it, a
+message will be printed telling you that the third interrupt will kill
+the interpreter. The "sys.exitfunc" feature still makes limited
+clean-up possible in this case.
+
+
+Changes to the command line interface
+-------------------------------------
+
+* The python usage message is now much more informative.
+
+* New option -i enters interactive mode after executing a script --
+useful for debugging.
+
+* New option -k raises an exception when an expression statement
+yields a value other than None.
+
+* For each option there is now also a corresponding environment
+variable.
+
+
+Using Python as an embedded language
+------------------------------------
+
+* The distribution now contains (some) documentation on the use of
+Python as an "embedded language" in other applications, as well as a
+simple example. See the file misc/EMBEDDING and the directory embed/.
+
+
+Speed improvements
+------------------
+
+* Function local variables are now generally stored in an array and
+accessed using an integer indexing operation, instead of through a
+dictionary lookup. (This compensates the somewhat slower dictionary
+lookup caused by the generalization of the dictionary module.)
+
+
+Changes to the syntax
+---------------------
+
+* Continuation lines can now *sometimes* be written without a
+backslash: if the continuation is contained within nesting (), [] or
+{} brackets the \ may be omitted. There's a much improved
+python-mode.el in the misc directory which knows about this as well.
+
+* You can no longer use an empty set of parentheses to define a class
+without base classes. That is, you no longer write this:
+
+ class Foo(): # syntax error
+ ...
+
+You must write this instead:
+
+ class Foo:
+ ...
+
+This was already the preferred syntax in release 0.9.8 but many
+people seemed not to have picked it up. There's a Python script that
+fixes old code: demo/scripts/classfix.py.
+
+* There's a new reserved word: "access". The syntax and semantics are
+still subject of of research and debate (as well as undocumented), but
+the parser knows about the keyword so you must not use it as a
+variable, function, or attribute name.
+
+
+Changes to the semantics of the language proper
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+* The following compatibility hack is removed: if a function was
+defined with two or more arguments, and called with a single argument
+that was a tuple with just as many arguments, the items of this tuple
+would be used as the arguments. This is no longer supported.
+
+
+Changes to the semantics of classes and instances
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+* Class variables are now also accessible as instance variables for
+reading (assignment creates an instance variable which overrides the
+class variable of the same name though).
+
+* If a class attribute is a user-defined function, a new kind of
+object is returned: an "unbound method". This contains a pointer to
+the class and can only be called with a first argument which is a
+member of that class (or a derived class).
+
+* If a class defines a method __init__(self, arg1, ...) then this
+method is called when a class instance is created by the classname()
+construct. Arguments passed to classname() are passed to the
+__init__() method. The __init__() methods of base classes are not
+automatically called; the derived __init__() method must call these if
+necessary (this was done so the derived __init__() method can choose
+the call order and arguments for the base __init__() methods).
+
+* If a class defines a method __del__(self) then this method is called
+when an instance of the class is about to be destroyed. This makes it
+possible to implement clean-up of external resources attached to the
+instance. As with __init__(), the __del__() methods of base classes
+are not automatically called. If __del__ manages to store a reference
+to the object somewhere, its destruction is postponed; when the object
+is again about to be destroyed its __del__() method will be called
+again.
+
+* Classes may define a method __hash__(self) to allow their instances
+to be used as dictionary keys. This must return a 32-bit integer.
+
+
+Minor improvements
+------------------
+
+* Function and class objects now know their name (the name given in
+the 'def' or 'class' statement that created them).
+
+* Class instances now know their class name.
+
+
+Additions to built-in operations
+--------------------------------
+
+* The % operator with a string left argument implements formatting
+similar to sprintf() in C. The right argument is either a single
+value or a tuple of values. All features of Standard C sprintf() are
+supported except %p.
+
+* Dictionaries now support almost any key type, instead of just
+strings. (The key type must be an immutable type or must be a class
+instance where the class defines a method __hash__(), in order to
+avoid losing track of keys whose value may change.)
+
+* Built-in methods are now compared properly: when comparing x.meth1
+and y.meth2, if x is equal to y and the methods are defined by the
+same function, x.meth1 compares equal to y.meth2.
+
+
+Additions to built-in functions
+-------------------------------
+
+* str(x) returns a string version of its argument. If the argument is
+a string it is returned unchanged, otherwise it returns `x`.
+
+* repr(x) returns the same as `x`. (Some users found it easier to
+have this as a function.)
+
+* round(x) returns the floating point number x rounded to an whole
+number, represented as a floating point number. round(x, n) returns x
+rounded to n digits.
+
+* hasattr(x, name) returns true when x has an attribute with the given
+name.
+
+* hash(x) returns a hash code (32-bit integer) of an arbitrary
+immutable object's value.
+
+* id(x) returns a unique identifier (32-bit integer) of an arbitrary
+object.
+
+* compile() compiles a string to a Python code object.
+
+* exec() and eval() now support execution of code objects.
+
+
+Changes to the documented part of the library (standard modules)
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+* os.path.normpath() (a.k.a. posixpath.normpath()) has been fixed so
+the border case '/foo/..' returns '/' instead of ''.
+
+* A new function string.find() is added with similar semantics to
+string.index(); however when it does not find the given substring it
+returns -1 instead of raising string.index_error.
+
+
+Changes to built-in modules
+---------------------------
+
+* New optional module 'array' implements operations on sequences of
+integers or floating point numbers of a particular size. This is
+useful to manipulate large numerical arrays or to read and write
+binary files consisting of numerical data.
+
+* Regular expression objects created by module regex now support a new
+method named group(), which returns one or more \(...\) groups by number.
+The number of groups is increased from 10 to 100.
+
+* Function compile() in module regex now supports an optional mapping
+argument; a variable casefold is added to the module which can be used
+as a standard uppercase to lowercase mapping.
+
+* Module time now supports many routines that are defined in the
+Standard C time interface (<time.h>): gmtime(), localtime(),
+asctime(), ctime(), mktime(), as well as these variables (taken from
+System V): timezone, altzone, daylight and tzname. (The corresponding
+functions in the undocumented module calendar have been removed; the
+undocumented and unfinished module tzparse is now obsolete and will
+disappear in a future release.)
+
+* Module strop (the fast built-in version of standard module string)
+now uses C's definition of whitespace instead of fixing it to space,
+tab and newline; in practice this usually means that vertical tab,
+form feed and return are now also considered whitespace. It exports
+the string of characters that are considered whitespace as well as the
+characters that are considered lowercase or uppercase.
+
+* Module sys now defines the variable builtin_module_names, a list of
+names of modules built into the current interpreter (including not
+yet imported, but excluding two special modules that always have to be
+defined -- sys and builtin).
+
+* Objects created by module sunaudiodev now also support flush() and
+close() methods.
+
+* Socket objects created by module socket now support an optional
+flags argument for their methods sendto() and recvfrom().
+
+* Module marshal now supports dumping to and loading from strings,
+through the functions dumps() and loads().
+
+* Module stdwin now supports some new functionality. You may have to
+ftp the latest version: ftp.cwi.nl:/pub/stdwin/stdwinforviews.tar.Z.)
+
+
+Bugs fixed
+----------
+
+* Fixed comparison of negative long integers.
+
+* The tokenizer no longer botches input lines longer than BUFSIZ.
+
+* Fixed several severe memory leaks in module select.
+
+* Fixed memory leaks in modules socket and sv.
+
+* Fixed memory leak in divmod() for long integers.
+
+* Problems with definition of floatsleep() on Suns fixed.
+
+* Many portability bugs fixed (and undoubtedly new ones added :-).
+
+
+Changes to the build procedure
+------------------------------
+
+* The Makefile supports some new targets: "make default" and "make
+all". Both are by normally equivalent to "make python".
+
+* The Makefile no longer uses $> since it's not supported by all
+versions of Make.
+
+* The header files now all contain #ifdef constructs designed to make
+it safe to include the same header file twice, as well as support for
+inclusion from C++ programs (automatic extern "C" { ... } added).
+
+
+Freezing Python scripts
+-----------------------
+
+* There is now some support for "freezing" a Python script as a
+stand-alone executable binary file. See the script
+demo/scripts/freeze.py. It will require some site-specific tailoring
+of the script to get this working, but is quite worthwhile if you write
+Python code for other who may not have built and installed Python.
+
+
+MS-DOS
+------
+
+* A new MS-DOS port has been done, using MSC 6.0 (I believe). Thanks,
+Marcel van der Peijl! This requires fewer compatibility hacks in
+posixmodule.c. The executable is not yet available but will be soon
+(check the mailing list).
+
+* The default PYTHONPATH has changed.
+
+
+Changes for developers of extension modules
+-------------------------------------------
+
+* Read src/ChangeLog for full details.
+
+
+SGI specific changes
+--------------------
+
+* Read src/ChangeLog for full details.
+
+==================================
+==> Release 0.9.8 (9 Jan 1993) <==
+==================================
+
+I claim no completeness here, but I've tried my best to scan the log
+files throughout my source tree for interesting bits of news. A more
+complete account of the changes is to be found in the various
+ChangeLog files. See also "News for release 0.9.7beta" below if you're
+still using release 0.9.6, and the file HISTORY if you have an even
+older release.
+
+ --Guido
+
+
+Changes to the language proper
+------------------------------
+
+There's only one big change: the conformance checking for function
+argument lists (of user-defined functions only) is stricter. Earlier,
+you could get away with the following:
+
+ (a) define a function of one argument and call it with any
+ number of arguments; if the actual argument count wasn't
+ one, the function would receive a tuple containing the
+ arguments arguments (an empty tuple if there were none).
+
+ (b) define a function of two arguments, and call it with more
+ than two arguments; if there were more than two arguments,
+ the second argument would be passed as a tuple containing
+ the second and further actual arguments.
+
+(Note that an argument (formal or actual) that is a tuple is counted as
+one; these rules don't apply inside such tuples, only at the top level
+of the argument list.)
+
+Case (a) was needed to accommodate variable-length argument lists;
+there is now an explicit "varargs" feature (precede the last argument
+with a '*'). Case (b) was needed for compatibility with old class
+definitions: up to release 0.9.4 a method with more than one argument
+had to be declared as "def meth(self, (arg1, arg2, ...)): ...".
+Version 0.9.6 provide better ways to handle both casees, bot provided
+backward compatibility; version 0.9.8 retracts the compatibility hacks
+since they also cause confusing behavior if a function is called with
+the wrong number of arguments.
+
+There's a script that helps converting classes that still rely on (b),
+provided their methods' first argument is called "self":
+demo/scripts/methfix.py.
+
+If this change breaks lots of code you have developed locally, try
+#defining COMPAT_HACKS in ceval.c.
+
+(There's a third compatibility hack, which is the reverse of (a): if a
+function is defined with two or more arguments, and called with a
+single argument that is a tuple with just as many arguments, the items
+of this tuple will be used as the arguments. Although this can (and
+should!) be done using the built-in function apply() instead, it isn't
+withdrawn yet.)
+
+
+One minor change: comparing instance methods works like expected, so
+that if x is an instance of a user-defined class and has a method m,
+then (x.m==x.m) yields 1.
+
+
+The following was already present in 0.9.7beta, but not explicitly
+mentioned in the NEWS file: user-defined classes can now define types
+that behave in almost allrespects like numbers. See
+demo/classes/Rat.py for a simple example.
+
+
+Changes to the build process
+----------------------------
+
+The Configure.py script and the Makefile has been made somewhat more
+bullet-proof, after reports of (minor) trouble on certain platforms.
+
+There is now a script to patch Makefile and config.c to add a new
+optional built-in module: Addmodule.sh. Read the script before using!
+
+Useing Addmodule.sh, all optional modules can now be configured at
+compile time using Configure.py, so there are no modules left that
+require dynamic loading.
+
+The Makefile has been fixed to make it easier to use with the VPATH
+feature of some Make versions (e.g. SunOS).
+
+
+Changes affecting portability
+-----------------------------
+
+Several minor portability problems have been solved, e.g. "malloc.h"
+has been renamed to "mymalloc.h", "strdup.c" is no longer used, and
+the system now tolerates malloc(0) returning 0.
+
+For dynamic loading on the SGI, Jack Jansen's dl 1.6 is now
+distributed with Python. This solves several minor problems, in
+particular scripts invoked using #! can now use dynamic loading.
+
+
+Changes to the interpreter interface
+------------------------------------
+
+On popular demand, there's finally a "profile" feature for interactive
+use of the interpreter. If the environment variable $PYTHONSTARTUP is
+set to the name of an existing file, Python statements in this file
+are executed when the interpreter is started in interactive mode.
+
+There is a new clean-up mechanism, complementing try...finally: if you
+assign a function object to sys.exitfunc, it will be called when
+Python exits or receives a SIGTERM or SIGHUP signal.
+
+The interpreter is now generally assumed to live in
+/usr/local/bin/python (as opposed to /usr/local/python). The script
+demo/scripts/fixps.py will update old scripts in place (you can easily
+modify it to do other similar changes).
+
+Most I/O that uses sys.stdin/stdout/stderr will now use any object
+assigned to those names as long as the object supports readline() or
+write() methods.
+
+The parser stack has been increased to 500 to accommodate more
+complicated expressions (7 levels used to be the practical maximum,
+it's now about 38).
+
+The limit on the size of the *run-time* stack has completely been
+removed -- this means that tuple or list displays can contain any
+number of elements (formerly more than 50 would crash the
+interpreter).
+
+
+Changes to existing built-in functions and methods
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+The built-in functions int(), long(), float(), oct() and hex() now
+also apply to class instalces that define corresponding methods
+(__int__ etc.).
+
+
+New built-in functions
+----------------------
+
+The new functions str() and repr() convert any object to a string.
+The function repr(x) is in all respects equivalent to `x` -- some
+people prefer a function for this. The function str(x) does the same
+except if x is already a string -- then it returns x unchanged
+(repr(x) adds quotes and escapes "funny" characters as octal escapes).
+
+The new function cmp(x, y) returns -1 if x<y, 0 if x==y, 1 if x>y.
+
+
+Changes to general built-in modules
+-----------------------------------
+
+The time module's functions are more general: time() returns a
+floating point number and sleep() accepts one. Their accuracies
+depends on the precision of the system clock. Millisleep is no longer
+needed (although it still exists for now), but millitimer is still
+needed since on some systems wall clock time is only available with
+seconds precision, while a source of more precise time exists that
+isn't synchronized with the wall clock. (On UNIX systems that support
+the BSD gettimeofday() function, time.time() is as time.millitimer().)
+
+The string representation of a file object now includes an address:
+'<file 'filename', mode 'r' at #######>' where ###### is a hex number
+(the object's address) to make it unique.
+
+New functions added to posix: nice(), setpgrp(), and if your system
+supports them: setsid(), setpgid(), tcgetpgrp(), tcsetpgrp().
+
+Improvements to the socket module: socket objects have new methods
+getpeername() and getsockname(), and the {get,set}sockopt methods can
+now get/set any kind of option using strings built with the new struct
+module. And there's a new function fromfd() which creates a socket
+object given a file descriptor (useful for servers started by inetd,
+which have a socket connected to stdin and stdout).
+
+
+Changes to SGI-specific built-in modules
+----------------------------------------
+
+The FORMS library interface (fl) now requires FORMS 2.1a. Some new
+functions have been added and some bugs have been fixed.
+
+Additions to al (audio library interface): added getname(),
+getdefault() and getminmax().
+
+The gl modules doesn't call "foreground()" when initialized (this
+caused some problems) like it dit in 0.9.7beta (but not before).
+There's a new gl function 'gversion() which returns a version string.
+
+The interface to sv (Indigo video interface) has totally changed.
+(Sorry, still no documentation, but see the examples in
+demo/sgi/{sv,video}.)
