blob: eac6bcb94f67aee23ab82b93f362db0a80f03f86 [file] [log] [blame]
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +00001This is Python release 1.5.2a1
2==============================
Guido van Rossum79808261997-12-11 18:01:47 +00003
4
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +00005What's new in this release?
6---------------------------
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +00007
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +00008See the Misc/NEWS file. Nothing spectacular this time. The BeOS port
9is now integrated, courtesy Chris Herborth (see below).
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000010
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000011
12If you don't read instructions
13------------------------------
14
15Congratulations on getting this far. :-)
16
17To start building right away (on UNIX): type "./configure" in the
18current directory and when it finishes, type "make". The section
19Build Instructions below is still recommended reading. :-)
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +000020
21
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000022What is Python anyway?
23----------------------
24
25Python is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, and is
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000026often compared to Tcl, Perl, Java or Scheme. To find out more, point
27your browser to http://www.python.org/.
28
29
30A modest plug
31-------------
32
33************************************************************************
34* Without your support, I won't be able to continue to work on Python! *
35************************************************************************
36
37If you use Python, please consider joining the Python Software
38Activity (PSA). See http://www.python.org/psa/.
39
40Organizations that make heavy use of Python are especially encouraged
41to become corporate members!
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000042
43
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000044How do I learn Python?
45----------------------
46
47The official tutorial is still a good place to start (in the Doc
48directory as tut.tex; and http://www.python.org/doc/tut/tut.html).
49Aaron Watters wrote a second tutorial, that may be more accessible for
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000050some: http://www.wcmh.com/uworld/archives/95/tutorial/005.html. Both
51tutorials (as well as most other sources) assume that you already know
52how to program -- if you'd like to write "Python for Dummies", I know
53a publisher who would like to talk to you...
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000054
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +000055There are now also several books on Python. While these are still
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000056based on Python 1.3 or 1.4, the information in them is still 99%
57correct. The first two books, both first published in October 1996
58and both including a CD-ROM, form excellent companions to each other:
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000059
60 Internet Programming with Python
61 by Aaron Watters, Guido van Rossum, and James Ahlstrom
62 MIS Press/Henry Holt publishers
63 ISBN: 1-55851-484-8
64
65 Programming Python
66 by Mark Lutz
67 O'Reilly & Associates
68 ISBN: 1-56592-197-6
69
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000070If you can read German, try:
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +000071
72 Das Python-Buch
73 by Martin von Loewis and Nils Fischbeck
74 Addison-Wesley-Longman, 1997
75 ISBN: 3-8273-1110-1
76
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000077
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000078Copyright issues
79----------------
80
81Python is COPYRIGHTED but free to use for all. See the full copyright
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000082notice at the end of this file and in the file Misc/COPYRIGHT.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000083
84The Python distribution is *not* affected by the GNU Public Licence
85(GPL). There are interfaces to some GNU code but these are entirely
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000086optional and no GNU code is distributed with Python.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000087
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +000088
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +000089Build instructions
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000090==================
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +000091
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +000092Before you can build Python, you must first configure it.
93Fortunately, the configuration and build process has been streamlined
94for most Unix installations, so all you have to do is type a few
95commands, optionally edit one file, and sit back. There are some
96platforms where things are not quite as smooth; see the platform
97specific notes below. If you want to build for multiple platforms
98sharing the same source tree, see the section on VPATH below.
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +000099
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000100You start by running the script "./configure", which figures out your
101system configuration and creates several Makefiles. (It takes a
102minute or two -- please be patient!) When it's done, you are ready to
103run make. You may want to pass options to the configure script -- see
104the section below on configuration options and variables.
105
106To build Python, you normally type "make" in the toplevel directory.
107This will recursively run make in each of the subdirectories Parser,
108Objects, Python and Modules, creating a library file in each one. The
109executable of the interpreter is built in the Modules subdirectory and
110moved up here when it is built. If you want or need to, you can also
111chdir into each subdirectory in turn and run make there manually (do
112the Modules subdirectory last!).
113
114Once you have built an interpreter, see the subsections below on
115testing, configuring additional modules, and installation. If you run
116in trouble, see the next section.
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000117
Guido van Rossum0a516c91994-09-12 10:58:40 +0000118
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000119Troubleshooting
120---------------
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000121
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000122See also the platform specific notes in the next section.
123
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000124If recursive makes fail, try invoking make as "make MAKE=make".
