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Guido van Rossum462a5491998-04-10 21:36:04 +00001This is Python release 1.5.1
2============================
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +00003
Guido van Rossum462a5491998-04-10 21:36:04 +00004This version is officially released on Tuesday, April 14, 1997. It is
5mostly a bugfix release on Python 1.5.
Guido van Rossum79808261997-12-11 18:01:47 +00006
7
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +00008What's new in this release?
9---------------------------
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +000010
Guido van Rossum462a5491998-04-10 21:36:04 +000011See the Misc/NEWS file. Nothing spectacular this time, only small
12changes (as you would expect from a release called "1.5.1").
Guido van Rossum33fde571997-05-09 02:40:09 +000013
Guido van Rossum462a5491998-04-10 21:36:04 +000014One big organizational change: the documentation sources have been
15unbundled. We will release a version of the Doc subtree separately,
16but probably not simultaneously with the source release.
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000017
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000018
19If you don't read instructions
20------------------------------
21
22Congratulations on getting this far. :-)
23
24To start building right away (on UNIX): type "./configure" in the
25current directory and when it finishes, type "make". The section
26Build Instructions below is still recommended reading. :-)
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +000027
28
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000029What is Python anyway?
30----------------------
31
32Python is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, and is
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000033often compared to Tcl, Perl, Java or Scheme. To find out more, point
34your browser to http://www.python.org/.
35
36
37A modest plug
38-------------
39
40************************************************************************
41* Without your support, I won't be able to continue to work on Python! *
42************************************************************************
43
44If you use Python, please consider joining the Python Software
45Activity (PSA). See http://www.python.org/psa/.
46
47Organizations that make heavy use of Python are especially encouraged
48to become corporate members!
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000049
50
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000051How do I learn Python?
52----------------------
53
54The official tutorial is still a good place to start (in the Doc
55directory as tut.tex; and http://www.python.org/doc/tut/tut.html).
56Aaron Watters wrote a second tutorial, that may be more accessible for
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000057some: http://www.wcmh.com/uworld/archives/95/tutorial/005.html. Both
58tutorials (as well as most other sources) assume that you already know
59how to program -- if you'd like to write "Python for Dummies", I know
60a publisher who would like to talk to you...
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000061
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +000062There are now also several books on Python. While these are still
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000063based on Python 1.3 or 1.4, the information in them is still 99%
64correct. The first two books, both first published in October 1996
65and both including a CD-ROM, form excellent companions to each other:
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000066
67 Internet Programming with Python
68 by Aaron Watters, Guido van Rossum, and James Ahlstrom
69 MIS Press/Henry Holt publishers
70 ISBN: 1-55851-484-8
71
72 Programming Python
73 by Mark Lutz
74 O'Reilly & Associates
75 ISBN: 1-56592-197-6
76
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000077If you can read German, try:
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +000078
79 Das Python-Buch
80 by Martin von Loewis and Nils Fischbeck
81 Addison-Wesley-Longman, 1997
82 ISBN: 3-8273-1110-1
83
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000084
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000085Copyright issues
86----------------
87
88Python is COPYRIGHTED but free to use for all. See the full copyright
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000089notice at the end of this file and in the file Misc/COPYRIGHT.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000090
91The Python distribution is *not* affected by the GNU Public Licence
92(GPL). There are interfaces to some GNU code but these are entirely
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000093optional and no GNU code is distributed with Python.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000094
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +000095
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +000096Build instructions
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000097==================
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +000098
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +000099Before you can build Python, you must first configure it.
100Fortunately, the configuration and build process has been streamlined
101for most Unix installations, so all you have to do is type a few
102commands, optionally edit one file, and sit back. There are some
103platforms where things are not quite as smooth; see the platform
104specific notes below. If you want to build for multiple platforms
105sharing the same source tree, see the section on VPATH below.
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000106
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000107You start by running the script "./configure", which figures out your
108system configuration and creates several Makefiles. (It takes a
109minute or two -- please be patient!) When it's done, you are ready to
110run make. You may want to pass options to the configure script -- see
111the section below on configuration options and variables.
112
113To build Python, you normally type "make" in the toplevel directory.
114This will recursively run make in each of the subdirectories Parser,
115Objects, Python and Modules, creating a library file in each one. The
116executable of the interpreter is built in the Modules subdirectory and
117moved up here when it is built. If you want or need to, you can also
118chdir into each subdirectory in turn and run make there manually (do
119the Modules subdirectory last!).