+
+
+Changes to standard library modules
+-----------------------------------
+
+Most functions in module string are now much faster: they're actually
+implemented in C. The module containing the C versions is called
+"strop" but you should still import "string" since strop doesn't
+provide all the interfaces defined in string (and strop may be renamed
+to string when it is complete in a future release).
+
+string.index() now accepts an optional third argument giving an index
+where to start searching in the first argument, so you can find second
+and further occurrences (this is similar to the regular expression
+functions in regex).
+
+The definition of what string.splitfields(anything, '') should return
+is changed for the last time: it returns a singleton list containing
+its whole first argument unchanged. This is compatible with
+regsub.split() which also ignores empty delimiter matches.
+
+posixpath, macpath: added dirname() and normpath() (and basename() to
+macpath).
+
+The mainloop module (for use with stdwin) can now demultiplex input
+from other sources, as long as they can be polled with select().
+
+
+New built-in modules
+--------------------
+
+Module struct defines functions to pack/unpack values to/from strings
+representing binary values in native byte order.
+
+Module strop implements C versions of many functions from string (see
+above).
+
+Optional module fcntl defines interfaces to fcntl() and ioctl() --
+UNIX only. (Not yet properly documented -- see however src/fcntl.doc.)
+
+Optional module mpz defines an interface to an altaernative long
+integer implementation, the GNU MPZ library.
+
+Optional module md5 uses the GNU MPZ library to calculate MD5
+signatures of strings.
+
+There are also optional new modules specific to SGI machines: imageop
+defines some simple operations to images represented as strings; sv
+interfaces to the Indigo video board; cl interfaces to the (yet
+unreleased) compression library.
+
+
+New standard library modules
+----------------------------
+
+(Unfortunately the following modules are not all documented; read the
+sources to find out more about them!)
+
+autotest: run testall without showing any output unless it differs
+from the expected output
+
+bisect: use bisection to insert or find an item in a sorted list
+
+colorsys: defines conversions between various color systems (e.g. RGB
+<-> YUV)
+
+nntplib: a client interface to NNTP servers
+
+pipes: utility to construct pipeline from templates, e.g. for
+conversion from one file format to another using several utilities.
+
+regsub: contains three functions that are more or less compatible with
+awk functions of the same name: sub() and gsub() do string
+substitution, split() splits a string using a regular expression to
+define how separators are define.
+
+test_types: test operations on the built-in types of Python
+
+toaiff: convert various audio file formats to AIFF format
+
+tzparse: parse the TZ environment parameter (this may be less general
+than it could be, let me know if you fix it).
+
+(Note that the obsolete module "path" no longer exists.)
+
+
+New SGI-specific library modules
+--------------------------------
+
+CL: constants for use with the built-in compression library interface (cl)
+
+Queue: a multi-producer, multi-consumer queue class implemented for
+use with the built-in thread module
+
+SOCKET: constants for use with built-in module socket, e.g. to set/get
+socket options. This is SGI-specific because the constants to be
+passed are system-dependent. You can generate a version for your own
+system by running the script demo/scripts/h2py.py with
+/usr/include/sys/socket.h as input.
+
+cddb: interface to the database used the the CD player
+
+torgb: convert various image file types to rgb format (requires pbmplus)
+
+
+New demos
+---------
+
+There's an experimental interface to define Sun RPC clients and
+servers in demo/rpc.
+
+There's a collection of interfaces to WWW, WAIS and Gopher (both
+Python classes and program providing a user interface) in demo/www.
+This includes a program texi2html.py which converts texinfo files to
+HTML files (the format used hy WWW).
+
+The ibrowse demo has moved from demo/stdwin/ibrowse to demo/ibrowse.
+
+For SGI systems, there's a whole collection of programs and classes
+that make use of the Indigo video board in demo/sgi/{sv,video}. This
+represents a significant amount of work that we're giving away!
+
+There are demos "rsa" and "md5test" that exercise the mpz and md5
+modules, respectively. The rsa demo is a complete implementation of
+the RSA public-key cryptosystem!
+
+A bunch of games and examples submitted by Stoffel Erasmus have been
+included in demo/stoffel.
+
+There are miscellaneous new files in some existing demo
+subdirectories: classes/bitvec.py, scripts/{fixps,methfix}.py,
+sgi/al/cmpaf.py, sockets/{mcast,gopher}.py.
+
+There are also many minor changes to existing files, but I'm too lazy
+to run a diff and note the differences -- you can do this yourself if
+you save the old distribution's demos. One highlight: the
+stdwin/python.py demo is much improved!
+
+
+Changes to the documentation
+----------------------------
+
+The LaTeX source for the library uses different macros to enable it to
+be converted to texinfo, and from there to INFO or HTML format so it
+can be browsed as a hypertext. The net result is that you can now
+read the Python library documentation in Emacs info mode!
+
+
+Changes to the source code that affect C extension writers
+----------------------------------------------------------
+
+The function strdup() no longer exists (it was used only in one places
+and is somewhat of a a portability problem sice some systems have the
+same function in their C library.
+
+The functions NEW() and RENEW() allocate one spare byte to guard
+against a NULL return from malloc(0) being taken for an error, but
+this should not be relied upon.
+
+
+=========================
+==> Release 0.9.7beta <==
+=========================
+
+
+Changes to the language proper
+------------------------------
+
+User-defined classes can now implement operations invoked through
+special syntax, such as x[i] or `x` by defining methods named
+__getitem__(self, i) or __repr__(self), etc.
+
+
+Changes to the build process
+----------------------------
+
+Instead of extensive manual editing of the Makefile to select
+compile-time options, you can now run a Configure.py script.
+The Makefile as distributed builds a minimal interpreter sufficient to
+run Configure.py. See also misc/BUILD
+
+The Makefile now includes more "utility" targets, e.g. install and
+tags/TAGS
+
+Using the provided strtod.c and strtol.c are now separate options, as
+on the Sun the provided strtod.c dumps core :-(
+
+The regex module is now an option chosen by the Makefile, since some
+(old) C compilers choke on regexpr.c
+
+
+Changes affecting portability
+-----------------------------
+
+You need STDWIN version 0.9.7 (released 30 June 1992) for the stdwin
+interface
+
+Dynamic loading is now supported for Sun (and other non-COFF systems)
+throug dld-3.2.3, as well as for SGI (a new version of Jack Jansen's
+DL is out, 1.4)
+
+The system-dependent code for the use of the select() system call is
+moved to one file: myselect.h
+
+Thanks to Jaap Vermeulen, the code should now port cleanly to the
+SEQUENT
+
+
+Changes to the interpreter interface
+------------------------------------
+
+The interpretation of $PYTHONPATH in the environment is different: it
+is inserted in front of the default path instead of overriding it
+
+
+Changes to existing built-in functions and methods
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+List objects now support an optional argument to their sort() method,
+which is a comparison function similar to qsort(3) in C
+
+File objects now have a method fileno(), used by the new select module
+(see below)
+
+
+New built-in function
+---------------------
+
+coerce(x, y): take two numbers and return a tuple containing them
+both converted to a common type
+
+
+Changes to built-in modules
+---------------------------
+
+sys: fixed core dumps in settrace() and setprofile()
+
+socket: added socket methods setsockopt() and getsockopt(); and
+fileno(), used by the new select module (see below)
+
+stdwin: added fileno() == connectionnumber(), in support of new module
+select (see below)
+
+posix: added get{eg,eu,g,u}id(); waitpid() is now a separate function.
+
+gl: added qgetfd()
+
+fl: added several new functions, fixed several obscure bugs, adapted
+to FORMS 2.1
+
+
+Changes to standard modules
+---------------------------
+
+posixpath: changed implementation of ismount()
+
+string: atoi() no longer mistakes leading zero for octal number
+
+...
+
+
+New built-in modules
+--------------------
+
+Modules marked "dynamic only" are not configured at compile time but
+can be loaded dynamically. You need to turn on the DL or DLD option in
+the Makefile for support dynamic loading of modules (this requires
+external code).
+
+select: interfaces to the BSD select() system call
+
+dbm: interfaces to the (new) dbm library (dynamic only)
+
+nis: interfaces to some NIS functions (aka yellow pages)
+
+thread: limited form of multiple threads (sgi only)
+
+audioop: operations useful for audio programs, e.g. u-LAW and ADPCM
+coding (dynamic only)
+
+cd: interface to Indigo SCSI CDROM player audio library (sgi only)
+
+jpeg: read files in JPEG format (dynamic only, sgi only; needs
+external code)
+
+imgfile: read SGI image files (dynamic only, sgi only)
+
+sunaudiodev: interface to sun's /dev/audio (dynamic only, sun only)
+
+sv: interface to Indigo video library (sgi only)
+
+pc: a minimal set of MS-DOS interfaces (MS-DOS only)
+
+rotor: encryption, by Lance Ellinghouse (dynamic only)
+
+
+New standard modules
+--------------------
+
+Not all these modules are documented. Read the source:
+lib/<modulename>.py. Sometimes a file lib/<modulename>.doc contains
+additional documentation.
+
+imghdr: recognizes image file headers
+
+sndhdr: recognizes sound file headers
+
+profile: print run-time statistics of Python code
+
+readcd, cdplayer: companion modules for built-in module cd (sgi only)
+
+emacs: interface to Emacs using py-connect.el (see below).
+
+SOCKET: symbolic constant definitions for socket options
+
+SUNAUDIODEV: symbolic constant definitions for sunaudiodef (sun only)
+
+SV: symbolic constat definitions for sv (sgi only)
+
+CD: symbolic constat definitions for cd (sgi only)
+
+
+New demos
+---------
+
+scripts/pp.py: execute Python as a filter with a Perl-like command
+line interface
+
+classes/: examples using the new class features
+
+threads/: examples using the new thread module
+
+sgi/cd/: examples using the new cd module
+
+
+Changes to the documentation
+----------------------------
+
+The last-minute syntax changes of release 0.9.6 are now reflected
+everywhere in the manuals
+
+The reference manual has a new section (3.2) on implementing new kinds
+of numbers, sequences or mappings with user classes
+
+Classes are now treated extensively in the tutorial (chapter 9)
+
+Slightly restructured the system-dependent chapters of the library
+manual
+
+The file misc/EXTENDING incorporates documentation for mkvalue() and
+a new section on error handling
+
+The files misc/CLASSES and misc/ERRORS are no longer necessary
+
+The doc/Makefile now creates PostScript files automatically
+
+
+Miscellaneous changes
+---------------------
+
+Incorporated Tim Peters' changes to python-mode.el, it's now version
+1.06
+
+A python/Emacs bridge (provided by Terrence M. Brannon) lets a Python
+program running in an Emacs buffer execute Emacs lisp code. The
+necessary Python code is in lib/emacs.py. The Emacs code is
+misc/py-connect.el (it needs some external Emacs lisp code)
+
+
+Changes to the source code that affect C extension writers
+----------------------------------------------------------
+
+New service function mkvalue() to construct a Python object from C
+values according to a "format" string a la getargs()
+
+Most functions from pythonmain.c moved to new pythonrun.c which is
+in libpython.a. This should make embedded versions of Python easier
+
+ceval.h is split in eval.h (which needs compile.h and only declares
+eval_code) and ceval.h (which doesn't need compile.hand declares the
+rest)
+
+ceval.h defines macros BGN_SAVE / END_SAVE for use with threads (to
+improve the parallellism of multi-threaded programs by letting other
+Python code run when a blocking system call or something similar is
+made)
+
+In structmember.[ch], new member types BYTE, CHAR and unsigned
+variants have been added
+
+New file xxmodule.c is a template for new extension modules.
+
+==================================
+==> RELEASE 0.9.6 (6 Apr 1992) <==
+==================================
+
+Misc news in 0.9.6:
+- Restructured the misc subdirectory
+- Reference manual completed, library manual much extended (with indexes!)
+- the GNU Readline library is now distributed standard with Python
+- the script "../demo/scripts/classfix.py" fixes Python modules using old
+ class syntax
+- Emacs python-mode.el (was python.el) vastly improved (thanks, Tim!)
+- Because of the GNU copyleft business I am not using the GNU regular
+ expression implementation but a free re-implementation by Tatu Ylonen
+ that recently appeared in comp.sources.misc (Bravo, Tatu!)
+
+New features in 0.9.6:
+- stricter try stmt syntax: cannot mix except and finally clauses on 1 try
+- New module 'os' supplants modules 'mac' and 'posix' for most cases;
+ module 'path' is replaced by 'os.path'
+- os.path.split() return value differs from that of old path.split()
+- sys.exc_type, sys.exc_value, sys.exc_traceback are set to the exception
+ currently being handled
+- sys.last_type, sys.last_value, sys.last_traceback remember last unhandled
+ exception
+- New function string.expandtabs() expands tabs in a string
+- Added times() interface to posix (user & sys time of process & children)
+- Added uname() interface to posix (returns OS type, hostname, etc.)
+- New built-in function execfile() is like exec() but from a file
+- Functions exec() and eval() are less picky about whitespace/newlines
+- New built-in functions getattr() and setattr() access arbitrary attributes
+- More generic argument handling in built-in functions (see "./EXTENDING")
+- Dynamic loading of modules written in C or C++ (see "./DYNLOAD")
+- Division and modulo for long and plain integers with negative operands
+ have changed; a/b is now floor(float(a)/float(b)) and a%b is defined
+ as a-(a/b)*b. So now the outcome of divmod(a,b) is the same as
+ (a/b, a%b) for integers. For floats, % is also changed, but of course
+ / is unchanged, and divmod(x,y) does not yield (x/y, x%y)...
+- A function with explicit variable-length argument list can be declared
+ like this: def f(*args): ...; or even like this: def f(a, b, *rest): ...
+- Code tracing and profiling features have been added, and two source
+ code debuggers are provided in the library (pdb.py, tty-oriented,
+ and wdb, window-oriented); you can now step through Python programs!
+ See sys.settrace() and sys.setprofile(), and "../lib/pdb.doc"
+- '==' is now the only equality operator; "../demo/scripts/eqfix.py" is
+ a script that fixes old Python modules
+- Plain integer right shift now uses sign extension
+- Long integer shift/mask operations now simulate 2's complement
+ to give more useful results for negative operands
+- Changed/added range checks for long/plain integer shifts
+- Options found after "-c command" are now passed to the command in sys.argv
+ (note subtle incompatiblity with "python -c command -- -options"!)
+- Module stdwin is better protected against touching objects after they've
+ been closed; menus can now also be closed explicitly
+- Stdwin now uses its own exception (stdwin.error)
+
+New features in 0.9.5 (released as Macintosh application only, 2 Jan 1992):
+- dictionary objects can now be compared properly; e.g., {}=={} is true
+- new exception SystemExit causes termination if not caught;
+ it is raised by sys.exit() so that 'finally' clauses can clean up,
+ and it may even be caught. It does work interactively!
+- new module "regex" implements GNU Emacs style regular expressions;
+ module "regexp" is rewritten in Python for backward compatibility
+- formal parameter lists may contain trailing commas
+
+Bugs fixed in 0.9.6:
+- assigning to or deleting a list item with a negative index dumped core
+- divmod(-10L,5L) returned (-3L, 5L) instead of (-2L, 0L)
+
+Bugs fixed in 0.9.5:
+- masking operations involving negative long integers gave wrong results
+
+
+===================================
+==> RELEASE 0.9.4 (24 Dec 1991) <==
+===================================
+
+- new function argument handling (see below)
+- built-in apply(func, args) means func(args[0], args[1], ...)
+- new, more refined exceptions
+- new exception string values (NameError = 'NameError' etc.)
