Rip out all the u"..." literals and calls to unicode().
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_unicode.py b/Lib/test/test_unicode.py
index a704cc9..125fd56 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_unicode.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_unicode.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
     string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest,
     string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeTest,
     ):
-    type2test = unicode
+    type2test = str
 
     def checkequalnofix(self, result, object, methodname, *args):
         method = getattr(object, methodname)
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@
         # if the original is returned make sure that
         # this doesn't happen with subclasses
         if realresult is object:
-            class usub(unicode):
+            class usub(str):
                 def __repr__(self):
-                    return 'usub(%r)' % unicode.__repr__(self)
+                    return 'usub(%r)' % str.__repr__(self)
             object = usub(object)
             method = getattr(object, methodname)
             realresult = method(*args)
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@
             self.assert_(object is not realresult)
 
     def test_literals(self):
-        self.assertEqual(u'\xff', u'\u00ff')
-        self.assertEqual(u'\uffff', u'\U0000ffff')
+        self.assertEqual('\xff', '\u00ff')
+        self.assertEqual('\uffff', '\U0000ffff')
         self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, eval, 'u\'\\Ufffffffe\'')
         self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, eval, 'u\'\\Uffffffff\'')
         self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, eval, 'u\'\\U%08x\'' % 0x110000)
@@ -62,19 +62,19 @@
     def test_repr(self):
         if not sys.platform.startswith('java'):
             # Test basic sanity of repr()
-            self.assertEqual(repr(u'abc'), "u'abc'")
-            self.assertEqual(repr(u'ab\\c'), "u'ab\\\\c'")
-            self.assertEqual(repr(u'ab\\'), "u'ab\\\\'")
-            self.assertEqual(repr(u'\\c'), "u'\\\\c'")
-            self.assertEqual(repr(u'\\'), "u'\\\\'")
-            self.assertEqual(repr(u'\n'), "u'\\n'")
-            self.assertEqual(repr(u'\r'), "u'\\r'")
-            self.assertEqual(repr(u'\t'), "u'\\t'")
-            self.assertEqual(repr(u'\b'), "u'\\x08'")
-            self.assertEqual(repr(u"'\""), """u'\\'"'""")
-            self.assertEqual(repr(u"'\""), """u'\\'"'""")
-            self.assertEqual(repr(u"'"), '''u"'"''')
-            self.assertEqual(repr(u'"'), """u'"'""")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('abc'), "u'abc'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('ab\\c'), "u'ab\\\\c'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('ab\\'), "u'ab\\\\'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('\\c'), "u'\\\\c'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('\\'), "u'\\\\'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('\n'), "u'\\n'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('\r'), "u'\\r'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('\t'), "u'\\t'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('\b'), "u'\\x08'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr("'\""), """u'\\'"'""")
+            self.assertEqual(repr("'\""), """u'\\'"'""")
+            self.assertEqual(repr("'"), '''u"'"''')
+            self.assertEqual(repr('"'), """u'"'""")
             latin1repr = (
                 "u'\\x00\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05\\x06\\x07\\x08\\t\\n\\x0b\\x0c\\r"
                 "\\x0e\\x0f\\x10\\x11\\x12\\x13\\x14\\x15\\x16\\x17\\x18\\x19\\x1a"
@@ -90,52 +90,52 @@
                 "\\xe2\\xe3\\xe4\\xe5\\xe6\\xe7\\xe8\\xe9\\xea\\xeb\\xec\\xed\\xee\\xef"
                 "\\xf0\\xf1\\xf2\\xf3\\xf4\\xf5\\xf6\\xf7\\xf8\\xf9\\xfa\\xfb\\xfc\\xfd"
                 "\\xfe\\xff'")
-            testrepr = repr(u''.join(map(unichr, xrange(256))))
+            testrepr = repr(''.join(map(unichr, xrange(256))))
             self.assertEqual(testrepr, latin1repr)
             # Test repr works on wide unicode escapes without overflow.
-            self.assertEqual(repr(u"\U00010000" * 39 + u"\uffff" * 4096),
-                             repr(u"\U00010000" * 39 + u"\uffff" * 4096))
+            self.assertEqual(repr("\U00010000" * 39 + "\uffff" * 4096),
+                             repr("\U00010000" * 39 + "\uffff" * 4096))
 
     def test_iterators(self):
         # Make sure unicode objects have an __iter__ method
-        it = u"\u1111\u2222\u3333".__iter__()
-        self.assertEqual(next(it), u"\u1111")
-        self.assertEqual(next(it), u"\u2222")
-        self.assertEqual(next(it), u"\u3333")
+        it = "\u1111\u2222\u3333".__iter__()
+        self.assertEqual(next(it), "\u1111")
+        self.assertEqual(next(it), "\u2222")
+        self.assertEqual(next(it), "\u3333")
         self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, it)
 
     def test_count(self):
         string_tests.CommonTest.test_count(self)
         # check mixed argument types
-        self.checkequalnofix(3,  'aaa', 'count', u'a')
-        self.checkequalnofix(0,  'aaa', 'count', u'b')
-        self.checkequalnofix(3, u'aaa', 'count',  'a')
-        self.checkequalnofix(0, u'aaa', 'count',  'b')
-        self.checkequalnofix(0, u'aaa', 'count',  'b')
-        self.checkequalnofix(1, u'aaa', 'count',  'a', -1)
-        self.checkequalnofix(3, u'aaa', 'count',  'a', -10)
-        self.checkequalnofix(2, u'aaa', 'count',  'a', 0, -1)
-        self.checkequalnofix(0, u'aaa', 'count',  'a', 0, -10)
+        self.checkequalnofix(3,  'aaa', 'count', 'a')
+        self.checkequalnofix(0,  'aaa', 'count', 'b')
+        self.checkequalnofix(3, 'aaa', 'count',  'a')
+        self.checkequalnofix(0, 'aaa', 'count',  'b')
+        self.checkequalnofix(0, 'aaa', 'count',  'b')
+        self.checkequalnofix(1, 'aaa', 'count',  'a', -1)
+        self.checkequalnofix(3, 'aaa', 'count',  'a', -10)
+        self.checkequalnofix(2, 'aaa', 'count',  'a', 0, -1)
+        self.checkequalnofix(0, 'aaa', 'count',  'a', 0, -10)
 
     def test_find(self):
-        self.checkequalnofix(0,  u'abcdefghiabc', 'find', u'abc')
-        self.checkequalnofix(9,  u'abcdefghiabc', 'find', u'abc', 1)
-        self.checkequalnofix(-1, u'abcdefghiabc', 'find', u'def', 4)
+        self.checkequalnofix(0,  'abcdefghiabc', 'find', 'abc')
+        self.checkequalnofix(9,  'abcdefghiabc', 'find', 'abc', 1)
+        self.checkequalnofix(-1, 'abcdefghiabc', 'find', 'def', 4)
 