120
121Once you have built an interpreter, see the subsections below on
122testing, configuring additional modules, and installation. If you run
123in trouble, see the next section.
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000124
Guido van Rossum0a516c91994-09-12 10:58:40 +0000125
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000126Troubleshooting
127---------------
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000128
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000129See also the platform specific notes in the next section.
130
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000131If recursive makes fail, try invoking make as "make MAKE=make".
132
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000133If you run into other trouble, see section 3 of the FAQ
134(http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
135http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for hints on what can go wrong,
136and how to fix it.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000137
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000138If you rerun the configure script with different options, remove all
139object files by running "make clean" before rebuilding. Believe it or
140not, "make clean" sometimes helps to clean up other inexplicable
141problems as well. Try it before sending in a bug report!
142
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000143If the configure script fails or doesn't seem to find things that
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000144should be there, inspect the config.log file. When you fix a
145configure problem, be sure to remove config.cache!
146
147If you get a warning for every file about the -Olimit option being no
148longer supported, you can ignore it. There's no foolproof way to know
149whether this option is needed; all I can do is test whether it is
150accepted without error. On some systems, e.g. older SGI compilers, it
151is essential for performance (specifically when compiling ceval.c,
152which has more basic blocks than the default limit of 1000). If the
153warning bothers you, edit the Makefile to remove "-Olimit 1500" from
154the OPT variable.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000155
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000156
157Platform specific notes
158-----------------------
159
Guido van Rossum0447a321995-10-08 01:22:33 +0000160(Some of these may no longer apply. If you find you can build Python
161on these platforms without the special directions mentioned here, let
162me know so I can remove them!)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000163
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000016464-bit platforms: The modules audioop, imageop and rgbimg don't work.
165 Don't try to enable them in the Modules/Setup file. They
166 contain code that is quite wordsize sensitive. (If you have a
167 fix, let me know!)
168
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000169Solaris: When using Sun's C compiler with threads, at least on Solaris
170 2.5.1, you need to add the "-mt" compiler option (the simplest
171 way is probably to specify the compiler with this option as
172 the "CC" environment variable when running the configure
173 script).
174
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000175Linux: On Linux version 1.x, once you've built Python, use it to run
176 the regen script in the Lib/linux1 directory. Apparently
177 the files as distributed don't match the system headers on
178 some Linux versions. (The "h2py" command refers to
179 Tools/scripts/h2py.py.) The modules distributed for Linux 2.x
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000180 should be okay. Shared library support now works by default
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000181 on ELF-based x86 Linux systems. (Note: when you change the
182 status of a module from static to shared, you must remove its
183 .o file or do a "make clean".)
184
Fred Drake61280911997-12-08 14:10:40 +0000185 Under RedHat Linux 5.0, if upgraded from a previous version,
186 remove the LinuxThreads packages. This is needed because
187 LinuxThreads conflicts with the new thread support provided by
188 glibc. Before running Python's configure script, use the
189 following commands as root (version numbers may differ; these
190 are from a stock 4.2 install):
191
192 % rpm -qa | grep ^linuxthread
193 linuxthreads-0.5-1
194 linuxthreads-devel-0.5-1
195 % rpm -e linuxthreads linuxthreads-devel
196
197 While Python only needs this to be done to allow thread
198 support to be included, the conflicts these packages create
199 with the new glibc may cause other packages which use threads
200 to fail as well, so their removal is a good idea regardless of
201 how you configure python.
202
203 Also under RedHat Linux 5.0, the crypt module now needs the
204 -lcrypt option. Uncomment this flag in Modules/Setup, or
205 comment out the crypt module in the same file.
206
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000207DEC Unix: When enabling threads, use --with-dec-threads, not
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000208 --with-thread. When using GCC, it is possible to get an
209 internal compiler error if optimization is used. This was
210 reported for GCC 2.7.2.3 on selectmodule.c. Manually compile
211 the affected file without optimization to solve the problem.
Guido van Rossum8eca2c21996-02-14 18:37:46 +0000212
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000213AIX: A complete overhaul of the shared library support is now in
Guido van Rossumcbfcb171997-10-20 22:57:00 +0000214 place. See Misc/AIX-NOTES for some notes on how it's done.
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000215 (The optimizer bug reported at this place in previous releases
216 has been worked around by a minimal code change.)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000217
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000218Minix: When using ack, use "CC=cc AR=aal RANLIB=: ./configure"!
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000219
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000220SCO: The following only apply to SCO 3; Python builds out of the box
221 on SCO 5 (or so I've heard).