+- better checking for math exceptions
+- for sequences (string/tuple/list), x[-i] is now equivalent to x[len(x)-i]
+- fixed list assignment bug: "a[1:1] = a" now works correctly
+- new class syntax, without extraneous parentheses
+- new 'global' statement to assign global variables from within a function
+
+
+New class syntax
+----------------
+
+You can now declare a base class as follows:
+
+ class B: # Was: class B():
+ def some_method(self): ...
+ ...
+
+and a derived class thusly:
+
+ class D(B): # Was: class D() = B():
+ def another_method(self, arg): ...
+
+Multiple inheritance looks like this:
+
+ class M(B, D): # Was: class M() = B(), D():
+ def this_or_that_method(self, arg): ...
+
+The old syntax is still accepted by Python 0.9.4, but will disappear
+in Python 1.0 (to be posted to comp.sources).
+
+
+New 'global' statement
+----------------------
+
+Every now and then you have a global variable in a module that you
+want to change from within a function in that module -- say, a count
+of calls to a function, or an option flag, etc. Until now this was
+not directly possible. While several kludges are known that
+circumvent the problem, and often the need for a global variable can
+be avoided by rewriting the module as a class, this does not always
+lead to clearer code.
+
+The 'global' statement solves this dilemma. Its occurrence in a
+function body means that, for the duration of that function, the
+names listed there refer to global variables. For instance:
+
+ total = 0.0
+ count = 0
+
+ def add_to_total(amount):
+ global total, count
+ total = total + amount
+ count = count + 1
+
+'global' must be repeated in each function where it is needed. The
+names listed in a 'global' statement must not be used in the function
+before the statement is reached.
+
+Remember that you don't need to use 'global' if you only want to *use*
+a global variable in a function; nor do you need ot for assignments to
+parts of global variables (e.g., list or dictionary items or
+attributes of class instances). This has not changed; in fact
+assignment to part of a global variable was the standard workaround.
+
+
+New exceptions
+--------------
+
+Several new exceptions have been defined, to distinguish more clearly
+between different types of errors.
+
+name meaning was
+
+AttributeError reference to non-existing attribute NameError
+IOError unexpected I/O error RuntimeError
+ImportError import of non-existing module or name NameError
+IndexError invalid string, tuple or list index RuntimeError
+KeyError key not in dictionary RuntimeError
+OverflowError numeric overflow RuntimeError
+SyntaxError invalid syntax RuntimeError
+ValueError invalid argument value RuntimeError
+ZeroDivisionError division by zero RuntimeError
+
+The string value of each exception is now its name -- this makes it
+easier to experimentally find out which operations raise which
+exceptions; e.g.:
+
+ >>> KeyboardInterrupt
+ 'KeyboardInterrupt'
+ >>>
+
+
+New argument passing semantics
+------------------------------
+
+Off-line discussions with Steve Majewski and Daniel LaLiberte have
+convinced me that Python's parameter mechanism could be changed in a
+way that made both of them happy (I hope), kept me happy, fixed a
+number of outstanding problems, and, given some backward compatibility
+provisions, would only break a very small amount of existing code --
+probably all mine anyway. In fact I suspect that most Python users
+will hardly notice the difference. And yet it has cost me at least
+one sleepless night to decide to make the change...
+
+Philosophically, the change is quite radical (to me, anyway): a
+function is no longer called with either zero or one argument, which
+is a tuple if there appear to be more arguments. Every function now
+has an argument list containing 0, 1 or more arguments. This list is
+always implemented as a tuple, and it is a (run-time) error if a
+function is called with a different number of arguments than expected.
+
+What's the difference? you may ask. The answer is, very little unless
+you want to write variadic functions -- functions that may be called
+with a variable number of arguments. Formerly, you could write a
+function that accepted one or more arguments with little trouble, but
+writing a function that could be called with either 0 or 1 argument
+(or more) was next to impossible. This is now a piece of cake: you
+can simply declare an argument that receives the entire argument
+tuple, and check its length -- it will be of size 0 if there are no
+arguments.
+
+Another anomaly of the old system was the way multi-argument methods
+(in classes) had to be declared, e.g.:
+
+ class Point():
+ def init(self, (x, y, color)): ...
+ def setcolor(self, color): ...
+ dev moveto(self, (x, y)): ...
+ def draw(self): ...
+
+Using the new scheme there is no need to enclose the method arguments
+in an extra set of parentheses, so the above class could become:
+
+ class Point:
+ def init(self, x, y, color): ...
+ def setcolor(self, color): ...
+ dev moveto(self, x, y): ...
+ def draw(self): ...
+
+That is, the equivalence rule between methods and functions has
+changed so that now p.moveto(x,y) is equivalent to Point.moveto(p,x,y)
+while formerly it was equivalent to Point.moveto(p,(x,y)).
+
+A special backward compatibility rule makes that the old version also
+still works: whenever a function with exactly two arguments (at the top
+level) is called with more than two arguments, the second and further
+arguments are packed into a tuple and passed as the second argument.
+This rule is invoked independently of whether the function is actually a
+method, so there is a slight chance that some erroneous calls of
+functions expecting two arguments with more than that number of
+arguments go undetected at first -- when the function tries to use the
+second argument it may find it is a tuple instead of what was expected.
+Note that this rule will be removed from future versions of the
+language; it is a backward compatibility provision *only*.
+
+Two other rules and a new built-in function handle conversion between
+tuples and argument lists:
+
+Rule (a): when a function with more than one argument is called with a
+single argument that is a tuple of the right size, the tuple's items
+are used as arguments.
+
+Rule (b): when a function with exactly one argument receives no
+arguments or more than one, that one argument will receive a tuple
+containing the arguments (the tuple will be empty if there were no
+arguments).
+
+
+A new built-in function, apply(), was added to support functions that
+need to call other functions with a constructed argument list. The call
+
+ apply(function, tuple)
+
+is equivalent to
+
+ function(tuple[0], tuple[1], ..., tuple[len(tuple)-1])
+
+
+While no new argument syntax was added in this phase, it would now be
+quite sensible to add explicit syntax to Python for default argument
+values (as in C++ or Modula-3), or a "rest" argument to receive the
+remaining arguments of a variable-length argument list.
+
+
+========================================================
+==> Release 0.9.3 (never made available outside CWI) <==
+========================================================
+
+- string sys.version shows current version (also printed on interactive entry)
+- more detailed exceptions, e.g., IOError, ZeroDivisionError, etc.
+- 'global' statement to declare module-global variables assigned in functions.
+- new class declaration syntax: class C(Base1, Base2, ...): suite
+ (the old syntax is still accepted -- be sure to convert your classes now!)
+- C shifting and masking operators: << >> ~ & ^ | (for ints and longs).
+- C comparison operators: == != (the old = and <> remain valid).
+- floating point numbers may now start with a period (e.g., .14).
+- definition of integer division tightened (always truncates towards zero).
+- new builtins hex(x), oct(x) return hex/octal string from (long) integer.
+- new list method l.count(x) returns the number of occurrences of x in l.
+- new SGI module: al (Indigo and 4D/35 audio library).
+- the FORMS interface (modules fl and FL) now uses FORMS 2.0
+- module gl: added lrect{read,write}, rectzoom and pixmode;
+ added (non-GL) functions (un)packrect.
+- new socket method: s.allowbroadcast(flag).
+- many objects support __dict__, __methods__ or __members__.
+- dir() lists anything that has __dict__.
+- class attributes are no longer read-only.
+- classes support __bases__, instances support __class__ (and __dict__).
+- divmod() now also works for floats.
+- fixed obscure bug in eval('1 ').
+
+
+===================================
+==> Release 0.9.2 (Autumn 1991) <==
+===================================
+
+Highlights
+----------
+
+- tutorial now (almost) complete; library reference reorganized
+- new syntax: continue statement; semicolons; dictionary constructors;
+ restrictions on blank lines in source files removed
+- dramatically improved module load time through precompiled modules
+- arbitrary precision integers: compute 2 to the power 1000 and more...
+- arithmetic operators now accept mixed type operands, e.g., 3.14/4
+- more operations on list: remove, index, reverse; repetition
+- improved/new file operations: readlines, seek, tell, flush, ...
+- process management added to the posix module: fork/exec/wait/kill etc.
+- BSD socket operations (with example servers and clients!)
+- many new STDWIN features (color, fonts, polygons, ...)
+- new SGI modules: font manager and FORMS library interface
+
+
+Extended list of changes in 0.9.2
+---------------------------------
+
+Here is a summary of the most important user-visible changes in 0.9.2,
+in somewhat arbitrary order. Changes in later versions are listed in
+the "highlights" section above.
+
+
+1. Changes to the interpreter proper
+
+- Simple statements can now be separated by semicolons.
+ If you write "if t: s1; s2", both s1 and s2 are executed
+ conditionally.
+- The 'continue' statement was added, with semantics as in C.
+- Dictionary displays are now allowed on input: {key: value, ...}.
+- Blank lines and lines bearing only a comment no longer need to
+ be indented properly. (A completely empty line still ends a multi-
+ line statement interactively.)
+- Mixed arithmetic is supported, 1 compares equal to 1.0, etc.
+- Option "-c command" to execute statements from the command line
+- Compiled versions of modules are cached in ".pyc" files, giving a
+ dramatic improvement of start-up time
+- Other, smaller speed improvements, e.g., extracting characters from
+ strings, looking up single-character keys, and looking up global
+ variables
+- Interrupting a print operation raises KeyboardInterrupt instead of
+ only cancelling the print operation
+- Fixed various portability problems (it now passes gcc with only
+ warnings -- more Standard C compatibility will be provided in later
+ versions)
+- Source is prepared for porting to MS-DOS
+- Numeric constants are now checked for overflow (this requires
+ standard-conforming strtol() and strtod() functions; a correct
+ strtol() implementation is provided, but the strtod() provided
+ relies on atof() for everything, including error checking
+
+
+2. Changes to the built-in types, functions and modules
+
+- New module socket: interface to BSD socket primitives
+- New modules pwd and grp: access the UNIX password and group databases
+- (SGI only:) New module "fm" interfaces to the SGI IRIX Font Manager
+- (SGI only:) New module "fl" interfaces to Mark Overmars' FORMS library
+- New numeric type: long integer, for unlimited precision
+ - integer constants suffixed with 'L' or 'l' are long integers
+ - new built-in function long(x) converts int or float to long
+ - int() and float() now also convert from long integers
+- New built-in function:
+ - pow(x, y) returns x to the power y
+- New operation and methods for lists:
+ - l*n returns a new list consisting of n concatenated copies of l
+ - l.remove(x) removes the first occurrence of the value x from l
+ - l.index(x) returns the index of the first occurrence of x in l
+ - l.reverse() reverses l in place
+- New operation for tuples:
+ - t*n returns a tuple consisting of n concatenated copies of t
+- Improved file handling:
+ - f.readline() no longer restricts the line length, is faster,
+ and isn't confused by null bytes; same for raw_input()
+ - f.read() without arguments reads the entire (rest of the) file
+ - mixing of print and sys.stdout.write() has different effect
+- New methods for files:
+ - f.readlines() returns a list containing the lines of the file,
+ as read with f.readline()
+ - f.flush(), f.tell(), f.seek() call their stdio counterparts
+ - f.isatty() tests for "tty-ness"
+- New posix functions:
+ - _exit(), exec(), fork(), getpid(), getppid(), kill(), wait()
+ - popen() returns a file object connected to a pipe
+ - utime() replaces utimes() (the latter is not a POSIX name)
+- New stdwin features, including:
+ - font handling
+ - color drawing
+ - scroll bars made optional
+ - polygons
+ - filled and xor shapes
+ - text editing objects now have a 'settext' method
+
+
+3. Changes to the standard library
+
+- Name change: the functions path.cat and macpath.cat are now called
+ path.join and macpath.join
+- Added new modules: formatter, mutex, persist, sched, mainloop
+- Added some modules and functionality to the "widget set" (which is
+ still under development, so please bear with me):
+ DirList, FormSplit, TextEdit, WindowSched
+- Fixed module testall to work non-interactively
+- Module string:
+ - added functions join() and joinfields()
+ - fixed center() to work correct and make it "transitive"
+- Obsolete modules were removed: util, minmax
+- Some modules were moved to the demo directory
+
+
+4. Changes to the demonstration programs
+
+- Added new useful scipts: byteyears, eptags, fact, from, lfact,
+ objgraph, pdeps, pi, primes, ptags, which
+- Added a bunch of socket demos
+- Doubled the speed of ptags
+- Added new stdwin demos: microedit, miniedit
+- Added a windowing interface to the Python interpreter: python (most
+ useful on the Mac)
+- Added a browser for Emacs info files: demo/stdwin/ibrowse
+ (yes, I plan to put all STDWIN and Python documentation in texinfo
+ form in the future)
+
+
+5. Other changes to the distribution
+
+- An Emacs Lisp file "python.el" is provided to facilitate editing
+ Python programs in GNU Emacs (slightly improved since posted to
+ gnu.emacs.sources)
+- Some info on writing an extension in C is provided
+- Some info on building Python on non-UNIX platforms is provided
+
+
+=====================================
+==> Release 0.9.1 (February 1991) <==
+=====================================
+
+- Micro changes only
+- Added file "patchlevel.h"
+
+
+=====================================
+==> Release 0.9.0 (February 1991) <==
+=====================================
+
+Original posting to alt.sources.
diff --git a/Misc/Makefile b/Misc/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9df7110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+all:
+ @echo Nothing to make in this directory.
+
+clean:
+ find . '(' -name '*.pyc' -o -name core -o -name '*~' \
+ -o -name '[@,#]*' -o -name '*.old' \
+ -o -name '*.orig' -o -name '*.rej' ')' \
+ -print -exec rm -f {} ';'
+
+clobber: clean
diff --git a/Misc/README b/Misc/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d466919
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/README
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Python Misc subdirectory
+========================
+
+This directory contains files that wouldn't fit in elsewhere, in
+particular the UNIX manual page, an Emacs mode for Python source code,
+and a list of Frequently Asked Questions (and their answers).
+
+Files found here
+----------------
+
+BLURB A quick description of Python for newcomers
+BLURB.LUTZ A very good blurb to show to TCL/Perl hackers
+COPYING The GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENCE (needed because of autoconf)
+COPYRIGHT The Python copyright notice
+FAQ Frequently Asked Questions about Python (and answers)
+Fixcprt.py Fix the copyright message (a yearly chore :-)
+README The file you're reading now
+fixfuncptrs.sh Shell script to fix function pointer initializers
+python-mode.el Emacs mode for editing Python programs (thanks again, Tim!)
+python.man UNIX man page for the python interpreter
diff --git a/Misc/RFD b/Misc/RFD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd278c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/RFD
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+To: python-list
+Subject: comp.lang.python RFD again
+From: Guido.van.Rossum@cwi.nl
+
+I've followed the recent discussion and trimmed the blurb RFD down a bit
+(and added the word "object-oriented" to the blurb).
+
+I don't think it's too early to *try* to create the newsgroup --
+whether we will succeed may depend on how many Python supporters there
+are outside the mailing list.
+
+I'm personally not worried about moderation, and anyway I haven't
+heard from any volunteers for moderation (and I won't volunteer
+myself) so I suggest that we'll continue to ask for one unmoderated
+newsgroup.
+
+My next action will be to post an updated FAQ (which will hint at the
+upcoming RFD) to comp.lang.misc; then finalize the 1.0.0 release and
+put it on the ftp site. I'll also try to get it into
+comp.sources.unix or .misc. And all this before the end of January!