125
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000126If you run into other trouble, see section 3 of the FAQ
127(http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
128http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for hints on what can go wrong,
129and how to fix it.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000130
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000131If you rerun the configure script with different options, remove all
132object files by running "make clean" before rebuilding. Believe it or
133not, "make clean" sometimes helps to clean up other inexplicable
134problems as well. Try it before sending in a bug report!
135
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000136If the configure script fails or doesn't seem to find things that
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000137should be there, inspect the config.log file. When you fix a
138configure problem, be sure to remove config.cache!
139
140If you get a warning for every file about the -Olimit option being no
141longer supported, you can ignore it. There's no foolproof way to know
142whether this option is needed; all I can do is test whether it is
143accepted without error. On some systems, e.g. older SGI compilers, it
144is essential for performance (specifically when compiling ceval.c,
145which has more basic blocks than the default limit of 1000). If the
146warning bothers you, edit the Makefile to remove "-Olimit 1500" from
147the OPT variable.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000148
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000149
150Platform specific notes
151-----------------------
152
Guido van Rossum0447a321995-10-08 01:22:33 +0000153(Some of these may no longer apply. If you find you can build Python
154on these platforms without the special directions mentioned here, let
155me know so I can remove them!)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000156
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000015764-bit platforms: The modules audioop, imageop and rgbimg don't work.
158 Don't try to enable them in the Modules/Setup file. They
159 contain code that is quite wordsize sensitive. (If you have a
160 fix, let me know!)
161
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000162Solaris: When using Sun's C compiler with threads, at least on Solaris
163 2.5.1, you need to add the "-mt" compiler option (the simplest
164 way is probably to specify the compiler with this option as
165 the "CC" environment variable when running the configure
166 script).
167
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000168Linux: On Linux version 1.x, once you've built Python, use it to run
169 the regen script in the Lib/linux1 directory. Apparently
170 the files as distributed don't match the system headers on
171 some Linux versions. (The "h2py" command refers to
172 Tools/scripts/h2py.py.) The modules distributed for Linux 2.x
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000173 should be okay. Shared library support now works by default
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000174 on ELF-based x86 Linux systems. (Note: when you change the
175 status of a module from static to shared, you must remove its
176 .o file or do a "make clean".)
177
Fred Drake61280911997-12-08 14:10:40 +0000178 Under RedHat Linux 5.0, if upgraded from a previous version,
179 remove the LinuxThreads packages. This is needed because
180 LinuxThreads conflicts with the new thread support provided by
181 glibc. Before running Python's configure script, use the
182 following commands as root (version numbers may differ; these
183 are from a stock 4.2 install):
184
185 % rpm -qa | grep ^linuxthread
186 linuxthreads-0.5-1
187 linuxthreads-devel-0.5-1
188 % rpm -e linuxthreads linuxthreads-devel
189
190 While Python only needs this to be done to allow thread
191 support to be included, the conflicts these packages create
192 with the new glibc may cause other packages which use threads
193 to fail as well, so their removal is a good idea regardless of
194 how you configure python.
195
196 Also under RedHat Linux 5.0, the crypt module now needs the
197 -lcrypt option. Uncomment this flag in Modules/Setup, or
198 comment out the crypt module in the same file.
199
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000200DEC Unix: When enabling threads, use --with-dec-threads, not
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000201 --with-thread. When using GCC, it is possible to get an
202 internal compiler error if optimization is used. This was
203 reported for GCC 2.7.2.3 on selectmodule.c. Manually compile
204 the affected file without optimization to solve the problem.
Guido van Rossum8eca2c21996-02-14 18:37:46 +0000205
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000206AIX: A complete overhaul of the shared library support is now in
Guido van Rossumcbfcb171997-10-20 22:57:00 +0000207 place. See Misc/AIX-NOTES for some notes on how it's done.
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000208 (The optimizer bug reported at this place in previous releases
209 has been worked around by a minimal code change.)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000210
Guido van Rossum2094e041998-05-14 15:47:35 +0000211HP-UX: Please read the file Misc/HPUX-NOTES.
212
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000213Minix: When using ack, use "CC=cc AR=aal RANLIB=: ./configure"!
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000214
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000215SCO: The following only apply to SCO 3; Python builds out of the box
216 on SCO 5 (or so I've heard).
217
218 1) Everything works much better if you add -U__STDC__ to the
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000219 defs. This is because all the SCO header files are broken.
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000220 Anything that isn't mentioned in the C standard is
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000221 conditionally excluded when __STDC__ is defined.