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, u'hello'.find)
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, u'hello'.find, 42)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, 'hello'.find)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, 'hello'.find, 42)
 
     def test_rfind(self):
         string_tests.CommonTest.test_rfind(self)
         # check mixed argument types
-        self.checkequalnofix(9,   'abcdefghiabc', 'rfind', u'abc')
-        self.checkequalnofix(12,  'abcdefghiabc', 'rfind', u'')
-        self.checkequalnofix(12, u'abcdefghiabc', 'rfind',  '')
+        self.checkequalnofix(9,   'abcdefghiabc', 'rfind', 'abc')
+        self.checkequalnofix(12,  'abcdefghiabc', 'rfind', '')
+        self.checkequalnofix(12, 'abcdefghiabc', 'rfind',  '')
 
     def test_index(self):
         string_tests.CommonTest.test_index(self)
         # check mixed argument types
-        for (t1, t2) in ((str, unicode), (unicode, str)):
+        for (t1, t2) in ((str, str), (str, str)):
             self.checkequalnofix(0, t1('abcdefghiabc'), 'index',  t2(''))
             self.checkequalnofix(3, t1('abcdefghiabc'), 'index',  t2('def'))
             self.checkequalnofix(0, t1('abcdefghiabc'), 'index',  t2('abc'))
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
     def test_rindex(self):
         string_tests.CommonTest.test_rindex(self)
         # check mixed argument types
-        for (t1, t2) in ((str, unicode), (unicode, str)):
+        for (t1, t2) in ((str, str), (str, str)):
             self.checkequalnofix(12, t1('abcdefghiabc'), 'rindex',  t2(''))
             self.checkequalnofix(3,  t1('abcdefghiabc'), 'rindex',  t2('def'))
             self.checkequalnofix(9,  t1('abcdefghiabc'), 'rindex',  t2('abc'))
@@ -161,291 +161,291 @@
             self.assertRaises(ValueError, t1('abcdefghi').rindex,  t2('ghi'), 0, -1)
 
     def test_translate(self):
-        self.checkequalnofix(u'bbbc', u'abababc', 'translate', {ord('a'):None})
-        self.checkequalnofix(u'iiic', u'abababc', 'translate', {ord('a'):None, ord('b'):ord('i')})
-        self.checkequalnofix(u'iiix', u'abababc', 'translate', {ord('a'):None, ord('b'):ord('i'), ord('c'):u'x'})
-        self.checkequalnofix(u'<i><i><i>c', u'abababc', 'translate', {ord('a'):None, ord('b'):u'<i>'})
-        self.checkequalnofix(u'c', u'abababc', 'translate', {ord('a'):None, ord('b'):u''})
-        self.checkequalnofix(u'xyyx', u'xzx', 'translate', {ord('z'):u'yy'})
+        self.checkequalnofix('bbbc', 'abababc', 'translate', {ord('a'):None})
+        self.checkequalnofix('iiic', 'abababc', 'translate', {ord('a'):None, ord('b'):ord('i')})
+        self.checkequalnofix('iiix', 'abababc', 'translate', {ord('a'):None, ord('b'):ord('i'), ord('c'):'x'})
+        self.checkequalnofix('<i><i><i>c', 'abababc', 'translate', {ord('a'):None, ord('b'):'<i>'})
+        self.checkequalnofix('c', 'abababc', 'translate', {ord('a'):None, ord('b'):''})
+        self.checkequalnofix('xyyx', 'xzx', 'translate', {ord('z'):'yy'})
 
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, u'hello'.translate)
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, u'abababc'.translate, {ord('a'):''})
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, 'hello'.translate)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, 'abababc'.translate, {ord('a'):''})
 
     def test_split(self):
         string_tests.CommonTest.test_split(self)
 
         # Mixed arguments
-        self.checkequalnofix([u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'], u'a//b//c//d', 'split', '//')
-        self.checkequalnofix([u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'], 'a//b//c//d', 'split', u'//')
-        self.checkequalnofix([u'endcase ', u''], u'endcase test', 'split', 'test')
+        self.checkequalnofix(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a//b//c//d', 'split', '//')
+        self.checkequalnofix(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a//b//c//d', 'split', '//')
+        self.checkequalnofix(['endcase ', ''], 'endcase test', 'split', 'test')
 
     def test_join(self):
         string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest.test_join(self)
 
         # mixed arguments
-        self.checkequalnofix(u'a b c d', u' ', 'join', ['a', 'b', u'c', u'd'])
-        self.checkequalnofix(u'abcd', u'', 'join', (u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'))
-        self.checkequalnofix(u'w x y z', u' ', 'join', string_tests.Sequence('wxyz'))
-        self.checkequalnofix(u'a b c d', ' ', 'join', [u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'])
-        self.checkequalnofix(u'a b c d', ' ', 'join', ['a', 'b', u'c', u'd'])
-        self.checkequalnofix(u'abcd', '', 'join', (u'a', u'b', u'c', u'd'))
-        self.checkequalnofix(u'w x y z', ' ', 'join', string_tests.Sequence(u'wxyz'))
+        self.checkequalnofix('a b c d', ' ', 'join', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+        self.checkequalnofix('abcd', '', 'join', ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'))
+        self.checkequalnofix('w x y z', ' ', 'join', string_tests.Sequence('wxyz'))
+        self.checkequalnofix('a b c d', ' ', 'join', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+        self.checkequalnofix('a b c d', ' ', 'join', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+        self.checkequalnofix('abcd', '', 'join', ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'))
+        self.checkequalnofix('w x y z', ' ', 'join', string_tests.Sequence('wxyz'))
 
     def test_strip(self):
         string_tests.CommonTest.test_strip(self)
-        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, u"hello".strip, "\xff")
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, "hello".strip, "\xff")
 
     def test_replace(self):
         string_tests.CommonTest.test_replace(self)
 