+
+--Guido van Rossum, CWI, Amsterdam <Guido.van.Rossum@cwi.nl>
+URL: <http://www.cwi.nl/cwi/people/Guido.van.Rossum.html>
+
+======================================================================
+
+These are the steps required (in case you don't know about the
+newsgroup creation process):
+
+First, we need to draw up an RFD (Request For Discussion). This is a
+document that tells what the purpose of the group is, and gives a case
+for its creation. We post this to relevant groups (comp.lang.misc,
+the mailing list, news.groups, etc.) Discussion is held on
+news.groups.
+
+Then, after a few weeks, we run the official CFV (Call For Votes).
+The votes are then collected over a period of weeks. We need 100 more
+yes votes than no votes, and a 2/3 majority, to get the group.
+
+There are some restrictions on the vote taker: [s]he cannot actively
+campaign for/against the group during the vote process. So the main
+benefit to Steve instead of me running the vote is that I will be free
+to campaign for its creation!
+
+The following is our current draft for the RFD.
+
+======================================================================
+
+Request For Discussion: comp.lang.python
+
+
+Purpose
+-------
+
+The newsgroup will be for discussion on the Python computer language.
+Possible topics include requests for information, general programming,
+development, and bug reports. The group will be unmoderated.
+
+
+What is Python?
+---------------
+
+Python is a relatively new very-high-level language developed in
+Amsterdam. Python is a simple, object-oriented procedural language,
+with features taken from ABC, Icon, Modula-3, and C/C++.
+
+Its central goal is to provide the best of both worlds: the dynamic
+nature of scripting languages like Perl/TCL/REXX, but also support for
+general programming found in the more traditional languages like Icon,
+C, Modula,...
+
+Python may be FTP'd from the following sites:
+
+ ftp.cwi.nl in directory /pub/python (its "home site", also has a FAQ)
+ ftp.uu.net in directory /languages/python
+ gatekeeper.dec.com in directory /pub/plan/python/cwi
+
+
+Rationale
+---------
+
+Currently there is a mailing list with over 130 subscribers.
+The activity of this list is high, and to make handling the
+traffic more reasonable, a newsgroup is being proposed. We
+also feel that comp.lang.misc would not be a suitable forum
+for this volume of discussion on a particular language.
+
+
+Charter
+-------
+
+Comp.lang.python is an unmoderated newsgroup which will serve
+as a forum for discussing the Python computer language. The
+group will serve both those who just program in Python and
+those who work on developing the language. Topics that
+may be discussed include:
+
+ - announcements of new versions of the language and
+ applications written in Python.
+
+ - discussion on the internals of the Python language.
+
+ - general information about the language.
+
+ - discussion on programming in Python.
+
+
+Discussion
+----------
+
+Any objections to this RFD will be considered and, if determined
+to be appropriate, will be incorporated. The discussion period
+will be for a period of 21 days after which the first CFV will be
+issued.
diff --git a/Misc/fixfuncptrs.sh b/Misc/fixfuncptrs.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..f05809e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/fixfuncptrs.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+prog='
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*tp_dealloc\*/\)$|\1(destructor)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*tp_print\*/\)$|\1(printfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*tp_getattr\*/\)$|\1(getattrfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*tp_setattr\*/\)$|\1(setattrfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*tp_compare\*/\)$|\1(cmpfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*tp_repr\*/\)$|\1(reprfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*tp_hash\*/\)$|\1(hashfunc)\2 \3|
+
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*sq_length\*/\)$|\1(inquiry)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*sq_concat\*/\)$|\1(binaryfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*sq_repeat\*/\)$|\1(intargfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*sq_item\*/\)$|\1(intargfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*sq_slice\*/\)$|\1(intintargfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*sq_ass_item\*/\)$|\1(intobjargproc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*sq_ass_slice\*/\)$|\1(intintobjargproc)\2 \3|
+
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*mp_length\*/\)$|\1(inquiry)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*mp_subscript\*/\)$|\1(binaryfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*mp_ass_subscript\*/\)$|\1(objobjargproc)\2 \3|
+
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*nb_nonzero*\*/\)$|\1(inquiry)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*nb_coerce*\*/\)$|\1(coercion)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*nb_negative*\*/\)$|\1(unaryfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*nb_positive*\*/\)$|\1(unaryfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*nb_absolute*\*/\)$|\1(unaryfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*nb_invert*\*/\)$|\1(unaryfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*nb_int*\*/\)$|\1(unaryfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*nb_long*\*/\)$|\1(unaryfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*nb_float*\*/\)$|\1(unaryfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*nb_oct*\*/\)$|\1(unaryfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*nb_hex*\*/\)$|\1(unaryfunc)\2 \3|
+s|^\([ ]*\)\([a-z_]*,\)[ ]*\(/\*nb_[a-z]*\*/\)$|\1(binaryfunc)\2 \3|
+
+'
+for file
+do
+ sed -e "$prog" $file >$file.new || break
+ if cmp -s $file $file.new
+ then
+ echo $file unchanged; rm $file.new
+ else
+ echo $file UPDATED
+ mv $file $file~
+ mv $file.new $file
+ fi
+done
diff --git a/Misc/python-mode-old.el b/Misc/python-mode-old.el
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e748ca3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/python-mode-old.el
@@ -0,0 +1,1601 @@
+;;; Major mode for editing Python programs, version 1.08a
+;; by: Tim Peters <tim@ksr.com>
+;; after an original idea by: Michael A. Guravage
+;;
+;; Copyright (c) 1992,1993,1994 Tim Peters
+;;
+;; This software is provided as-is, without express or implied warranty.
+;; Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute or sell this software,
+;; without fee, for any purpose and by any individual or organization, is
+;; hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this
+;; paragraph appear in all copies.
+;;
+;;
+;; The following statements, placed in your .emacs file or site-init.el,
+;; will cause this file to be autoloaded, and python-mode invoked, when
+;; visiting .py files (assuming the file is in your load-path):
+;;
+;; (autoload 'python-mode "python-mode" "" t)
+;; (setq auto-mode-alist
+;; (cons '("\\.py$" . python-mode) auto-mode-alist))
+
+(provide 'python-mode)
+
+;;; Differentiate between Emacs 18, Lucid Emacs, and Emacs 19.
+;;; This seems to be the standard way of checking this.
+
+(setq py-this-is-lucid-emacs-p (string-match "Lucid" emacs-version))
+(setq py-this-is-emacs-19-p
+ (and
+ (not py-this-is-lucid-emacs-p)
+ (string-match "^19\\." emacs-version)))
+
+;;; Constants and variables
+
+(defvar py-python-command "python"
+ "*Shell command used to start Python interpreter.")
+
+(defvar py-indent-offset 8 ; argue with Guido <grin>
+ "*Indentation increment.
+Note that `\\[py-guess-indent-offset]' can usually guess a good value when you're
+editing someone else's Python code.")
+
+(defvar py-continuation-offset 2
+ "*Indentation (in addition to py-indent-offset) for continued lines.
+The additional indentation given to the first continuation line in a
+multi-line statement. Each subsequent continuation line in the
+statement inherits its indentation from the line that precedes it, so if
+you don't like the default indentation given to the first continuation
+line, change it to something you do like and Python-mode will
+automatically use that for the remaining continuation lines (or, until
+you change the indentation again).")
+
+(defvar py-block-comment-prefix "##"
+ "*String used by py-comment-region to comment out a block of code.
+This should follow the convention for non-indenting comment lines so
+that the indentation commands won't get confused (i.e., the string
+should be of the form `#x...' where `x' is not a blank or a tab, and
+`...' is arbitrary).")
+
+(defvar py-scroll-process-buffer t
+ "*Scroll Python process buffer as output arrives.
+If nil, the Python process buffer acts, with respect to scrolling, like
+Shell-mode buffers normally act. This is surprisingly complicated and
+so won't be explained here; in fact, you can't get the whole story
+without studying the Emacs C code.
+
+If non-nil, the behavior is different in two respects (which are
+slightly inaccurate in the interest of brevity):
+
+ - If the buffer is in a window, and you left point at its end, the
+ window will scroll as new output arrives, and point will move to the
+ buffer's end, even if the window is not the selected window (that
+ being the one the cursor is in). The usual behavior for shell-mode
+ windows is not to scroll, and to leave point where it was, if the
+ buffer is in a window other than the selected window.
+
+ - If the buffer is not visible in any window, and you left point at
+ its end, the buffer will be popped into a window as soon as more
+ output arrives. This is handy if you have a long-running
+ computation and don't want to tie up screen area waiting for the
+ output. The usual behavior for a shell-mode buffer is to stay
+ invisible until you explicitly visit it.
+
+Note the `and if you left point at its end' clauses in both of the
+above: you can `turn off' the special behaviors while output is in
+progress, by visiting the Python buffer and moving point to anywhere
+besides the end. Then the buffer won't scroll, point will remain where
+you leave it, and if you hide the buffer it will stay hidden until you
+visit it again. You can enable and disable the special behaviors as
+often as you like, while output is in progress, by (respectively) moving
+point to, or away from, the end of the buffer.
+
+Warning: If you expect a large amount of output, you'll probably be
+happier setting this option to nil.
+
+Obscure: `End of buffer' above should really say `at or beyond the
+process mark', but if you know what that means you didn't need to be
+told <grin>.")
+
+(defvar py-temp-directory
+ (let ( (ok '(lambda (x)
+ (and x
+ (setq x (expand-file-name x)) ; always true
+ (file-directory-p x)
+ (file-writable-p x)
+ x))))
+ (or (funcall ok (getenv "TMPDIR"))
+ (funcall ok "/usr/tmp")
+ (funcall ok "/tmp")
+ (funcall ok ".")
+ (error
+ "Couldn't find a usable temp directory -- set py-temp-directory")))
+ "*Directory used for temp files created by a *Python* process.
+By default, the first directory from this list that exists and that you
+can write into: the value (if any) of the environment variable TMPDIR,
+/usr/tmp, /tmp, or the current directory.")
+
+;; have to bind py-file-queue before installing the kill-emacs hook
+(defvar py-file-queue nil
+ "Queue of Python temp files awaiting execution.
+Currently-active file is at the head of the list.")
+
+;; define a mode-specific abbrev table for those who use such things
+(defvar python-mode-abbrev-table nil
+ "Abbrev table in use in python-mode buffers.")
+(define-abbrev-table 'python-mode-abbrev-table nil)
+
+;; arrange to kill temp files no matter what
+(if py-this-is-emacs-19-p
+ (add-hook 'kill-emacs-hook 'py-kill-emacs-hook)
+ ;; have to trust that other people are as respectful of our hook
+ ;; fiddling as we are of theirs
+ (if (boundp 'py-inherited-kill-emacs-hook)
+ ;; we were loaded before -- trust others not to have screwed us
+ ;; in the meantime (no choice, really)
+ nil
+ ;; else arrange for our hook to run theirs
+ (setq py-inherited-kill-emacs-hook kill-emacs-hook)
+ (setq kill-emacs-hook 'py-kill-emacs-hook)))
+
+(defvar py-beep-if-tab-change t
+ "*Ring the bell if tab-width is changed.
+If a comment of the form
+\t# vi:set tabsize=<number>:
+is found before the first code line when the file is entered, and
+the current value of (the general Emacs variable) tab-width does not
+equal <number>, tab-width is set to <number>, a message saying so is
+displayed in the echo area, and if py-beep-if-tab-change is non-nil the
+Emacs bell is also rung as a warning.")
+
+(defvar py-mode-map nil "Keymap used in Python mode buffers.")
+(if py-mode-map
+ ()
+ (setq py-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap))
+
+ ;; shadow global bindings for newline-and-indent w/ the py- version
+ (mapcar (function (lambda (key)
+ (define-key
+ py-mode-map key 'py-newline-and-indent)))
+ (where-is-internal 'newline-and-indent))
+
+ (mapcar (function
+ (lambda (x)
+ (define-key py-mode-map (car x) (cdr x))))
+ '( ("\C-c\C-c" . py-execute-buffer)
+ ("\C-c|" . py-execute-region)
+ ("\C-c!" . py-shell)
+ ("\177" . py-delete-char)
+ ("\n" . py-newline-and-indent)
+ ("\C-c:" . py-guess-indent-offset)
+ ("\C-c\t" . py-indent-region)
+ ("\C-c<" . py-shift-region-left)
+ ("\C-c>" . py-shift-region-right)
+ ("\C-c\C-n" . py-next-statement)
+ ("\C-c\C-p" . py-previous-statement)
+ ("\C-c\C-u" . py-goto-block-up)
+ ("\C-c\C-b" . py-mark-block)
+ ("\C-c#" . py-comment-region)
+ ("\C-c?" . py-describe-mode)
+ ("\C-c\C-hm" . py-describe-mode)
+ ("\e\C-a" . beginning-of-python-def-or-class)
+ ("\e\C-e" . end-of-python-def-or-class)
+ ( "\e\C-h" . mark-python-def-or-class))))
+
+(defvar py-mode-syntax-table nil "Python mode syntax table")
+(if py-mode-syntax-table
+ ()
+ (setq py-mode-syntax-table (make-syntax-table))
+ (mapcar (function
+ (lambda (x) (modify-syntax-entry
+ (car x) (cdr x) py-mode-syntax-table)))
+ '(( ?\( . "()" ) ( ?\) . ")(" )
+ ( ?\[ . "(]" ) ( ?\] . ")[" )
+ ( ?\{ . "(}" ) ( ?\} . "){" )
+ ;; fix operator symbols misassigned in the std table
+ ( ?\$ . "." ) ( ?\% . "." ) ( ?\& . "." )
+ ( ?\* . "." ) ( ?\+ . "." ) ( ?\- . "." )
+ ( ?\/ . "." ) ( ?\< . "." ) ( ?\= . "." )
+ ( ?\> . "." ) ( ?\| . "." )
+ ( ?\_ . "w" ) ; underscore is legit in names
+ ( ?\' . "\"") ; single quote is string quote
+ ( ?\" . "\"" ) ; double quote is string quote too
+ ( ?\` . "$") ; backquote is open and close paren
+ ( ?\# . "<") ; hash starts comment
+ ( ?\n . ">")))) ; newline ends comment
+
+(defconst py-stringlit-re "'\\([^'\n\\]\\|\\\\.\\)*'"
+ "regexp matching a Python string literal")
+
+;; this is tricky because a trailing backslash does not mean
+;; continuation if it's in a comment
+(defconst py-continued-re
+ (concat
+ "\\(" "[^#'\n\\]" "\\|" py-stringlit-re "\\)*"
+ "\\\\$")
+ "regexp matching Python lines that are continued")
+
+(defconst py-blank-or-comment-re "[ \t]*\\($\\|#\\)"
+ "regexp matching blank or comment lines")
+
+;;; General Functions
+
+(defun python-mode ()
+ "Major mode for editing Python files.
+Do `\\[py-describe-mode]' for detailed documentation.
+Knows about Python indentation, tokens, comments and continuation lines.
+Paragraphs are separated by blank lines only.
