Lib/test/test_decimal.py

# Copyright (c) 2004 Python Software Foundation.
# All rights reserved.

# Written by Eric Price <eprice at tjhsst.edu>
#    and Facundo Batista <facundo at taniquetil.com.ar>
#    and Raymond Hettinger <python at rcn.com>
#    and Aahz (aahz at pobox.com)
#    and Tim Peters

"""
These are the test cases for the Decimal module.

There are two groups of tests, Arithmetic and Behaviour. The former test
the Decimal arithmetic using the tests provided by Mike Cowlishaw. The latter
test the pythonic behaviour according to PEP 327.

Cowlishaw's tests can be downloaded from:

   www2.hursley.ibm.com/decimal/dectest.zip

This test module can be called from command line with one parameter (Arithmetic
or Behaviour) to test each part, or without parameter to test both parts. If
you're working through IDLE, you can import this test module and call test_main()
with the corresponding argument.
"""

import glob
import math
import os, sys
import pickle, copy
import unittest
from decimal import *
import numbers
from test.test_support import (run_unittest, run_doctest, is_resource_enabled)
import random
try:
    import threading
except ImportError:
    threading = None

# Useful Test Constant
Signals = getcontext().flags.keys()

# Tests are built around these assumed context defaults.
# test_main() restores the original context.
def init():
    global ORIGINAL_CONTEXT
    ORIGINAL_CONTEXT = getcontext().copy()
    DefaultTestContext = Context(
        prec = 9,
        rounding = ROUND_HALF_EVEN,
        traps = dict.fromkeys(Signals, 0)
        )
    setcontext(DefaultTestContext)

TESTDATADIR = 'decimaltestdata'
if __name__ == '__main__':
    file = sys.argv[0]
else:
    file = __file__
testdir = os.path.dirname(file) or os.curdir
directory = testdir + os.sep + TESTDATADIR + os.sep

skip_expected = not os.path.isdir(directory)

# Make sure it actually raises errors when not expected and caught in flags
# Slower, since it runs some things several times.
EXTENDEDERRORTEST = False

#Map the test cases' error names to the actual errors
ErrorNames = {'clamped' : Clamped,
              'conversion_syntax' : InvalidOperation,
              'division_by_zero' : DivisionByZero,
              'division_impossible' : InvalidOperation,
              'division_undefined' : InvalidOperation,
              'inexact' : Inexact,
              'invalid_context' : InvalidOperation,
              'invalid_operation' : InvalidOperation,
              'overflow' : Overflow,
              'rounded' : Rounded,
              'subnormal' : Subnormal,
              'underflow' : Underflow}


def Nonfunction(*args):
    """Doesn't do anything."""
    return None

RoundingDict = {'ceiling' : ROUND_CEILING, #Maps test-case names to roundings.
                'down' : ROUND_DOWN,
                'floor' : ROUND_FLOOR,
                'half_down' : ROUND_HALF_DOWN,
                'half_even' : ROUND_HALF_EVEN,
                'half_up' : ROUND_HALF_UP,
                'up' : ROUND_UP,
                '05up' : ROUND_05UP}

# Name adapter to be able to change the Decimal and Context
# interface without changing the test files from Cowlishaw
nameAdapter = {'and':'logical_and',
               'apply':'_apply',
               'class':'number_class',
               'comparesig':'compare_signal',
               'comparetotal':'compare_total',
               'comparetotmag':'compare_total_mag',
               'copy':'copy_decimal',
               'copyabs':'copy_abs',
               'copynegate':'copy_negate',
               'copysign':'copy_sign',
               'divideint':'divide_int',
               'invert':'logical_invert',
               'iscanonical':'is_canonical',
               'isfinite':'is_finite',
               'isinfinite':'is_infinite',
               'isnan':'is_nan',
               'isnormal':'is_normal',
               'isqnan':'is_qnan',
               'issigned':'is_signed',
               'issnan':'is_snan',
               'issubnormal':'is_subnormal',
               'iszero':'is_zero',
               'maxmag':'max_mag',
               'minmag':'min_mag',
               'nextminus':'next_minus',
               'nextplus':'next_plus',
               'nexttoward':'next_toward',
               'or':'logical_or',
               'reduce':'normalize',
               'remaindernear':'remainder_near',
               'samequantum':'same_quantum',
               'squareroot':'sqrt',
               'toeng':'to_eng_string',
               'tointegral':'to_integral_value',
               'tointegralx':'to_integral_exact',
               'tosci':'to_sci_string',
               'xor':'logical_xor',
              }

# The following functions return True/False rather than a Decimal instance

LOGICAL_FUNCTIONS = (
    'is_canonical',
    'is_finite',
    'is_infinite',
    'is_nan',
    'is_normal',
    'is_qnan',
    'is_signed',
    'is_snan',
    'is_subnormal',
    'is_zero',
    'same_quantum',
    )

# For some operations (currently exp, ln, log10, power), the decNumber
# reference implementation imposes additional restrictions on the
# context and operands.  These restrictions are not part of the
# specification; however, the effect of these restrictions does show
# up in some of the testcases.  We skip testcases that violate these
# restrictions, since Decimal behaves differently from decNumber for
# these testcases so these testcases would otherwise fail.

decNumberRestricted = ('power', 'ln', 'log10', 'exp')
DEC_MAX_MATH = 999999
def outside_decNumber_bounds(v, context):
    if (context.prec > DEC_MAX_MATH or
        context.Emax > DEC_MAX_MATH or
        -context.Emin > DEC_MAX_MATH):
        return True
    if not v._is_special and v and (
        v.adjusted() > DEC_MAX_MATH or
        v.adjusted() < 1-2*DEC_MAX_MATH):
        return True
    return False

class DecimalTest(unittest.TestCase):
    """Class which tests the Decimal class against the test cases.

    Changed for unittest.
    """
    def setUp(self):
        self.context = Context()
        self.ignore_list = ['#']
        # Basically, a # means return NaN InvalidOperation.
        # Different from a sNaN in trim

        self.ChangeDict = {'precision' : self.change_precision,
                      'rounding' : self.change_rounding_method,
                      'maxexponent' : self.change_max_exponent,
                      'minexponent' : self.change_min_exponent,
                      'clamp' : self.change_clamp}

    def eval_file(self, file):
        global skip_expected
        if skip_expected:
            raise unittest.SkipTest
            return
        for line in open(file).xreadlines():
            line = line.replace('\r\n', '').replace('\n', '')
            #print line
            try:
                t = self.eval_line(line)
            except DecimalException, exception:
                #Exception raised where there shoudn't have been one.
                self.fail('Exception "'+exception.__class__.__name__ + '" raised on line '+line)

        return

    def eval_line(self, s):
        if s.find(' -> ') >= 0 and s[:2] != '--' and not s.startswith('  --'):
            s = (s.split('->')[0] + '->' +
                 s.split('->')[1].split('--')[0]).strip()
        else:
            s = s.split('--')[0].strip()