222
223 2) Due to the U.S. export restrictions, SCO broke the crypt
224 stuff out into a separate library, libcrypt_i.a so the LIBS
225 needed be set to:
226
227 LIBS=' -lsocket -lcrypt_i'
228
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000229SunOS 4.x: When using the standard "cc" compiler, certain modules may
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000230 not be compilable because they use non-K&R syntax. You should
231 be able to get a basic Python interpreter by commenting out
232 such modules in the Modules/Setup file, but I really recommend
233 using gcc.
234
235 When using the SunPro C compiler, you may want to use the
236 '-Xa' option instead of '-Xc', to enable some needed non-ANSI
237 Sunisms.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000238
Guido van Rossumcc55c2d1996-10-21 15:14:27 +0000239NeXT: To build fat binaries, use the --with-next-archs switch
240 described below.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000241
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000242QNX: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
243 configure works best if you use GNU bash; a port is available on
244 ftp.qnx.com in /usr/free. I used the following process to build,
245 test and install Python 1.5 under QNX:
246
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000247 1) CONFIG_SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash CC=cc RANLIB=: \
248 ./configure --verbose --without-gcc --with-libm=""
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000249
250 2) copy Modules/Setup.in to Modules/Setup; edit Modules/Setup to
251 activate everything that makes sense for your system... tested
252 here at QNX with the following modules:
253
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000254 array, audioop, binascii, cPickle, cStringIO, cmath,
255 crypt, curses, errno, fcntl, gdbm, grp, imageop,
256 _locale, math, md5, new, operator, parser, pcre,
257 posix, pwd, readline, regex, reop, rgbimg, rotor,
258 select, signal, socket, soundex, strop, struct,
259 syslog, termios, time, timing, zlib
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000260
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000261 Newly compiled/tested in 1.5.1:
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000262
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000263 audioop, imageop, rgbimgmodule
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000264
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000265 3) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash
266
267 or, if you feel the need for speed:
268
269 make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash OPT="-5 -Oil+nrt"
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000270
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000271 4) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash test
272
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000273 The socket test might fail in the test harness; going
274 through it by hand shows that they work.
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000275
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000276 A good exercise for the reader: make this work "out of the
277 box".
278
279 Using GNU readline 2.2 seems to behave strangely, but I
280 think that's a problem with my readline 2.2 port. :-\
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000281
282 5) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash install
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000283
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000284 If you get SIGSEGVs while running Python (I haven't yet, but
285 I've only run small programs and the test cases), you're
286 probably running out of stack; the default 32k could be a
287 little tight. To increase the stack size, edit the Makefile
288 in the Modules directory to read: LDFLAGS = -N 48k
Guido van Rossum40d63581997-08-14 19:45:30 +0000289
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000290BeOS: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
291 See BeOS/README for notes about compiling/installing Python on
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000292 BeOS R3 or later. Note that only the PowerPC platform is
293 supported at this time, but feel free to try building it on
294 x86.
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000295
Guido van Rossum1bf0bf41997-08-20 23:50:51 +0000296Cray T3E: Konrad Hinsen writes:
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000297 1) Don't use gcc. It compiles Python/graminit.c into something
298 that the Cray assembler doesn't like. Cray's cc seems to work
299 fine.
300 2) Uncomment modules md5 (won't compile) and audioop (will
301 crash the interpreter during the test suite).
302 If you run the test suite, two tests will fail (rotate and
303 binascii), but these are not the modules you'd expect to need
304 on a Cray.
Guido van Rossum1bf0bf41997-08-20 23:50:51 +0000305
Guido van Rossum0078aaf1997-08-21 03:05:11 +0000306SGI: SGI's standard "make" utility (/bin/make or /usr/bin/make)
307 does not check whether a command actually changed the file it
308 is supposed to build. This means that whenever you say "make"
309 it will redo the link step. The remedy is to use SGI's much
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000310 smarter "smake " utility (/usr/sbin/smake), or GNU make. If
311 you set the first line of the Makefile to #!/usr/sbin/smake
312 smake will be invoked by make (likewise for GNU make).
Guido van Rossum0078aaf1997-08-21 03:05:11 +0000313
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000314 A bug in the MIPSpro 7.1 compiler's optimizer seems to break
315 Modules/pypcre.c. The short term solution is to compile it
Guido van Rossum0dd010a1998-06-30 16:58:58 +0000316 without optimization. The bug is fixed in version 7.2.1 of
317 the compiler.
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000318
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000319OS/2: If you are running Warp3 or Warp4 and have IBM's VisualAge C/C++
320 compiler installed, just change into the pc\os2vacpp directory
321 and type NMAKE. Threading and sockets are supported by default
322 in the resulting binaries of PYTHON15.DLL and PYTHON.EXE.