222
223 1) Everything works much better if you add -U__STDC__ to the
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000224 defs. This is because all the SCO header files are broken.
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000225 Anything that isn't mentioned in the C standard is
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000226 conditionally excluded when __STDC__ is defined.
227
228 2) Due to the U.S. export restrictions, SCO broke the crypt
229 stuff out into a separate library, libcrypt_i.a so the LIBS
230 needed be set to:
231
232 LIBS=' -lsocket -lcrypt_i'
233
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000234SunOS 4.x: When using the standard "cc" compiler, certain modules may
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000235 not be compilable because they use non-K&R syntax. You should
236 be able to get a basic Python interpreter by commenting out
237 such modules in the Modules/Setup file, but I really recommend
238 using gcc.
239
240 When using the SunPro C compiler, you may want to use the
241 '-Xa' option instead of '-Xc', to enable some needed non-ANSI
242 Sunisms.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000243
Guido van Rossumcc55c2d1996-10-21 15:14:27 +0000244NeXT: To build fat binaries, use the --with-next-archs switch
245 described below.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000246
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000247QNX: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
248 configure works best if you use GNU bash; a port is available on
249 ftp.qnx.com in /usr/free. I used the following process to build,
250 test and install Python 1.5 under QNX:
251
Guido van Rossumb1d368c1997-12-17 21:08:34 +0000252 1) SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash CC=cc CFLAGS="-5 -O" RANLIB=: \
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000253 bash ./configure --verbose --without-gcc --with-libm=""
254
255 2) copy Modules/Setup.in to Modules/Setup; edit Modules/Setup to
256 activate everything that makes sense for your system... tested
257 here at QNX with the following modules:
258
259 regex reop pcre posix signal readline array cmath math strop
260 struct time operator _locale fcntl pwd grp crypt select socket
261 errno termios audioop imageop rgbimg md5 timing rotor syslog
Guido van Rossumb1d368c1997-12-17 21:08:34 +0000262 new gdbm soundex binascii parser cStringIO cPickle zlib curses
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000263
264 3) SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash
265
266 4) SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash test
267
268 The socket, strftime and possibly gdbm tests might fail in the
269 test harness; going through them by hand shows that they work.
270 A good exercise for the reader: make these work "out of the box".
271
272 5) SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash install
273
274 If you get SIGSEGVs while running Python (I haven't yet, but I've
275 only run small programs and the test cases), you're probably running
276 out of stack; the default 32k could be a little tight. To increase
277 the stack size, edit the Makefile in the Modules directory to read:
Guido van Rossum40d63581997-08-14 19:45:30 +0000278 LDFLAGS = -N 48k
279
Guido van Rossum1bf0bf41997-08-20 23:50:51 +0000280Cray T3E: Konrad Hinsen writes:
281 1) Don't use gcc. It compiles Python/graminit.c into something that
282 the Cray assembler doesn't like. Cray's cc seems to work fine.
283 2) Uncomment modules md5 (won't compile) and audioop (will crash
284 the interpreter during the test suite).
285 If you run the test suite, two tests will fail (rotate and binascii),
286 but these are not the modules you'd expect to need on a Cray.
287
Guido van Rossum0078aaf1997-08-21 03:05:11 +0000288SGI: SGI's standard "make" utility (/bin/make or /usr/bin/make)
289 does not check whether a command actually changed the file it
290 is supposed to build. This means that whenever you say "make"
291 it will redo the link step. The remedy is to use SGI's much
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000292 smarter "smake " utility (/usr/sbin/smake), or GNU make. If
293 you set the first line of the Makefile to #!/usr/sbin/smake
294 smake will be invoked by make (likewise for GNU make).
Guido van Rossum0078aaf1997-08-21 03:05:11 +0000295
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000296 A bug in the MIPSpro 7.1 compiler's optimizer seems to break
297 Modules/pypcre.c. The short term solution is to compile it
298 without optimization. The bug appears to be fixed in version
299 7.2.1 of the compiler.
300
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000301OS/2: If you are running Warp3 or Warp4 and have IBM's VisualAge C/C++
302 compiler installed, just change into the pc\os2vacpp directory
303 and type NMAKE. Threading and sockets are supported by default
304 in the resulting binaries of PYTHON15.DLL and PYTHON.EXE.