        for ignore in self.ignore_list:
            if s.find(ignore) >= 0:
                #print s.split()[0], 'NotImplemented--', ignore
                return
        if not s:
            return
        elif ':' in s:
            return self.eval_directive(s)
        else:
            return self.eval_equation(s)

    def eval_directive(self, s):
        funct, value = map(lambda x: x.strip().lower(), s.split(':'))
        if funct == 'rounding':
            value = RoundingDict[value]
        else:
            try:
                value = int(value)
            except ValueError:
                pass

        funct = self.ChangeDict.get(funct, Nonfunction)
        funct(value)

    def eval_equation(self, s):
        #global DEFAULT_PRECISION
        #print DEFAULT_PRECISION

        if not TEST_ALL and random.random() < 0.90:
            return

        try:
            Sides = s.split('->')
            L = Sides[0].strip().split()
            id = L[0]
            if DEBUG:
                print "Test ", id,
            funct = L[1].lower()
            valstemp = L[2:]
            L = Sides[1].strip().split()
            ans = L[0]
            exceptions = L[1:]
        except (TypeError, AttributeError, IndexError):
            raise InvalidOperation
        def FixQuotes(val):
            val = val.replace("''", 'SingleQuote').replace('""', 'DoubleQuote')
            val = val.replace("'", '').replace('"', '')
            val = val.replace('SingleQuote', "'").replace('DoubleQuote', '"')
            return val
        fname = nameAdapter.get(funct, funct)
        if fname == 'rescale':
            return
        funct = getattr(self.context, fname)
        vals = []
        conglomerate = ''
        quote = 0
        theirexceptions = [ErrorNames[x.lower()] for x in exceptions]

        for exception in Signals:
            self.context.traps[exception] = 1 #Catch these bugs...
        for exception in theirexceptions:
            self.context.traps[exception] = 0
        for i, val in enumerate(valstemp):
            if val.count("'") % 2 == 1:
                quote = 1 - quote
            if quote:
                conglomerate = conglomerate + ' ' + val
                continue
            else:
                val = conglomerate + val
                conglomerate = ''
            v = FixQuotes(val)
            if fname in ('to_sci_string', 'to_eng_string'):
                if EXTENDEDERRORTEST:
                    for error in theirexceptions:
                        self.context.traps[error] = 1
                        try:
                            funct(self.context.create_decimal(v))
                        except error:
                            pass
                        except Signals, e:
                            self.fail("Raised %s in %s when %s disabled" % \
                                      (e, s, error))
                        else:
                            self.fail("Did not raise %s in %s" % (error, s))
                        self.context.traps[error] = 0
                v = self.context.create_decimal(v)
            else:
                v = Decimal(v, self.context)
            vals.append(v)

        ans = FixQuotes(ans)

        # skip tests that are related to bounds imposed in the decNumber
        # reference implementation
        if fname in decNumberRestricted:
            if fname == 'power':
                if not (vals[1]._isinteger() and
                        -1999999997 <= vals[1] <= 999999999):
                    if outside_decNumber_bounds(vals[0], self.context) or \
                            outside_decNumber_bounds(vals[1], self.context):
                        #print "Skipping test %s" % s
                        return
            else:
                if outside_decNumber_bounds(vals[0], self.context):
                    #print "Skipping test %s" % s
                    return


        if EXTENDEDERRORTEST and fname not in ('to_sci_string', 'to_eng_string'):
            for error in theirexceptions:
                self.context.traps[error] = 1
                try:
                    funct(*vals)
                except error:
                    pass
                except Signals, e:
                    self.fail("Raised %s in %s when %s disabled" % \
                              (e, s, error))
                else:
                    self.fail("Did not raise %s in %s" % (error, s))
                self.context.traps[error] = 0
        if DEBUG:
            print "--", self.context
        try:
            result = str(funct(*vals))
            if fname in LOGICAL_FUNCTIONS:
                result = str(int(eval(result))) # 'True', 'False' -> '1', '0'
        except Signals, error:
            self.fail("Raised %s in %s" % (error, s))
        except: #Catch any error long enough to state the test case.
            print "ERROR:", s
            raise

        myexceptions = self.getexceptions()
        self.context.clear_flags()

        myexceptions.sort()
        theirexceptions.sort()

        self.assertEqual(result, ans,
                         'Incorrect answer for ' + s + ' -- got ' + result)
        self.assertEqual(myexceptions, theirexceptions,
              'Incorrect flags set in ' + s + ' -- got ' + str(myexceptions))
        return

    def getexceptions(self):
        return [e for e in Signals if self.context.flags[e]]

    def change_precision(self, prec):
        self.context.prec = prec
    def change_rounding_method(self, rounding):
        self.context.rounding = rounding
    def change_min_exponent(self, exp):
        self.context.Emin = exp
    def change_max_exponent(self, exp):
        self.context.Emax = exp
    def change_clamp(self, clamp):
        self.context._clamp = clamp



# The following classes test the behaviour of Decimal according to PEP 327

class DecimalExplicitConstructionTest(unittest.TestCase):
    '''Unit tests for Explicit Construction cases of Decimal.'''

    def test_explicit_empty(self):
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(), Decimal("0"))

    def test_explicit_from_None(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Decimal, None)

    def test_explicit_from_int(self):

        #positive
        d = Decimal(45)
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '45')

        #very large positive
        d = Decimal(500000123)
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '500000123')

        #negative
        d = Decimal(-45)
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '-45')

        #zero
        d = Decimal(0)
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '0')

    def test_explicit_from_string(self):

        #empty
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal('')), 'NaN')

        #int
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal('45')), '45')

        #float
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal('45.34')), '45.34')

        #engineer notation
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal('45e2')), '4.5E+3')

        #just not a number
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal('ugly')), 'NaN')

        #leading and trailing whitespace permitted
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal('1.3E4 \n')), '1.3E+4')
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal('  -7.89')), '-7.89')

        #unicode strings should be permitted
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(u'0E-017')), '0E-17')
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(u'45')), '45')
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(u'-Inf')), '-Infinity')
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(u'NaN123')), 'NaN123')

    def test_explicit_from_tuples(self):

        #zero
        d = Decimal( (0, (0,), 0) )
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '0')

        #int
        d = Decimal( (1, (4, 5), 0) )
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '-45')

        #float
        d = Decimal( (0, (4, 5, 3, 4), -2) )
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '45.34')

        #weird
        d = Decimal( (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1, 3, 5, 3, 4), -25) )
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '-4.34913534E-17')

        #wrong number of items
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1)) )

        #bad sign
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (8, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1), 2) )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (0., (4, 3, 4, 9, 1), 2) )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (Decimal(1), (4, 3, 4, 9, 1), 2))

        #bad exp
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1), 'wrong!') )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1), 0.) )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1), '1') )