+
+COMMANDS
+\\{py-mode-map}
+VARIABLES
+
+py-indent-offset\tindentation increment
+py-continuation-offset\textra indentation given to continuation lines
+py-block-comment-prefix\tcomment string used by py-comment-region
+py-python-command\tshell command to invoke Python interpreter
+py-scroll-process-buffer\talways scroll Python process buffer
+py-temp-directory\tdirectory used for temp files (if needed)
+py-beep-if-tab-change\tring the bell if tab-width is changed"
+ (interactive)
+ (kill-all-local-variables)
+ (setq major-mode 'python-mode
+ mode-name "Python"
+ local-abbrev-table python-mode-abbrev-table)
+ (use-local-map py-mode-map)
+ (set-syntax-table py-mode-syntax-table)
+
+ (mapcar (function (lambda (x)
+ (make-local-variable (car x))
+ (set (car x) (cdr x))))
+ '( (paragraph-separate . "^[ \t]*$")
+ (paragraph-start . "^[ \t]*$")
+ (require-final-newline . t)
+ (comment-start . "# ")
+ (comment-start-skip . "# *")
+ (comment-column . 40)
+ (indent-line-function . py-indent-line)))
+
+ ;; hack to allow overriding the tabsize in the file (see tokenizer.c)
+
+ ;; not sure where the magic comment has to be; to save time searching
+ ;; for a rarity, we give up if it's not found prior to the first
+ ;; executable statement
+ (let ( (case-fold-search nil)
+ (start (point))
+ new-tab-width)
+ (if (re-search-forward
+ "^[ \t]*#[ \t]*vi:set[ \t]+tabsize=\\([0-9]+\\):"
+ (prog2 (py-next-statement 1) (point) (goto-char 1))
+ t)
+ (progn
+ (setq new-tab-width
+ (string-to-int
+ (buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1))))
+ (if (= tab-width new-tab-width)
+ nil
+ (setq tab-width new-tab-width)
+ (message "Caution: tab-width changed to %d" new-tab-width)
+ (if py-beep-if-tab-change (beep)))))
+ (goto-char start))
+
+ (run-hooks 'py-mode-hook))
+
+;;; Functions that execute Python commands in a subprocess
+
+(defun py-shell ()
+ "Start an interactive Python interpreter in another window.
+This is like Shell mode, except that Python is running in the window
+instead of a shell. See the `Interactive Shell' and `Shell Mode'
+sections of the Emacs manual for details, especially for the key
+bindings active in the `*Python*' buffer.
+
+See the docs for variable py-scroll-buffer for info on scrolling
+behavior in the process window.
+
+Warning: Don't use an interactive Python if you change sys.ps1 or
+sys.ps2 from their default values, or if you're running code that prints
+`>>> ' or `... ' at the start of a line. Python mode can't distinguish
+your output from Python's output, and assumes that `>>> ' at the start
+of a line is a prompt from Python. Similarly, the Emacs Shell mode code
+assumes that both `>>> ' and `... ' at the start of a line are Python
+prompts. Bad things can happen if you fool either mode.
+
+Warning: If you do any editing *in* the process buffer *while* the
+buffer is accepting output from Python, do NOT attempt to `undo' the
+changes. Some of the output (nowhere near the parts you changed!) may
+be lost if you do. This appears to be an Emacs bug, an unfortunate
+interaction between undo and process filters; the same problem exists in
+non-Python process buffers using the default (Emacs-supplied) process
+filter."
+ (interactive)
+ (if py-this-is-emacs-19-p
+ (progn
+ (require 'comint)
+ (switch-to-buffer-other-window
+ (make-comint "Python" py-python-command)))
+ (progn
+ (require 'shell)
+ (switch-to-buffer-other-window
+ (make-shell "Python" py-python-command))))
+ (make-local-variable 'shell-prompt-pattern)
+ (setq shell-prompt-pattern "^>>> \\|^\\.\\.\\. ")
+ (set-process-filter (get-buffer-process (current-buffer))
+ 'py-process-filter)
+ (set-syntax-table py-mode-syntax-table))
+
+(defun py-execute-region (start end)
+ "Send the region between START and END to a Python interpreter.
+If there is a *Python* process it is used.
+
+Hint: If you want to execute part of a Python file several times (e.g.,
+perhaps you're developing a function and want to flesh it out a bit at a
+time), use `\\[narrow-to-region]' to restrict the buffer to the region of interest,
+and send the code to a *Python* process via `\\[py-execute-buffer]' instead.
+
+Following are subtleties to note when using a *Python* process:
+
+If a *Python* process is used, the region is copied into a temp file (in
+directory py-temp-directory), and an `execfile' command is sent to
+Python naming that file. If you send regions faster than Python can
+execute them, Python mode will save them into distinct temp files, and
+execute the next one in the queue the next time it sees a `>>> ' prompt
+from Python. Each time this happens, the process buffer is popped into
+a window (if it's not already in some window) so you can see it, and a
+comment of the form
+
+\t## working on region in file <name> ...
+
+is inserted at the end.
+
+Caution: No more than 26 regions can be pending at any given time. This
+limit is (indirectly) inherited from libc's mktemp(3). Python mode does
+not try to protect you from exceeding the limit. It's extremely
+unlikely that you'll get anywhere close to the limit in practice, unless
+you're trying to be a jerk <grin>.
+
+See the `\\[py-shell]' docs for additional warnings."
+ (interactive "r")
+ (or (< start end) (error "Region is empty"))
+ (let ( (pyproc (get-process "Python"))
+ fname)
+ (if (null pyproc)
+ (shell-command-on-region start end py-python-command)
+ ;; else feed it thru a temp file
+ (setq fname (py-make-temp-name))
+ (write-region start end fname nil 'no-msg)
+ (setq py-file-queue (append py-file-queue (list fname)))
+ (if (cdr py-file-queue)
+ (message "File %s queued for execution" fname)
+ ;; else
+ (py-execute-file pyproc fname)))))
+
+(defun py-execute-file (pyproc fname)
+ (py-append-to-process-buffer
+ pyproc
+ (format "## working on region in file %s ...\n" fname))
+ (process-send-string pyproc (format "execfile('%s')\n" fname)))
+
+(defun py-process-filter (pyproc string)
+ (let ( (curbuf (current-buffer))
+ (pbuf (process-buffer pyproc))
+ (pmark (process-mark pyproc))
+ file-finished)
+
+ ;; make sure we switch to a different buffer at least once. if we
+ ;; *don't* do this, then if the process buffer is in the selected
+ ;; window, and point is before the end, and lots of output is coming
+ ;; at a fast pace, then (a) simple cursor-movement commands like
+ ;; C-p, C-n, C-f, C-b, C-a, C-e take an incredibly long time to have
+ ;; a visible effect (the window just doesn't get updated, sometimes
+ ;; for minutes(!)), and (b) it takes about 5x longer to get all the
+ ;; process output (until the next python prompt).
+ ;;
+ ;; #b makes no sense to me at all. #a almost makes sense: unless we
+ ;; actually change buffers, set_buffer_internal in buffer.c doesn't
+ ;; set windows_or_buffers_changed to 1, & that in turn seems to make
+ ;; the Emacs command loop reluctant to update the display. Perhaps
+ ;; the default process filter in process.c's read_process_output has
+ ;; update_mode_lines++ for a similar reason? beats me ...
+ (if (eq curbuf pbuf) ; mysterious ugly hack
+ (set-buffer (get-buffer-create "*scratch*")))
+
+ (set-buffer pbuf)
+ (let* ( (start (point))
+ (goback (< start pmark))
+ (buffer-read-only nil))
+ (goto-char pmark)
+ (insert string)
+ (move-marker pmark (point))
+ (setq file-finished
+ (and py-file-queue
+ (equal ">>> "
+ (buffer-substring
+ (prog2 (beginning-of-line) (point)
+ (goto-char pmark))
+ (point)))))
+ (if goback (goto-char start)
+ ;; else
+ (if py-scroll-process-buffer
+ (let* ( (pop-up-windows t)
+ (pwin (display-buffer pbuf)))
+ (set-window-point pwin (point))))))
+ (set-buffer curbuf)
+ (if file-finished
+ (progn
+ (py-delete-file-silently (car py-file-queue))
+ (setq py-file-queue (cdr py-file-queue))
+ (if py-file-queue
+ (py-execute-file pyproc (car py-file-queue)))))))
+
+(defun py-execute-buffer ()
+ "Send the contents of the buffer to a Python interpreter.
+If there is a *Python* process buffer it is used. If a clipping
+restriction is in effect, only the accessible portion of the buffer is
+sent. A trailing newline will be supplied if needed.
+
+See the `\\[py-execute-region]' docs for an account of some subtleties."
+ (interactive)
+ (py-execute-region (point-min) (point-max)))
+
+
+;;; Functions for Python style indentation
+
+(defun py-delete-char ()
+ "Reduce indentation or delete character.
+If point is at the leftmost column, deletes the preceding newline.
+
+Else if point is at the leftmost non-blank character of a line that is
+neither a continuation line nor a non-indenting comment line, or if
+point is at the end of a blank line, reduces the indentation to match
+that of the line that opened the current block of code. The line that
+opened the block is displayed in the echo area to help you keep track of
+where you are.
+
+Else the preceding character is deleted, converting a tab to spaces if
+needed so that only a single column position is deleted."
+ (interactive "*")
+ (if (or (/= (current-indentation) (current-column))
+ (bolp)
+ (py-continuation-line-p)
+ (looking-at "#[^ \t\n]")) ; non-indenting #
+ (backward-delete-char-untabify 1)
+ ;; else indent the same as the colon line that opened the block
+
+ ;; force non-blank so py-goto-block-up doesn't ignore it
+ (insert-char ?* 1)
+ (backward-char)
+ (let ( (base-indent 0) ; indentation of base line
+ (base-text "") ; and text of base line
+ (base-found-p nil))
+ (condition-case nil ; in case no enclosing block
+ (save-excursion
+ (py-goto-block-up 'no-mark)
+ (setq base-indent (current-indentation)
+ base-text (py-suck-up-leading-text)
+ base-found-p t))
+ (error nil))
+ (delete-char 1) ; toss the dummy character
+ (delete-horizontal-space)
+ (indent-to base-indent)
+ (if base-found-p
+ (message "Closes block: %s" base-text)))))
+
+(defun py-indent-line ()
+ "Fix the indentation of the current line according to Python rules."
+ (interactive)
+ (let* ( (ci (current-indentation))
+ (move-to-indentation-p (<= (current-column) ci))
+ (need (py-compute-indentation)) )
+ (if (/= ci need)
+ (save-excursion
+ (beginning-of-line)
+ (delete-horizontal-space)
+ (indent-to need)))
+ (if move-to-indentation-p (back-to-indentation))))
+
+(defun py-newline-and-indent ()
+ "Strives to act like the Emacs newline-and-indent.
+This is just `strives to' because correct indentation can't be computed
+from scratch for Python code. In general, deletes the whitespace before
+point, inserts a newline, and takes an educated guess as to how you want
+the new line indented."
+ (interactive)
+ (let ( (ci (current-indentation)) )
+ (if (< ci (current-column)) ; if point beyond indentation
+ (newline-and-indent)
+ ;; else try to act like newline-and-indent "normally" acts
+ (beginning-of-line)
+ (insert-char ?\n 1)
+ (move-to-column ci))))
+
+(defun py-compute-indentation ()
+ (save-excursion
+ (beginning-of-line)
+ (cond
+ ;; are we on a continuation line?
+ ( (py-continuation-line-p)
+ (forward-line -1)
+ (if (py-continuation-line-p) ; on at least 3rd line in block
+ (current-indentation) ; so just continue the pattern
+ ;; else on 2nd line in block, so indent more
+ (+ (current-indentation) py-indent-offset
+ py-continuation-offset)))
+ ;; not on a continuation line
+
+ ;; if at start of restriction, or on a non-indenting comment line,
+ ;; assume they intended whatever's there
+ ( (or (bobp) (looking-at "[ \t]*#[^ \t\n]"))
+ (current-indentation) )
+
+ ;; else indentation based on that of the statement that precedes
+ ;; us; use the first line of that statement to establish the base,
+ ;; in case the user forced a non-std indentation for the
+ ;; continuation lines (if any)
+ ( t
+ ;; skip back over blank & non-indenting comment lines
+ ;; note: will skip a blank or non-indenting comment line that
+ ;; happens to be a continuation line too
+ (re-search-backward "^[ \t]*\\([^ \t\n#]\\|#[ \t\n]\\)"
+ nil 'move)
+ (py-goto-initial-line)
+ (if (py-statement-opens-block-p)
+ (+ (current-indentation) py-indent-offset)
+ (current-indentation))))))
+
+(defun py-guess-indent-offset (&optional global)
+ "Guess a good value for, and change, py-indent-offset.
+By default (without a prefix arg), makes a buffer-local copy of
+py-indent-offset with the new value. This will not affect any other
+Python buffers. With a prefix arg, changes the global value of
+py-indent-offset. This affects all Python buffers (that don't have
+their own buffer-local copy), both those currently existing and those
+created later in the Emacs session.
+
+Some people use a different value for py-indent-offset than you use.
+There's no excuse for such foolishness, but sometimes you have to deal
+with their ugly code anyway. This function examines the file and sets
+py-indent-offset to what it thinks it was when they created the mess.
+
+Specifically, it searches forward from the statement containing point,
+looking for a line that opens a block of code. py-indent-offset is set
+to the difference in indentation between that line and the Python
+statement following it. If the search doesn't succeed going forward,
+it's tried again going backward."
+ (interactive "P") ; raw prefix arg
+ (let ( new-value
+ (start (point))
+ restart
+ (found nil)
+ colon-indent)
+ (py-goto-initial-line)
+ (while (not (or found (eobp)))
+ (if (re-search-forward ":[ \t]*\\($\\|[#\\]\\)" nil 'move)
+ (progn
+ (setq restart (point))
+ (py-goto-initial-line)
+ (if (py-statement-opens-block-p)
+ (setq found t)
+ (goto-char restart)))))
+ (if found
+ ()
+ (goto-char start)
+ (py-goto-initial-line)
+ (while (not (or found (bobp)))
+ (setq found
+ (and
+ (re-search-backward ":[ \t]*\\($\\|[#\\]\\)" nil 'move)
+ (or (py-goto-initial-line) t) ; always true -- side effect
+ (py-statement-opens-block-p)))))
+ (setq colon-indent (current-indentation)
+ found (and found (zerop (py-next-statement 1)))
+ new-value (- (current-indentation) colon-indent))
+ (goto-char start)
+ (if found
+ (progn
+ (funcall (if global 'kill-local-variable 'make-local-variable)
+ 'py-indent-offset)
+ (setq py-indent-offset new-value)
+ (message "%s value of py-indent-offset set to %d"
+ (if global "Global" "Local")
+ py-indent-offset))
+ (error "Sorry, couldn't guess a value for py-indent-offset"))))
+
+(defun py-shift-region (start end count)
+ (save-excursion
+ (goto-char end) (beginning-of-line) (setq end (point))
+ (goto-char start) (beginning-of-line) (setq start (point))
+ (indent-rigidly start end count)))
+
+(defun py-shift-region-left (start end &optional count)
+ "Shift region of Python code to the left.
+The lines from the line containing the start of the current region up
+to (but not including) the line containing the end of the region are
+shifted to the left, by py-indent-offset columns.
+
+If a prefix argument is given, the region is instead shifted by that
+many columns."
+ (interactive "*r\nP") ; region; raw prefix arg
+ (py-shift-region start end
+ (- (prefix-numeric-value
+ (or count py-indent-offset)))))
+
+(defun py-shift-region-right (start end &optional count)
+ "Shift region of Python code to the right.
+The lines from the line containing the start of the current region up
+to (but not including) the line containing the end of the region are
+shifted to the right, by py-indent-offset columns.
+
+If a prefix argument is given, the region is instead shifted by that
+many columns."
+ (interactive "*r\nP") ; region; raw prefix arg
+ (py-shift-region start end (prefix-numeric-value
+ (or count py-indent-offset))))
+
+(defun py-indent-region (start end &optional indent-offset)
+ "Reindent a region of Python code.
+The lines from the line containing the start of the current region up
+to (but not including) the line containing the end of the region are
+reindented. If the first line of the region has a non-whitespace
+character in the first column, the first line is left alone and the rest
+of the region is reindented with respect to it. Else the entire region
+is reindented with respect to the (closest code or indenting-comment)
+statement immediately preceding the region.
+
+This is useful when code blocks are moved or yanked, when enclosing
+control structures are introduced or removed, or to reformat code using
+a new value for the indentation offset.
