blob: be2915ac59a970a09e5942e11f3a118db7624454 [file] [log] [blame]
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +00001This is Python release 1.5 beta 1
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +00002==================================
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +00003
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +00004What's new in this release?
5---------------------------
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +00006
Guido van Rossum66d010a1997-11-26 17:37:31 +00007There's a loooong list of changes since release 1.4 in the file
8Misc/NEWS. Some highlights:
Guido van Rossum33fde571997-05-09 02:40:09 +00009
Guido van Rossum66d010a1997-11-26 17:37:31 +000010 - It's much faster (almost twice for the Lib/test/pystone.py
11 benchmark.)
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +000012
Guido van Rossum66d010a1997-11-26 17:37:31 +000013 - There is now an assert statement: ``assert <condition>'' or
14 ``assert <condition>, <errormessage>''. It raises AssertionError if
15 the condition evaluates to false. The default error message is
16 empty; the source text of the assertion statement is printed as part
17 of the traceback.
18
19 - There is now built-in support for importing hierarchical module
20 names (e.g. "import spam.ham.eggs"); ni is declared obsolete. Note
21 that the built-in package support is somewhat simpler (no __ and
22 __domain__) and differs in one crucial aspect: __init__.py is
23 required, and loaded in the package's namespace instead of as a
24 submodule. For more information, see
25 http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/python/essays/packages.html.
26
27 - The new "re" module (Perl style regular expressions) is here. It
28 is based on Philip Hazel's pcre code; the Python interfaces were put
29 together by Andrew Kuchling. The regex module is declared obsolete.
30
31 - In support of the re module, a new form of string literals is
32 introduced, "raw strings": e.g. r"\n" is equal to "\\n".
33
34 - All standard exceptions and most exceptions defined in standard
35 extension modules are now classes. Use python -X to revert back to
36 string exceptions. See
37 http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/python/essays/stdexceptions.html
38 for more info.
39
40 - Comparisons can now raise exceptions (previously, exceptions
41 occuring during comparisons were swept under the rug).
42
43 - New dictionary methods: .clear(), .copy(), .update(), .get(). The
44 first two are obvious; d1.update(d2) is equivalent to the for loop
45 ``for k in d2.keys(): d1[k] = d2[k]''; and d.get(k) returns d[k] if
46 it exists and None (or the optional second argument) if not.
47
48 - There is a new regression test harness, which tests many more
49 modules. (To run the tests, do "import tes.autotest".)
50
51 - The interpreter is much smarter about the initial value for
52 sys.path; you can control it easier using $PYTHONHOME (see the usage
53 message, e.g. try ``python -h''). In most situations, the
54 interpreter can be installed at an arbitrary location without having
55 to recompile.
56
57 - The build process now builds a single library (libpython1.5.a)
58 which contains everything except for the main() entry point. This
59 makes life much easier for applications that embed Python.
60
61 - There is much better support for embedding, including threads,
62 multiple interpreters(!), uninitialization, and access to the global
63 interpreter lock.
64
65 - There is a -O option that removes SET_LINENO instructions, assert
66 statements and code prefixed with ``if __debug__: ...''. (It still
67 only makes a few percent difference, so don't get all worked up
68 about this.)
69
70 - The Grand Renaming is completed: all linker-visible symbols
71 defined by Python now have a "Py" or "_Py" prefix, and the same is
72 true for most macros and typedefs.
73
74If you were an alpha tester, here are the most relevant changes since
751.5a4 (of course all known bugs have been fixed, leaks plugged, and
76some documentation has been added). The full list of changes since
771.5a4 is presented at the end of the Misc/NEWS file.
78
79 - Package directories now *require* the presence of __init__.py (or
80 .pyc/.pyo as applicable). Packages can now contain shared
81 library modules.
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +000082
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000083 - New module 'fileinput' to iterate over the lines of a list of files.
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +000084
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000085 - New module 'locale' for localized number formatting and string case
86 sensitivity.
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +000087
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000088 - New module 'xmllib' to parse XML files.
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +000089
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000090 - Some more support for Tk extensions (PIL, TIX, BLT, TOGL).
91
92 - Fixed address list parsing in module 'rfc822'.
93
94 - More deployment (and only one fix) for the 're' module.
95
96 - New Python mode for Emacs.
97
98 - OS/2 support.