        #bad coefficients
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 3, 4, None, 1), 2) )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, -3, 4, 9, 1), 2) )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 10, 4, 9, 1), 2) )
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 3, 4, 'a', 1), 2) )

    def test_explicit_from_Decimal(self):

        #positive
        d = Decimal(45)
        e = Decimal(d)
        self.assertEqual(str(e), '45')
        self.assertNotEqual(id(d), id(e))

        #very large positive
        d = Decimal(500000123)
        e = Decimal(d)
        self.assertEqual(str(e), '500000123')
        self.assertNotEqual(id(d), id(e))

        #negative
        d = Decimal(-45)
        e = Decimal(d)
        self.assertEqual(str(e), '-45')
        self.assertNotEqual(id(d), id(e))

        #zero
        d = Decimal(0)
        e = Decimal(d)
        self.assertEqual(str(e), '0')
        self.assertNotEqual(id(d), id(e))

    def test_explicit_context_create_decimal(self):

        nc = copy.copy(getcontext())
        nc.prec = 3

        # empty
        d = Decimal()
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '0')
        d = nc.create_decimal()
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '0')

        # from None
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, nc.create_decimal, None)

        # from int
        d = nc.create_decimal(456)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(d, Decimal))
        self.assertEqual(nc.create_decimal(45678),
                         nc.create_decimal('457E+2'))

        # from string
        d = Decimal('456789')
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '456789')
        d = nc.create_decimal('456789')
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '4.57E+5')
        # leading and trailing whitespace should result in a NaN;
        # spaces are already checked in Cowlishaw's test-suite, so
        # here we just check that a trailing newline results in a NaN
        self.assertEqual(str(nc.create_decimal('3.14\n')), 'NaN')

        # from tuples
        d = Decimal( (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1, 3, 5, 3, 4), -25) )
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '-4.34913534E-17')
        d = nc.create_decimal( (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1, 3, 5, 3, 4), -25) )
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '-4.35E-17')

        # from Decimal
        prevdec = Decimal(500000123)
        d = Decimal(prevdec)
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '500000123')
        d = nc.create_decimal(prevdec)
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '5.00E+8')

    def test_unicode_digits(self):
        test_values = {
            u'\uff11': '1',
            u'\u0660.\u0660\u0663\u0667\u0662e-\u0663' : '0.0000372',
            u'-nan\u0c68\u0c6a\u0c66\u0c66' : '-NaN2400',
            }
        for input, expected in test_values.items():
            self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(input)), expected)


class DecimalImplicitConstructionTest(unittest.TestCase):
    '''Unit tests for Implicit Construction cases of Decimal.'''

    def test_implicit_from_None(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval, 'Decimal(5) + None', globals())

    def test_implicit_from_int(self):
        #normal
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(5) + 45), '50')
        #exceeding precision
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(5) + 123456789000, Decimal(123456789000))

    def test_implicit_from_string(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval, 'Decimal(5) + "3"', globals())

    def test_implicit_from_float(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval, 'Decimal(5) + 2.2', globals())

    def test_implicit_from_Decimal(self):
        self.assertEqual(Decimal(5) + Decimal(45), Decimal(50))

    def test_rop(self):
        # Allow other classes to be trained to interact with Decimals
        class E:
            def __divmod__(self, other):
                return 'divmod ' + str(other)
            def __rdivmod__(self, other):
                return str(other) + ' rdivmod'
            def __lt__(self, other):
                return 'lt ' + str(other)
            def __gt__(self, other):
                return 'gt ' + str(other)
            def __le__(self, other):
                return 'le ' + str(other)
            def __ge__(self, other):
                return 'ge ' + str(other)
            def __eq__(self, other):
                return 'eq ' + str(other)
            def __ne__(self, other):
                return 'ne ' + str(other)

        self.assertEqual(divmod(E(), Decimal(10)), 'divmod 10')
        self.assertEqual(divmod(Decimal(10), E()), '10 rdivmod')
        self.assertEqual(eval('Decimal(10) < E()'), 'gt 10')
        self.assertEqual(eval('Decimal(10) > E()'), 'lt 10')
        self.assertEqual(eval('Decimal(10) <= E()'), 'ge 10')
        self.assertEqual(eval('Decimal(10) >= E()'), 'le 10')
        self.assertEqual(eval('Decimal(10) == E()'), 'eq 10')
        self.assertEqual(eval('Decimal(10) != E()'), 'ne 10')

        # insert operator methods and then exercise them
        oplist = [
            ('+', '__add__', '__radd__'),
            ('-', '__sub__', '__rsub__'),
            ('*', '__mul__', '__rmul__'),
            ('%', '__mod__', '__rmod__'),
            ('//', '__floordiv__', '__rfloordiv__'),
            ('**', '__pow__', '__rpow__')
        ]
        if 1/2 == 0:
            # testing with classic division, so add __div__
            oplist.append(('/', '__div__', '__rdiv__'))
        else:
            # testing with -Qnew, so add __truediv__
            oplist.append(('/', '__truediv__', '__rtruediv__'))

        for sym, lop, rop in oplist:
            setattr(E, lop, lambda self, other: 'str' + lop + str(other))
            setattr(E, rop, lambda self, other: str(other) + rop + 'str')
            self.assertEqual(eval('E()' + sym + 'Decimal(10)'),
                             'str' + lop + '10')
            self.assertEqual(eval('Decimal(10)' + sym + 'E()'),
                             '10' + rop + 'str')


class DecimalFormatTest(unittest.TestCase):
    '''Unit tests for the format function.'''
    def test_formatting(self):
        # triples giving a format, a Decimal, and the expected result
        test_values = [
            ('e', '0E-15', '0e-15'),
            ('e', '2.3E-15', '2.3e-15'),
            ('e', '2.30E+2', '2.30e+2'), # preserve significant zeros
            ('e', '2.30000E-15', '2.30000e-15'),
            ('e', '1.23456789123456789e40', '1.23456789123456789e+40'),
            ('e', '1.5', '1.5e+0'),
            ('e', '0.15', '1.5e-1'),
            ('e', '0.015', '1.5e-2'),
            ('e', '0.0000000000015', '1.5e-12'),
            ('e', '15.0', '1.50e+1'),
            ('e', '-15', '-1.5e+1'),
            ('e', '0', '0e+0'),
            ('e', '0E1', '0e+1'),
            ('e', '0.0', '0e-1'),
            ('e', '0.00', '0e-2'),
            ('.6e', '0E-15', '0.000000e-9'),
            ('.6e', '0', '0.000000e+6'),
            ('.6e', '9.999999', '9.999999e+0'),
            ('.6e', '9.9999999', '1.000000e+1'),
            ('.6e', '-1.23e5', '-1.230000e+5'),
            ('.6e', '1.23456789e-3', '1.234568e-3'),
            ('f', '0', '0'),
            ('f', '0.0', '0.0'),
            ('f', '0E-2', '0.00'),
            ('f', '0.00E-8', '0.0000000000'),
            ('f', '0E1', '0'), # loses exponent information
            ('f', '3.2E1', '32'),
            ('f', '3.2E2', '320'),
            ('f', '3.20E2', '320'),
            ('f', '3.200E2', '320.0'),
            ('f', '3.2E-6', '0.0000032'),
            ('.6f', '0E-15', '0.000000'), # all zeros treated equally
            ('.6f', '0E1', '0.000000'),
            ('.6f', '0', '0.000000'),
            ('.0f', '0', '0'), # no decimal point
            ('.0f', '0e-2', '0'),
            ('.0f', '3.14159265', '3'),
            ('.1f', '3.14159265', '3.1'),
            ('.4f', '3.14159265', '3.1416'),
            ('.6f', '3.14159265', '3.141593'),
            ('.7f', '3.14159265', '3.1415926'), # round-half-even!
            ('.8f', '3.14159265', '3.14159265'),
            ('.9f', '3.14159265', '3.141592650'),