323
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000324
Guido van Rossumdc8a3cb1998-05-12 15:29:18 +0000325Configuring threads
326-------------------
327
328The main switch to configure threads is to run the configure script
329(see below) with the --with-thread switch (on DEC, use
330--with-dec-threads). Unfortunately, on some platforms, additional
331compiler and/or linker options are required. Below is a table of
332those options, collected by Bill Janssen. I would love to automate
333this process more, but the information below is not enough to write a
334patch for the configure.in file, so manual intervention is required.
335If you patch the configure.in file and are confident that the patch
336works, please send me the patch. (Don't bother patching the configure
337script itself -- it is regenerated each the configure.in file
338changes.)
339
340Compiler switches for threads
341.............................
342
343 OS/Compiler/threads Switches for use with threads
344 (POSIX is draft 10, DCE is draft 4) (1) compile only (2) compile & link
345
346 SunOS 5.{1-5}/{gcc,SunPro cc}/solaris (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -mt
347 SunOS 5.5/{gcc,SunPro cc}/POSIX (1) -D_REENTRANT
348 DEC OSF/1 3.x/cc/DCE (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -threads
349 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
350 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/DCE (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -threads
351 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
352 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/POSIX (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -pthread
353 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
354 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r/d7 (nothing)
355 (buhrt@iquest.net)
356 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r4/DCE (nothing)
357 (buhrt@iquest.net)
358 IRIX 6.2/cc/POSIX (nothing)
359 (robertl@cwi.nl)
360
361
362Linker (ld) libraries and flags for threads
363...........................................
364
365 OS/threads Libraries/switches for use with threads
366
367 SunOS 5.{1-5}/solaris -lthread
368 SunOS 5.5/POSIX -lpthread
369 DEC OSF/1 3.x/DCE -lpthreads -lmach -lc_r -lc
370 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
371 Digital UNIX 4.x/DCE -lpthreads -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
372 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
373 Digital UNIX 4.x/POSIX -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
374 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
375 AIX 4.1.4/{draft7,DCE} (nothing)
376 (buhrt@iquest.net)
377 IRIX 6.2/POSIX -lpthread
378 (jph@emilia.engr.sgi.com)
379
380
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000381Configuring additional built-in modules
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000382---------------------------------------
Guido van Rossum19e0c261995-01-17 16:36:34 +0000383
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000384You can configure the interpreter to contain fewer or more built-in
385modules by editing the file Modules/Setup. This file is initially
386copied (when the toplevel Makefile makes Modules/Makefile for the
387first time) from Setup.in; if it does not exist yet, make a copy
388yourself. Never edit Setup.in -- always edit Setup. Read the
389comments in the file for information on what kind of edits you can
390make. When you have edited Setup, Makefile and config.c in Modules
391will automatically be rebuilt the next time you run make in the
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000392toplevel directory. (When working inside the Modules directory, use
393"make Makefile; make".)
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000394
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000395The default collection of modules should build on any Unix system, but
396many optional modules should work on all modern Unices (e.g. try dbm,
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000397nis, termios, timing, syslog, curses, new, soundex, parser). Often
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000398the quickest way to determine whether a particular module works or not
399is to see if it will build: enable it in Setup, then if you get
400compilation or link errors, disable it -- you're missing support.
401
402On SGI IRIX, there are modules that interface to many SGI specific
403system libraries, e.g. the GL library and the audio hardware.
404
405For SunOS and Solaris, enable module "sunaudiodev" to support the
406audio device.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000407
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000408In addition to the file Setup, you can also edit the file Setup.local.
409(the makesetup script processes both). You may find it more
410convenient to edit Setup.local and leave Setup alone. Then, when
411installing a new Python version, you can copy your old Setup.local
412file.
413
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000414
415Setting the optimization/debugging options
416------------------------------------------
417
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000418If you want or need to change the optimization/debugging options for
419the C compiler, assign to the OPT variable on the toplevel make
420command; e.g. "make OPT=-g" will build a debugging version of Python
421on most platforms. The default is OPT=-O; a value for OPT in the
422environment when the configure script is run overrides this default
423(likewise for CC; and the initial value for LIBS is used as the base
424set of libraries to link with).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000425
426
427Testing
428-------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000429
430To test the interpreter that you have just built, type "make test".
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000431This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with
432the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set
433produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about
434skipped tests due to an optional feature that can't be imported (if
435you want to test those modules, edit Modules/Setup to configure them).