305
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000306
Guido van Rossumdc8a3cb1998-05-12 15:29:18 +0000307Configuring threads
308-------------------
309
310The main switch to configure threads is to run the configure script
311(see below) with the --with-thread switch (on DEC, use
312--with-dec-threads). Unfortunately, on some platforms, additional
313compiler and/or linker options are required. Below is a table of
314those options, collected by Bill Janssen. I would love to automate
315this process more, but the information below is not enough to write a
316patch for the configure.in file, so manual intervention is required.
317If you patch the configure.in file and are confident that the patch
318works, please send me the patch. (Don't bother patching the configure
319script itself -- it is regenerated each the configure.in file
320changes.)
321
322Compiler switches for threads
323.............................
324
325 OS/Compiler/threads Switches for use with threads
326 (POSIX is draft 10, DCE is draft 4) (1) compile only (2) compile & link
327
328 SunOS 5.{1-5}/{gcc,SunPro cc}/solaris (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -mt
329 SunOS 5.5/{gcc,SunPro cc}/POSIX (1) -D_REENTRANT
330 DEC OSF/1 3.x/cc/DCE (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -threads
331 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
332 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/DCE (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -threads
333 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
334 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/POSIX (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -pthread
335 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
336 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r/d7 (nothing)
337 (buhrt@iquest.net)
338 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r4/DCE (nothing)
339 (buhrt@iquest.net)
340 IRIX 6.2/cc/POSIX (nothing)
341 (robertl@cwi.nl)
342
343
344Linker (ld) libraries and flags for threads
345...........................................
346
347 OS/threads Libraries/switches for use with threads
348
349 SunOS 5.{1-5}/solaris -lthread
350 SunOS 5.5/POSIX -lpthread
351 DEC OSF/1 3.x/DCE -lpthreads -lmach -lc_r -lc
352 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
353 Digital UNIX 4.x/DCE -lpthreads -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
354 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
355 Digital UNIX 4.x/POSIX -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
356 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
357 AIX 4.1.4/{draft7,DCE} (nothing)
358 (buhrt@iquest.net)
359 IRIX 6.2/POSIX -lpthread
360 (jph@emilia.engr.sgi.com)
361
362
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000363Configuring additional built-in modules
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000364---------------------------------------
Guido van Rossum19e0c261995-01-17 16:36:34 +0000365
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000366You can configure the interpreter to contain fewer or more built-in
367modules by editing the file Modules/Setup. This file is initially
368copied (when the toplevel Makefile makes Modules/Makefile for the
369first time) from Setup.in; if it does not exist yet, make a copy
370yourself. Never edit Setup.in -- always edit Setup. Read the
371comments in the file for information on what kind of edits you can
372make. When you have edited Setup, Makefile and config.c in Modules
373will automatically be rebuilt the next time you run make in the
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000374toplevel directory. (When working inside the Modules directory, use
375"make Makefile; make".)
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000376
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000377The default collection of modules should build on any Unix system, but
378many optional modules should work on all modern Unices (e.g. try dbm,
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000379nis, termios, timing, syslog, curses, new, soundex, parser). Often
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000380the quickest way to determine whether a particular module works or not
381is to see if it will build: enable it in Setup, then if you get
382compilation or link errors, disable it -- you're missing support.
383
384On SGI IRIX, there are modules that interface to many SGI specific
385system libraries, e.g. the GL library and the audio hardware.
386
387For SunOS and Solaris, enable module "sunaudiodev" to support the
388audio device.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000389
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000390In addition to the file Setup, you can also edit the file Setup.local.
391(the makesetup script processes both). You may find it more
392convenient to edit Setup.local and leave Setup alone. Then, when
393installing a new Python version, you can copy your old Setup.local
394file.
395
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000396
397Setting the optimization/debugging options
398------------------------------------------
399
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000400If you want or need to change the optimization/debugging options for
401the C compiler, assign to the OPT variable on the toplevel make
402command; e.g. "make OPT=-g" will build a debugging version of Python
403on most platforms. The default is OPT=-O; a value for OPT in the
404environment when the configure script is run overrides this default
405(likewise for CC; and the initial value for LIBS is used as the base
406set of libraries to link with).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000407
408
409Testing
410-------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000411
412To test the interpreter that you have just built, type "make test".
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000413This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with
414the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set
415produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about
416skipped tests due to an optional feature that can't be imported (if
417you want to test those modules, edit Modules/Setup to configure them).
418If a messages is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core
Guido van Rossum24df6841997-12-30 04:32:30 +0000419dump is produced, something's wrong. On some Linux systems (those
420that are not yet using glibc 6), test_strftime fails due to a
421non-standard-compliant implementation of strftime() in the C library.