            ('g', '0', '0'),
            ('g', '0.0', '0.0'),
            ('g', '0E1', '0e+1'),
            ('G', '0E1', '0E+1'),
            ('g', '0E-5', '0.00000'),
            ('g', '0E-6', '0.000000'),
            ('g', '0E-7', '0e-7'),
            ('g', '-0E2', '-0e+2'),
            ('.0g', '3.14159265', '3'),  # 0 sig fig -> 1 sig fig
            ('.1g', '3.14159265', '3'),
            ('.2g', '3.14159265', '3.1'),
            ('.5g', '3.14159265', '3.1416'),
            ('.7g', '3.14159265', '3.141593'),
            ('.8g', '3.14159265', '3.1415926'), # round-half-even!
            ('.9g', '3.14159265', '3.14159265'),
            ('.10g', '3.14159265', '3.14159265'), # don't pad

            ('%', '0E1', '0%'),
            ('%', '0E0', '0%'),
            ('%', '0E-1', '0%'),
            ('%', '0E-2', '0%'),
            ('%', '0E-3', '0.0%'),
            ('%', '0E-4', '0.00%'),

            ('.3%', '0', '0.000%'), # all zeros treated equally
            ('.3%', '0E10', '0.000%'),
            ('.3%', '0E-10', '0.000%'),
            ('.3%', '2.34', '234.000%'),
            ('.3%', '1.234567', '123.457%'),
            ('.0%', '1.23', '123%'),

            ('e', 'NaN', 'NaN'),
            ('f', '-NaN123', '-NaN123'),
            ('+g', 'NaN456', '+NaN456'),
            ('.3e', 'Inf', 'Infinity'),
            ('.16f', '-Inf', '-Infinity'),
            ('.0g', '-sNaN', '-sNaN'),

            ('', '1.00', '1.00'),

            # test alignment and padding
            ('<6', '123', '123   '),
            ('>6', '123', '   123'),
            ('^6', '123', ' 123  '),
            ('=+6', '123', '+  123'),
            ('#<10', 'NaN', 'NaN#######'),
            ('#<10', '-4.3', '-4.3######'),
            ('#<+10', '0.0130', '+0.0130###'),
            ('#< 10', '0.0130', ' 0.0130###'),
            ('@>10', '-Inf', '@-Infinity'),
            ('#>5', '-Inf', '-Infinity'),
            ('?^5', '123', '?123?'),
            ('%^6', '123', '%123%%'),
            (' ^6', '-45.6', '-45.6 '),
            ('/=10', '-45.6', '-/////45.6'),
            ('/=+10', '45.6', '+/////45.6'),
            ('/= 10', '45.6', ' /////45.6'),

            # thousands separator
            (',', '1234567', '1,234,567'),
            (',', '123456', '123,456'),
            (',', '12345', '12,345'),
            (',', '1234', '1,234'),
            (',', '123', '123'),
            (',', '12', '12'),
            (',', '1', '1'),
            (',', '0', '0'),
            (',', '-1234567', '-1,234,567'),
            (',', '-123456', '-123,456'),
            ('7,', '123456', '123,456'),
            ('8,', '123456', '123,456 '),
            ('08,', '123456', '0,123,456'), # special case: extra 0 needed
            ('+08,', '123456', '+123,456'), # but not if there's a sign
            (' 08,', '123456', ' 123,456'),
            ('08,', '-123456', '-123,456'),
            ('+09,', '123456', '+0,123,456'),
            # ... with fractional part...
            ('07,', '1234.56', '1,234.56'),
            ('08,', '1234.56', '1,234.56'),
            ('09,', '1234.56', '01,234.56'),
            ('010,', '1234.56', '001,234.56'),
            ('011,', '1234.56', '0,001,234.56'),
            ('012,', '1234.56', '0,001,234.56'),
            ('08,.1f', '1234.5', '01,234.5'),
            # no thousands separators in fraction part
            (',', '1.23456789', '1.23456789'),
            (',%', '123.456789', '12,345.6789%'),
            (',e', '123456', '1.23456e+5'),
            (',E', '123456', '1.23456E+5'),

            # issue 6850
            ('a=-7.0', '0.12345', 'aaaa0.1'),
            ]
        for fmt, d, result in test_values:
            self.assertEqual(format(Decimal(d), fmt), result)

    def test_n_format(self):
        try:
            from locale import CHAR_MAX
        except ImportError:
            return

        # Set up some localeconv-like dictionaries
        en_US = {
            'decimal_point' : '.',
            'grouping' : [3, 3, 0],
            'thousands_sep': ','
            }

        fr_FR = {
            'decimal_point' : ',',
            'grouping' : [CHAR_MAX],
            'thousands_sep' : ''
            }

        ru_RU = {
            'decimal_point' : ',',
            'grouping' : [3, 3, 0],
            'thousands_sep' : ' '
            }

        crazy = {
            'decimal_point' : '&',
            'grouping' : [1, 4, 2, CHAR_MAX],
            'thousands_sep' : '-'
            }


        def get_fmt(x, locale, fmt='n'):
            return Decimal.__format__(Decimal(x), fmt, _localeconv=locale)

        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(Decimal('12.7'), en_US), '12.7')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(Decimal('12.7'), fr_FR), '12,7')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(Decimal('12.7'), ru_RU), '12,7')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(Decimal('12.7'), crazy), '1-2&7')

        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456789, en_US), '123,456,789')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456789, fr_FR), '123456789')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456789, ru_RU), '123 456 789')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(1234567890123, crazy), '123456-78-9012-3')

        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456789, en_US, '.6n'), '1.23457e+8')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456789, fr_FR, '.6n'), '1,23457e+8')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456789, ru_RU, '.6n'), '1,23457e+8')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456789, crazy, '.6n'), '1&23457e+8')

        # zero padding
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(1234, fr_FR, '03n'), '1234')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(1234, fr_FR, '04n'), '1234')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(1234, fr_FR, '05n'), '01234')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(1234, fr_FR, '06n'), '001234')