         # method call forwarded from str implementation because of unicode argument
-        self.checkequalnofix(u'one@two!three!', 'one!two!three!', 'replace', u'!', u'@', 1)
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, 'replace'.replace, u"r", 42)
+        self.checkequalnofix('one@two!three!', 'one!two!three!', 'replace', '!', '@', 1)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, 'replace'.replace, "r", 42)
 
     def test_comparison(self):
         # Comparisons:
-        self.assertEqual(u'abc', 'abc')
-        self.assertEqual('abc', u'abc')
-        self.assertEqual(u'abc', u'abc')
-        self.assert_(u'abcd' > 'abc')
-        self.assert_('abcd' > u'abc')
-        self.assert_(u'abcd' > u'abc')
-        self.assert_(u'abc' < 'abcd')
-        self.assert_('abc' < u'abcd')
-        self.assert_(u'abc' < u'abcd')
+        self.assertEqual('abc', 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual('abc', 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual('abc', 'abc')
+        self.assert_('abcd' > 'abc')
+        self.assert_('abcd' > 'abc')
+        self.assert_('abcd' > 'abc')
+        self.assert_('abc' < 'abcd')
+        self.assert_('abc' < 'abcd')
+        self.assert_('abc' < 'abcd')
 
         if 0:
             # Move these tests to a Unicode collation module test...
             # Testing UTF-16 code point order comparisons...
 
             # No surrogates, no fixup required.
-            self.assert_(u'\u0061' < u'\u20ac')
+            self.assert_('\u0061' < '\u20ac')
             # Non surrogate below surrogate value, no fixup required
-            self.assert_(u'\u0061' < u'\ud800\udc02')
+            self.assert_('\u0061' < '\ud800\udc02')
 
             # Non surrogate above surrogate value, fixup required
             def test_lecmp(s, s2):
                 self.assert_(s < s2)
 
             def test_fixup(s):
-                s2 = u'\ud800\udc01'
+                s2 = '\ud800\udc01'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\ud900\udc01'
+                s2 = '\ud900\udc01'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\uda00\udc01'
+                s2 = '\uda00\udc01'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\udb00\udc01'
+                s2 = '\udb00\udc01'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\ud800\udd01'
+                s2 = '\ud800\udd01'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\ud900\udd01'
+                s2 = '\ud900\udd01'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\uda00\udd01'
+                s2 = '\uda00\udd01'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\udb00\udd01'
+                s2 = '\udb00\udd01'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\ud800\ude01'
+                s2 = '\ud800\ude01'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\ud900\ude01'
+                s2 = '\ud900\ude01'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\uda00\ude01'
+                s2 = '\uda00\ude01'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\udb00\ude01'
+                s2 = '\udb00\ude01'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\ud800\udfff'
+                s2 = '\ud800\udfff'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\ud900\udfff'
+                s2 = '\ud900\udfff'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\uda00\udfff'
+                s2 = '\uda00\udfff'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
-                s2 = u'\udb00\udfff'
+                s2 = '\udb00\udfff'
                 test_lecmp(s, s2)
 
-                test_fixup(u'\ue000')
-                test_fixup(u'\uff61')
+                test_fixup('\ue000')
+                test_fixup('\uff61')
 
         # Surrogates on both sides, no fixup required
-        self.assert_(u'\ud800\udc02' < u'\ud84d\udc56')
+        self.assert_('\ud800\udc02' < '\ud84d\udc56')
 
     def test_islower(self):
         string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest.test_islower(self)
-        self.checkequalnofix(False, u'\u1FFc', 'islower')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '\u1FFc', 'islower')
 
     def test_isupper(self):
         string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest.test_isupper(self)
         if not sys.platform.startswith('java'):
-            self.checkequalnofix(False, u'\u1FFc', 'isupper')
+            self.checkequalnofix(False, '\u1FFc', 'isupper')
 
     def test_istitle(self):
         string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest.test_title(self)
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'\u1FFc', 'istitle')
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'Greek \u1FFcitlecases ...', 'istitle')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u1FFc', 'istitle')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, 'Greek \u1FFcitlecases ...', 'istitle')
 
     def test_isspace(self):
         string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest.test_isspace(self)
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'\u2000', 'isspace')
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'\u200a', 'isspace')
-        self.checkequalnofix(False, u'\u2014', 'isspace')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u2000', 'isspace')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u200a', 'isspace')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '\u2014', 'isspace')
 
     def test_isalpha(self):
         string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest.test_isalpha(self)
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'\u1FFc', 'isalpha')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u1FFc', 'isalpha')
 
     def test_isdecimal(self):
-        self.checkequalnofix(False, u'', 'isdecimal')
-        self.checkequalnofix(False, u'a', 'isdecimal')
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'0', 'isdecimal')
-        self.checkequalnofix(False, u'\u2460', 'isdecimal') # CIRCLED DIGIT ONE
-        self.checkequalnofix(False, u'\xbc', 'isdecimal') # VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'\u0660', 'isdecimal') # ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'0123456789', 'isdecimal')
-        self.checkequalnofix(False, u'0123456789a', 'isdecimal')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '', 'isdecimal')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, 'a', 'isdecimal')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '0', 'isdecimal')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '\u2460', 'isdecimal') # CIRCLED DIGIT ONE
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '\xbc', 'isdecimal') # VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u0660', 'isdecimal') # ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '0123456789', 'isdecimal')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '0123456789a', 'isdecimal')
 
         self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', 'isdecimal', 42)
 
     def test_isdigit(self):
         string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest.test_isdigit(self)
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'\u2460', 'isdigit')
-        self.checkequalnofix(False, u'\xbc', 'isdigit')
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'\u0660', 'isdigit')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u2460', 'isdigit')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '\xbc', 'isdigit')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u0660', 'isdigit')
 
     def test_isnumeric(self):
-        self.checkequalnofix(False, u'', 'isnumeric')
-        self.checkequalnofix(False, u'a', 'isnumeric')
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'0', 'isnumeric')
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'\u2460', 'isnumeric')
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'\xbc', 'isnumeric')
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'\u0660', 'isnumeric')
-        self.checkequalnofix(True, u'0123456789', 'isnumeric')
-        self.checkequalnofix(False, u'0123456789a', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, 'a', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '0', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u2460', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\xbc', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u0660', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '0123456789', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '0123456789a', 'isnumeric')
 
