Add const to several API functions that take char *.

In C++, it's an error to pass a string literal to a char* function
without a const_cast().  Rather than require every C++ extension
module to put a cast around string literals, fix the API to state the
const-ness.

I focused on parts of the API where people usually pass literals:
PyArg_ParseTuple() and friends, Py_BuildValue(), PyMethodDef, the type
slots, etc.  Predictably, there were a large set of functions that
needed to be fixed as a result of these changes.  The most pervasive
change was to make the keyword args list passed to
PyArg_ParseTupleAndKewords() to be a const char *kwlist[].

One cast was required as a result of the changes:  A type object
mallocs the memory for its tp_doc slot and later frees it.
PyTypeObject says that tp_doc is const char *; but if the type was
created by type_new(), we know it is safe to cast to char *.
diff --git a/Modules/socketmodule.c b/Modules/socketmodule.c
index e3573e3..3391405 100644
--- a/Modules/socketmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/socketmodule.c
@@ -2489,7 +2489,7 @@
 	PySocketSockObject *s = (PySocketSockObject *)self;
 	SOCKET_T fd;
 	int family = AF_INET, type = SOCK_STREAM, proto = 0;
-	static char *keywords[] = {"family", "type", "proto", 0};
+	static const char *keywords[] = {"family", "type", "proto", 0};
 
 	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds,
 					 "|iii:socket", keywords,