        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(12345, en_US, '05n'), '12,345')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(12345, en_US, '06n'), '12,345')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(12345, en_US, '07n'), '012,345')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(12345, en_US, '08n'), '0,012,345')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(12345, en_US, '09n'), '0,012,345')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(12345, en_US, '010n'), '00,012,345')

        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '06n'), '1-2345-6')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '07n'), '1-2345-6')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '08n'), '1-2345-6')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '09n'), '01-2345-6')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '010n'), '0-01-2345-6')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '011n'), '0-01-2345-6')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '012n'), '00-01-2345-6')
        self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '013n'), '000-01-2345-6')


class DecimalArithmeticOperatorsTest(unittest.TestCase):
    '''Unit tests for all arithmetic operators, binary and unary.'''

    def test_addition(self):

        d1 = Decimal('-11.1')
        d2 = Decimal('22.2')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertEqual(d1+d2, Decimal('11.1'))
        self.assertEqual(d2+d1, Decimal('11.1'))

        #with other type, left
        c = d1 + 5
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('-6.1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        c = 5 + d1
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('-6.1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #inline with decimal
        d1 += d2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('11.1'))

        #inline with other type
        d1 += 5
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('16.1'))

    def test_subtraction(self):

        d1 = Decimal('-11.1')
        d2 = Decimal('22.2')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertEqual(d1-d2, Decimal('-33.3'))
        self.assertEqual(d2-d1, Decimal('33.3'))

        #with other type, left
        c = d1 - 5
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('-16.1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        c = 5 - d1
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('16.1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #inline with decimal
        d1 -= d2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('-33.3'))

        #inline with other type
        d1 -= 5
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('-38.3'))

    def test_multiplication(self):

        d1 = Decimal('-5')
        d2 = Decimal('3')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertEqual(d1*d2, Decimal('-15'))
        self.assertEqual(d2*d1, Decimal('-15'))

        #with other type, left
        c = d1 * 5
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('-25'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        c = 5 * d1
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('-25'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #inline with decimal
        d1 *= d2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('-15'))

        #inline with other type
        d1 *= 5
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('-75'))

    def test_division(self):

        d1 = Decimal('-5')
        d2 = Decimal('2')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertEqual(d1/d2, Decimal('-2.5'))
        self.assertEqual(d2/d1, Decimal('-0.4'))

        #with other type, left
        c = d1 / 4
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('-1.25'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        c = 4 / d1
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('-0.8'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #inline with decimal
        d1 /= d2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('-2.5'))

        #inline with other type
        d1 /= 4
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('-0.625'))

    def test_floor_division(self):

        d1 = Decimal('5')
        d2 = Decimal('2')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertEqual(d1//d2, Decimal('2'))
        self.assertEqual(d2//d1, Decimal('0'))

        #with other type, left
        c = d1 // 4
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        c = 7 // d1
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #inline with decimal
        d1 //= d2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('2'))

        #inline with other type
        d1 //= 2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('1'))

    def test_powering(self):

        d1 = Decimal('5')
        d2 = Decimal('2')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertEqual(d1**d2, Decimal('25'))
        self.assertEqual(d2**d1, Decimal('32'))

        #with other type, left
        c = d1 ** 4
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('625'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        c = 7 ** d1
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('16807'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #inline with decimal
        d1 **= d2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('25'))

        #inline with other type
        d1 **= 4
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('390625'))

    def test_module(self):

        d1 = Decimal('5')
        d2 = Decimal('2')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertEqual(d1%d2, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(d2%d1, Decimal('2'))

        #with other type, left
        c = d1 % 4
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        c = 7 % d1
        self.assertEqual(c, Decimal('2'))
        self.assertEqual(type(c), type(d1))

        #inline with decimal
        d1 %= d2
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('1'))

        #inline with other type
        d1 %= 4
        self.assertEqual(d1, Decimal('1'))

    def test_floor_div_module(self):

        d1 = Decimal('5')
        d2 = Decimal('2')

        #two Decimals
        (p, q) = divmod(d1, d2)
        self.assertEqual(p, Decimal('2'))
        self.assertEqual(q, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(p), type(d1))
        self.assertEqual(type(q), type(d1))

        #with other type, left
        (p, q) = divmod(d1, 4)
        self.assertEqual(p, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(q, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(type(p), type(d1))
        self.assertEqual(type(q), type(d1))

        #with other type, right
        (p, q) = divmod(7, d1)
        self.assertEqual(p, Decimal('1'))
        self.assertEqual(q, Decimal('2'))
        self.assertEqual(type(p), type(d1))
        self.assertEqual(type(q), type(d1))

    def test_unary_operators(self):
        self.assertEqual(+Decimal(45), Decimal(+45))           #  +
        self.assertEqual(-Decimal(45), Decimal(-45))           #  -
        self.assertEqual(abs(Decimal(45)), abs(Decimal(-45)))  # abs

    def test_nan_comparisons(self):
        n = Decimal('NaN')
        s = Decimal('sNaN')
        i = Decimal('Inf')
        f = Decimal('2')
        for x, y in [(n, n), (n, i), (i, n), (n, f), (f, n),
                     (s, n), (n, s), (s, i), (i, s), (s, f), (f, s), (s, s)]:
            self.assertTrue(x != y)
            self.assertTrue(not (x == y))
            self.assertTrue(not (x < y))
            self.assertTrue(not (x <= y))
            self.assertTrue(not (x > y))
            self.assertTrue(not (x >= y))

# The following are two functions used to test threading in the next class

def thfunc1(cls):
    d1 = Decimal(1)
    d3 = Decimal(3)
    test1 = d1/d3
    cls.synchro.wait()
    test2 = d1/d3
    cls.finish1.set()

    cls.assertEqual(test1, Decimal('0.3333333333333333333333333333'))
    cls.assertEqual(test2, Decimal('0.3333333333333333333333333333'))
    return

def thfunc2(cls):
    d1 = Decimal(1)
    d3 = Decimal(3)
    test1 = d1/d3
    thiscontext = getcontext()
    thiscontext.prec = 18
    test2 = d1/d3
    cls.synchro.set()
    cls.finish2.set()

    cls.assertEqual(test1, Decimal('0.3333333333333333333333333333'))
    cls.assertEqual(test2, Decimal('0.333333333333333333'))
    return


class DecimalUseOfContextTest(unittest.TestCase):
    '''Unit tests for Use of Context cases in Decimal.'''

    try:
        import threading
    except ImportError:
        threading = None

    # Take care executing this test from IDLE, there's an issue in threading
    # that hangs IDLE and I couldn't find it

    def test_threading(self):
        #Test the "threading isolation" of a Context.