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, u"abc".isnumeric, 42)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "abc".isnumeric, 42)
 
     def test_contains(self):
         # Testing Unicode contains method
-        self.assert_('a' in u'abdb')
-        self.assert_('a' in u'bdab')
-        self.assert_('a' in u'bdaba')
-        self.assert_('a' in u'bdba')
-        self.assert_('a' in u'bdba')
-        self.assert_(u'a' in u'bdba')
-        self.assert_(u'a' not in u'bdb')
-        self.assert_(u'a' not in 'bdb')
-        self.assert_(u'a' in 'bdba')
-        self.assert_(u'a' in ('a',1,None))
-        self.assert_(u'a' in (1,None,'a'))
-        self.assert_(u'a' in (1,None,u'a'))
+        self.assert_('a' in 'abdb')
+        self.assert_('a' in 'bdab')
+        self.assert_('a' in 'bdaba')
+        self.assert_('a' in 'bdba')
+        self.assert_('a' in 'bdba')
+        self.assert_('a' in 'bdba')
+        self.assert_('a' not in 'bdb')
+        self.assert_('a' not in 'bdb')
+        self.assert_('a' in 'bdba')
         self.assert_('a' in ('a',1,None))
         self.assert_('a' in (1,None,'a'))
-        self.assert_('a' in (1,None,u'a'))
-        self.assert_('a' not in ('x',1,u'y'))
+        self.assert_('a' in (1,None,'a'))
+        self.assert_('a' in ('a',1,None))
+        self.assert_('a' in (1,None,'a'))
+        self.assert_('a' in (1,None,'a'))
+        self.assert_('a' not in ('x',1,'y'))
         self.assert_('a' not in ('x',1,None))
-        self.assert_(u'abcd' not in u'abcxxxx')
-        self.assert_(u'ab' in u'abcd')
-        self.assert_('ab' in u'abc')
-        self.assert_(u'ab' in 'abc')
-        self.assert_(u'ab' in (1,None,u'ab'))
-        self.assert_(u'' in u'abc')
-        self.assert_('' in u'abc')
+        self.assert_('abcd' not in 'abcxxxx')
+        self.assert_('ab' in 'abcd')
+        self.assert_('ab' in 'abc')
+        self.assert_('ab' in 'abc')
+        self.assert_('ab' in (1,None,'ab'))
+        self.assert_('' in 'abc')
+        self.assert_('' in 'abc')
 
         # If the following fails either
         # the contains operator does not propagate UnicodeErrors or
         # someone has changed the default encoding
-        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, 'g\xe2teau'.__contains__, u'\xe2')
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, 'g\xe2teau'.__contains__, '\xe2')
 
-        self.assert_(u'' in '')
-        self.assert_('' in u'')
-        self.assert_(u'' in u'')
-        self.assert_(u'' in 'abc')
-        self.assert_('' in u'abc')
-        self.assert_(u'' in u'abc')
-        self.assert_(u'\0' not in 'abc')
-        self.assert_('\0' not in u'abc')
-        self.assert_(u'\0' not in u'abc')
-        self.assert_(u'\0' in '\0abc')
-        self.assert_('\0' in u'\0abc')
-        self.assert_(u'\0' in u'\0abc')
-        self.assert_(u'\0' in 'abc\0')
-        self.assert_('\0' in u'abc\0')
-        self.assert_(u'\0' in u'abc\0')
-        self.assert_(u'a' in '\0abc')
-        self.assert_('a' in u'\0abc')
-        self.assert_(u'a' in u'\0abc')
-        self.assert_(u'asdf' in 'asdf')
-        self.assert_('asdf' in u'asdf')
-        self.assert_(u'asdf' in u'asdf')
-        self.assert_(u'asdf' not in 'asd')
-        self.assert_('asdf' not in u'asd')
-        self.assert_(u'asdf' not in u'asd')
-        self.assert_(u'asdf' not in '')
-        self.assert_('asdf' not in u'')
-        self.assert_(u'asdf' not in u'')
+        self.assert_('' in '')
+        self.assert_('' in '')
+        self.assert_('' in '')
+        self.assert_('' in 'abc')
+        self.assert_('' in 'abc')
+        self.assert_('' in 'abc')
+        self.assert_('\0' not in 'abc')
+        self.assert_('\0' not in 'abc')
+        self.assert_('\0' not in 'abc')
+        self.assert_('\0' in '\0abc')
+        self.assert_('\0' in '\0abc')
+        self.assert_('\0' in '\0abc')
+        self.assert_('\0' in 'abc\0')
+        self.assert_('\0' in 'abc\0')
+        self.assert_('\0' in 'abc\0')
+        self.assert_('a' in '\0abc')
+        self.assert_('a' in '\0abc')
+        self.assert_('a' in '\0abc')
+        self.assert_('asdf' in 'asdf')
+        self.assert_('asdf' in 'asdf')
+        self.assert_('asdf' in 'asdf')
+        self.assert_('asdf' not in 'asd')
+        self.assert_('asdf' not in 'asd')
+        self.assert_('asdf' not in 'asd')
+        self.assert_('asdf' not in '')
+        self.assert_('asdf' not in '')
+        self.assert_('asdf' not in '')
 