99
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000100
101If you don't read instructions
102------------------------------
103
104Congratulations on getting this far. :-)
105
106To start building right away (on UNIX): type "./configure" in the
107current directory and when it finishes, type "make". The section
108Build Instructions below is still recommended reading. :-)
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +0000109
110
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000111What is Python anyway?
112----------------------
113
114Python is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, and is
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000115often compared to Tcl, Perl, Java or Scheme. To find out more, point
116your browser to http://www.python.org/.
117
118
119A modest plug
120-------------
121
122************************************************************************
123* Without your support, I won't be able to continue to work on Python! *
124************************************************************************
125
126If you use Python, please consider joining the Python Software
127Activity (PSA). See http://www.python.org/psa/.
128
129Organizations that make heavy use of Python are especially encouraged
130to become corporate members!
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000131
132
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000133How do I learn Python?
134----------------------
135
136The official tutorial is still a good place to start (in the Doc
137directory as tut.tex; and http://www.python.org/doc/tut/tut.html).
138Aaron Watters wrote a second tutorial, that may be more accessible for
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000139some: http://www.wcmh.com/uworld/archives/95/tutorial/005.html. Both
140tutorials (as well as most other sources) assume that you already know
141how to program -- if you'd like to write "Python for Dummies", I know
142a publisher who would like to talk to you...
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000143
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +0000144There are now also several books on Python. While these are still
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000145based on Python 1.3 or 1.4, the information in them is still 99%
146correct. The first two books, both first published in October 1996
147and both including a CD-ROM, form excellent companions to each other:
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000148
149 Internet Programming with Python
150 by Aaron Watters, Guido van Rossum, and James Ahlstrom
151 MIS Press/Henry Holt publishers
152 ISBN: 1-55851-484-8
153
154 Programming Python
155 by Mark Lutz
156 O'Reilly & Associates
157 ISBN: 1-56592-197-6
158
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000159If you can read German, try:
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +0000160
161 Das Python-Buch
162 by Martin von Loewis and Nils Fischbeck
163 Addison-Wesley-Longman, 1997
164 ISBN: 3-8273-1110-1
165
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000166
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000167Copyright issues
168----------------
169
170Python is COPYRIGHTED but free to use for all. See the full copyright
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000171notice at the end of this file and in the file Misc/COPYRIGHT.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000172
173The Python distribution is *not* affected by the GNU Public Licence
174(GPL). There are interfaces to some GNU code but these are entirely
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000175optional and no GNU code is distributed with Python.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000176
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000177
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000178Build instructions
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000179==================
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000180
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000181Before you can build Python, you must first configure it.
182Fortunately, the configuration and build process has been streamlined
183for most Unix installations, so all you have to do is type a few
184commands, optionally edit one file, and sit back. There are some
185platforms where things are not quite as smooth; see the platform
186specific notes below. If you want to build for multiple platforms
187sharing the same source tree, see the section on VPATH below.
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000188
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000189You start by running the script "./configure", which figures out your
190system configuration and creates several Makefiles. (It takes a
191minute or two -- please be patient!) When it's done, you are ready to
192run make. You may want to pass options to the configure script -- see
193the section below on configuration options and variables.
194
195To build Python, you normally type "make" in the toplevel directory.
196This will recursively run make in each of the subdirectories Parser,
197Objects, Python and Modules, creating a library file in each one. The
198executable of the interpreter is built in the Modules subdirectory and
199moved up here when it is built. If you want or need to, you can also
200chdir into each subdirectory in turn and run make there manually (do
201the Modules subdirectory last!).
202
203Once you have built an interpreter, see the subsections below on
204testing, configuring additional modules, and installation. If you run
205in trouble, see the next section.
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000206
Guido van Rossum0a516c91994-09-12 10:58:40 +0000207
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000208Troubleshooting
209---------------
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000210
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000211See also the platform specific notes in the next section.
212
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000213If recursive makes fail, try invoking make as "make MAKE=make".
214
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000215If you run into other trouble, see section 3 of the FAQ
216(http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
217http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for hints on what can go wrong,
218and how to fix it.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000219
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000220If you rerun the configure script with different options, remove all
221object files by running "make clean" before rebuilding. Believe it or
222not, "make clean" sometimes helps to clean up other inexplicable
223problems as well. Try it before sending in a bug report!
224
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000225If the configure script fails or doesn't seem to find things that
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000226should be there, inspect the config.log file. When you fix a
227configure problem, be sure to remove config.cache!