436If a messages is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core
Guido van Rossum24df6841997-12-30 04:32:30 +0000437dump is produced, something's wrong. On some Linux systems (those
438that are not yet using glibc 6), test_strftime fails due to a
439non-standard-compliant implementation of strftime() in the C library.
440Please ignore this, or upgrade to glibc version 6.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000441
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000442IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report,
443*don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000444test that fails manually, as follows:
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000445
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000446 python ../Lib/test/test_whatever.py
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000447
448(substituting the top of the source tree for .. if you built in a
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000449different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000450
451
452Installing
453----------
454
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000455To install the Python binary, library modules, shared library modules
456(see below), include files, configuration files, and the manual page,
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000457just type
458
459 make install
460
461This will install all platform-independent files in subdirectories the
462directory given with the --prefix option to configure or the 'prefix'
463Make variable (default /usr/local), and all binary and other
464platform-specific files in subdirectories if the directory given by
465--exec-prefix or the 'exec_prefix' Make variable (defaults to the
466--prefix directory).
467
468All subdirectories created will have Python's version number in their
469name, e.g. the library modules are installed in
470"/usr/local/lib/python1.5/" by default. The Python binary is
471installed as "python1.5" and a hard link named "python" is created.
472The only file not installed with a version number in its name is the
473manual page, installed as "/usr/local/man/man1/python.1" by default.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000474
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000475If you have a previous installation of a pre-1.5 Python that you don't
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000476want to replace yet, use
477
478 make altinstall
479
480This installs the same set of files as "make install" except it
481doesn't create the hard link to "python1.5" named "python" and it
482doesn't install the manual page at all.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000483
484The only thing you may have to install manually is the Python mode for
485Emacs. (But then again, more recent versions of Emacs may already
486have it!) This is the file Misc/python-mode.el; follow the
487instructions that came with Emacs for installation of site specific
488files.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000489
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000490
491Configuration options and variables
492-----------------------------------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000493
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000494Some special cases are handled by passing options to the configure
495script.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000496
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000497WARNING: if you rerun the configure script with different options, you
498must run "make clean" before rebuilding. Exceptions to this rule:
499after changing --prefix or --exec-prefix, all you need to do is remove
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +0000500Modules/getpath.o.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000501
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000502--with(out)-gcc: The configure script uses gcc (the GNU C compiler) if
503 it finds it. If you don't want this, or if this compiler is
504 installed but broken on your platform, pass the option
505 --without-gcc. You can also pass "CC=cc" (or whatever the
506 name of the proper C compiler is) in the environment, but the
507 advantage of using --without-gcc is that this option is
508 remembered by the config.status script for its --recheck
509 option.
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000510
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000511--prefix, --exec-prefix: If you want to install the binaries and the
512 Python library somewhere else than in /usr/local/{bin,lib},
513 you can pass the option --prefix=DIRECTORY; the interpreter
514 binary will be installed as DIRECTORY/bin/python and the
515 library files as DIRECTORY/lib/python/*. If you pass
516 --exec-prefix=DIRECTORY (as well) this overrides the
517 installation prefix for architecture-dependent files (like the
518 interpreter binary). Note that --prefix=DIRECTORY also
519 affects the default module search path (sys.path), when
520 Modules/config.c is compiled. Passing make the option
521 prefix=DIRECTORY (and/or exec_prefix=DIRECTORY) overrides the
522 prefix set at configuration time; this may be more convenient
523 than re-running the configure script if you change your mind
524 about the install prefix...
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000525
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +0000526--with-readline: This option is no longer supported. To use GNU
527 readline, enable module "readline" in the Modules/Setup file.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000528
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000529--with-thread: On most Unix systems, you can now use multiple threads.
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000530 To enable this, pass --with-thread. (--with-threads is an
531 alias.) If the library required for threads lives in a
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +0000532 peculiar place, you can use --with-thread=DIRECTORY. NOTE:
533 you must also enable the thread module by uncommenting it in
534 the Modules/Setup file. (Threads aren't enabled automatically
535 because there are run-time penalties when support for them is
536 compiled in even if you don't use them.) IMPORTANT: run "make
537 clean" after changing (either enabling or disabling) this
Guido van Rossum0e13da91998-02-22 04:36:34 +0000538 option, or you will get link errors! Note: for DEC Unix use
539 --with-dec-threads instead.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000540
541--with-sgi-dl: On SGI IRIX 4, dynamic loading of extension modules is
542 supported by the "dl" library by Jack Jansen, which is
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000543 ftp'able from ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-1.6.tar.Z.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000544 This is enabled (after you've ftp'ed and compiled the dl
545 library!) by passing --with-sgi-dl=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY
546 is the absolute pathname of the dl library. (Don't bother on
547 IRIX 5, it already has dynamic linking using SunOS style
548 shared libraries.) Support for this feature is deprecated.