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, u"abc".__contains__)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "abc".__contains__)
 
     def test_formatting(self):
         string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest.test_formatting(self)
         # Testing Unicode formatting strings...
-        self.assertEqual(u"%s, %s" % (u"abc", "abc"), u'abc, abc')
-        self.assertEqual(u"%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % (u"abc", "abc", 1, 2, 3), u'abc, abc, 1, 2.000000,  3.00')
-        self.assertEqual(u"%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % (u"abc", "abc", 1, -2, 3), u'abc, abc, 1, -2.000000,  3.00')
-        self.assertEqual(u"%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % (u"abc", "abc", -1, -2, 3.5), u'abc, abc, -1, -2.000000,  3.50')
-        self.assertEqual(u"%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % (u"abc", "abc", -1, -2, 3.57), u'abc, abc, -1, -2.000000,  3.57')
-        self.assertEqual(u"%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % (u"abc", "abc", -1, -2, 1003.57), u'abc, abc, -1, -2.000000, 1003.57')
+        self.assertEqual("%s, %s" % ("abc", "abc"), 'abc, abc')
+        self.assertEqual("%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % ("abc", "abc", 1, 2, 3), 'abc, abc, 1, 2.000000,  3.00')
+        self.assertEqual("%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % ("abc", "abc", 1, -2, 3), 'abc, abc, 1, -2.000000,  3.00')
+        self.assertEqual("%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % ("abc", "abc", -1, -2, 3.5), 'abc, abc, -1, -2.000000,  3.50')
+        self.assertEqual("%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % ("abc", "abc", -1, -2, 3.57), 'abc, abc, -1, -2.000000,  3.57')
+        self.assertEqual("%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % ("abc", "abc", -1, -2, 1003.57), 'abc, abc, -1, -2.000000, 1003.57')
         if not sys.platform.startswith('java'):
-            self.assertEqual(u"%r, %r" % (u"abc", "abc"), u"u'abc', 'abc'")
-        self.assertEqual(u"%(x)s, %(y)s" % {'x':u"abc", 'y':"def"}, u'abc, def')
-        self.assertEqual(u"%(x)s, %(\xfc)s" % {'x':u"abc", u'\xfc':"def"}, u'abc, def')
+            self.assertEqual("%r, %r" % ("abc", "abc"), "u'abc', 'abc'")
+        self.assertEqual("%(x)s, %(y)s" % {'x':"abc", 'y':"def"}, 'abc, def')
+        self.assertEqual("%(x)s, %(\xfc)s" % {'x':"abc", '\xfc':"def"}, 'abc, def')
 
-        self.assertEqual(u'%c' % 0x1234, u'\u1234')
-        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, u"%c".__mod__, (sys.maxunicode+1,))
+        self.assertEqual('%c' % 0x1234, '\u1234')
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, "%c".__mod__, (sys.maxunicode+1,))
 
         # formatting jobs delegated from the string implementation:
-        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':u"abc"}, u'...abc...')
         self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':"abc"}, '...abc...')
-        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {u'foo':"abc"}, '...abc...')
-        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {u'foo':u"abc"}, u'...abc...')
-        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {u'foo':u"abc",'def':123},  u'...abc...')
-        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {u'foo':u"abc",u'def':123}, u'...abc...')
-        self.assertEqual('...%s...%s...%s...%s...' % (1,2,3,u"abc"), u'...1...2...3...abc...')
-        self.assertEqual('...%%...%%s...%s...%s...%s...%s...' % (1,2,3,u"abc"), u'...%...%s...1...2...3...abc...')
-        self.assertEqual('...%s...' % u"abc", u'...abc...')
-        self.assertEqual('%*s' % (5,u'abc',), u'  abc')
-        self.assertEqual('%*s' % (-5,u'abc',), u'abc  ')
-        self.assertEqual('%*.*s' % (5,2,u'abc',), u'   ab')
-        self.assertEqual('%*.*s' % (5,3,u'abc',), u'  abc')
-        self.assertEqual('%i %*.*s' % (10, 5,3,u'abc',), u'10   abc')
-        self.assertEqual('%i%s %*.*s' % (10, 3, 5, 3, u'abc',), u'103   abc')
-        self.assertEqual('%c' % u'a', u'a')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':"abc"}, '...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':"abc"}, '...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':"abc"}, '...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':"abc",'def':123},  '...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':"abc",'def':123}, '...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%s...%s...%s...%s...' % (1,2,3,"abc"), '...1...2...3...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%%...%%s...%s...%s...%s...%s...' % (1,2,3,"abc"), '...%...%s...1...2...3...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%s...' % "abc", '...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('%*s' % (5,'abc',), '  abc')
+        self.assertEqual('%*s' % (-5,'abc',), 'abc  ')
+        self.assertEqual('%*.*s' % (5,2,'abc',), '   ab')
+        self.assertEqual('%*.*s' % (5,3,'abc',), '  abc')
+        self.assertEqual('%i %*.*s' % (10, 5,3,'abc',), '10   abc')
+        self.assertEqual('%i%s %*.*s' % (10, 3, 5, 3, 'abc',), '103   abc')
+        self.assertEqual('%c' % 'a', 'a')
         class Wrapper:
             def __str__(self):
-                return u'\u1234'
-        self.assertEqual('%s' % Wrapper(), u'\u1234')
+                return '\u1234'
+        self.assertEqual('%s' % Wrapper(), '\u1234')
 
     @test_support.run_with_locale('LC_ALL', 'de_DE', 'fr_FR')
     def test_format_float(self):
         # should not format with a comma, but always with C locale
-        self.assertEqual(u'1.0', u'%.1f' % 1.0)
+        self.assertEqual('1.0', '%.1f' % 1.0)
 
     def test_constructor(self):
         # unicode(obj) tests (this maps to PyObject_Unicode() at C level)
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            unicode(u'unicode remains unicode'),
-            u'unicode remains unicode'
+            str('unicode remains unicode'),
+            'unicode remains unicode'
         )
 
-        class UnicodeSubclass(unicode):
+        class UnicodeSubclass(str):
             pass
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            unicode(UnicodeSubclass('unicode subclass becomes unicode')),
-            u'unicode subclass becomes unicode'
+            str(UnicodeSubclass('unicode subclass becomes unicode')),
+            'unicode subclass becomes unicode'
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            unicode('strings are converted to unicode'),
-            u'strings are converted to unicode'
+            str('strings are converted to unicode'),
+            'strings are converted to unicode'
         )
 
         class UnicodeCompat:
@@ -455,8 +455,8 @@
                 return self.x
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            unicode(UnicodeCompat('__unicode__ compatible objects are recognized')),
-            u'__unicode__ compatible objects are recognized')
+            str(UnicodeCompat('__unicode__ compatible objects are recognized')),
+            '__unicode__ compatible objects are recognized')
 
         class StringCompat:
             def __init__(self, x):
@@ -465,26 +465,26 @@
                 return self.x
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            unicode(StringCompat('__str__ compatible objects are recognized')),
-            u'__str__ compatible objects are recognized'
+            str(StringCompat('__str__ compatible objects are recognized')),
+            '__str__ compatible objects are recognized'
         )
 