228
229If you get a warning for every file about the -Olimit option being no
230longer supported, you can ignore it. There's no foolproof way to know
231whether this option is needed; all I can do is test whether it is
232accepted without error. On some systems, e.g. older SGI compilers, it
233is essential for performance (specifically when compiling ceval.c,
234which has more basic blocks than the default limit of 1000). If the
235warning bothers you, edit the Makefile to remove "-Olimit 1500" from
236the OPT variable.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000237
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000238
239Platform specific notes
240-----------------------
241
Guido van Rossum0447a321995-10-08 01:22:33 +0000242(Some of these may no longer apply. If you find you can build Python
243on these platforms without the special directions mentioned here, let
244me know so I can remove them!)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000245
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000024664-bit platforms: The modules audioop, imageop and rgbimg don't work.
247 Don't try to enable them in the Modules/Setup file. They
248 contain code that is quite wordsize sensitive. (If you have a
249 fix, let me know!)
250
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000251Solaris: When using Sun's C compiler with threads, at least on Solaris
252 2.5.1, you need to add the "-mt" compiler option (the simplest
253 way is probably to specify the compiler with this option as
254 the "CC" environment variable when running the configure
255 script).
256
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000257Linux: On Linux version 1.x, once you've built Python, use it to run
258 the regen script in the Lib/linux1 directory. Apparently
259 the files as distributed don't match the system headers on
260 some Linux versions. (The "h2py" command refers to
261 Tools/scripts/h2py.py.) The modules distributed for Linux 2.x
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000262 should be okay. Shared library support now works by default
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000263 on ELF-based x86 Linux systems. (Note: when you change the
264 status of a module from static to shared, you must remove its
265 .o file or do a "make clean".)
266
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000267DEC Unix: When enabling threads, use --with-dec-threads, not
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000268 --with-thread.
Guido van Rossum8eca2c21996-02-14 18:37:46 +0000269
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000270AIX: A complete overhaul of the shared library support is now in
Guido van Rossumcbfcb171997-10-20 22:57:00 +0000271 place. See Misc/AIX-NOTES for some notes on how it's done.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000272
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000273 WARNING! In some versions of AIX, you get errors about
Guido van Rossuma3b4b611996-07-21 02:48:16 +0000274 Invalid Indent when running the Python test set. This appears
275 to be a bug in the AIX compiler. Rebuild Parser/tokenizer.c
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000276 using OPT="" or OPT=-g, or use gcc. According to the latest
277 reports, it seems this compiler bug is still present in 4.2.1.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000278
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000279Minix: When using ack, use "CC=cc AR=aal RANLIB=: ./configure"!
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000280
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000281SCO: 1) Everything works much better if you add -U__STDC__ to the
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000282 defs. This is because all the SCO header files are broken.
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000283 Anything that isn't mentioned in the C standard is
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000284 conditionally excluded when __STDC__ is defined.
285
286 2) Due to the U.S. export restrictions, SCO broke the crypt
287 stuff out into a separate library, libcrypt_i.a so the LIBS
288 needed be set to:
289
290 LIBS=' -lsocket -lcrypt_i'
291
Guido van Rossuma3b4b611996-07-21 02:48:16 +0000292 3) According to at least one report, the above apply only to
293 SCO 3 -- Python builds out of the box on SCO 5.
294
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000295SunOS 4.x: When using the standard "cc" compiler, certain modules may
296
297 not be compilable because they use non-K&R syntax. You should
298 be able to get a basic Python interpreter by commenting out
299 such modules in the Modules/Setup file, but I really recommend
300 using gcc.
301
302 When using the SunPro C compiler, you may want to use the
303 '-Xa' option instead of '-Xc', to enable some needed non-ANSI
304 Sunisms.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000305
Guido van Rossumcc55c2d1996-10-21 15:14:27 +0000306NeXT: To build fat binaries, use the --with-next-archs switch
307 described below.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000308
Guido van Rossum40d63581997-08-14 19:45:30 +0000309QNX: Edit the top level Makefile to use the following compile options:
310 OPT = -Ox -Q -U_M_IX86 -U__WATCOMC__
311 Edit the Makefile in the Modules directory to read:
312 LDFLAGS = -N 48k
313
Guido van Rossum1bf0bf41997-08-20 23:50:51 +0000314Cray T3E: Konrad Hinsen writes:
315 1) Don't use gcc. It compiles Python/graminit.c into something that
316 the Cray assembler doesn't like. Cray's cc seems to work fine.
