diff --git a/Lib/email/charset.py b/Lib/email/charset.py
index 9bebf6f..5b5e95d 100644
--- a/Lib/email/charset.py
+++ b/Lib/email/charset.py
@@ -202,10 +202,10 @@
         # is already a unicode, we leave it at that, but ensure that the
         # charset is ASCII, as the standard (RFC XXX) requires.
         try:
-            if isinstance(input_charset, unicode):
+            if isinstance(input_charset, str):
                 input_charset.encode('ascii')
             else:
-                input_charset = unicode(input_charset, 'ascii')
+                input_charset = str(input_charset, 'ascii')
         except UnicodeError:
             raise errors.CharsetError(input_charset)
         input_charset = input_charset.lower()
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@
     def convert(self, s):
         """Convert a string from the input_codec to the output_codec."""
         if self.input_codec != self.output_codec:
-            return unicode(s, self.input_codec).encode(self.output_codec)
+            return str(s, self.input_codec).encode(self.output_codec)
         else:
             return s
 
@@ -281,10 +281,10 @@
         Characters that could not be converted to Unicode will be replaced
         with the Unicode replacement character U+FFFD.
         """
-        if isinstance(s, unicode) or self.input_codec is None:
+        if isinstance(s, str) or self.input_codec is None:
             return s
         try:
-            return unicode(s, self.input_codec, 'replace')
+            return str(s, self.input_codec, 'replace')
         except LookupError:
             # Input codec not installed on system, so return the original
             # string unchanged.
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@
             codec = self.output_codec
         else:
             codec = self.input_codec
-        if not isinstance(ustr, unicode) or codec is None:
+        if not isinstance(ustr, str) or codec is None:
             return ustr
         try:
             return ustr.encode(codec, 'replace')
diff --git a/Lib/email/generator.py b/Lib/email/generator.py
index 4f3fea4..02b4495 100644
--- a/Lib/email/generator.py
+++ b/Lib/email/generator.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 def _is8bitstring(s):
     if isinstance(s, str):
         try:
-            unicode(s, 'us-ascii')
+            str(s, 'us-ascii')
         except UnicodeError:
             return True
     return False
diff --git a/Lib/email/header.py b/Lib/email/header.py
index ab0d3fc..675b68d 100644
--- a/Lib/email/header.py
+++ b/Lib/email/header.py
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@
 
 NL = '\n'
 SPACE = ' '
-USPACE = u' '
+USPACE = ' '
 SPACE8 = ' ' * 8
-UEMPTYSTRING = u''
+UEMPTYSTRING = ''
 
 MAXLINELEN = 76
 
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
                 elif nextcs not in (None, 'us-ascii'):
                     uchunks.append(USPACE)
             lastcs = nextcs
-            uchunks.append(unicode(s, str(charset)))
+            uchunks.append(str(s, str(charset)))
         return UEMPTYSTRING.join(uchunks)
 
     # Rich comparison operators for equality only.  BAW: does it make sense to
@@ -257,13 +257,13 @@
                 # Possibly raise UnicodeError if the byte string can't be
                 # converted to a unicode with the input codec of the charset.
                 incodec = charset.input_codec or 'us-ascii'
-                ustr = unicode(s, incodec, errors)
+                ustr = str(s, incodec, errors)
                 # Now make sure that the unicode could be converted back to a
                 # byte string with the output codec, which may be different
                 # than the iput coded.  Still, use the original byte string.
                 outcodec = charset.output_codec or 'us-ascii'
                 ustr.encode(outcodec, errors)
-            elif isinstance(s, unicode):
+            elif isinstance(s, str):
                 # Now we have to be sure the unicode string can be converted
                 # to a byte string with a reasonable output codec.  We want to
                 # use the byte string in the chunk.
diff --git a/Lib/email/message.py b/Lib/email/message.py
index 6fc3af1..1767bfb 100644
--- a/Lib/email/message.py
+++ b/Lib/email/message.py
@@ -751,13 +751,13 @@
                 # LookupError will be raised if the charset isn't known to
                 # Python.  UnicodeError will be raised if the encoded text
                 # contains a character not in the charset.
-                charset = unicode(charset[2], pcharset).encode('us-ascii')
+                charset = str(charset[2], pcharset).encode('us-ascii')
             except (LookupError, UnicodeError):
                 charset = charset[2]
         # charset character must be in us-ascii range
         try:
             if isinstance(charset, str):
-                charset = unicode(charset, 'us-ascii')
+                charset = str(charset, 'us-ascii')
             charset = charset.encode('us-ascii')
         except UnicodeError:
             return failobj
diff --git a/Lib/email/test/test_email.py b/Lib/email/test/test_email.py
index a2e09fa..e1d0eb7 100644
--- a/Lib/email/test/test_email.py
+++ b/Lib/email/test/test_email.py
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@
         msg = Message()
         msg.set_charset('us-ascii')
         self.assertEqual('us-ascii', msg.get_content_charset())
-        msg.set_charset(u'us-ascii')
+        msg.set_charset('us-ascii')
         self.assertEqual('us-ascii', msg.get_content_charset())
 
