diff --git a/Objects/dictobject.c b/Objects/dictobject.c
index 870923d..9506067 100644
--- a/Objects/dictobject.c
+++ b/Objects/dictobject.c
@@ -1595,11 +1595,18 @@
         /* Update/merge with this (key, value) pair. */
         key = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(fast, 0);
         value = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(fast, 1);
+        Py_INCREF(key);
+        Py_INCREF(value);
         if (override || PyDict_GetItem(d, key) == NULL) {
             int status = PyDict_SetItem(d, key, value);
-            if (status < 0)
+            if (status < 0) {
+                Py_DECREF(key);
+                Py_DECREF(value);
                 goto Fail;
+            }
         }
+        Py_DECREF(key);
+        Py_DECREF(value);
         Py_DECREF(fast);
         Py_DECREF(item);
     }
@@ -1938,12 +1945,13 @@
             /* ditto for key */
             Py_INCREF(key);
             bval = PyDict_GetItem((PyObject *)b, key);
-            Py_DECREF(key);
             if (bval == NULL) {
+                Py_DECREF(key);
                 Py_DECREF(aval);
                 return 0;
             }
             cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(aval, bval, Py_EQ);
+            Py_DECREF(key);
             Py_DECREF(aval);
             if (cmp <= 0)  /* error or not equal */
                 return cmp;
@@ -2743,7 +2751,7 @@
 
 static PyObject *dictiter_iternextitem(dictiterobject *di)
 {
-    PyObject *key, *value, *result = di->di_result;
+    PyObject *key, *value, *result;
     register Py_ssize_t i, mask;
     register PyDictEntry *ep;
     PyDictObject *d = di->di_dict;
@@ -2770,22 +2778,27 @@
     if (i > mask)
         goto fail;
 
-    if (result->ob_refcnt == 1) {
-        Py_INCREF(result);
-        Py_DECREF(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(result, 0));
-        Py_DECREF(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(result, 1));
-    } else {
-        result = PyTuple_New(2);
-        if (result == NULL)
-            return NULL;
-    }
     di->len--;
     key = ep[i].me_key;
     value = ep[i].me_value;
     Py_INCREF(key);
     Py_INCREF(value);
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result, 0, key);
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result, 1, value);
+    result = di->di_result;
+    if (Py_REFCNT(result) == 1) {
+        PyObject *oldkey = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(result, 0);
+        PyObject *oldvalue = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(result, 1);
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result, 0, key);  /* steals reference */
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result, 1, value);  /* steals reference */
+        Py_INCREF(result);
+        Py_DECREF(oldkey);
+        Py_DECREF(oldvalue);
+    } else {
+        result = PyTuple_New(2);
+        if (result == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result, 0, key);  /* steals reference */
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result, 1, value);  /* steals reference */
+    }
     return result;
 
 fail:
@@ -3186,6 +3199,7 @@
 static int
 dictitems_contains(dictviewobject *dv, PyObject *obj)
 {
+    int result;
     PyObject *key, *value, *found;
     if (dv->dv_dict == NULL)
         return 0;
@@ -3199,7 +3213,10 @@
             return -1;
         return 0;
     }
-    return PyObject_RichCompareBool(value, found, Py_EQ);
+    Py_INCREF(found);
+    result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(value, found, Py_EQ);
+    Py_DECREF(found);
+    return result;
 }
 
 static PySequenceMethods dictitems_as_sequence = {