317 2) Uncomment modules md5 (won't compile) and audioop (will crash
318 the interpreter during the test suite).
319 If you run the test suite, two tests will fail (rotate and binascii),
320 but these are not the modules you'd expect to need on a Cray.
321
Guido van Rossum0078aaf1997-08-21 03:05:11 +0000322SGI: SGI's standard "make" utility (/bin/make or /usr/bin/make)
323 does not check whether a command actually changed the file it
324 is supposed to build. This means that whenever you say "make"
325 it will redo the link step. The remedy is to use SGI's much
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000326 smarter "smake " utility (/usr/sbin/smake), or GNU make. If
327 you set the first line of the Makefile to #!/usr/sbin/smake
328 smake will be invoked by make (likewise for GNU make).
Guido van Rossum0078aaf1997-08-21 03:05:11 +0000329
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000330OS/2: If you are running Warp3 or Warp4 and have IBM's VisualAge C/C++
331 compiler installed, just change into the pc\os2vacpp directory
332 and type NMAKE. Threading and sockets are supported by default
333 in the resulting binaries of PYTHON15.DLL and PYTHON.EXE.
334
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000335
336Configuring additional built-in modules
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000337---------------------------------------
Guido van Rossum19e0c261995-01-17 16:36:34 +0000338
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000339You can configure the interpreter to contain fewer or more built-in
340modules by editing the file Modules/Setup. This file is initially
341copied (when the toplevel Makefile makes Modules/Makefile for the
342first time) from Setup.in; if it does not exist yet, make a copy
343yourself. Never edit Setup.in -- always edit Setup. Read the
344comments in the file for information on what kind of edits you can
345make. When you have edited Setup, Makefile and config.c in Modules
346will automatically be rebuilt the next time you run make in the
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000347toplevel directory. (When working inside the Modules directory, use
348"make Makefile; make".)
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000349
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000350The default collection of modules should build on any Unix system, but
351many optional modules should work on all modern Unices (e.g. try dbm,
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000352nis, termios, timing, syslog, curses, new, soundex, parser). Often
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000353the quickest way to determine whether a particular module works or not
354is to see if it will build: enable it in Setup, then if you get
355compilation or link errors, disable it -- you're missing support.
356
357On SGI IRIX, there are modules that interface to many SGI specific
358system libraries, e.g. the GL library and the audio hardware.
359
360For SunOS and Solaris, enable module "sunaudiodev" to support the
361audio device.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000362
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000363In addition to the file Setup, you can also edit the file Setup.local.
364(the makesetup script processes both). You may find it more
365convenient to edit Setup.local and leave Setup alone. Then, when
366installing a new Python version, you can copy your old Setup.local
367file.
368
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000369
370Setting the optimization/debugging options
371------------------------------------------
372
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000373If you want or need to change the optimization/debugging options for
374the C compiler, assign to the OPT variable on the toplevel make
375command; e.g. "make OPT=-g" will build a debugging version of Python
376on most platforms. The default is OPT=-O; a value for OPT in the
377environment when the configure script is run overrides this default
378(likewise for CC; and the initial value for LIBS is used as the base
379set of libraries to link with).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000380
381
382Testing
383-------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000384
385To test the interpreter that you have just built, type "make test".
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000386This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with
387the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set
388produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about
389skipped tests due to an optional feature that can't be imported (if
390you want to test those modules, edit Modules/Setup to configure them).
391If a messages is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core
392dump is produced, something's wrong. On some systems, test_strftime
393fails due to a non-standard implementation of strftime() in the C
394library. This can be ignored (or you can complain to your vendor).
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000395
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000396IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report,
397*don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000398test that fails manually, as follows:
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000399
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000400 python ../Lib/test/test_whatever.py
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000401
402(substituting the top of the source tree for .. if you built in a
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000403different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000404
405
406Installing
407----------
408
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000409To install the Python binary, library modules, shared library modules
410(see below), include files, configuration files, and the manual page,
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000411just type
412
413 make install
414
415This will install all platform-independent files in subdirectories the
416directory given with the --prefix option to configure or the 'prefix'
417Make variable (default /usr/local), and all binary and other
418platform-specific files in subdirectories if the directory given by
419--exec-prefix or the 'exec_prefix' Make variable (defaults to the
420--prefix directory).