 
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@
         utf8 = Charset("utf-8")
         g_head = "Die Mieter treten hier ein werden mit einem Foerderband komfortabel den Korridor entlang, an s\xfcdl\xfcndischen Wandgem\xe4lden vorbei, gegen die rotierenden Klingen bef\xf6rdert. "
         cz_head = "Finan\xe8ni metropole se hroutily pod tlakem jejich d\xf9vtipu.. "
-        utf8_head = u"\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u3068\u7ffb\u8a33\u306f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3042\u3068\u306f\u3067\u305f\u3089\u3081\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u300cWenn ist das Nunstuck git und Slotermeyer? Ja! Beiherhund das Oder die Flipperwaldt gersput.\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002".encode("utf-8")
+        utf8_head = "\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u3068\u7ffb\u8a33\u306f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3042\u3068\u306f\u3067\u305f\u3089\u3081\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u300cWenn ist das Nunstuck git und Slotermeyer? Ja! Beiherhund das Oder die Flipperwaldt gersput.\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002".encode("utf-8")
         h = Header(g_head, g, header_name='Subject')
         h.append(cz_head, cz)
         h.append(utf8_head, utf8)
@@ -1514,7 +1514,7 @@
         s = '=?ISO-8859-1?Q?Andr=E9?= Pirard <pirard@dom.ain>'
         dh = decode_header(s)
         eq(dh, [('Andr\xe9', 'iso-8859-1'), ('Pirard <pirard@dom.ain>', None)])
-        hu = unicode(make_header(dh)).encode('latin-1')
+        hu = str(make_header(dh)).encode('latin-1')
         eq(hu, 'Andr\xe9 Pirard <pirard@dom.ain>')
 
     def test_whitespace_eater_unicode_2(self):
@@ -1524,7 +1524,7 @@
         eq(dh, [('The', None), ('quick brown fox', 'iso-8859-1'),
                 ('jumped over the', None), ('lazy dog', 'iso-8859-1')])
         hu = make_header(dh).__unicode__()
-        eq(hu, u'The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog')
+        eq(hu, 'The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog')
 
     def test_rfc2047_without_whitespace(self):
         s = 'Sm=?ISO-8859-1?B?9g==?=rg=?ISO-8859-1?B?5Q==?=sbord'
@@ -2770,7 +2770,7 @@
         eq('hello w\xf6rld', c.body_encode('hello w\xf6rld'))
 
     def test_unicode_charset_name(self):
-        charset = Charset(u'us-ascii')
+        charset = Charset('us-ascii')
         self.assertEqual(str(charset), 'us-ascii')
         self.assertRaises(Errors.CharsetError, Charset, 'asc\xffii')
 
@@ -2809,7 +2809,7 @@
         utf8 = Charset("utf-8")
         g_head = "Die Mieter treten hier ein werden mit einem Foerderband komfortabel den Korridor entlang, an s\xfcdl\xfcndischen Wandgem\xe4lden vorbei, gegen die rotierenden Klingen bef\xf6rdert. "
         cz_head = "Finan\xe8ni metropole se hroutily pod tlakem jejich d\xf9vtipu.. "
-        utf8_head = u"\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u3068\u7ffb\u8a33\u306f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3042\u3068\u306f\u3067\u305f\u3089\u3081\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u300cWenn ist das Nunstuck git und Slotermeyer? Ja! Beiherhund das Oder die Flipperwaldt gersput.\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002".encode("utf-8")
+        utf8_head = "\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u3068\u7ffb\u8a33\u306f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3042\u3068\u306f\u3067\u305f\u3089\u3081\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u300cWenn ist das Nunstuck git und Slotermeyer? Ja! Beiherhund das Oder die Flipperwaldt gersput.\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002".encode("utf-8")
         h = Header(g_head, g)
         h.append(cz_head, cz)
         h.append(utf8_head, utf8)
@@ -2829,7 +2829,7 @@
         eq(decode_header(enc),
            [(g_head, "iso-8859-1"), (cz_head, "iso-8859-2"),
             (utf8_head, "utf-8")])
-        ustr = unicode(h)
+        ustr = str(h)
         eq(ustr.encode('utf-8'),
            'Die Mieter treten hier ein werden mit einem Foerderband '
            'komfortabel den Korridor entlang, an s\xc3\xbcdl\xc3\xbcndischen '
@@ -2897,9 +2897,9 @@
 