422Please ignore this, or upgrade to glibc version 6.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000423
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000424IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report,
425*don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000426test that fails manually, as follows:
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000427
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000428 python ../Lib/test/test_whatever.py
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000429
430(substituting the top of the source tree for .. if you built in a
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000431different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000432
433
434Installing
435----------
436
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000437To install the Python binary, library modules, shared library modules
438(see below), include files, configuration files, and the manual page,
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000439just type
440
441 make install
442
443This will install all platform-independent files in subdirectories the
444directory given with the --prefix option to configure or the 'prefix'
445Make variable (default /usr/local), and all binary and other
446platform-specific files in subdirectories if the directory given by
447--exec-prefix or the 'exec_prefix' Make variable (defaults to the
448--prefix directory).
449
450All subdirectories created will have Python's version number in their
451name, e.g. the library modules are installed in
452"/usr/local/lib/python1.5/" by default. The Python binary is
453installed as "python1.5" and a hard link named "python" is created.
454The only file not installed with a version number in its name is the
455manual page, installed as "/usr/local/man/man1/python.1" by default.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000456
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000457If you have a previous installation of a pre-1.5 Python that you don't
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000458want to replace yet, use
459
460 make altinstall
461
462This installs the same set of files as "make install" except it
463doesn't create the hard link to "python1.5" named "python" and it
464doesn't install the manual page at all.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000465
466The only thing you may have to install manually is the Python mode for
467Emacs. (But then again, more recent versions of Emacs may already
468have it!) This is the file Misc/python-mode.el; follow the
469instructions that came with Emacs for installation of site specific
470files.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000471
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000472
473Configuration options and variables
474-----------------------------------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000475
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000476Some special cases are handled by passing options to the configure
477script.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000478
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000479WARNING: if you rerun the configure script with different options, you
480must run "make clean" before rebuilding. Exceptions to this rule:
481after changing --prefix or --exec-prefix, all you need to do is remove
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +0000482Modules/getpath.o.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000483
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000484--with(out)-gcc: The configure script uses gcc (the GNU C compiler) if
485 it finds it. If you don't want this, or if this compiler is
486 installed but broken on your platform, pass the option
487 --without-gcc. You can also pass "CC=cc" (or whatever the
488 name of the proper C compiler is) in the environment, but the
489 advantage of using --without-gcc is that this option is
490 remembered by the config.status script for its --recheck
491 option.
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000492
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000493--prefix, --exec-prefix: If you want to install the binaries and the
494 Python library somewhere else than in /usr/local/{bin,lib},
495 you can pass the option --prefix=DIRECTORY; the interpreter
496 binary will be installed as DIRECTORY/bin/python and the
497 library files as DIRECTORY/lib/python/*. If you pass
498 --exec-prefix=DIRECTORY (as well) this overrides the
499 installation prefix for architecture-dependent files (like the
500 interpreter binary). Note that --prefix=DIRECTORY also
501 affects the default module search path (sys.path), when
502 Modules/config.c is compiled. Passing make the option
503 prefix=DIRECTORY (and/or exec_prefix=DIRECTORY) overrides the
504 prefix set at configuration time; this may be more convenient
505 than re-running the configure script if you change your mind
506 about the install prefix...
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000507
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +0000508--with-readline: This option is no longer supported. To use GNU
509 readline, enable module "readline" in the Modules/Setup file.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000510
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000511--with-thread: On most Unix systems, you can now use multiple threads.
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000512 To enable this, pass --with-thread. (--with-threads is an
513 alias.) If the library required for threads lives in a
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +0000514 peculiar place, you can use --with-thread=DIRECTORY. NOTE:
515 you must also enable the thread module by uncommenting it in
516 the Modules/Setup file. (Threads aren't enabled automatically
517 because there are run-time penalties when support for them is
518 compiled in even if you don't use them.) IMPORTANT: run "make
519 clean" after changing (either enabling or disabling) this
Guido van Rossum0e13da91998-02-22 04:36:34 +0000520 option, or you will get link errors! Note: for DEC Unix use
521 --with-dec-threads instead.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000522
523--with-sgi-dl: On SGI IRIX 4, dynamic loading of extension modules is
524 supported by the "dl" library by Jack Jansen, which is
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000525 ftp'able from ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-1.6.tar.Z.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000526 This is enabled (after you've ftp'ed and compiled the dl
527 library!) by passing --with-sgi-dl=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY
528 is the absolute pathname of the dl library. (Don't bother on
529 IRIX 5, it already has dynamic linking using SunOS style
530 shared libraries.) Support for this feature is deprecated.