421
422All subdirectories created will have Python's version number in their
423name, e.g. the library modules are installed in
424"/usr/local/lib/python1.5/" by default. The Python binary is
425installed as "python1.5" and a hard link named "python" is created.
426The only file not installed with a version number in its name is the
427manual page, installed as "/usr/local/man/man1/python.1" by default.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000428
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000429If you have a previous installation of a pre-1.5 Python that you don't
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000430want to replace yet, use
431
432 make altinstall
433
434This installs the same set of files as "make install" except it
435doesn't create the hard link to "python1.5" named "python" and it
436doesn't install the manual page at all.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000437
438The only thing you may have to install manually is the Python mode for
439Emacs. (But then again, more recent versions of Emacs may already
440have it!) This is the file Misc/python-mode.el; follow the
441instructions that came with Emacs for installation of site specific
442files.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000443
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000444
445Configuration options and variables
446-----------------------------------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000447
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000448Some special cases are handled by passing options to the configure
449script.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000450
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000451WARNING: if you rerun the configure script with different options, you
452must run "make clean" before rebuilding. Exceptions to this rule:
453after changing --prefix or --exec-prefix, all you need to do is remove
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +0000454Modules/getpath.o.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000455
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000456--with(out)-gcc: The configure script uses gcc (the GNU C compiler) if
457 it finds it. If you don't want this, or if this compiler is
458 installed but broken on your platform, pass the option
459 --without-gcc. You can also pass "CC=cc" (or whatever the
460 name of the proper C compiler is) in the environment, but the
461 advantage of using --without-gcc is that this option is
462 remembered by the config.status script for its --recheck
463 option.
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000464
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000465--prefix, --exec-prefix: If you want to install the binaries and the
466 Python library somewhere else than in /usr/local/{bin,lib},
467 you can pass the option --prefix=DIRECTORY; the interpreter
468 binary will be installed as DIRECTORY/bin/python and the
469 library files as DIRECTORY/lib/python/*. If you pass
470 --exec-prefix=DIRECTORY (as well) this overrides the
471 installation prefix for architecture-dependent files (like the
472 interpreter binary). Note that --prefix=DIRECTORY also
473 affects the default module search path (sys.path), when
474 Modules/config.c is compiled. Passing make the option
475 prefix=DIRECTORY (and/or exec_prefix=DIRECTORY) overrides the
476 prefix set at configuration time; this may be more convenient
477 than re-running the configure script if you change your mind
478 about the install prefix...
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000479
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +0000480--with-readline: This option is no longer supported. To use GNU
481 readline, enable module "readline" in the Modules/Setup file.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000482
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000483--with-thread: On most Unix systems, you can now use multiple threads.
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000484 To enable this, pass --with-thread. (--with-threads is an
485 alias.) If the library required for threads lives in a
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +0000486 peculiar place, you can use --with-thread=DIRECTORY. NOTE:
487 you must also enable the thread module by uncommenting it in
488 the Modules/Setup file. (Threads aren't enabled automatically
489 because there are run-time penalties when support for them is
490 compiled in even if you don't use them.) IMPORTANT: run "make
491 clean" after changing (either enabling or disabling) this
492 option! Note: for DEC Unix use --with-dec-threads instead.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000493
494--with-sgi-dl: On SGI IRIX 4, dynamic loading of extension modules is
495 supported by the "dl" library by Jack Jansen, which is
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000496 ftp'able from ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-1.6.tar.Z.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000497 This is enabled (after you've ftp'ed and compiled the dl
498 library!) by passing --with-sgi-dl=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY
499 is the absolute pathname of the dl library. (Don't bother on
500 IRIX 5, it already has dynamic linking using SunOS style
501 shared libraries.) Support for this feature is deprecated.
502
503--with-dl-dld: Dynamic loading of modules is rumoured to be supported
504 on some other systems: VAX (Ultrix), Sun3 (SunOS 3.4), Sequent
505 Symmetry (Dynix), and Atari ST. This is done using a
506 combination of the GNU dynamic loading package
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000507 (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-dld-1.1.tar.Z) and an
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000508 emulation of the SGI dl library mentioned above (the emulation
509 can be found at
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000510 ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dld-3.2.3.tar.Z). To
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000511 enable this, ftp and compile both libraries, then call the
512 configure passing it the option
513 --with-dl-dld=DL_DIRECTORY,DLD_DIRECTORY where DL_DIRECTORY is
514 the absolute pathname of the dl emulation library and
515 DLD_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the GNU dld library.
516 (Don't bother on SunOS 4 or 5, they already have dynamic
517 linking using shared libraries.) Support for this feature is
518 deprecated.