     def test_utf8_shortest(self):
         eq = self.assertEqual
-        h = Header(u'p\xf6stal', 'utf-8')
+        h = Header('p\xf6stal', 'utf-8')
         eq(h.encode(), '=?utf-8?q?p=C3=B6stal?=')
-        h = Header(u'\u83ca\u5730\u6642\u592b', 'utf-8')
+        h = Header('\u83ca\u5730\u6642\u592b', 'utf-8')
         eq(h.encode(), '=?utf-8?b?6I+K5Zyw5pmC5aSr?=')
 
     def test_bad_8bit_header(self):
@@ -3152,7 +3152,7 @@
 '''
         msg = email.message_from_string(m)
         self.assertEqual(msg.get_filename(),
-                         u'This is even more ***fun*** is it not.pdf\ufffd')
+                         'This is even more ***fun*** is it not.pdf\ufffd')
 
     def test_rfc2231_unknown_encoding(self):
         m = """\
diff --git a/Lib/email/test/test_email_codecs.py b/Lib/email/test/test_email_codecs.py
index 8b97530..1c77347 100644
--- a/Lib/email/test/test_email_codecs.py
+++ b/Lib/email/test/test_email_codecs.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 # We're compatible with Python 2.3, but it doesn't have the built-in Asian
 # codecs, so we have to skip all these tests.
 try:
-    unicode('foo', 'euc-jp')
+    str('foo', 'euc-jp')
 except LookupError:
     raise TestSkipped
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
         jcode  = 'euc-jp'
         msg = Message()
         msg.set_payload(jhello, jcode)
-        ustr = unicode(msg.get_payload(), msg.get_content_charset())
+        ustr = str(msg.get_payload(), msg.get_content_charset())
         self.assertEqual(jhello, ustr.encode(jcode))
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/email/test/test_email_codecs_renamed.py b/Lib/email/test/test_email_codecs_renamed.py
index 10e2065..d190de3 100644
--- a/Lib/email/test/test_email_codecs_renamed.py
+++ b/Lib/email/test/test_email_codecs_renamed.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 # We're compatible with Python 2.3, but it doesn't have the built-in Asian
 # codecs, so we have to skip all these tests.
 try:
-    unicode('foo', 'euc-jp')
+    str('foo', 'euc-jp')
 except LookupError:
     raise TestSkipped
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
         jcode  = 'euc-jp'
         msg = Message()
         msg.set_payload(jhello, jcode)
-        ustr = unicode(msg.get_payload(), msg.get_content_charset())
+        ustr = str(msg.get_payload(), msg.get_content_charset())
         self.assertEqual(jhello, ustr.encode(jcode))
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/email/test/test_email_renamed.py b/Lib/email/test/test_email_renamed.py
index 7f72270..4ce2184 100644
--- a/Lib/email/test/test_email_renamed.py
+++ b/Lib/email/test/test_email_renamed.py
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@
         utf8 = Charset("utf-8")
         g_head = "Die Mieter treten hier ein werden mit einem Foerderband komfortabel den Korridor entlang, an s\xfcdl\xfcndischen Wandgem\xe4lden vorbei, gegen die rotierenden Klingen bef\xf6rdert. "
         cz_head = "Finan\xe8ni metropole se hroutily pod tlakem jejich d\xf9vtipu.. "
-        utf8_head = u"\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u3068\u7ffb\u8a33\u306f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3042\u3068\u306f\u3067\u305f\u3089\u3081\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u300cWenn ist das Nunstuck git und Slotermeyer? Ja! Beiherhund das Oder die Flipperwaldt gersput.\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002".encode("utf-8")
+        utf8_head = "\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u3068\u7ffb\u8a33\u306f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3042\u3068\u306f\u3067\u305f\u3089\u3081\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u300cWenn ist das Nunstuck git und Slotermeyer? Ja! Beiherhund das Oder die Flipperwaldt gersput.\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002".encode("utf-8")
         h = Header(g_head, g, header_name='Subject')
         h.append(cz_head, cz)
         h.append(utf8_head, utf8)
@@ -1512,7 +1512,7 @@
         s = '=?ISO-8859-1?Q?Andr=E9?= Pirard <pirard@dom.ain>'
         dh = decode_header(s)
         eq(dh, [('Andr\xe9', 'iso-8859-1'), ('Pirard <pirard@dom.ain>', None)])
-        hu = unicode(make_header(dh)).encode('latin-1')
+        hu = str(make_header(dh)).encode('latin-1')
         eq(hu, 'Andr\xe9 Pirard <pirard@dom.ain>')
 