        self.synchro = threading.Event()
        self.finish1 = threading.Event()
        self.finish2 = threading.Event()

        th1 = threading.Thread(target=thfunc1, args=(self,))
        th2 = threading.Thread(target=thfunc2, args=(self,))

        th1.start()
        th2.start()

        self.finish1.wait()
        self.finish2.wait()
        return

    if threading is None:
        del test_threading


class DecimalUsabilityTest(unittest.TestCase):
    '''Unit tests for Usability cases of Decimal.'''

    def test_comparison_operators(self):

        da = Decimal('23.42')
        db = Decimal('23.42')
        dc = Decimal('45')

        #two Decimals
        self.assertTrue(dc > da)
        self.assertTrue(dc >= da)
        self.assertTrue(da < dc)
        self.assertTrue(da <= dc)
        self.assertTrue(da == db)
        self.assertTrue(da != dc)
        self.assertTrue(da <= db)
        self.assertTrue(da >= db)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(dc,da), 1)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(da,dc), -1)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(da,db), 0)

        #a Decimal and an int
        self.assertTrue(dc > 23)
        self.assertTrue(23 < dc)
        self.assertTrue(dc == 45)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(dc,23), 1)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(23,dc), -1)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(dc,45), 0)

        #a Decimal and uncomparable
        self.assertNotEqual(da, 'ugly')
        self.assertNotEqual(da, 32.7)
        self.assertNotEqual(da, object())
        self.assertNotEqual(da, object)

        # sortable
        a = map(Decimal, xrange(100))
        b =  a[:]
        random.shuffle(a)
        a.sort()
        self.assertEqual(a, b)

        # with None
        self.assertFalse(Decimal(1) < None)
        self.assertTrue(Decimal(1) > None)

    def test_copy_and_deepcopy_methods(self):
        d = Decimal('43.24')
        c = copy.copy(d)
        self.assertEqual(id(c), id(d))
        dc = copy.deepcopy(d)
        self.assertEqual(id(dc), id(d))

    def test_hash_method(self):
        #just that it's hashable
        hash(Decimal(23))

        test_values = [Decimal(sign*(2**m + n))
                       for m in [0, 14, 15, 16, 17, 30, 31,
                                 32, 33, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66]
                       for n in range(-10, 10)
                       for sign in [-1, 1]]
        test_values.extend([
                Decimal("-0"), # zeros
                Decimal("0.00"),
                Decimal("-0.000"),
                Decimal("0E10"),
                Decimal("-0E12"),
                Decimal("10.0"), # negative exponent
                Decimal("-23.00000"),
                Decimal("1230E100"), # positive exponent
                Decimal("-4.5678E50"),
                # a value for which hash(n) != hash(n % (2**64-1))
                # in Python pre-2.6
                Decimal(2**64 + 2**32 - 1),
                # selection of values which fail with the old (before
                # version 2.6) long.__hash__
                Decimal("1.634E100"),
                Decimal("90.697E100"),
                Decimal("188.83E100"),
                Decimal("1652.9E100"),
                Decimal("56531E100"),
                ])

        # check that hash(d) == hash(int(d)) for integral values
        for value in test_values:
            self.assertEqual(hash(value), hash(int(value)))

        #the same hash that to an int
        self.assertEqual(hash(Decimal(23)), hash(23))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hash, Decimal('NaN'))
        self.assertTrue(hash(Decimal('Inf')))
        self.assertTrue(hash(Decimal('-Inf')))

        # check that the value of the hash doesn't depend on the
        # current context (issue #1757)
        c = getcontext()
        old_precision = c.prec
        x = Decimal("123456789.1")

        c.prec = 6
        h1 = hash(x)
        c.prec = 10
        h2 = hash(x)
        c.prec = 16
        h3 = hash(x)

        self.assertEqual(h1, h2)
        self.assertEqual(h1, h3)
        c.prec = old_precision

    def test_min_and_max_methods(self):

        d1 = Decimal('15.32')
        d2 = Decimal('28.5')
        l1 = 15
        l2 = 28

        #between Decimals
        self.assertTrue(min(d1,d2) is d1)
        self.assertTrue(min(d2,d1) is d1)
        self.assertTrue(max(d1,d2) is d2)
        self.assertTrue(max(d2,d1) is d2)

        #between Decimal and long
        self.assertTrue(min(d1,l2) is d1)
        self.assertTrue(min(l2,d1) is d1)
        self.assertTrue(max(l1,d2) is d2)
        self.assertTrue(max(d2,l1) is d2)

    def test_as_nonzero(self):
        #as false
        self.assertFalse(Decimal(0))
        #as true
        self.assertTrue(Decimal('0.372'))

    def test_tostring_methods(self):
        #Test str and repr methods.

        d = Decimal('15.32')
        self.assertEqual(str(d), '15.32')               # str
        self.assertEqual(repr(d), "Decimal('15.32')")   # repr

        # result type of string methods should be str, not unicode
        unicode_inputs = [u'123.4', u'0.5E2', u'Infinity', u'sNaN',
                          u'-0.0E100', u'-NaN001', u'-Inf']

        for u in unicode_inputs:
            d = Decimal(u)
            self.assertEqual(type(str(d)), str)
            self.assertEqual(type(repr(d)), str)
            self.assertEqual(type(d.to_eng_string()), str)

    def test_tonum_methods(self):
        #Test float, int and long methods.

        d1 = Decimal('66')
        d2 = Decimal('15.32')

        #int
        self.assertEqual(int(d1), 66)
        self.assertEqual(int(d2), 15)

        #long
        self.assertEqual(long(d1), 66)
        self.assertEqual(long(d2), 15)

        #float
        self.assertEqual(float(d1), 66)
        self.assertEqual(float(d2), 15.32)

    def test_eval_round_trip(self):

        #with zero
        d = Decimal( (0, (0,), 0) )
        self.assertEqual(d, eval(repr(d)))

        #int
        d = Decimal( (1, (4, 5), 0) )
        self.assertEqual(d, eval(repr(d)))

        #float
        d = Decimal( (0, (4, 5, 3, 4), -2) )
        self.assertEqual(d, eval(repr(d)))

        #weird
        d = Decimal( (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1, 3, 5, 3, 4), -25) )
        self.assertEqual(d, eval(repr(d)))

    def test_as_tuple(self):

        #with zero
        d = Decimal(0)
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (0, (0,), 0) )

        #int
        d = Decimal(-45)
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (1, (4, 5), 0) )

        #complicated string
        d = Decimal("-4.34913534E-17")
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (1, (4, 3, 4, 9, 1, 3, 5, 3, 4), -25) )

        #inf
        d = Decimal("Infinity")
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (0, (0,), 'F') )

        #leading zeros in coefficient should be stripped
        d = Decimal( (0, (0, 0, 4, 0, 5, 3, 4), -2) )
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (0, (4, 0, 5, 3, 4), -2) )
        d = Decimal( (1, (0, 0, 0), 37) )
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (1, (0,), 37))
        d = Decimal( (1, (), 37) )
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (1, (0,), 37))