549
550--with-dl-dld: Dynamic loading of modules is rumoured to be supported
551 on some other systems: VAX (Ultrix), Sun3 (SunOS 3.4), Sequent
552 Symmetry (Dynix), and Atari ST. This is done using a
553 combination of the GNU dynamic loading package
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000554 (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-dld-1.1.tar.Z) and an
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000555 emulation of the SGI dl library mentioned above (the emulation
556 can be found at
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000557 ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dld-3.2.3.tar.Z). To
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000558 enable this, ftp and compile both libraries, then call the
559 configure passing it the option
560 --with-dl-dld=DL_DIRECTORY,DLD_DIRECTORY where DL_DIRECTORY is
561 the absolute pathname of the dl emulation library and
562 DLD_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the GNU dld library.
563 (Don't bother on SunOS 4 or 5, they already have dynamic
564 linking using shared libraries.) Support for this feature is
565 deprecated.
566
567--with-libm, --with-libc: It is possible to specify alternative
568 versions for the Math library (default -lm) and the C library
569 (default the empty string) using the options
570 --with-libm=STRING and --with-libc=STRING, respectively. E.g.
571 if your system requires that you pass -lc_s to the C compiler
572 to use the shared C library, you can pass --with-libc=-lc_s.
573 These libraries are passed after all other libraries, the C
574 library last.
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +0000575
576--with-next-archs='arch1 arch2': Under NEXTSTEP, this will build
577 all compiled binaries with the architectures listed. Includes
578 correctly setting the target architecture specific resource
Guido van Rossumcc55c2d1996-10-21 15:14:27 +0000579 directory. (This option is not supported on other platforms.)
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000580
Guido van Rossumd02ba451996-07-31 17:36:01 +0000581--with-libs='libs': Add 'libs' to the LIBS that the python
582 linked against.
583
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000584
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000585Building for multiple architectures (using the VPATH feature)
586-------------------------------------------------------------
587
588If your file system is shared between multiple architectures, it
589usually is not necessary to make copies of the sources for each
590architecture you want to support. If the make program supports the
591VPATH feature, you can create an empty build directory for each
592architecture, and in each directory run the configure script (on the
593appropriate machine with the appropriate options). This creates the
594necessary subdirectories and the Makefiles therein. The Makefiles
595contain a line VPATH=... which points to directory containing the
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000596actual sources. (On SGI systems, use "smake -J1" instead of "make" if
597you use VPATH -- don't try gnumake.)
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000598
599For example, the following is all you need to build a minimal Python
600in /usr/tmp/python (assuming ~guido/src/python is the toplevel
601directory and you want to build in /usr/tmp/python):
602
603 $ mkdir /usr/tmp/python
604 $ cd /usr/tmp/python
605 $ ~guido/src/python/configure
606 [...]
607 $ make
608 [...]
609 $
610
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000611Note that Modules/Makefile copies the original Setup file to the build
612directory if it finds no Setup file there. This means that you can
613edit the Setup file for each architecture independently. For this
614reason, subsequent changes to the original Setup file are not tracked
615automatically, as they might overwrite local changes. To force a copy
616of a changed original Setup file, delete the target Setup file. (The
617makesetup script supports multiple input files, so if you want to be
618fancy you can change the rules to create an empty Setup.local if it
619doesn't exist and run it with arguments $(srcdir)/Setup Setup.local;
620however this assumes that you only need to add modules.)
621
622
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000623Building on non-UNIX systems
624----------------------------
625
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000626Building Python for a PC is now a piece of cake!
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000627
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000628Enter the directory "PC" and read the file "readme.txt". Most popular
629non-Unix PC platforms and compilers are supported (Unix ports to the
630PC such as Linux, FreeBSD or Solaris-x86 of course use the standard
631Unix build instructions).
632
633For the Mac, a separate source distribution will be made available,
634for use with the CodeWarrior compiler. If you are interested in Mac
635development, join the PythonMac Special Interest Group
636(http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/, or send email to
637pythonmac-sig-request@python.org).
638
639Of course, there are also binary distributions available for these
640platforms -- see http://www.python.org/python/.