+
+If a numeric prefix argument is given, it will be used as the value of
+the indentation offset. Else the value of py-indent-offset will be
+used.
+
+Warning: The region must be consistently indented before this function
+is called! This function does not compute proper indentation from
+scratch (that's impossible in Python), it merely adjusts the existing
+indentation to be correct in context.
+
+Warning: This function really has no idea what to do with non-indenting
+comment lines, and shifts them as if they were indenting comment lines.
+Fixing this appears to require telepathy.
+
+Special cases: whitespace is deleted from blank lines; continuation
+lines are shifted by the same amount their initial line was shifted, in
+order to preserve their relative indentation with respect to their
+initial line; and comment lines beginning in column 1 are ignored."
+
+ (interactive "*r\nP") ; region; raw prefix arg
+ (save-excursion
+ (goto-char end) (beginning-of-line) (setq end (point-marker))
+ (goto-char start) (beginning-of-line)
+ (let ( (py-indent-offset (prefix-numeric-value
+ (or indent-offset py-indent-offset)))
+ (indents '(-1)) ; stack of active indent levels
+ (target-column 0) ; column to which to indent
+ (base-shifted-by 0) ; amount last base line was shifted
+ (indent-base (if (looking-at "[ \t\n]")
+ (py-compute-indentation)
+ 0))
+ ci)
+ (while (< (point) end)
+ (setq ci (current-indentation))
+ ;; figure out appropriate target column
+ (cond
+ ( (or (eq (following-char) ?#) ; comment in column 1
+ (looking-at "[ \t]*$")) ; entirely blank
+ (setq target-column 0))
+ ( (py-continuation-line-p) ; shift relative to base line
+ (setq target-column (+ ci base-shifted-by)))
+ (t ; new base line
+ (if (> ci (car indents)) ; going deeper; push it
+ (setq indents (cons ci indents))
+ ;; else we should have seen this indent before
+ (setq indents (memq ci indents)) ; pop deeper indents
+ (if (null indents)
+ (error "Bad indentation in region, at line %d"
+ (save-restriction
+ (widen)
+ (1+ (count-lines 1 (point)))))))
+ (setq target-column (+ indent-base
+ (* py-indent-offset
+ (- (length indents) 2))))
+ (setq base-shifted-by (- target-column ci))))
+ ;; shift as needed
+ (if (/= ci target-column)
+ (progn
+ (delete-horizontal-space)
+ (indent-to target-column)))
+ (forward-line 1))))
+ (set-marker end nil))
+
+;;; Functions for moving point
+
+(defun py-previous-statement (count)
+ "Go to the start of previous Python statement.
+If the statement at point is the i'th Python statement, goes to the
+start of statement i-COUNT. If there is no such statement, goes to the
+first statement. Returns count of statements left to move.
+`Statements' do not include blank, comment, or continuation lines."
+ (interactive "p") ; numeric prefix arg
+ (if (< count 0) (py-next-statement (- count))
+ (py-goto-initial-line)
+ (let ( start )
+ (while (and
+ (setq start (point)) ; always true -- side effect
+ (> count 0)
+ (zerop (forward-line -1))
+ (py-goto-statement-at-or-above))
+ (setq count (1- count)))
+ (if (> count 0) (goto-char start)))
+ count))
+
+(defun py-next-statement (count)
+ "Go to the start of next Python statement.
+If the statement at point is the i'th Python statement, goes to the
+start of statement i+COUNT. If there is no such statement, goes to the
+last statement. Returns count of statements left to move. `Statements'
+do not include blank, comment, or continuation lines."
+ (interactive "p") ; numeric prefix arg
+ (if (< count 0) (py-previous-statement (- count))
+ (beginning-of-line)
+ (let ( start )
+ (while (and
+ (setq start (point)) ; always true -- side effect
+ (> count 0)
+ (py-goto-statement-below))
+ (setq count (1- count)))
+ (if (> count 0) (goto-char start)))
+ count))
+
+(defun py-goto-block-up (&optional nomark)
+ "Move up to start of current block.
+Go to the statement that starts the smallest enclosing block; roughly
+speaking, this will be the closest preceding statement that ends with a
+colon and is indented less than the statement you started on. If
+successful, also sets the mark to the starting point.
+
+`\\[py-mark-block]' can be used afterward to mark the whole code block, if desired.
+
+If called from a program, the mark will not be set if optional argument
+NOMARK is not nil."
+ (interactive)
+ (let ( (start (point))
+ (found nil)
+ initial-indent)
+ (py-goto-initial-line)
+ ;; if on blank or non-indenting comment line, use the preceding stmt
+ (if (looking-at "[ \t]*\\($\\|#[^ \t\n]\\)")
+ (progn
+ (py-goto-statement-at-or-above)
+ (setq found (py-statement-opens-block-p))))
+ ;; search back for colon line indented less
+ (setq initial-indent (current-indentation))
+ (if (zerop initial-indent)
+ ;; force fast exit
+ (goto-char (point-min)))
+ (while (not (or found (bobp)))
+ (setq found
+ (and
+ (re-search-backward ":[ \t]*\\($\\|[#\\]\\)" nil 'move)
+ (or (py-goto-initial-line) t) ; always true -- side effect
+ (< (current-indentation) initial-indent)
+ (py-statement-opens-block-p))))
+ (if found
+ (progn
+ (or nomark (push-mark start))
+ (back-to-indentation))
+ (goto-char start)
+ (error "Enclosing block not found"))))
+
+(defun beginning-of-python-def-or-class (&optional class)
+ "Move point to start of def (or class, with prefix arg).
+
+Searches back for the closest preceding `def'. If you supply a prefix
+arg, looks for a `class' instead. The docs assume the `def' case; just
+substitute `class' for `def' for the other case.
+
+If point is in a def statement already, and after the `d', simply moves
+point to the start of the statement.
+
+Else (point is not in a def statement, or at or before the `d' of a def
+statement), searches for the closest preceding def statement, and leaves
+point at its start. If no such statement can be found, leaves point at
+the start of the buffer.
+
+Returns t iff a def statement is found by these rules.
+
+Note that doing this command repeatedly will take you closer to the start
+of the buffer each time.
+
+If you want to mark the current def/class, see `\\[mark-python-def-or-class]'."
+ (interactive "P") ; raw prefix arg
+ (let ( (at-or-before-p (<= (current-column) (current-indentation)))
+ (start-of-line (progn (beginning-of-line) (point)))
+ (start-of-stmt (progn (py-goto-initial-line) (point))))
+ (if (or (/= start-of-stmt start-of-line)
+ (not at-or-before-p))
+ (end-of-line)) ; OK to match on this line
+ (re-search-backward (if class "^[ \t]*class\\>" "^[ \t]*def\\>")
+ nil 'move)))
+
+(defun end-of-python-def-or-class (&optional class)
+ "Move point beyond end of def (or class, with prefix arg) body.
+
+By default, looks for an appropriate `def'. If you supply a prefix arg,
+looks for a `class' instead. The docs assume the `def' case; just
+substitute `class' for `def' for the other case.
+
+If point is in a def statement already, this is the def we use.
+
+Else if the def found by `\\[beginning-of-python-def-or-class]' contains the statement you
+started on, that's the def we use.
+
+Else we search forward for the closest following def, and use that.
+
+If a def can be found by these rules, point is moved to the start of the
+line immediately following the def block, and the position of the start
+of the def is returned.
+
+Else point is moved to the end of the buffer, and nil is returned.
+
+Note that doing this command repeatedly will take you closer to the end
+of the buffer each time.
+
+If you want to mark the current def/class, see `\\[mark-python-def-or-class]'."
+ (interactive "P") ; raw prefix arg
+ (let ( (start (progn (py-goto-initial-line) (point)))
+ (which (if class "class" "def"))
+ (state 'not-found))
+ ;; move point to start of appropriate def/class
+ (if (looking-at (concat "[ \t]*" which "\\>")) ; already on one
+ (setq state 'at-beginning)
+ ;; else see if beginning-of-python-def-or-class hits container
+ (if (and (beginning-of-python-def-or-class class)
+ (progn (py-goto-beyond-block)
+ (> (point) start)))
+ (setq state 'at-end)
+ ;; else search forward
+ (goto-char start)
+ (if (re-search-forward (concat "^[ \t]*" which "\\>") nil 'move)
+ (progn (setq state 'at-beginning)
+ (beginning-of-line)))))
+ (cond
+ ((eq state 'at-beginning) (py-goto-beyond-block) t)
+ ((eq state 'at-end) t)
+ ((eq state 'not-found) nil)
+ (t (error "internal error in end-of-python-def-or-class")))))
+
+;;; Functions for marking regions
+
+(defun py-mark-block (&optional extend just-move)
+ "Mark following block of lines. With prefix arg, mark structure.
+Easier to use than explain. It sets the region to an `interesting'
+block of succeeding lines. If point is on a blank line, it goes down to
+the next non-blank line. That will be the start of the region. The end
+of the region depends on the kind of line at the start:
+
+ - If a comment, the region will include all succeeding comment lines up
+ to (but not including) the next non-comment line (if any).
+
+ - Else if a prefix arg is given, and the line begins one of these
+ structures:
+\tif elif else try except finally for while def class
+ the region will be set to the body of the structure, including
+ following blocks that `belong' to it, but excluding trailing blank
+ and comment lines. E.g., if on a `try' statement, the `try' block
+ and all (if any) of the following `except' and `finally' blocks that
+ belong to the `try' structure will be in the region. Ditto for
+ if/elif/else, for/else and while/else structures, and (a bit
+ degenerate, since they're always one-block structures) def and class
+ blocks.
+
+ - Else if no prefix argument is given, and the line begins a Python
+ block (see list above), and the block is not a `one-liner' (i.e., the
+ statement ends with a colon, not with code), the region will include
+ all succeeding lines up to (but not including) the next code
+ statement (if any) that's indented no more than the starting line,
+ except that trailing blank and comment lines are excluded. E.g., if
+ the starting line begins a multi-statement `def' structure, the
+ region will be set to the full function definition, but without any
+ trailing `noise' lines.
+
+ - Else the region will include all succeeding lines up to (but not
+ including) the next blank line, or code or indenting-comment line
+ indented strictly less than the starting line. Trailing indenting
+ comment lines are included in this case, but not trailing blank
+ lines.
+
+A msg identifying the location of the mark is displayed in the echo
+area; or do `\\[exchange-point-and-mark]' to flip down to the end.
+
+If called from a program, optional argument EXTEND plays the role of the
+prefix arg, and if optional argument JUST-MOVE is not nil, just moves to
+the end of the block (& does not set mark or display a msg)."
+
+ (interactive "P") ; raw prefix arg
+ (py-goto-initial-line)
+ ;; skip over blank lines
+ (while (and
+ (looking-at "[ \t]*$") ; while blank line
+ (not (eobp))) ; & somewhere to go
+ (forward-line 1))
+ (if (eobp)
+ (error "Hit end of buffer without finding a non-blank stmt"))
+ (let ( (initial-pos (point))
+ (initial-indent (current-indentation))
+ last-pos ; position of last stmt in region
+ (followers
+ '( (if elif else) (elif elif else) (else)
+ (try except finally) (except except) (finally)
+ (for else) (while else)
+ (def) (class) ) )
+ first-symbol next-symbol)
+
+ (cond
+ ;; if comment line, suck up the following comment lines
+ ((looking-at "[ \t]*#")
+ (re-search-forward "^[ \t]*[^ \t#]" nil 'move) ; look for non-comment
+ (re-search-backward "^[ \t]*#") ; and back to last comment in block
+ (setq last-pos (point)))
+
+ ;; else if line is a block line and EXTEND given, suck up
+ ;; the whole structure
+ ((and extend
+ (setq first-symbol (py-suck-up-first-keyword) )
+ (assq first-symbol followers))
+ (while (and
+ (or (py-goto-beyond-block) t) ; side effect
+ (forward-line -1) ; side effect
+ (setq last-pos (point)) ; side effect
+ (py-goto-statement-below)
+ (= (current-indentation) initial-indent)
+ (setq next-symbol (py-suck-up-first-keyword))
+ (memq next-symbol (cdr (assq first-symbol followers))))
+ (setq first-symbol next-symbol)))
+
+ ;; else if line *opens* a block, search for next stmt indented <=
+ ((py-statement-opens-block-p)
+ (while (and
+ (setq last-pos (point)) ; always true -- side effect
+ (py-goto-statement-below)
+ (> (current-indentation) initial-indent))
+ nil))
+
+ ;; else plain code line; stop at next blank line, or stmt or
+ ;; indenting comment line indented <
+ (t
+ (while (and
+ (setq last-pos (point)) ; always true -- side effect
+ (or (py-goto-beyond-final-line) t)
+ (not (looking-at "[ \t]*$")) ; stop at blank line
+ (or
+ (>= (current-indentation) initial-indent)
+ (looking-at "[ \t]*#[^ \t\n]"))) ; ignore non-indenting #
+ nil)))
+
+ ;; skip to end of last stmt
+ (goto-char last-pos)
+ (py-goto-beyond-final-line)
+
+ ;; set mark & display
+ (if just-move
+ () ; just return
+ (push-mark (point) 'no-msg)
+ (forward-line -1)
+ (message "Mark set after: %s" (py-suck-up-leading-text))
+ (goto-char initial-pos))))
+
+(defun mark-python-def-or-class (&optional class)
+ "Set region to body of def (or class, with prefix arg) enclosing point.
+Pushes the current mark, then point, on the mark ring (all language
+modes do this, but although it's handy it's never documented ...).
+
+In most Emacs language modes, this function bears at least a
+hallucinogenic resemblance to `\\[end-of-python-def-or-class]' and `\\[beginning-of-python-def-or-class]'.
+
+And in earlier versions of Python mode, all 3 were tightly connected.
+Turned out that was more confusing than useful: the `goto start' and
+`goto end' commands are usually used to search through a file, and people
+expect them to act a lot like `search backward' and `search forward'
+string-search commands. But because Python `def' and `class' can nest to
+arbitrary levels, finding the smallest def containing point cannot be
+done via a simple backward search: the def containing point may not be
+the closest preceding def, or even the closest preceding def that's
+indented less. The fancy algorithm required is appropriate for the usual
+uses of this `mark' command, but not for the `goto' variations.
+
+So the def marked by this command may not be the one either of the `goto'
+commands find: If point is on a blank or non-indenting comment line,
+moves back to start of the closest preceding code statement or indenting
+comment line. If this is a `def' statement, that's the def we use. Else
+searches for the smallest enclosing `def' block and uses that. Else
+signals an error.
+
+When an enclosing def is found: The mark is left immediately beyond the
+last line of the def block. Point is left at the start of the def,
+except that: if the def is preceded by a number of comment lines
+followed by (at most) one optional blank line, point is left at the start
+of the comments; else if the def is preceded by a blank line, point is
+left at its start.
+
+The intent is to mark the containing def/class and its associated
+documentation, to make moving and duplicating functions and classes
+pleasant."
+ (interactive "P") ; raw prefix arg
+ (let ( (start (point))
+ (which (if class "class" "def")))
+ (push-mark start)
+ (if (not (py-go-up-tree-to-keyword which))
+ (progn (goto-char start)
+ (error "Enclosing %s not found" which))
+ ;; else enclosing def/class found
+ (setq start (point))
+ (py-goto-beyond-block)
+ (push-mark (point))
+ (goto-char start)
+ (if (zerop (forward-line -1)) ; if there is a preceding line
+ (progn
+ (if (looking-at "[ \t]*$") ; it's blank
+ (setq start (point)) ; so reset start point
+ (goto-char start)) ; else try again
+ (if (zerop (forward-line -1))
+ (if (looking-at "[ \t]*#") ; a comment
+ ;; look back for non-comment line
+ ;; tricky: note that the regexp matches a blank
+ ;; line, cuz \n is in the 2nd character class
+ (and
+ (re-search-backward "^[ \t]*[^ \t#]" nil 'move)
+ (forward-line 1))
+ ;; no comment, so go back
+ (goto-char start))))))))
+
+(defun py-comment-region (start end &optional uncomment-p)
+ "Comment out region of code; with prefix arg, uncomment region.