531
532--with-dl-dld: Dynamic loading of modules is rumoured to be supported
533 on some other systems: VAX (Ultrix), Sun3 (SunOS 3.4), Sequent
534 Symmetry (Dynix), and Atari ST. This is done using a
535 combination of the GNU dynamic loading package
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000536 (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-dld-1.1.tar.Z) and an
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000537 emulation of the SGI dl library mentioned above (the emulation
538 can be found at
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000539 ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dld-3.2.3.tar.Z). To
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000540 enable this, ftp and compile both libraries, then call the
541 configure passing it the option
542 --with-dl-dld=DL_DIRECTORY,DLD_DIRECTORY where DL_DIRECTORY is
543 the absolute pathname of the dl emulation library and
544 DLD_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the GNU dld library.
545 (Don't bother on SunOS 4 or 5, they already have dynamic
546 linking using shared libraries.) Support for this feature is
547 deprecated.
548
549--with-libm, --with-libc: It is possible to specify alternative
550 versions for the Math library (default -lm) and the C library
551 (default the empty string) using the options
552 --with-libm=STRING and --with-libc=STRING, respectively. E.g.
553 if your system requires that you pass -lc_s to the C compiler
554 to use the shared C library, you can pass --with-libc=-lc_s.
555 These libraries are passed after all other libraries, the C
556 library last.
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +0000557
558--with-next-archs='arch1 arch2': Under NEXTSTEP, this will build
559 all compiled binaries with the architectures listed. Includes
560 correctly setting the target architecture specific resource
Guido van Rossumcc55c2d1996-10-21 15:14:27 +0000561 directory. (This option is not supported on other platforms.)
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000562
Guido van Rossumd02ba451996-07-31 17:36:01 +0000563--with-libs='libs': Add 'libs' to the LIBS that the python
564 linked against.
565
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000566
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000567Building for multiple architectures (using the VPATH feature)
568-------------------------------------------------------------
569
570If your file system is shared between multiple architectures, it
571usually is not necessary to make copies of the sources for each
572architecture you want to support. If the make program supports the
573VPATH feature, you can create an empty build directory for each
574architecture, and in each directory run the configure script (on the
575appropriate machine with the appropriate options). This creates the
576necessary subdirectories and the Makefiles therein. The Makefiles
577contain a line VPATH=... which points to directory containing the
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000578actual sources. (On SGI systems, use "smake -J1" instead of "make" if
579you use VPATH -- don't try gnumake.)
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000580
581For example, the following is all you need to build a minimal Python
582in /usr/tmp/python (assuming ~guido/src/python is the toplevel
583directory and you want to build in /usr/tmp/python):
584
585 $ mkdir /usr/tmp/python
586 $ cd /usr/tmp/python
587 $ ~guido/src/python/configure
588 [...]
589 $ make
590 [...]
591 $
592
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000593Note that Modules/Makefile copies the original Setup file to the build
594directory if it finds no Setup file there. This means that you can
595edit the Setup file for each architecture independently. For this
596reason, subsequent changes to the original Setup file are not tracked
597automatically, as they might overwrite local changes. To force a copy
598of a changed original Setup file, delete the target Setup file. (The
599makesetup script supports multiple input files, so if you want to be
600fancy you can change the rules to create an empty Setup.local if it
601doesn't exist and run it with arguments $(srcdir)/Setup Setup.local;
602however this assumes that you only need to add modules.)
603
604
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000605Building on non-UNIX systems
606----------------------------
607
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000608Building Python for a PC is now a piece of cake!
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000609
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000610Enter the directory "PC" and read the file "readme.txt". Most popular
611non-Unix PC platforms and compilers are supported (Unix ports to the
612PC such as Linux, FreeBSD or Solaris-x86 of course use the standard
613Unix build instructions).
614
615For the Mac, a separate source distribution will be made available,
616for use with the CodeWarrior compiler. If you are interested in Mac
617development, join the PythonMac Special Interest Group
618(http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/, or send email to
619pythonmac-sig-request@python.org).
620
621Of course, there are also binary distributions available for these
622platforms -- see http://www.python.org/python/.