         # unicode(obj) is compatible to str():
 
         o = StringCompat('unicode(obj) is compatible to str()')
-        self.assertEqual(unicode(o), u'unicode(obj) is compatible to str()')
+        self.assertEqual(str(o), 'unicode(obj) is compatible to str()')
         self.assertEqual(str(o), 'unicode(obj) is compatible to str()')
 
         # %-formatting and .__unicode__()
-        self.assertEqual(u'%s' %
-                         UnicodeCompat(u"u'%s' % obj uses obj.__unicode__()"),
-                         u"u'%s' % obj uses obj.__unicode__()")
-        self.assertEqual(u'%s' %
-                         UnicodeCompat(u"u'%s' % obj falls back to obj.__str__()"),
-                         u"u'%s' % obj falls back to obj.__str__()")
+        self.assertEqual('%s' %
+                         UnicodeCompat("u'%s' % obj uses obj.__unicode__()"),
+                         "u'%s' % obj uses obj.__unicode__()")
+        self.assertEqual('%s' %
+                         UnicodeCompat("u'%s' % obj falls back to obj.__str__()"),
+                         "u'%s' % obj falls back to obj.__str__()")
 
         for obj in (123, 123.45, 123):
-            self.assertEqual(unicode(obj), unicode(str(obj)))
+            self.assertEqual(str(obj), str(str(obj)))
 
         # unicode(obj, encoding, error) tests (this maps to
         # PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject() at C level)
@@ -492,71 +492,71 @@
         if not sys.platform.startswith('java'):
             self.assertRaises(
                 TypeError,
-                unicode,
-                u'decoding unicode is not supported',
+                str,
+                'decoding unicode is not supported',
                 'utf-8',
                 'strict'
             )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            unicode('strings are decoded to unicode', 'utf-8', 'strict'),
-            u'strings are decoded to unicode'
+            str('strings are decoded to unicode', 'utf-8', 'strict'),
+            'strings are decoded to unicode'
         )
 
         if not sys.platform.startswith('java'):
             self.assertEqual(
-                unicode(
+                str(
                     buffer('character buffers are decoded to unicode'),
                     'utf-8',
                     'strict'
                 ),
-                u'character buffers are decoded to unicode'
+                'character buffers are decoded to unicode'
             )
 
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, unicode, 42, 42, 42)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, str, 42, 42, 42)
 
     def test_codecs_utf7(self):
         utfTests = [
-            (u'A\u2262\u0391.', 'A+ImIDkQ.'),             # RFC2152 example
-            (u'Hi Mom -\u263a-!', 'Hi Mom -+Jjo--!'),     # RFC2152 example
-            (u'\u65E5\u672C\u8A9E', '+ZeVnLIqe-'),        # RFC2152 example
-            (u'Item 3 is \u00a31.', 'Item 3 is +AKM-1.'), # RFC2152 example
-            (u'+', '+-'),
-            (u'+-', '+--'),
-            (u'+?', '+-?'),
-            (u'\?', '+AFw?'),
-            (u'+?', '+-?'),
-            (ur'\\?', '+AFwAXA?'),
-            (ur'\\\?', '+AFwAXABc?'),
-            (ur'++--', '+-+---')
+            ('A\u2262\u0391.', 'A+ImIDkQ.'),             # RFC2152 example
+            ('Hi Mom -\u263a-!', 'Hi Mom -+Jjo--!'),     # RFC2152 example
+            ('\u65E5\u672C\u8A9E', '+ZeVnLIqe-'),        # RFC2152 example
+            ('Item 3 is \u00a31.', 'Item 3 is +AKM-1.'), # RFC2152 example
+            ('+', '+-'),
+            ('+-', '+--'),
+            ('+?', '+-?'),
+            ('\?', '+AFw?'),
+            ('+?', '+-?'),
+            (r'\\?', '+AFwAXA?'),
+            (r'\\\?', '+AFwAXABc?'),
+            (r'++--', '+-+---')
         ]
 
         for (x, y) in utfTests:
             self.assertEqual(x.encode('utf-7'), y)
 
         # surrogates not supported
-        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, unicode, '+3ADYAA-', 'utf-7')
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, str, '+3ADYAA-', 'utf-7')
 
-        self.assertEqual(unicode('+3ADYAA-', 'utf-7', 'replace'), u'\ufffd')
+        self.assertEqual(str('+3ADYAA-', 'utf-7', 'replace'), '\ufffd')
 
     def test_codecs_utf8(self):
-        self.assertEqual(u''.encode('utf-8'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(u'\u20ac'.encode('utf-8'), '\xe2\x82\xac')
-        self.assertEqual(u'\ud800\udc02'.encode('utf-8'), '\xf0\x90\x80\x82')
-        self.assertEqual(u'\ud84d\udc56'.encode('utf-8'), '\xf0\xa3\x91\x96')
-        self.assertEqual(u'\ud800'.encode('utf-8'), '\xed\xa0\x80')
-        self.assertEqual(u'\udc00'.encode('utf-8'), '\xed\xb0\x80')
+        self.assertEqual(''.encode('utf-8'), '')
+        self.assertEqual('\u20ac'.encode('utf-8'), '\xe2\x82\xac')
+        self.assertEqual('\ud800\udc02'.encode('utf-8'), '\xf0\x90\x80\x82')
+        self.assertEqual('\ud84d\udc56'.encode('utf-8'), '\xf0\xa3\x91\x96')
+        self.assertEqual('\ud800'.encode('utf-8'), '\xed\xa0\x80')
+        self.assertEqual('\udc00'.encode('utf-8'), '\xed\xb0\x80')
         self.assertEqual(
-            (u'\ud800\udc02'*1000).encode('utf-8'),
+            ('\ud800\udc02'*1000).encode('utf-8'),
             '\xf0\x90\x80\x82'*1000
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            u'\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u3068\u7ffb\u8a33\u306f'
-            u'\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4e00'
-            u'\u90e8\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u3067\u3059\u304c'
-            u'\u3001\u3042\u3068\u306f\u3067\u305f\u3089\u3081\u3067'
-            u'\u3059\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u300cWenn ist das'
-            u' Nunstuck git und'.encode('utf-8'),
+            '\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u3068\u7ffb\u8a33\u306f'
+            '\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4e00'
+            '\u90e8\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u3067\u3059\u304c'
+            '\u3001\u3042\u3068\u306f\u3067\u305f\u3089\u3081\u3067'
+            '\u3059\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u300cWenn ist das'
+            ' Nunstuck git und'.encode('utf-8'),
             '\xe6\xad\xa3\xe7\xa2\xba\xe3\x81\xab\xe8\xa8\x80\xe3\x81'
             '\x86\xe3\x81\xa8\xe7\xbf\xbb\xe8\xa8\xb3\xe3\x81\xaf\xe3'
             '\x81\x95\xe3\x82\x8c\xe3\x81\xa6\xe3\x81\x84\xe3\x81\xbe'
@@ -570,9 +570,9 @@
         )
 