+The lines from the line containing the start of the current region up
+to (but not including) the line containing the end of the region are
+commented out, by inserting the string py-block-comment-prefix at the
+start of each line. With a prefix arg, removes py-block-comment-prefix
+from the start of each line instead."
+ (interactive "*r\nP") ; region; raw prefix arg
+ (goto-char end) (beginning-of-line) (setq end (point))
+ (goto-char start) (beginning-of-line) (setq start (point))
+ (let ( (prefix-len (length py-block-comment-prefix)) )
+ (save-excursion
+ (save-restriction
+ (narrow-to-region start end)
+ (while (not (eobp))
+ (if uncomment-p
+ (and (string= py-block-comment-prefix
+ (buffer-substring
+ (point) (+ (point) prefix-len)))
+ (delete-char prefix-len))
+ (insert py-block-comment-prefix))
+ (forward-line 1))))))
+
+;;; Documentation functions
+
+;; dump the long form of the mode blurb; does the usual doc escapes,
+;; plus lines of the form ^[vc]:name$ to suck variable & command
+;; docs out of the right places, along with the keys they're on &
+;; current values
+(defun py-dump-help-string (str)
+ (with-output-to-temp-buffer "*Help*"
+ (let ( (locals (buffer-local-variables))
+ funckind funcname func funcdoc
+ (start 0) mstart end
+ keys )
+ (while (string-match "^%\\([vc]\\):\\(.+\\)\n" str start)
+ (setq mstart (match-beginning 0) end (match-end 0)
+ funckind (substring str (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1))
+ funcname (substring str (match-beginning 2) (match-end 2))
+ func (intern funcname))
+ (princ (substitute-command-keys (substring str start mstart)))
+ (cond
+ ( (equal funckind "c") ; command
+ (setq funcdoc (documentation func)
+ keys (concat
+ "Key(s): "
+ (mapconcat 'key-description
+ (where-is-internal func py-mode-map)
+ ", "))))
+ ( (equal funckind "v") ; variable
+ (setq funcdoc (substitute-command-keys
+ (get func 'variable-documentation))
+ keys (if (assq func locals)
+ (concat
+ "Local/Global values: "
+ (prin1-to-string (symbol-value func))
+ " / "
+ (prin1-to-string (default-value func)))
+ (concat
+ "Value: "
+ (prin1-to-string (symbol-value func))))))
+ ( t ; unexpected
+ (error "Error in py-dump-help-string, tag `%s'" funckind)))
+ (princ (format "\n-> %s:\t%s\t%s\n\n"
+ (if (equal funckind "c") "Command" "Variable")
+ funcname keys))
+ (princ funcdoc)
+ (terpri)
+ (setq start end))
+ (princ (substitute-command-keys (substring str start))))
+ (print-help-return-message)))
+
+(defun py-describe-mode ()
+ "Dump long form of Python-mode docs."
+ (interactive)
+ (py-dump-help-string "Major mode for editing Python files.
+Knows about Python indentation, tokens, comments and continuation lines.
+Paragraphs are separated by blank lines only.
+
+Major sections below begin with the string `@'; specific function and
+variable docs begin with `->'.
+
+@EXECUTING PYTHON CODE
+
+\\[py-execute-buffer]\tsends the entire buffer to the Python interpreter
+\\[py-execute-region]\tsends the current region
+\\[py-shell]\tstarts a Python interpreter window; this will be used by
+\tsubsequent \\[py-execute-buffer] or \\[py-execute-region] commands
+%c:py-execute-buffer
+%c:py-execute-region
+%c:py-shell
+
+@VARIABLES
+
+py-indent-offset\tindentation increment
+py-continuation-offset\textra indentation given to continuation lines
+py-block-comment-prefix\tcomment string used by py-comment-region
+
+py-python-command\tshell command to invoke Python interpreter
+py-scroll-process-buffer\talways scroll Python process buffer
+py-temp-directory\tdirectory used for temp files (if needed)
+
+py-beep-if-tab-change\tring the bell if tab-width is changed
+%v:py-indent-offset
+%v:py-continuation-offset
+%v:py-block-comment-prefix
+%v:py-python-command
+%v:py-scroll-process-buffer
+%v:py-temp-directory
+%v:py-beep-if-tab-change
+
+@KINDS OF LINES
+
+Each physical line in the file is either a `continuation line' (the
+preceding line ends with a backslash that's not part of a comment, or the
+paren/bracket/brace nesting level at the start of the line is non-zero,
+or both) or an `initial line' (everything else).
+
+An initial line is in turn a `blank line' (contains nothing except
+possibly blanks or tabs), a `comment line' (leftmost non-blank character
+is `#'), or a `code line' (everything else).
+
+Comment Lines
+
+Although all comment lines are treated alike by Python, Python mode
+recognizes two kinds that act differently with respect to indentation.
+
+An `indenting comment line' is a comment line with a blank, tab or
+nothing after the initial `#'. The indentation commands (see below)
+treat these exactly as if they were code lines: a line following an
+indenting comment line will be indented like the comment line. All
+other comment lines (those with a non-whitespace character immediately
+following the initial `#') are `non-indenting comment lines', and their
+indentation is ignored by the indentation commands.
+
+Indenting comment lines are by far the usual case, and should be used
+whenever possible. Non-indenting comment lines are useful in cases like
+these:
+
+\ta = b # a very wordy single-line comment that ends up being
+\t #... continued onto another line
+
+\tif a == b:
+##\t\tprint 'panic!' # old code we've `commented out'
+\t\treturn a
+
+Since the `#...' and `##' comment lines have a non-whitespace character
+following the initial `#', Python mode ignores them when computing the
+proper indentation for the next line.
+
+Continuation Lines and Statements
+
+The Python-mode commands generally work on statements instead of on
+individual lines, where a `statement' is a comment or blank line, or a
+code line and all of its following continuation lines (if any)
+considered as a single logical unit. The commands in this mode
+generally (when it makes sense) automatically move to the start of the
+statement containing point, even if point happens to be in the middle of
+some continuation line.
+
+A Bad Idea
+
+Always put something on the initial line of a multi-line statement
+besides the backslash! E.g., don't do this:
+
+\t\\
+\ta = b # what's the indentation of this stmt?
+
+While that's legal Python, it's silly & would be very expensive for
+Python mode to handle correctly.
+
+@INDENTATION
+
+Primarily for entering new code:
+\t\\[indent-for-tab-command]\t indent line appropriately
+\t\\[py-newline-and-indent]\t insert newline, then indent
+\t\\[py-delete-char]\t reduce indentation, or delete single character
+
+Primarily for reindenting existing code:
+\t\\[py-guess-indent-offset]\t guess py-indent-offset from file content; change locally
+\t\\[universal-argument] \\[py-guess-indent-offset]\t ditto, but change globally
+
+\t\\[py-indent-region]\t reindent region to match its context
+\t\\[py-shift-region-left]\t shift region left by py-indent-offset
+\t\\[py-shift-region-right]\t shift region right by py-indent-offset
+
+Unlike most programming languages, Python uses indentation, and only
+indentation, to specify block structure. Hence the indentation supplied
+automatically by Python-mode is just an educated guess: only you know
+the block structure you intend, so only you can supply correct
+indentation.
+
+The \\[indent-for-tab-command] and \\[py-newline-and-indent] keys try to suggest plausible indentation, based on
+the indentation of preceding statements. E.g., assuming
+py-indent-offset is 4, after you enter
+\tif a > 0: \\[py-newline-and-indent]
+the cursor will be moved to the position of the `_' (_ is not a
+character in the file, it's just used here to indicate the location of
+the cursor):
+\tif a > 0:
+\t _
+If you then enter `c = d' \\[py-newline-and-indent], the cursor will move
+to
+\tif a > 0:
+\t c = d
+\t _
+Python-mode cannot know whether that's what you intended, or whether
+\tif a > 0:
+\t c = d
+\t_
+was your intent. In general, Python-mode either reproduces the
+indentation of the (closest code or indenting-comment) preceding
+statement, or adds an extra py-indent-offset blanks if the preceding
+statement has `:' as its last significant (non-whitespace and non-
+comment) character. If the suggested indentation is too much, use
+\\[py-delete-char] to reduce it.
+
+Warning: indent-region should not normally be used! It calls \\[indent-for-tab-command]
+repeatedly, and as explained above, \\[indent-for-tab-command] can't guess the block
+structure you intend.
+%c:indent-for-tab-command
+%c:py-newline-and-indent
+%c:py-delete-char
+
+
+The next function may be handy when editing code you didn't write:
+%c:py-guess-indent-offset
+
+
+The remaining `indent' functions apply to a region of Python code. They
+assume the block structure (equals indentation, in Python) of the region
+is correct, and alter the indentation in various ways while preserving
+the block structure:
+%c:py-indent-region
+%c:py-shift-region-left
+%c:py-shift-region-right
+
+@MARKING & MANIPULATING REGIONS OF CODE
+
+\\[py-mark-block]\t mark block of lines
+\\[mark-python-def-or-class]\t mark smallest enclosing def
+\\[universal-argument] \\[mark-python-def-or-class]\t mark smallest enclosing class
+\\[py-comment-region]\t comment out region of code
+\\[universal-argument] \\[py-comment-region]\t uncomment region of code
+%c:py-mark-block
+%c:mark-python-def-or-class
+%c:py-comment-region
+
+@MOVING POINT
+
+\\[py-previous-statement]\t move to statement preceding point
+\\[py-next-statement]\t move to statement following point
+\\[py-goto-block-up]\t move up to start of current block
+\\[beginning-of-python-def-or-class]\t move to start of def
+\\[universal-argument] \\[beginning-of-python-def-or-class]\t move to start of class
+\\[end-of-python-def-or-class]\t move to end of def
+\\[universal-argument] \\[end-of-python-def-or-class]\t move to end of class
+
+The first two move to one statement beyond the statement that contains
+point. A numeric prefix argument tells them to move that many
+statements instead. Blank lines, comment lines, and continuation lines
+do not count as `statements' for these commands. So, e.g., you can go
+to the first code statement in a file by entering
+\t\\[beginning-of-buffer]\t to move to the top of the file
+\t\\[py-next-statement]\t to skip over initial comments and blank lines
+Or do `\\[py-previous-statement]' with a huge prefix argument.
+%c:py-previous-statement
+%c:py-next-statement
+%c:py-goto-block-up
+%c:beginning-of-python-def-or-class
+%c:end-of-python-def-or-class
+
+@LITTLE-KNOWN EMACS COMMANDS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN PYTHON MODE
+
+`\\[indent-new-comment-line]' is handy for entering a multi-line comment.
+
+`\\[set-selective-display]' with a `small' prefix arg is ideally suited for viewing the
+overall class and def structure of a module.
+
+`\\[back-to-indentation]' moves point to a line's first non-blank character.
+
+`\\[indent-relative]' is handy for creating odd indentation.
+
+@OTHER EMACS HINTS
+
+If you don't like the default value of a variable, change its value to
+whatever you do like by putting a `setq' line in your .emacs file.
+E.g., to set the indentation increment to 4, put this line in your
+.emacs:
+\t(setq py-indent-offset 4)
+To see the value of a variable, do `\\[describe-variable]' and enter the variable
+name at the prompt.
+
+When entering a key sequence like `C-c C-n', it is not necessary to
+release the CONTROL key after doing the `C-c' part -- it suffices to
+press the CONTROL key, press and release `c' (while still holding down
+CONTROL), press and release `n' (while still holding down CONTROL), &
+then release CONTROL.
+
+Entering Python mode calls with no arguments the value of the variable
+`py-mode-hook', if that value exists and is not nil; see the `Hooks'
+section of the Elisp manual for details.
+
+Obscure: When python-mode is first loaded, it looks for all bindings
+to newline-and-indent in the global keymap, and shadows them with
+local bindings to py-newline-and-indent."))
+
+;;; Helper functions
+
+(defvar py-parse-state-re
+ (concat
+ "^[ \t]*\\(if\\|elif\\|else\\|while\\|def\\|class\\)\\>"
+ "\\|"
+ "^[^ #\t\n]"))
+;; returns the parse state at point (see parse-partial-sexp docs)
+(defun py-parse-state ()
+ (save-excursion
+ (let ( (here (point)) )
+ ;; back up to the first preceding line (if any; else start of
+ ;; buffer) that begins with a popular Python keyword, or a non-
+ ;; whitespace and non-comment character. These are good places to
+ ;; start parsing to see whether where we started is at a non-zero
+ ;; nesting level. It may be slow for people who write huge code
+ ;; blocks or huge lists ... tough beans.
+ (re-search-backward py-parse-state-re nil 'move)
+ (beginning-of-line)
+ (parse-partial-sexp (point) here))))
+
+;; if point is at a non-zero nesting level, returns the number of the
+;; character that opens the smallest enclosing unclosed list; else
+;; returns nil.
+(defun py-nesting-level ()
+ (let ( (status (py-parse-state)) )
+ (if (zerop (car status))
+ nil ; not in a nest
+ (car (cdr status))))) ; char# of open bracket
+
+;; t iff preceding line ends with backslash that's not in a comment
+(defun py-backslash-continuation-line-p ()
+ (save-excursion
+ (beginning-of-line)
+ (and
+ ;; use a cheap test first to avoid the regexp if possible
+ ;; use 'eq' because char-after may return nil
+ (eq (char-after (- (point) 2)) ?\\ )
+ ;; make sure; since eq test passed, there is a preceding line
+ (forward-line -1) ; always true -- side effect
+ (looking-at py-continued-re))))
+
+;; t iff current line is a continuation line
+(defun py-continuation-line-p ()
+ (save-excursion
+ (beginning-of-line)
+ (or (py-backslash-continuation-line-p)
+ (py-nesting-level))))
+
+;; go to initial line of current statement; usually this is the
+;; line we're on, but if we're on the 2nd or following lines of a
+;; continuation block, we need to go up to the first line of the block.
+;;
+;; Tricky: We want to avoid quadratic-time behavior for long continued
+;; blocks, whether of the backslash or open-bracket varieties, or a mix
+;; of the two. The following manages to do that in the usual cases.
+(defun py-goto-initial-line ()
+ (let ( open-bracket-pos )
+ (while (py-continuation-line-p)
+ (beginning-of-line)
+ (if (py-backslash-continuation-line-p)
+ (while (py-backslash-continuation-line-p)
+ (forward-line -1))
+ ;; else zip out of nested brackets/braces/parens
+ (while (setq open-bracket-pos (py-nesting-level))
+ (goto-char open-bracket-pos)))))
+ (beginning-of-line))
+
+;; go to point right beyond final line of current statement; usually
+;; this is the start of the next line, but if this is a multi-line
+;; statement we need to skip over the continuation lines.
+;; Tricky: Again we need to be clever to avoid quadratic time behavior.