623
624To port Python to a new non-UNIX system, you will have to fake the
625effect of running the configure script manually (for Mac and PC, this
626has already been done for you). A good start is to copy the file
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000627config.h.in to config.h and edit the latter to reflect the actual
628configuration of your system. Most symbols must simply be defined as
6291 only if the corresponding feature is present and can be left alone
630otherwise; however RETSIGTYPE must always be defined, either as int or
631as void, and the *_t type symbols must be defined as some variant of
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000632int if they need to be defined at all.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000633
634
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000635
636Miscellaneous issues
637====================
638
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000639Documentation
640-------------
641
642All documentation is provided in the subdirectory Doc in the form of
643LaTeX files. In order of importance for new users: Tutorial (tut),
644Library Reference (lib), Language Reference (ref), Extending (ext).
645Especially the Library Reference is of immense value since much of
646Python's power (including the built-in data types and functions!) is
647described here.
648
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000649To print the documentation from the LaTeX files, chdir into the Doc
650subdirectory, type "make" (let's hope you have LaTeX installed!), and
651send the four resulting PostScript files (tut.ps, lib.ps, ref.ps, and
652ext.ps) to the printer. See the README file there. If you don't have
653LaTeX, you can ftp the PostScript files from the ftp archives (see
654below).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000655
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000656All documentation is also available on-line via the Python web site
657(http://www.python.org/, see below). It can also be downloaded
658separately from the ftp archives (see below) in Emacs INFO, HTML or
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000659PostScript form -- see the web site or the FAQ
660(http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
661http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for more info.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000662
663
664Emacs mode
665----------
666
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000667There's an excellent Emacs editing mode for Python code; see the file
668Misc/python-mode.el. Originally written by the famous Tim Peters, it
669is now maintained by the equally famous Barry Warsaw
670<bwarsaw@cnri.reston.va.us>. The latest version is online at
671ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/emacs/python-mode.el. As you might expect of
672Barry (and even if you don't know what the heck I'm talking about :-),
673a configuration file for his cc-mode.el which selects the style used
674throughout most Python C source files is also provided; see the file
675Misc/ccpy-style.el.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000676
677
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000678Web site
679--------
680
681Python's own web site has URL http://www.python.org/. Come visit us!
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000682There are a number of mirrors, and a list of mirrors is accessible
683from the home page -- try a mirror that's close you you.
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000684
685
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000686Ftp site
687--------
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000688
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000689Python's own ftp site is ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/. There are
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000690numerous mirrors; the list of mirrors is accessible from
691http://www.python.org/.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000692
693
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000694Newsgroups
695----------
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000696
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000697Read comp.lang.python, a high-volume discussion newsgroup about
698Python, or comp.lang.python.announce, a low-volume moderated newsgroup
699for Python-related announcements. These are also accessible as
700mailing lists, see the next item.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000701
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000702Archives are accessible via Deja News; the Python website has a
703query form for the archives at http://www.python.org/search/.
704
705
706Mailing lists
707-------------
708
709See http://www.python.org/psa/MailingLists.html for an overview of the
710many Python related mailing lists.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000711
712
713Bug reports
714-----------
715
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000716Bugs are best reported to the comp.lang.python newsgroup (or the
717Python mailing list) -- see the section "Newsgroups" above. Before
718posting, check the newsgroup archives (see above) to see if your bug
719has already been reported! If you don't want to go public, send them
720to me: <guido@python.org>.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000721
722
723Questions
724---------
725
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000726For help, if you can't find it in the manuals or on the web site, it's
727best to post to the comp.lang.python or the Python mailing list (see
728above). If you specifically don't want to involve the newsgroup or
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000729mailing list, send questions to <python-help@python.org> (a group of
730volunteers which does *not* include me). Because of my work and email
731volume, I'm often be slow in answering questions sent to me directly;
732I prefer to answer questions posted to the newsgroup.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000733
734
735The Tk interface
736----------------
737
738Tk (the user interface component of John Ousterhout's Tcl language) is
739also usable from Python. Since this requires that you first build and
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000740install Tcl/Tk, the Tk interface is not enabled by default. Python
741supports all Tcl/Tk versions from version 7.5/4.1 through 8.0 (and it
742is expected that it will also work with newer versions). Tcl/Tk
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +00007437.4/4.0 is no longer supported. 8.0 or any later non-alpha non-beta
744release is recommended.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000745
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000746See http://sunscript.sun.com/ for more info on Tcl/Tk, including the
747on-line manual pages.
748
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000749
750To enable the Python/Tk interface, once you've built and installed
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000751Tcl/Tk, load the file Modules/Setup in your favorite text editor and
752search for the string "_tkinter". Then follow the instructions found
753there. If you have installed Tcl/Tk or X11 in unusual places, you
754will have to edit the first line to fix or add -I and -L options.