641
642To port Python to a new non-UNIX system, you will have to fake the
643effect of running the configure script manually (for Mac and PC, this
644has already been done for you). A good start is to copy the file
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000645config.h.in to config.h and edit the latter to reflect the actual
646configuration of your system. Most symbols must simply be defined as
6471 only if the corresponding feature is present and can be left alone
648otherwise; however RETSIGTYPE must always be defined, either as int or
649as void, and the *_t type symbols must be defined as some variant of
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000650int if they need to be defined at all.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000651
652
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000653
654Miscellaneous issues
655====================
656
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000657Documentation
658-------------
659
660All documentation is provided in the subdirectory Doc in the form of
661LaTeX files. In order of importance for new users: Tutorial (tut),
662Library Reference (lib), Language Reference (ref), Extending (ext).
663Especially the Library Reference is of immense value since much of
664Python's power (including the built-in data types and functions!) is
665described here.
666
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000667To print the documentation from the LaTeX files, chdir into the Doc
668subdirectory, type "make" (let's hope you have LaTeX installed!), and
669send the four resulting PostScript files (tut.ps, lib.ps, ref.ps, and
670ext.ps) to the printer. See the README file there. If you don't have
671LaTeX, you can ftp the PostScript files from the ftp archives (see
672below).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000673
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000674All documentation is also available on-line via the Python web site
675(http://www.python.org/, see below). It can also be downloaded
676separately from the ftp archives (see below) in Emacs INFO, HTML or
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000677PostScript form -- see the web site or the FAQ
678(http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
679http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for more info.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000680
681
682Emacs mode
683----------
684
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000685There's an excellent Emacs editing mode for Python code; see the file
686Misc/python-mode.el. Originally written by the famous Tim Peters, it
687is now maintained by the equally famous Barry Warsaw
Barry Warsawfe216b71998-05-29 20:56:34 +0000688<bwarsaw@cnri.reston.va.us>. The latest version, along with various
689other contributed Python-related Emacs goodies, is online at
690<http://www.python.org/emacs/python-mode>. And if you are planning to
691edit the Python C code, please pick up the latest version of CC Mode
692<http://www.python.org/emacs/cc-mode>; it contains a "python" style
693used throughout most of the Python C source files.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000694
695
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000696Web site
697--------
698
699Python's own web site has URL http://www.python.org/. Come visit us!
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000700There are a number of mirrors, and a list of mirrors is accessible
701from the home page -- try a mirror that's close you you.
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000702
703
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000704Ftp site
705--------
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000706
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000707Python's own ftp site is ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/. There are
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000708numerous mirrors; the list of mirrors is accessible from
709http://www.python.org/.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000710
711
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000712Newsgroups
713----------
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000714
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000715Read comp.lang.python, a high-volume discussion newsgroup about
716Python, or comp.lang.python.announce, a low-volume moderated newsgroup
717for Python-related announcements. These are also accessible as
718mailing lists, see the next item.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000719
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000720Archives are accessible via Deja News; the Python website has a
721query form for the archives at http://www.python.org/search/.
722
723
724Mailing lists
725-------------
726
727See http://www.python.org/psa/MailingLists.html for an overview of the
728many Python related mailing lists.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000729
730
731Bug reports
732-----------
733
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000734Bugs are best reported to the comp.lang.python newsgroup (or the
735Python mailing list) -- see the section "Newsgroups" above. Before
736posting, check the newsgroup archives (see above) to see if your bug
737has already been reported! If you don't want to go public, send them
738to me: <guido@python.org>.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000739
740
741Questions
742---------
743
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000744For help, if you can't find it in the manuals or on the web site, it's
745best to post to the comp.lang.python or the Python mailing list (see
746above). If you specifically don't want to involve the newsgroup or
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000747mailing list, send questions to <python-help@python.org> (a group of
748volunteers which does *not* include me). Because of my work and email
749volume, I'm often be slow in answering questions sent to me directly;
750I prefer to answer questions posted to the newsgroup.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000751
752
753The Tk interface
754----------------
755
756Tk (the user interface component of John Ousterhout's Tcl language) is
757also usable from Python. Since this requires that you first build and
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000758install Tcl/Tk, the Tk interface is not enabled by default. Python
759supports all Tcl/Tk versions from version 7.5/4.1 through 8.0 (and it
760is expected that it will also work with newer versions). Tcl/Tk
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +00007617.4/4.0 is no longer supported. 8.0 or any later non-alpha non-beta
762release is recommended.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000763
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000764See http://sunscript.sun.com/ for more info on Tcl/Tk, including the
765on-line manual pages.
766
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000767
768To enable the Python/Tk interface, once you've built and installed
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000769Tcl/Tk, load the file Modules/Setup in your favorite text editor and
770search for the string "_tkinter". Then follow the instructions found
771there. If you have installed Tcl/Tk or X11 in unusual places, you
772will have to edit the first line to fix or add -I and -L options.