519
520--with-libm, --with-libc: It is possible to specify alternative
521 versions for the Math library (default -lm) and the C library
522 (default the empty string) using the options
523 --with-libm=STRING and --with-libc=STRING, respectively. E.g.
524 if your system requires that you pass -lc_s to the C compiler
525 to use the shared C library, you can pass --with-libc=-lc_s.
526 These libraries are passed after all other libraries, the C
527 library last.
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +0000528
529--with-next-archs='arch1 arch2': Under NEXTSTEP, this will build
530 all compiled binaries with the architectures listed. Includes
531 correctly setting the target architecture specific resource
Guido van Rossumcc55c2d1996-10-21 15:14:27 +0000532 directory. (This option is not supported on other platforms.)
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000533
Guido van Rossumd02ba451996-07-31 17:36:01 +0000534--with-libs='libs': Add 'libs' to the LIBS that the python
535 linked against.
536
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000537
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000538Building for multiple architectures (using the VPATH feature)
539-------------------------------------------------------------
540
541If your file system is shared between multiple architectures, it
542usually is not necessary to make copies of the sources for each
543architecture you want to support. If the make program supports the
544VPATH feature, you can create an empty build directory for each
545architecture, and in each directory run the configure script (on the
546appropriate machine with the appropriate options). This creates the
547necessary subdirectories and the Makefiles therein. The Makefiles
548contain a line VPATH=... which points to directory containing the
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000549actual sources. (On SGI systems, use "smake -J1" instead of "make" if
550you use VPATH -- don't try gnumake.)
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000551
552For example, the following is all you need to build a minimal Python
553in /usr/tmp/python (assuming ~guido/src/python is the toplevel
554directory and you want to build in /usr/tmp/python):
555
556 $ mkdir /usr/tmp/python
557 $ cd /usr/tmp/python
558 $ ~guido/src/python/configure
559 [...]
560 $ make
561 [...]
562 $
563
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000564Note that Modules/Makefile copies the original Setup file to the build
565directory if it finds no Setup file there. This means that you can
566edit the Setup file for each architecture independently. For this
567reason, subsequent changes to the original Setup file are not tracked
568automatically, as they might overwrite local changes. To force a copy
569of a changed original Setup file, delete the target Setup file. (The
570makesetup script supports multiple input files, so if you want to be
571fancy you can change the rules to create an empty Setup.local if it
572doesn't exist and run it with arguments $(srcdir)/Setup Setup.local;
573however this assumes that you only need to add modules.)
574
575
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000576Building on non-UNIX systems
577----------------------------
578
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000579Building Python for a PC is now a piece of cake!
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000580
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000581Enter the directory "PC" and read the file "readme.txt". Most popular
582non-Unix PC platforms and compilers are supported (Unix ports to the
583PC such as Linux, FreeBSD or Solaris-x86 of course use the standard
584Unix build instructions).
585
586For the Mac, a separate source distribution will be made available,
587for use with the CodeWarrior compiler. If you are interested in Mac
588development, join the PythonMac Special Interest Group
589(http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/, or send email to
590pythonmac-sig-request@python.org).
591
592Of course, there are also binary distributions available for these
593platforms -- see http://www.python.org/python/.
594
595To port Python to a new non-UNIX system, you will have to fake the
596effect of running the configure script manually (for Mac and PC, this
597has already been done for you). A good start is to copy the file
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000598config.h.in to config.h and edit the latter to reflect the actual
599configuration of your system. Most symbols must simply be defined as
6001 only if the corresponding feature is present and can be left alone
601otherwise; however RETSIGTYPE must always be defined, either as int or
602as void, and the *_t type symbols must be defined as some variant of
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000603int if they need to be defined at all.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000604
605
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000606
607Miscellaneous issues
608====================
609
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000610Documentation
611-------------
612
613All documentation is provided in the subdirectory Doc in the form of
614LaTeX files. In order of importance for new users: Tutorial (tut),
615Library Reference (lib), Language Reference (ref), Extending (ext).
616Especially the Library Reference is of immense value since much of
617Python's power (including the built-in data types and functions!) is
618described here.