         # UTF-8 specific decoding tests
-        self.assertEqual(unicode('\xf0\xa3\x91\x96', 'utf-8'), u'\U00023456' )
-        self.assertEqual(unicode('\xf0\x90\x80\x82', 'utf-8'), u'\U00010002' )
-        self.assertEqual(unicode('\xe2\x82\xac', 'utf-8'), u'\u20ac' )
+        self.assertEqual(str('\xf0\xa3\x91\x96', 'utf-8'), '\U00023456' )
+        self.assertEqual(str('\xf0\x90\x80\x82', 'utf-8'), '\U00010002' )
+        self.assertEqual(str('\xe2\x82\xac', 'utf-8'), '\u20ac' )
 
         # Other possible utf-8 test cases:
         # * strict decoding testing for all of the
@@ -580,55 +580,55 @@
 
     def test_codecs_idna(self):
         # Test whether trailing dot is preserved
-        self.assertEqual(u"www.python.org.".encode("idna"), "www.python.org.")
+        self.assertEqual("www.python.org.".encode("idna"), "www.python.org.")
 
     def test_codecs_errors(self):
         # Error handling (encoding)
-        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, u'Andr\202 x'.encode, 'ascii')
-        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, u'Andr\202 x'.encode, 'ascii','strict')
-        self.assertEqual(u'Andr\202 x'.encode('ascii','ignore'), "Andr x")
-        self.assertEqual(u'Andr\202 x'.encode('ascii','replace'), "Andr? x")
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, 'Andr\202 x'.encode, 'ascii')
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, 'Andr\202 x'.encode, 'ascii','strict')
+        self.assertEqual('Andr\202 x'.encode('ascii','ignore'), "Andr x")
+        self.assertEqual('Andr\202 x'.encode('ascii','replace'), "Andr? x")
 
         # Error handling (decoding)
-        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, unicode, 'Andr\202 x', 'ascii')
-        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, unicode, 'Andr\202 x', 'ascii','strict')
-        self.assertEqual(unicode('Andr\202 x','ascii','ignore'), u"Andr x")
-        self.assertEqual(unicode('Andr\202 x','ascii','replace'), u'Andr\uFFFD x')
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, str, 'Andr\202 x', 'ascii')
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, str, 'Andr\202 x', 'ascii','strict')
+        self.assertEqual(str('Andr\202 x','ascii','ignore'), "Andr x")
+        self.assertEqual(str('Andr\202 x','ascii','replace'), 'Andr\uFFFD x')
 
         # Error handling (unknown character names)
-        self.assertEqual("\\N{foo}xx".decode("unicode-escape", "ignore"), u"xx")
+        self.assertEqual("\\N{foo}xx".decode("unicode-escape", "ignore"), "xx")
 
         # Error handling (truncated escape sequence)
         self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, "\\".decode, "unicode-escape")
 
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, "hello".decode, "test.unicode1")
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, unicode, "hello", "test.unicode2")
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, u"hello".encode, "test.unicode1")
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, u"hello".encode, "test.unicode2")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, str, "hello", "test.unicode2")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "hello".encode, "test.unicode1")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "hello".encode, "test.unicode2")
         # executes PyUnicode_Encode()
         import imp
         self.assertRaises(
             ImportError,
             imp.find_module,
             "non-existing module",
-            [u"non-existing dir"]
+            ["non-existing dir"]
         )
 
         # Error handling (wrong arguments)
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, u"hello".encode, 42, 42, 42)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "hello".encode, 42, 42, 42)
 
         # Error handling (PyUnicode_EncodeDecimal())
-        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, int, u"\u0200")
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, int, "\u0200")
 
     def test_codecs(self):
         # Encoding
-        self.assertEqual(u'hello'.encode('ascii'), 'hello')
-        self.assertEqual(u'hello'.encode('utf-7'), 'hello')
-        self.assertEqual(u'hello'.encode('utf-8'), 'hello')
-        self.assertEqual(u'hello'.encode('utf8'), 'hello')
-        self.assertEqual(u'hello'.encode('utf-16-le'), 'h\000e\000l\000l\000o\000')
-        self.assertEqual(u'hello'.encode('utf-16-be'), '\000h\000e\000l\000l\000o')
-        self.assertEqual(u'hello'.encode('latin-1'), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.encode('ascii'), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.encode('utf-7'), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.encode('utf-8'), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.encode('utf8'), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.encode('utf-16-le'), 'h\000e\000l\000l\000o\000')
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.encode('utf-16-be'), '\000h\000e\000l\000l\000o')
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.encode('latin-1'), 'hello')
 
         # Roundtrip safety for BMP (just the first 1024 chars)
         for c in xrange(1024):
@@ -636,34 +636,34 @@
             for encoding in ('utf-7', 'utf-8', 'utf-16', 'utf-16-le',
                              'utf-16-be', 'raw_unicode_escape',
                              'unicode_escape', 'unicode_internal'):
-                self.assertEqual(unicode(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
+                self.assertEqual(str(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
 
         # Roundtrip safety for BMP (just the first 256 chars)
         for c in xrange(256):
             u = unichr(c)
             for encoding in ('latin-1',):
-                self.assertEqual(unicode(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
+                self.assertEqual(str(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
 