        #leading zeros in NaN diagnostic info should be stripped
        d = Decimal( (0, (0, 0, 4, 0, 5, 3, 4), 'n') )
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (0, (4, 0, 5, 3, 4), 'n') )
        d = Decimal( (1, (0, 0, 0), 'N') )
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (1, (), 'N') )
        d = Decimal( (1, (), 'n') )
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (1, (), 'n') )

        #coefficient in infinity should be ignored
        d = Decimal( (0, (4, 5, 3, 4), 'F') )
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (0, (0,), 'F'))
        d = Decimal( (1, (0, 2, 7, 1), 'F') )
        self.assertEqual(d.as_tuple(), (1, (0,), 'F'))

    def test_immutability_operations(self):
        # Do operations and check that it didn't change change internal objects.

        d1 = Decimal('-25e55')
        b1 = Decimal('-25e55')
        d2 = Decimal('33e+33')
        b2 = Decimal('33e+33')

        def checkSameDec(operation, useOther=False):
            if useOther:
                eval("d1." + operation + "(d2)")
                self.assertEqual(d1._sign, b1._sign)
                self.assertEqual(d1._int, b1._int)
                self.assertEqual(d1._exp, b1._exp)
                self.assertEqual(d2._sign, b2._sign)
                self.assertEqual(d2._int, b2._int)
                self.assertEqual(d2._exp, b2._exp)
            else:
                eval("d1." + operation + "()")
                self.assertEqual(d1._sign, b1._sign)
                self.assertEqual(d1._int, b1._int)
                self.assertEqual(d1._exp, b1._exp)
            return

        Decimal(d1)
        self.assertEqual(d1._sign, b1._sign)
        self.assertEqual(d1._int, b1._int)
        self.assertEqual(d1._exp, b1._exp)

        checkSameDec("__abs__")
        checkSameDec("__add__", True)
        checkSameDec("__div__", True)
        checkSameDec("__divmod__", True)
        checkSameDec("__eq__", True)
        checkSameDec("__ne__", True)
        checkSameDec("__le__", True)
        checkSameDec("__lt__", True)
        checkSameDec("__ge__", True)
        checkSameDec("__gt__", True)
        checkSameDec("__float__")
        checkSameDec("__floordiv__", True)
        checkSameDec("__hash__")
        checkSameDec("__int__")
        checkSameDec("__trunc__")
        checkSameDec("__long__")
        checkSameDec("__mod__", True)
        checkSameDec("__mul__", True)
        checkSameDec("__neg__")
        checkSameDec("__nonzero__")
        checkSameDec("__pos__")
        checkSameDec("__pow__", True)
        checkSameDec("__radd__", True)
        checkSameDec("__rdiv__", True)
        checkSameDec("__rdivmod__", True)
        checkSameDec("__repr__")
        checkSameDec("__rfloordiv__", True)
        checkSameDec("__rmod__", True)
        checkSameDec("__rmul__", True)
        checkSameDec("__rpow__", True)
        checkSameDec("__rsub__", True)
        checkSameDec("__str__")
        checkSameDec("__sub__", True)
        checkSameDec("__truediv__", True)
        checkSameDec("adjusted")
        checkSameDec("as_tuple")
        checkSameDec("compare", True)
        checkSameDec("max", True)
        checkSameDec("min", True)
        checkSameDec("normalize")
        checkSameDec("quantize", True)
        checkSameDec("remainder_near", True)
        checkSameDec("same_quantum", True)
        checkSameDec("sqrt")
        checkSameDec("to_eng_string")
        checkSameDec("to_integral")

    def test_subclassing(self):
        # Different behaviours when subclassing Decimal

        class MyDecimal(Decimal):
            pass

        d1 = MyDecimal(1)
        d2 = MyDecimal(2)
        d = d1 + d2
        self.assertTrue(type(d) is Decimal)

        d = d1.max(d2)
        self.assertTrue(type(d) is Decimal)

    def test_implicit_context(self):
        # Check results when context given implicitly.  (Issue 2478)
        c = getcontext()
        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(0).sqrt()),
                         str(c.sqrt(Decimal(0))))


class DecimalPythonAPItests(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_abc(self):
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(Decimal, numbers.Number))
        self.assertTrue(not issubclass(Decimal, numbers.Real))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(Decimal(0), numbers.Number))
        self.assertTrue(not isinstance(Decimal(0), numbers.Real))

    def test_pickle(self):
        d = Decimal('-3.141590000')
        p = pickle.dumps(d)
        e = pickle.loads(p)
        self.assertEqual(d, e)

    def test_int(self):
        for x in range(-250, 250):
            s = '%0.2f' % (x / 100.0)
            # should work the same as for floats
            self.assertEqual(int(Decimal(s)), int(float(s)))
            # should work the same as to_integral in the ROUND_DOWN mode
            d = Decimal(s)
            r = d.to_integral(ROUND_DOWN)
            self.assertEqual(Decimal(int(d)), r)

        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, Decimal('-nan'))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, Decimal('snan'))
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, int, Decimal('inf'))
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, int, Decimal('-inf'))

        self.assertRaises(ValueError, long, Decimal('-nan'))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, long, Decimal('snan'))
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, long, Decimal('inf'))
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, long, Decimal('-inf'))

    def test_trunc(self):
        for x in range(-250, 250):
            s = '%0.2f' % (x / 100.0)
            # should work the same as for floats
            self.assertEqual(int(Decimal(s)), int(float(s)))
            # should work the same as to_integral in the ROUND_DOWN mode
            d = Decimal(s)
            r = d.to_integral(ROUND_DOWN)
            self.assertEqual(Decimal(math.trunc(d)), r)

    def test_from_float(self):

        class  MyDecimal(Decimal):
            pass

        r = MyDecimal.from_float(0.1)
        self.assertEqual(type(r), MyDecimal)
        self.assertEqual(str(r),
                '0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625')
        bigint = 12345678901234567890123456789
        self.assertEqual(MyDecimal.from_float(bigint), MyDecimal(bigint))
        self.assertTrue(MyDecimal.from_float(float('nan')).is_qnan())
        self.assertTrue(MyDecimal.from_float(float('inf')).is_infinite())
        self.assertTrue(MyDecimal.from_float(float('-inf')).is_infinite())
        self.assertEqual(str(MyDecimal.from_float(float('nan'))),
                         str(Decimal('NaN')))
        self.assertEqual(str(MyDecimal.from_float(float('inf'))),
                         str(Decimal('Infinity')))
        self.assertEqual(str(MyDecimal.from_float(float('-inf'))),
                         str(Decimal('-Infinity')))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, MyDecimal.from_float, 'abc')
        for i in range(200):
            x = random.expovariate(0.01) * (random.random() * 2.0 - 1.0)
            self.assertEqual(x, float(MyDecimal.from_float(x))) # roundtrip