773(Also see the general instructions at the top of that file.)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000774
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000775There is little documentation on how to use Tkinter; however most of
776the Tk manual pages apply quite straightforwardly. Begin with
777fetching the "Tk Lifesaver" document,
778e.g. ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/doc/tkinter-doc.tar.gz (a gzipped
779tar file containing a PostScript file) or the on-line version
780http://www.python.org/doc/life-preserver/index.html. Reading the
781Tkinter.py source will reveal most details on how Tkinter calls are
782translated into Tcl code.
783
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000784A more recent introduction to Tkinter programming, by Fredrik Lundh,
785is at http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/index.htm.
786
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000787There are demos in the Demo/tkinter directory, in the subdirectories
788guido, matt and www (the matt and guido subdirectories have been
789overhauled to use more recent Tkinter coding conventions).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000790
791Note that there's a Python module called "Tkinter" (capital T) which
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000792lives in Lib/tkinter/Tkinter.py, and a C module called "_tkinter"
793(lower case t and leading underscore) which lives in
794Modules/_tkinter.c. Demos and normal Tk applications only import the
795Python Tkinter module -- only the latter uses the C _tkinter module
796directly. In order to find the C _tkinter module, it must be compiled
797and linked into the Python interpreter -- the _tkinter line in the
798Setup file does this. In order to find the Python Tkinter module,
799sys.path must be set correctly -- the TKPATH assignment in the Setup
800file takes care of this, but only if you install Python properly
801("make install libinstall"). (You can also use dynamic loading for
802the C _tkinter module, in which case you must manually fix up sys.path
803or set $PYTHONPATH for the Python Tkinter module.)
Guido van Rossum84c8c7f1995-08-28 02:44:24 +0000804
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000805
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000806Distribution structure
807----------------------
808
809Most subdirectories have their own README file. Most files have
810comments.
811
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000812Demo/ Demonstration scripts, modules and programs
813Doc/ Documentation (LaTeX sources)
814Grammar/ Input for the parser generator
815Include/ Public header files
816Lib/ Python library modules
817Makefile.in Source from which config.status creates Makefile
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000818Misc/ Miscellaneous useful files
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000819Modules/ Implementation of most built-in modules
820Objects/ Implementation of most built-in object types
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000821PC/ PC porting files (DOS, Windows, OS/2)
822PCbuild/ Directory where you should build for Windows NT/95
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000823Parser/ The parser and tokenizer and their input handling
824Python/ The "compiler" and interpreter
825README The file you're reading now
826Tools/ Some useful programs written in Python
827acconfig.h Additional input for the autoheader program
828config.h.in Source from which config.status creates config.h
829configure Configuration shell script (GNU autoconf output)
830configure.in Configuration specification (GNU autoconf input)
831install-sh Shell script used to install files
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000832
833The following files will (may) be created in the toplevel directory by
834the configuration and build processes:
835
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000836Makefile Build rules
837config.cache cache of configuration variables
838config.h Configuration header
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000839config.log Log from last configure run
840config.status Status from last run of configure script
841libpython1.5.a The library archive
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000842python The executable interpreter
843tags, TAGS Tags files for vi and Emacs
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000844
845
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000846Author's address
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000847================
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000848
849Guido van Rossum
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000850CNRI
8511895 Preston White Drive
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000852Reston, VA 20191
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000853USA
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000854
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000855E-mail: guido@cnri.reston.va.us or guido@python.org
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000856
857
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000858
859Copyright notice
860================
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000861
862The Python source is copyrighted, but you can freely use and copy it
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000863as long as you don't change or remove the copyright notice:
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000864
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000865----------------------------------------------------------------------
Guido van Rossumaf5b83e1995-01-04 19:02:35 +0000866Copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam,
867The Netherlands.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000868
869 All Rights Reserved
870
Guido van Rossumc561e5d1994-08-23 13:52:46 +0000871Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
872documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000873provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
Guido van Rossumc561e5d1994-08-23 13:52:46 +0000874both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000875supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000876Centrum or CWI or Corporation for National Research Initiatives or
877CNRI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
878distribution of the software without specific, written prior
879permission.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000880
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000881While CWI is the initial source for this software, a modified version
882is made available by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives
883(CNRI) at the Internet address ftp://ftp.python.org.
884
885STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM AND CNRI DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH
886REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
887MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH
888CENTRUM OR CNRI BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
889DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
890PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
891TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
892PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000893----------------------------------------------------------------------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000894
895
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000896--Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/)