619
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000620To print the documentation from the LaTeX files, chdir into the Doc
621subdirectory, type "make" (let's hope you have LaTeX installed!), and
622send the four resulting PostScript files (tut.ps, lib.ps, ref.ps, and
623ext.ps) to the printer. See the README file there. If you don't have
624LaTeX, you can ftp the PostScript files from the ftp archives (see
625below).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000626
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000627All documentation is also available on-line via the Python web site
628(http://www.python.org/, see below). It can also be downloaded
629separately from the ftp archives (see below) in Emacs INFO, HTML or
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000630PostScript form -- see the web site or the FAQ
631(http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
632http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for more info.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000633
634
635Emacs mode
636----------
637
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000638There's an excellent Emacs editing mode for Python code; see the file
639Misc/python-mode.el. Originally written by the famous Tim Peters, it
640is now maintained by the equally famous Barry Warsaw
641<bwarsaw@cnri.reston.va.us>. The latest version is online at
642ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/emacs/python-mode.el. As you might expect of
643Barry (and even if you don't know what the heck I'm talking about :-),
644a configuration file for his cc-mode.el which selects the style used
645throughout most Python C source files is also provided; see the file
646Misc/ccpy-style.el.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000647
648
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000649Web site
650--------
651
652Python's own web site has URL http://www.python.org/. Come visit us!
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000653There are a number of mirrors, listed on the home page -- try a mirror
654that's close you you.
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000655
656
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000657Ftp site
658--------
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000659
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000660Python's own ftp site is ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/. There are
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000661numerous mirrors; see http://www.python.org/python/Mirrors.html for a
662list of mirror sites.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000663
664
665Newsgroup and mailing list
666--------------------------
667
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000668There are a newsgroup and a mailing list devoted to Python. The
669newsgroup, comp.lang.python, contains exactly the same messages as the
670mailing list (though not always in the same order, due to the
671mysterious nature of the Usenet news distribution algorithm). To
672subscribe to the mailing list, send mail containing your real name and
673e-mail address to "python-list-request@cwi.nl". Use the same address
674if you want to unsibscribed. (A real person reads these messages, so
675no LISTPROC or Majordomo commands, please, and please be patient --
676normal turn-around time is about one working day.)
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000677
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000678The Python web site contains a search form that lets you search the
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000679newsgroup archives (and the web site itself). Click on the "search"
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000680link in the banner menu on any page of http://www.python.org/.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000681
682
683Bug reports
684-----------
685
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000686Bugs are best reported to the comp.lang.python newsgroup or the Python
Guido van Rossumcc55c2d1996-10-21 15:14:27 +0000687mailing list -- see the section "Newsgroup and mailing list" above.
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000688Before posting, check the newsgroup archives (see above) to see if
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000689your bug has already been reported! If you don't want to go public,
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000690send them to me: <guido@python.org>.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000691
692
693Questions
694---------
695
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000696For help, if you can't find it in the manuals or on the web site, it's
697best to post to the comp.lang.python or the Python mailing list (see
698above). If you specifically don't want to involve the newsgroup or
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000699mailing list, send questions to <python-help@python.org> (a group of
700volunteers which does *not* include me). Because of my work and email
701volume, I'm often be slow in answering questions sent to me directly;
702I prefer to answer questions posted to the newsgroup.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000703
704
705The Tk interface
706----------------
707
708Tk (the user interface component of John Ousterhout's Tcl language) is
709also usable from Python. Since this requires that you first build and
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000710install Tcl/Tk, the Tk interface is not enabled by default. Python
711supports all Tcl/Tk versions from version 7.5/4.1 through 8.0 (and it
712is expected that it will also work with newer versions). Tcl/Tk
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +00007137.4/4.0 is no longer supported. 8.0 or any later non-alpha non-beta
714release is recommended.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000715
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000716See http://sunscript.sun.com/ for more info on Tcl/Tk, including the
717on-line manual pages.
718
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000719
720To enable the Python/Tk interface, once you've built and installed
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000721Tcl/Tk, load the file Modules/Setup in your favorite text editor and
722search for the string "_tkinter". Then follow the instructions found
723there. If you have installed Tcl/Tk or X11 in unusual places, you
724will have to edit the first line to fix or add -I and -L options.