         # Roundtrip safety for BMP (just the first 128 chars)
         for c in xrange(128):
             u = unichr(c)
             for encoding in ('ascii',):
-                self.assertEqual(unicode(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
+                self.assertEqual(str(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
 
         # Roundtrip safety for non-BMP (just a few chars)
-        u = u'\U00010001\U00020002\U00030003\U00040004\U00050005'
+        u = '\U00010001\U00020002\U00030003\U00040004\U00050005'
         for encoding in ('utf-8', 'utf-16', 'utf-16-le', 'utf-16-be',
                          #'raw_unicode_escape',
                          'unicode_escape', 'unicode_internal'):
-            self.assertEqual(unicode(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
+            self.assertEqual(str(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
 
         # UTF-8 must be roundtrip safe for all UCS-2 code points
         # This excludes surrogates: in the full range, there would be
         # a surrogate pair (\udbff\udc00), which gets converted back
         # to a non-BMP character (\U0010fc00)
-        u = u''.join(map(unichr, range(0,0xd800)+range(0xe000,0x10000)))
+        u = ''.join(map(unichr, range(0,0xd800)+range(0xe000,0x10000)))
         for encoding in ('utf-8',):
-            self.assertEqual(unicode(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
+            self.assertEqual(str(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
 
     def test_codecs_charmap(self):
         # 0-127
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@
             #'cp875'
 
             ):
-            self.assertEqual(unicode(s, encoding).encode(encoding), s)
+            self.assertEqual(str(s, encoding).encode(encoding), s)
 
         # 128-255
         s = ''.join(map(chr, xrange(128, 256)))
@@ -717,14 +717,14 @@
             #'cp1006', 'cp875', 'iso8859_8',
 
             ):
-            self.assertEqual(unicode(s, encoding).encode(encoding), s)
+            self.assertEqual(str(s, encoding).encode(encoding), s)
 
     def test_concatenation(self):
-        self.assertEqual((u"abc" u"def"), u"abcdef")
-        self.assertEqual(("abc" u"def"), u"abcdef")
-        self.assertEqual((u"abc" "def"), u"abcdef")
-        self.assertEqual((u"abc" u"def" "ghi"), u"abcdefghi")
-        self.assertEqual(("abc" "def" u"ghi"), u"abcdefghi")
+        self.assertEqual(("abc" "def"), "abcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(("abc" "def"), "abcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(("abc" "def"), "abcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(("abc" "def" "ghi"), "abcdefghi")
+        self.assertEqual(("abc" "def" "ghi"), "abcdefghi")
 
     def test_printing(self):
         class BitBucket:
@@ -732,20 +732,20 @@
                 pass
 
         out = BitBucket()
-        print(u'abc', file=out)
-        print(u'abc', u'def', file=out)
-        print(u'abc', 'def', file=out)
-        print('abc', u'def', file=out)
-        print(u'abc\n', file=out)
-        print(u'abc\n', end=' ', file=out)
-        print(u'abc\n', end=' ', file=out)
-        print(u'def\n', file=out)
-        print(u'def\n', file=out)
+        print('abc', file=out)
+        print('abc', 'def', file=out)
+        print('abc', 'def', file=out)
+        print('abc', 'def', file=out)
+        print('abc\n', file=out)
+        print('abc\n', end=' ', file=out)
+        print('abc\n', end=' ', file=out)
+        print('def\n', file=out)
+        print('def\n', file=out)
 
     def test_ucs4(self):
         if sys.maxunicode == 0xFFFF:
             return
-        x = u'\U00100000'
+        x = '\U00100000'
         y = x.encode("raw-unicode-escape").decode("raw-unicode-escape")
         self.assertEqual(x, y)
 
@@ -757,11 +757,11 @@
 
         class Foo1:
             def __unicode__(self):
-                return u"foo"
+                return "foo"
 
         class Foo2(object):
             def __unicode__(self):
-                return u"foo"
+                return "foo"
 
         class Foo3(object):
             def __unicode__(self):
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@
             def __unicode__(self):
                 return "foo"
 
-        class Foo5(unicode):
+        class Foo5(str):
             def __unicode__(self):
                 return "foo"
 
@@ -780,37 +780,37 @@
                 return "foos"
 
             def __unicode__(self):
-                return u"foou"
+                return "foou"
 
-        class Foo7(unicode):
+        class Foo7(str):
             def __str__(self):
                 return "foos"
             def __unicode__(self):
-                return u"foou"
+                return "foou"
 
-        class Foo8(unicode):
+        class Foo8(str):
             def __new__(cls, content=""):
-                return unicode.__new__(cls, 2*content)
+                return str.__new__(cls, 2*content)
             def __unicode__(self):
                 return self
 
-        class Foo9(unicode):
+        class Foo9(str):
             def __str__(self):
                 return "string"
             def __unicode__(self):
                 return "not unicode"
 
-        self.assertEqual(unicode(Foo0()), u"foo")
-        self.assertEqual(unicode(Foo1()), u"foo")
-        self.assertEqual(unicode(Foo2()), u"foo")
-        self.assertEqual(unicode(Foo3()), u"foo")
-        self.assertEqual(unicode(Foo4("bar")), u"foo")
-        self.assertEqual(unicode(Foo5("bar")), u"foo")
-        self.assertEqual(unicode(Foo6("bar")), u"foou")
-        self.assertEqual(unicode(Foo7("bar")), u"foou")
-        self.assertEqual(unicode(Foo8("foo")), u"foofoo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(Foo0()), "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(Foo1()), "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(Foo2()), "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(Foo3()), "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(Foo4("bar")), "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(Foo5("bar")), "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(Foo6("bar")), "foou")
+        self.assertEqual(str(Foo7("bar")), "foou")
+        self.assertEqual(str(Foo8("foo")), "foofoo")
         self.assertEqual(str(Foo9("foo")), "string")
-        self.assertEqual(unicode(Foo9("foo")), u"not unicode")
+        self.assertEqual(str(Foo9("foo")), "not unicode")
 
     def test_unicode_repr(self):
         class s1:
@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@
 
         class s2:
             def __repr__(self):
-                return u'\\n'
+                return '\\n'
 
         self.assertEqual(repr(s1()), '\\n')
         self.assertEqual(repr(s2()), '\\n')