+(defun py-goto-beyond-final-line ()
+ (forward-line 1)
+ (let ( state )
+ (while (and (py-continuation-line-p)
+ (not (eobp)))
+ ;; skip over the backslash flavor
+ (while (and (py-backslash-continuation-line-p)
+ (not (eobp)))
+ (forward-line 1))
+ ;; if in nest, zip to the end of the nest
+ (setq state (py-parse-state))
+ (if (and (not (zerop (car state)))
+ (not (eobp)))
+ (progn
+ ;; BUG ALERT: I could swear, from reading the docs, that
+ ;; the 3rd argument should be plain 0
+ (parse-partial-sexp (point) (point-max) (- 0 (car state))
+ nil state)
+ (forward-line 1))))))
+
+;; t iff statement opens a block == iff it ends with a colon that's
+;; not in a comment
+;; point should be at the start of a statement
+(defun py-statement-opens-block-p ()
+ (save-excursion
+ (let ( (start (point))
+ (finish (progn (py-goto-beyond-final-line) (1- (point))))
+ (searching t)
+ (answer nil)
+ state)
+ (goto-char start)
+ (while searching
+ ;; look for a colon with nothing after it except whitespace, and
+ ;; maybe a comment
+ (if (re-search-forward ":\\([ \t]\\|\\\\\n\\)*\\(#.*\\)?$"
+ finish t)
+ (if (eq (point) finish) ; note: no `else' clause; just
+ ; keep searching if we're not at
+ ; the end yet
+ ;; sure looks like it opens a block -- but it might
+ ;; be in a comment
+ (progn
+ (setq searching nil) ; search is done either way
+ (setq state (parse-partial-sexp start
+ (match-beginning 0)))
+ (setq answer (not (nth 4 state)))))
+ ;; search failed: couldn't find another interesting colon
+ (setq searching nil)))
+ answer)))
+
+;; go to point right beyond final line of block begun by the current
+;; line. This is the same as where py-goto-beyond-final-line goes
+;; unless we're on colon line, in which case we go to the end of the
+;; block.
+;; assumes point is at bolp
+(defun py-goto-beyond-block ()
+ (if (py-statement-opens-block-p)
+ (py-mark-block nil 'just-move)
+ (py-goto-beyond-final-line)))
+
+;; go to start of first statement (not blank or comment or continuation
+;; line) at or preceding point
+;; returns t if there is one, else nil
+(defun py-goto-statement-at-or-above ()
+ (py-goto-initial-line)
+ (if (looking-at py-blank-or-comment-re)
+ ;; skip back over blank & comment lines
+ ;; note: will skip a blank or comment line that happens to be
+ ;; a continuation line too
+ (if (re-search-backward "^[ \t]*[^ \t#\n]" nil t)
+ (progn (py-goto-initial-line) t)
+ nil)
+ t))
+
+;; go to start of first statement (not blank or comment or continuation
+;; line) following the statement containing point
+;; returns t if there is one, else nil
+(defun py-goto-statement-below ()
+ (beginning-of-line)
+ (let ( (start (point)) )
+ (py-goto-beyond-final-line)
+ (while (and
+ (looking-at py-blank-or-comment-re)
+ (not (eobp)))
+ (forward-line 1))
+ (if (eobp)
+ (progn (goto-char start) nil)
+ t)))
+
+;; go to start of statement, at or preceding point, starting with keyword
+;; KEY. Skips blank lines and non-indenting comments upward first. If
+;; that statement starts with KEY, done, else go back to first enclosing
+;; block starting with KEY.
+;; If successful, leaves point at the start of the KEY line & returns t.
+;; Else leaves point at an undefined place & returns nil.
+(defun py-go-up-tree-to-keyword (key)
+ ;; skip blanks and non-indenting #
+ (py-goto-initial-line)
+ (while (and
+ (looking-at "[ \t]*\\($\\|#[^ \t\n]\\)")
+ (zerop (forward-line -1))) ; go back
+ nil)
+ (py-goto-initial-line)
+ (let* ( (re (concat "[ \t]*" key "\\b"))
+ (case-fold-search nil) ; let* so looking-at sees this
+ (found (looking-at re))
+ (dead nil))
+ (while (not (or found dead))
+ (condition-case nil ; in case no enclosing block
+ (py-goto-block-up 'no-mark)
+ (error (setq dead t)))
+ (or dead (setq found (looking-at re))))
+ (beginning-of-line)
+ found))
+
+;; return string in buffer from start of indentation to end of line;
+;; prefix "..." if leading whitespace was skipped
+(defun py-suck-up-leading-text ()
+ (save-excursion
+ (back-to-indentation)
+ (concat
+ (if (bolp) "" "...")
+ (buffer-substring (point) (progn (end-of-line) (point))))))
+
+;; assuming point at bolp, return first keyword ([a-z]+) on the line,
+;; as a Lisp symbol; return nil if none
+(defun py-suck-up-first-keyword ()
+ (let ( (case-fold-search nil) )
+ (if (looking-at "[ \t]*\\([a-z]+\\)\\b")
+ (intern (buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1)))
+ nil)))
+
+(defun py-make-temp-name ()
+ (make-temp-name
+ (concat (file-name-as-directory py-temp-directory) "python")))
+
+(defun py-delete-file-silently (fname)
+ (condition-case nil
+ (delete-file fname)
+ (error nil)))
+
+(defun py-kill-emacs-hook ()
+ ;; delete our temp files
+ (while py-file-queue
+ (py-delete-file-silently (car py-file-queue))
+ (setq py-file-queue (cdr py-file-queue)))
+ (if (not py-this-is-emacs-19-p)
+ ;; run the hook we inherited, if any
+ (and py-inherited-kill-emacs-hook
+ (funcall py-inherited-kill-emacs-hook))))
+
+;; make PROCESS's buffer visible, append STRING to it, and force display;
+;; also make shell-mode believe the user typed this string, so that
+;; kill-output-from-shell and show-output-from-shell work "right"
+(defun py-append-to-process-buffer (process string)
+ (let ( (cbuf (current-buffer))
+ (pbuf (process-buffer process))
+ (py-scroll-process-buffer t))
+ (set-buffer pbuf)
+ (goto-char (point-max))
+ (move-marker (process-mark process) (point))
+ (if (not py-this-is-emacs-19-p)
+ (move-marker last-input-start (point))) ; muck w/ shell-mode
+ (funcall (process-filter process) process string)
+ (if (not py-this-is-emacs-19-p)
+ (move-marker last-input-end (point))) ; muck w/ shell-mode
+ (set-buffer cbuf))
+ (sit-for 0))
+
+;; To do:
+;; - support for ptags
diff --git a/Misc/python.gif b/Misc/python.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c94b3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/python.gif
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Misc/python.man b/Misc/python.man
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..206f8ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/python.man
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+.TH PYTHON "3 January 1994"
+.SH NAME
+python \- an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B python
+[
+.I X11-options
+]
+[
+.B \-d
+]
+[
+.B \-i
+]
+[
+.B \-k
+]
+[
+.B \-v
+]
+[
+.B \-c
+.I command
+|
+.I script
+|
+\-
+]
+[
+.I arguments
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming
+language that combines remarkable power with very clear syntax.
+For an introduction to programming in Python you are referred to the
+Python Tutorial.
+The Python Library Reference documents built-in and standard types,
+constants, functions and modules.
+Finally, the Python Reference Manual describes the syntax and
+semantics of the core language in (perhaps too) much detail.
+.PP
+Python's basic power can be extended with your own modules written in
+C or C++.
+On some (most?) systems such modules may be dynamically loaded.
+Python is also adaptable as an extension language for existing
+applications.
+See the internal documentation for hints.
+.SH COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
+.TP
+.TP
+.B \-d
+Turn on parser debugging output (for wizards only, depending on
+compilation options).
+.B \-i
+When a script is passed as first argument or the \fB\-c\fP option is
+used, enter interactive mode after executing the script or the
+command. This can be useful to inspect global variables or a stack
+trace when a script raises an exception.
+.TP
+.B \-i
+When executing a program from a file, this option enters interactive
+mode after the program has completed. It does not read the
+$PYTHONSTARTUP file.
+.TP
+.B \-k
+This hack, eh, feature is intended to help you to find expression
+statements that print a value. Although a feature of the language, it
+can sometimes be annoying that when a function is called which returns
+a value that is not
+.IR None ,
+the value is printed to standard output, and it is not always easy to
+find which statement is the cause of an unwanted `1', for instance.
+When this option is set, if an expression statement prints its value,
+the exception
+.I RuntimeError
+is raised. The resulting stack trace will help you to track down the
+culprit.
+.TP
+.B \-v
+Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place
+(filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded.
+.TP
+.BI "\-c " command
+Specify the command to execute (see next section).
+This terminates the option list (following options are passed as
+arguments to the command).
+.PP
+When the interpreter is configured to contain the
+.I stdwin
+built-in module for use with the X window system, additional command
+line options common to most X applications are recognized (by STDWIN),
+e.g.
+.B \-display
+.I displayname
+and
+.B \-geometry
+.I widthxheight+x+y.
+The complete set of options is described in the STDWIN documentation.
+.SH INTERPRETER INTERFACE
+The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell: when
+called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for
+commands and executes them until an EOF is read; when called with a
+file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and
+executes a
+.I script
+from that file;
+when called with
+.B \-c
+.I command,
+it executes the Python statement(s) given as
+.I command.
+Here
+.I command
+may contain multiple statements separated by newlines.
+Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements!
+In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed befored it is
+executed.
+.PP
+If available, the script name and additional arguments thereafter are
+passed to the script in the Python variable
+.I sys.argv ,
+which is a list of strings (you must first
+.I import sys
+to be able to access it).
+If no script name is given,
+.I sys.argv
+is empty; if
+.B \-c
+is used,
+.I sys.argv[0]
+contains the string
+.I '-c'.
+Note that options interpreter by the Python interpreter or by STDWIN
+are not placed in
+.I sys.argv.
+.PP
+In interactive mode, the primary prompt is `>>>'; the second prompt
+(which appears when a command is not complete) is `...'.
+The prompts can be changed by assignment to
+.I sys.ps1
+or
+.I sys.ps2.
+The interpreter quits when it reads an EOF at a prompt.
+When an unhandled exception occurs, a stack trace is printed and
+control returns to the primary prompt; in non-interactive mode, the
+interpreter exits after printing the stack trace.
+The interrupt signal raises the
+.I Keyboard\%Interrupt
+exception; other UNIX signals are not caught (except that SIGPIPE is
+sometimes ignored, in favor of the
+.I IOError
+exception). Error messages are written to stderr.
+.SH FILES AND DIRECTORIES
+These are subject to difference depending on local installation
+conventions:
+.IP /usr/local/bin/python
+Recommended location of the interpreter.
+.IP /usr/local/lib/python
+Recommended location of the directory containing the standard modules.
+.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+.IP PYTHONPATH
+Augments the default search path for module files.
+The format is the same as the shell's $PATH: one or more directory
+pathnames separated by colons.
+Non-existant directories are silently ignored.
+The default search path is installation dependent, but always begins
+with `.', (for example,
+.I .:/usr/local/lib/python ).
+The default search path is appended to $PYTHONPATH.
+The search path can be manipulated from within a Python program as the
+variable
+.I sys.path .
+.IP PYTHONSTARTUP
+If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that
+file are executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive
+mode.
+The file is executed in the same name space where interactive commands
+are executed so that objects defined or imported in it can be used
+without qualification in the interactive session.
+You can also change the prompts
+.I sys.ps1
+and
+.I sys.ps2
+in this file.
+.IP PYTHONDEBUG
+If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
+the \fB\-d\fP option.
+.IP PYTHONINSPECT
+If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
+the \fB\-i\fP option.
+.IP PYTHONKILLPRINT
+If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
+the \fB\-k\fP option.
+.IP PYTHONVERBOSE
+If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
+the \fB\-v\fP option.
+.SH SEE ALSO
+Python Tutorial
+.br
+Python Library Reference
+.br
+Python Reference Manual
+.br
+STDWIN under X11
+.SH BUGS AND CAVEATS
+The first time
+.I stdwin
+is imported, it initializes the STDWIN library.
+If this initialization fails, e.g. because the display connection
+fails, the interpreter aborts immediately.
+.SH AUTHOR
+.nf
+Guido van Rossum
+CWI (Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica)
+P.O. Box 4079
+1009 AB Amsterdam
+The Netherlands
+.PP
+E-mail: Guido.van.Rossum@cwi.nl
+.fi
+.SH MAILING LIST
+There is a mailing list devoted to Python programming, bugs and
+design.
+To subscribe, send mail containing your real name and e-mail address
+in Internet form to
+.I python-list-request@cwi.nl.
+.SH COPYRIGHT
+Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum,
+Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
+.IP " "
+All Rights Reserved
+.PP
+Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
+documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
+provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
+both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch
+Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
+distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission.
+
+STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
+FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
+OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/Misc/renumber.py b/Misc/renumber.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..a62257c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/renumber.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+#! /usr/local/bin/python
+
+# Renumber the Python FAQ
+
+import string
+import regex
+import sys
+import os
+
+FAQ = 'FAQ'
+
+chapterprog = regex.compile('^\([1-9][0-9]*\)\. ')
+questionprog = regex.compile('^\([1-9][0-9]*\)\.\([1-9][0-9]*\)\. ')
+newquestionprog = regex.compile('^Q\. ')
+blankprog = regex.compile('^[ \t]*$')
+indentedorblankprog = regex.compile('^\([ \t]+\|[ \t]*$\)')
+
+def main():
+ print 'Reading lines...'
+ lines = open(FAQ, 'r').readlines()
+ print 'Renumbering in memory...'
+ oldlines = lines[:]
+ after_blank = 1
+ chapter = 0
+ question = 0
+ chapters = ['\n']
+ questions = []
+ for i in range(len(lines)):
+ line = lines[i]
+ if after_blank:
+ n = chapterprog.match(line)
+ if n >= 0:
+ chapter = chapter + 1
+ question = 0
+ line = `chapter` + '. ' + line[n:]
+ lines[i] = line
+ chapters.append(' ' + line)
+ questions.append('\n')
+ questions.append(' ' + line)
+ afterblank = 0
+ continue
+ n = questionprog.match(line)
+ if n < 0: n = newquestionprog.match(line) - 3
+ if n >= 0:
+ question = question + 1
+ line = '%d.%d. '%(chapter, question) + line[n:]
+ lines[i] = line
+ questions.append(' ' + line)
+ # Add up to 4 continuations of the question
+ for j in range(i+1, i+5):
+ if blankprog.match(lines[j]) >= 0:
+ break
+ questions.append(' '*(n+2) + lines[j])
+ afterblank = 0
+ continue
+ afterblank = (blankprog.match(line) >= 0)
+ print 'Inserting list of chapters...'
+ chapters.append('\n')
+ for i in range(len(lines)):
+ line = lines[i]
+ if regex.match(
+ '^This FAQ is divided in the following chapters',
+ line) >= 0:
+ i = i+1
+ while 1:
+ line = lines[i]
+ if indentedorblankprog.match(line) < 0:
+ break
+ del lines[i]
+ lines[i:i] = chapters
+ break
+ else:
+ print '*** Can\'t find header for list of chapters'
+ print '*** Chapters found:'
+ for line in chapters: print line,
+ print 'Inserting list of questions...'
+ questions.append('\n')
+ for i in range(len(lines)):
+ line = lines[i]
+ if regex.match('^Here.s an overview of the questions',
+ line) >= 0:
+ i = i+1
+ while 1:
+ line = lines[i]
+ if indentedorblankprog.match(line) < 0:
+ break
+ del lines[i]
+ lines[i:i] = questions
+ break
+ else:
+ print '*** Can\'t find header for list of questions'
+ print '*** Questions found:'
+ for line in questions: print line,
+ if lines == oldlines:
+ print 'No changes.'
+ return
+ print 'Writing new file...'
+ f = open(FAQ + '.new', 'w')
+ for line in lines:
+ f.write(line)
+ f.close()
+ print 'Making backup...'
+ os.rename(FAQ, FAQ + '~')
+ print 'Moving new file...'
+ os.rename(FAQ + '.new', FAQ)
+ print 'Done.'
+
+main()