725(Also see the general instructions at the top of that file.)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000726
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000727There is little documentation on how to use Tkinter; however most of
728the Tk manual pages apply quite straightforwardly. Begin with
729fetching the "Tk Lifesaver" document,
730e.g. ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/doc/tkinter-doc.tar.gz (a gzipped
731tar file containing a PostScript file) or the on-line version
732http://www.python.org/doc/life-preserver/index.html. Reading the
733Tkinter.py source will reveal most details on how Tkinter calls are
734translated into Tcl code.
735
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000736A more recent introduction to Tkinter programming, by Fredrik Lundh,
737is at http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/index.htm.
738
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000739There are demos in the Demo/tkinter directory, in the subdirectories
740guido, matt and www (the matt and guido subdirectories have been
741overhauled to use more recent Tkinter coding conventions).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000742
743Note that there's a Python module called "Tkinter" (capital T) which
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000744lives in Lib/tkinter/Tkinter.py, and a C module called "_tkinter"
745(lower case t and leading underscore) which lives in
746Modules/_tkinter.c. Demos and normal Tk applications only import the
747Python Tkinter module -- only the latter uses the C _tkinter module
748directly. In order to find the C _tkinter module, it must be compiled
749and linked into the Python interpreter -- the _tkinter line in the
750Setup file does this. In order to find the Python Tkinter module,
751sys.path must be set correctly -- the TKPATH assignment in the Setup
752file takes care of this, but only if you install Python properly
753("make install libinstall"). (You can also use dynamic loading for
754the C _tkinter module, in which case you must manually fix up sys.path
755or set $PYTHONPATH for the Python Tkinter module.)
Guido van Rossum84c8c7f1995-08-28 02:44:24 +0000756
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000757
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000758Distribution structure
759----------------------
760
761Most subdirectories have their own README file. Most files have
762comments.
763
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000764Demo/ Demonstration scripts, modules and programs
765Doc/ Documentation (LaTeX sources)
766Grammar/ Input for the parser generator
767Include/ Public header files
768Lib/ Python library modules
769Makefile.in Source from which config.status creates Makefile
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000770Misc/ Miscellaneous useful files
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000771Modules/ Implementation of most built-in modules
772Objects/ Implementation of most built-in object types
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000773PC/ PC porting files (DOS, Windows, OS/2)
774PCbuild/ Directory where you should build for Windows NT/95
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000775Parser/ The parser and tokenizer and their input handling
776Python/ The "compiler" and interpreter
777README The file you're reading now
778Tools/ Some useful programs written in Python
779acconfig.h Additional input for the autoheader program
780config.h.in Source from which config.status creates config.h
781configure Configuration shell script (GNU autoconf output)
782configure.in Configuration specification (GNU autoconf input)
783install-sh Shell script used to install files
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000784
785The following files will (may) be created in the toplevel directory by
786the configuration and build processes:
787
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000788Makefile Build rules
789config.cache cache of configuration variables
790config.h Configuration header
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000791config.log Log from last configure run
792config.status Status from last run of configure script
793libpython1.5.a The library archive
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000794python The executable interpreter
795tags, TAGS Tags files for vi and Emacs
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000796
797
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000798Author's address
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000799================
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000800
801Guido van Rossum
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000802CNRI
8031895 Preston White Drive
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000804Reston, VA 20191
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000805USA
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000806
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000807E-mail: guido@cnri.reston.va.us or guido@python.org
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000808
809
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000810
811Copyright notice
812================
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000813
814The Python source is copyrighted, but you can freely use and copy it
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000815as long as you don't change or remove the copyright notice:
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000816
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000817----------------------------------------------------------------------
Guido van Rossumaf5b83e1995-01-04 19:02:35 +0000818Copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam,
819The Netherlands.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000820
821 All Rights Reserved
822
Guido van Rossumc561e5d1994-08-23 13:52:46 +0000823Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
824documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000825provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
Guido van Rossumc561e5d1994-08-23 13:52:46 +0000826both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000827supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000828Centrum or CWI or Corporation for National Research Initiatives or
829CNRI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
830distribution of the software without specific, written prior
831permission.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000832
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000833While CWI is the initial source for this software, a modified version
834is made available by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives
835(CNRI) at the Internet address ftp://ftp.python.org.
836
837STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM AND CNRI DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH
838REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
839MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH
840CENTRUM OR CNRI BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
841DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
842PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
843TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
844PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000845----------------------------------------------------------------------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000846
847
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000848--Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/)