755(Also see the general instructions at the top of that file.)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000756
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000757There is little documentation on how to use Tkinter; however most of
758the Tk manual pages apply quite straightforwardly. Begin with
759fetching the "Tk Lifesaver" document,
760e.g. ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/doc/tkinter-doc.tar.gz (a gzipped
761tar file containing a PostScript file) or the on-line version
762http://www.python.org/doc/life-preserver/index.html. Reading the
763Tkinter.py source will reveal most details on how Tkinter calls are
764translated into Tcl code.
765
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000766A more recent introduction to Tkinter programming, by Fredrik Lundh,
767is at http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/index.htm.
768
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000769There are demos in the Demo/tkinter directory, in the subdirectories
770guido, matt and www (the matt and guido subdirectories have been
771overhauled to use more recent Tkinter coding conventions).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000772
773Note that there's a Python module called "Tkinter" (capital T) which
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000774lives in Lib/tkinter/Tkinter.py, and a C module called "_tkinter"
775(lower case t and leading underscore) which lives in
776Modules/_tkinter.c. Demos and normal Tk applications only import the
777Python Tkinter module -- only the latter uses the C _tkinter module
778directly. In order to find the C _tkinter module, it must be compiled
779and linked into the Python interpreter -- the _tkinter line in the
780Setup file does this. In order to find the Python Tkinter module,
781sys.path must be set correctly -- the TKPATH assignment in the Setup
782file takes care of this, but only if you install Python properly
783("make install libinstall"). (You can also use dynamic loading for
784the C _tkinter module, in which case you must manually fix up sys.path
785or set $PYTHONPATH for the Python Tkinter module.)
Guido van Rossum84c8c7f1995-08-28 02:44:24 +0000786
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000787
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000788Distribution structure
789----------------------
790
791Most subdirectories have their own README file. Most files have
792comments.
793
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000794Demo/ Demonstration scripts, modules and programs
795Doc/ Documentation (LaTeX sources)
796Grammar/ Input for the parser generator
797Include/ Public header files
798Lib/ Python library modules
799Makefile.in Source from which config.status creates Makefile
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000800Misc/ Miscellaneous useful files
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000801Modules/ Implementation of most built-in modules
802Objects/ Implementation of most built-in object types
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000803PC/ PC porting files (DOS, Windows, OS/2)
804PCbuild/ Directory where you should build for Windows NT/95
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000805Parser/ The parser and tokenizer and their input handling
806Python/ The "compiler" and interpreter
807README The file you're reading now
808Tools/ Some useful programs written in Python
809acconfig.h Additional input for the autoheader program
810config.h.in Source from which config.status creates config.h
811configure Configuration shell script (GNU autoconf output)
812configure.in Configuration specification (GNU autoconf input)
813install-sh Shell script used to install files
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000814
815The following files will (may) be created in the toplevel directory by
816the configuration and build processes:
817
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000818Makefile Build rules
819config.cache cache of configuration variables
820config.h Configuration header
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000821config.log Log from last configure run
822config.status Status from last run of configure script
823libpython1.5.a The library archive
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000824python The executable interpreter
825tags, TAGS Tags files for vi and Emacs
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000826
827
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000828Author's address
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000829================
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000830
831Guido van Rossum
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000832CNRI
8331895 Preston White Drive
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000834Reston, VA 20191
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000835USA
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000836
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000837E-mail: guido@cnri.reston.va.us or guido@python.org
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000838
839
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000840
841Copyright notice
842================
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000843
844The Python source is copyrighted, but you can freely use and copy it
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000845as long as you don't change or remove the copyright notice:
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000846
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000847----------------------------------------------------------------------
Guido van Rossumaf5b83e1995-01-04 19:02:35 +0000848Copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam,
849The Netherlands.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000850
851 All Rights Reserved
852
Guido van Rossumc561e5d1994-08-23 13:52:46 +0000853Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
854documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000855provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
Guido van Rossumc561e5d1994-08-23 13:52:46 +0000856both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000857supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000858Centrum or CWI or Corporation for National Research Initiatives or
859CNRI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
860distribution of the software without specific, written prior
861permission.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000862
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000863While CWI is the initial source for this software, a modified version
864is made available by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives
865(CNRI) at the Internet address ftp://ftp.python.org.
866
867STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM AND CNRI DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH
868REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
869MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH
870CENTRUM OR CNRI BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
871DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
872PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
873TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
874PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000875----------------------------------------------------------------------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000876
877
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000878--Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/)