     def test_whitespace_eater_unicode_2(self):
@@ -1522,7 +1522,7 @@
         eq(dh, [('The', None), ('quick brown fox', 'iso-8859-1'),
                 ('jumped over the', None), ('lazy dog', 'iso-8859-1')])
         hu = make_header(dh).__unicode__()
-        eq(hu, u'The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog')
+        eq(hu, 'The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog')
 
     def test_rfc2047_missing_whitespace(self):
         s = 'Sm=?ISO-8859-1?B?9g==?=rg=?ISO-8859-1?B?5Q==?=sbord'
@@ -2769,7 +2769,7 @@
         eq('hello w\xf6rld', c.body_encode('hello w\xf6rld'))
 
     def test_unicode_charset_name(self):
-        charset = Charset(u'us-ascii')
+        charset = Charset('us-ascii')
         self.assertEqual(str(charset), 'us-ascii')
         self.assertRaises(errors.CharsetError, Charset, 'asc\xffii')
 
@@ -2808,7 +2808,7 @@
         utf8 = Charset("utf-8")
         g_head = "Die Mieter treten hier ein werden mit einem Foerderband komfortabel den Korridor entlang, an s\xfcdl\xfcndischen Wandgem\xe4lden vorbei, gegen die rotierenden Klingen bef\xf6rdert. "
         cz_head = "Finan\xe8ni metropole se hroutily pod tlakem jejich d\xf9vtipu.. "
-        utf8_head = u"\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u3068\u7ffb\u8a33\u306f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3042\u3068\u306f\u3067\u305f\u3089\u3081\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u300cWenn ist das Nunstuck git und Slotermeyer? Ja! Beiherhund das Oder die Flipperwaldt gersput.\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002".encode("utf-8")
+        utf8_head = "\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u3068\u7ffb\u8a33\u306f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3042\u3068\u306f\u3067\u305f\u3089\u3081\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u300cWenn ist das Nunstuck git und Slotermeyer? Ja! Beiherhund das Oder die Flipperwaldt gersput.\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002".encode("utf-8")
         h = Header(g_head, g)
         h.append(cz_head, cz)
         h.append(utf8_head, utf8)
@@ -2828,7 +2828,7 @@
         eq(decode_header(enc),
            [(g_head, "iso-8859-1"), (cz_head, "iso-8859-2"),
             (utf8_head, "utf-8")])
-        ustr = unicode(h)
+        ustr = str(h)
         eq(ustr.encode('utf-8'),
            'Die Mieter treten hier ein werden mit einem Foerderband '
            'komfortabel den Korridor entlang, an s\xc3\xbcdl\xc3\xbcndischen '
@@ -2896,9 +2896,9 @@
 
     def test_utf8_shortest(self):
         eq = self.assertEqual
-        h = Header(u'p\xf6stal', 'utf-8')
+        h = Header('p\xf6stal', 'utf-8')
         eq(h.encode(), '=?utf-8?q?p=C3=B6stal?=')
-        h = Header(u'\u83ca\u5730\u6642\u592b', 'utf-8')
+        h = Header('\u83ca\u5730\u6642\u592b', 'utf-8')
         eq(h.encode(), '=?utf-8?b?6I+K5Zyw5pmC5aSr?=')
 
     def test_bad_8bit_header(self):
@@ -3151,7 +3151,7 @@
 '''
         msg = email.message_from_string(m)
         self.assertEqual(msg.get_filename(),
-                         u'This is even more ***fun*** is it not.pdf\ufffd')
+                         'This is even more ***fun*** is it not.pdf\ufffd')
 
     def test_rfc2231_unknown_encoding(self):
         m = """\
diff --git a/Lib/email/utils.py b/Lib/email/utils.py
index ee952d3..de9fbf8 100644
--- a/Lib/email/utils.py
+++ b/Lib/email/utils.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 
 COMMASPACE = ', '
 EMPTYSTRING = ''
-UEMPTYSTRING = u''
+UEMPTYSTRING = ''
 CRLF = '\r\n'
 TICK = "'"
 
@@ -315,9 +315,9 @@
         rawval = unquote(value[2])
         charset = value[0] or 'us-ascii'
         try:
-            return unicode(rawval, charset, errors)
+            return str(rawval, charset, errors)
         except LookupError:
             # XXX charset is unknown to Python.
-            return unicode(rawval, fallback_charset, errors)
+            return str(rawval, fallback_charset, errors)
     else:
         return unquote(value)