    def test_create_decimal_from_float(self):
        context = Context(prec=5, rounding=ROUND_DOWN)
        self.assertEqual(
            context.create_decimal_from_float(math.pi),
            Decimal('3.1415')
        )
        context = Context(prec=5, rounding=ROUND_UP)
        self.assertEqual(
            context.create_decimal_from_float(math.pi),
            Decimal('3.1416')
        )
        context = Context(prec=5, traps=[Inexact])
        self.assertRaises(
            Inexact,
            context.create_decimal_from_float,
            math.pi
        )
        self.assertEqual(repr(context.create_decimal_from_float(-0.0)),
                         "Decimal('-0')")
        self.assertEqual(repr(context.create_decimal_from_float(1.0)),
                         "Decimal('1')")
        self.assertEqual(repr(context.create_decimal_from_float(10)),
                         "Decimal('10')")

class ContextAPItests(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_pickle(self):
        c = Context()
        e = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(c))
        for k in vars(c):
            v1 = vars(c)[k]
            v2 = vars(e)[k]
            self.assertEqual(v1, v2)

    def test_equality_with_other_types(self):
        self.assertTrue(Decimal(10) in ['a', 1.0, Decimal(10), (1,2), {}])
        self.assertTrue(Decimal(10) not in ['a', 1.0, (1,2), {}])

    def test_copy(self):
        # All copies should be deep
        c = Context()
        d = c.copy()
        self.assertNotEqual(id(c), id(d))
        self.assertNotEqual(id(c.flags), id(d.flags))
        self.assertNotEqual(id(c.traps), id(d.traps))

class WithStatementTest(unittest.TestCase):
    # Can't do these as docstrings until Python 2.6
    # as doctest can't handle __future__ statements

    def test_localcontext(self):
        # Use a copy of the current context in the block
        orig_ctx = getcontext()
        with localcontext() as enter_ctx:
            set_ctx = getcontext()
        final_ctx = getcontext()
        self.assertTrue(orig_ctx is final_ctx, 'did not restore context correctly')
        self.assertTrue(orig_ctx is not set_ctx, 'did not copy the context')
        self.assertTrue(set_ctx is enter_ctx, '__enter__ returned wrong context')

    def test_localcontextarg(self):
        # Use a copy of the supplied context in the block
        orig_ctx = getcontext()
        new_ctx = Context(prec=42)
        with localcontext(new_ctx) as enter_ctx:
            set_ctx = getcontext()
        final_ctx = getcontext()
        self.assertTrue(orig_ctx is final_ctx, 'did not restore context correctly')
        self.assertTrue(set_ctx.prec == new_ctx.prec, 'did not set correct context')
        self.assertTrue(new_ctx is not set_ctx, 'did not copy the context')
        self.assertTrue(set_ctx is enter_ctx, '__enter__ returned wrong context')

class ContextFlags(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_flags_irrelevant(self):
        # check that the result (numeric result + flags raised) of an
        # arithmetic operation doesn't depend on the current flags

        context = Context(prec=9, Emin = -999999999, Emax = 999999999,
                    rounding=ROUND_HALF_EVEN, traps=[], flags=[])

        # operations that raise various flags, in the form (function, arglist)
        operations = [
            (context._apply, [Decimal("100E-1000000009")]),
            (context.sqrt, [Decimal(2)]),
            (context.add, [Decimal("1.23456789"), Decimal("9.87654321")]),
            (context.multiply, [Decimal("1.23456789"), Decimal("9.87654321")]),
            (context.subtract, [Decimal("1.23456789"), Decimal("9.87654321")]),
            ]

        # try various flags individually, then a whole lot at once
        flagsets = [[Inexact], [Rounded], [Underflow], [Clamped], [Subnormal],
                    [Inexact, Rounded, Underflow, Clamped, Subnormal]]

        for fn, args in operations:
            # find answer and flags raised using a clean context
            context.clear_flags()
            ans = fn(*args)
            flags = [k for k, v in context.flags.items() if v]

            for extra_flags in flagsets:
                # set flags, before calling operation
                context.clear_flags()
                for flag in extra_flags:
                    context._raise_error(flag)
                new_ans = fn(*args)

                # flags that we expect to be set after the operation
                expected_flags = list(flags)
                for flag in extra_flags:
                    if flag not in expected_flags:
                        expected_flags.append(flag)
                expected_flags.sort()

                # flags we actually got
                new_flags = [k for k,v in context.flags.items() if v]
                new_flags.sort()

                self.assertEqual(ans, new_ans,
                                 "operation produces different answers depending on flags set: " +
                                 "expected %s, got %s." % (ans, new_ans))
                self.assertEqual(new_flags, expected_flags,
                                  "operation raises different flags depending on flags set: " +
                                  "expected %s, got %s" % (expected_flags, new_flags))

def test_main(arith=False, verbose=None, todo_tests=None, debug=None):
    """ Execute the tests.

    Runs all arithmetic tests if arith is True or if the "decimal" resource
    is enabled in regrtest.py
    """

    init()
    global TEST_ALL, DEBUG
    TEST_ALL = arith or is_resource_enabled('decimal')
    DEBUG = debug

    if todo_tests is None:
        test_classes = [
            DecimalExplicitConstructionTest,
            DecimalImplicitConstructionTest,
            DecimalArithmeticOperatorsTest,
            DecimalFormatTest,
            DecimalUseOfContextTest,
            DecimalUsabilityTest,
            DecimalPythonAPItests,
            ContextAPItests,
            DecimalTest,
            WithStatementTest,
            ContextFlags
        ]
    else:
        test_classes = [DecimalTest]

    # Dynamically build custom test definition for each file in the test
    # directory and add the definitions to the DecimalTest class.  This
    # procedure insures that new files do not get skipped.
    for filename in os.listdir(directory):
        if '.decTest' not in filename or filename.startswith("."):
            continue
        head, tail = filename.split('.')
        if todo_tests is not None and head not in todo_tests:
            continue
        tester = lambda self, f=filename: self.eval_file(directory + f)
        setattr(DecimalTest, 'test_' + head, tester)
        del filename, head, tail, tester


    try:
        run_unittest(*test_classes)
        if todo_tests is None:
            import decimal as DecimalModule
            run_doctest(DecimalModule, verbose)
    finally:
        setcontext(ORIGINAL_CONTEXT)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    import optparse
    p = optparse.OptionParser("test_decimal.py [--debug] [{--skip | test1 [test2 [...]]}]")
    p.add_option('--debug', '-d', action='store_true', help='shows the test number and context before each test')
    p.add_option('--skip',  '-s', action='store_true', help='skip over 90% of the arithmetic tests')
    (opt, args) = p.parse_args()

    if opt.skip:
        test_main(arith=False, verbose=True)
    elif args:
        test_main(arith=True, verbose=True, todo_tests=args, debug=opt.debug)
    else:
        test_main(arith=True, verbose=True)