blob: 352588df03165bdbcaa5ab74b2af5981d7066b62 [file] [log] [blame]
Guido van Rossumd4493421998-12-22 16:37:01 +00001This is Python version 1.5.2b1 -- released Dec 22, 1998
2=======================================================
Guido van Rossum79808261997-12-11 18:01:47 +00003
4
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +00005What's new in this release?
6---------------------------
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +00007
Guido van Rossumde64eaf1998-10-17 19:44:20 +00008Quite a bit! See the Misc/NEWS file.
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +00009
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000010
11If you don't read instructions
12------------------------------
13
14Congratulations on getting this far. :-)
15
16To start building right away (on UNIX): type "./configure" in the
17current directory and when it finishes, type "make". The section
18Build Instructions below is still recommended reading. :-)
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +000019
20
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000021What is Python anyway?
22----------------------
23
24Python is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, and is
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000025often compared to Tcl, Perl, Java or Scheme. To find out more, point
26your browser to http://www.python.org/.
27
28
29A modest plug
30-------------
31
32************************************************************************
33* Without your support, I won't be able to continue to work on Python! *
34************************************************************************
35
36If you use Python, please consider joining the Python Software
37Activity (PSA). See http://www.python.org/psa/.
38
39Organizations that make heavy use of Python are especially encouraged
Guido van Rossumde64eaf1998-10-17 19:44:20 +000040to become corporate members -- or better still, to join the Python
41Consortium (see http://www.python.org/consortium/).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000042
43
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000044How do I learn Python?
45----------------------
46
47The official tutorial is still a good place to start (in the Doc
48directory as tut.tex; and http://www.python.org/doc/tut/tut.html).
49Aaron Watters wrote a second tutorial, that may be more accessible for
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000050some: http://www.wcmh.com/uworld/archives/95/tutorial/005.html. Both
51tutorials (as well as most other sources) assume that you already know
52how to program -- if you'd like to write "Python for Dummies", I know
53a publisher who would like to talk to you...
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000054
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +000055There are now also several books on Python. While these are still
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000056based on Python 1.3 or 1.4, the information in them is still 99%
57correct. The first two books, both first published in October 1996
58and both including a CD-ROM, form excellent companions to each other:
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000059
60 Internet Programming with Python
61 by Aaron Watters, Guido van Rossum, and James Ahlstrom
62 MIS Press/Henry Holt publishers
63 ISBN: 1-55851-484-8
64
65 Programming Python
66 by Mark Lutz
67 O'Reilly & Associates
68 ISBN: 1-56592-197-6
69
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000070If you can read German, try:
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +000071
72 Das Python-Buch
73 by Martin von Loewis and Nils Fischbeck
74 Addison-Wesley-Longman, 1997
75 ISBN: 3-8273-1110-1
76
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000077
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000078Copyright issues
79----------------
80
81Python is COPYRIGHTED but free to use for all. See the full copyright
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000082notice at the end of this file and in the file Misc/COPYRIGHT.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000083
84The Python distribution is *not* affected by the GNU Public Licence
85(GPL). There are interfaces to some GNU code but these are entirely
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000086optional and no GNU code is distributed with Python.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000087
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +000088
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +000089Build instructions
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000090==================
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +000091
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +000092Before you can build Python, you must first configure it.
93Fortunately, the configuration and build process has been streamlined
94for most Unix installations, so all you have to do is type a few
95commands, optionally edit one file, and sit back. There are some
96platforms where things are not quite as smooth; see the platform
97specific notes below. If you want to build for multiple platforms
98sharing the same source tree, see the section on VPATH below.
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +000099
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000100You start by running the script "./configure", which figures out your
101system configuration and creates several Makefiles. (It takes a
102minute or two -- please be patient!) When it's done, you are ready to
103run make. You may want to pass options to the configure script -- see
104the section below on configuration options and variables.
105
106To build Python, you normally type "make" in the toplevel directory.
107This will recursively run make in each of the subdirectories Parser,
108Objects, Python and Modules, creating a library file in each one. The
109executable of the interpreter is built in the Modules subdirectory and
110moved up here when it is built. If you want or need to, you can also
111chdir into each subdirectory in turn and run make there manually (do
112the Modules subdirectory last!).
113
114Once you have built an interpreter, see the subsections below on
115testing, configuring additional modules, and installation. If you run
116in trouble, see the next section.
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000117
Guido van Rossum0a516c91994-09-12 10:58:40 +0000118
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000119Troubleshooting
120---------------
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000121
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000122See also the platform specific notes in the next section.
123
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000124If recursive makes fail, try invoking make as "make MAKE=make".
125
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000126If you run into other trouble, see section 3 of the FAQ
127(http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
128http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for hints on what can go wrong,
129and how to fix it.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000130
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000131If you rerun the configure script with different options, remove all
132object files by running "make clean" before rebuilding. Believe it or
133not, "make clean" sometimes helps to clean up other inexplicable
134problems as well. Try it before sending in a bug report!
135
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000136If the configure script fails or doesn't seem to find things that
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000137should be there, inspect the config.log file. When you fix a
138configure problem, be sure to remove config.cache!
139
140If you get a warning for every file about the -Olimit option being no
141longer supported, you can ignore it. There's no foolproof way to know
142whether this option is needed; all I can do is test whether it is
143accepted without error. On some systems, e.g. older SGI compilers, it
144is essential for performance (specifically when compiling ceval.c,
145which has more basic blocks than the default limit of 1000). If the
146warning bothers you, edit the Makefile to remove "-Olimit 1500" from
147the OPT variable.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000148
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000149
150Platform specific notes
151-----------------------
152
Guido van Rossum0447a321995-10-08 01:22:33 +0000153(Some of these may no longer apply. If you find you can build Python
154on these platforms without the special directions mentioned here, let
155me know so I can remove them!)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000156
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000015764-bit platforms: The modules audioop, imageop and rgbimg don't work.
158 Don't try to enable them in the Modules/Setup file. They
159 contain code that is quite wordsize sensitive. (If you have a
160 fix, let me know!)
161
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000162Solaris: When using Sun's C compiler with threads, at least on Solaris
163 2.5.1, you need to add the "-mt" compiler option (the simplest
164 way is probably to specify the compiler with this option as
165 the "CC" environment variable when running the configure
166 script).
167
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000168Linux: On Linux version 1.x, once you've built Python, use it to run
169 the regen script in the Lib/linux1 directory. Apparently
170 the files as distributed don't match the system headers on
171 some Linux versions. (The "h2py" command refers to
172 Tools/scripts/h2py.py.) The modules distributed for Linux 2.x
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000173 should be okay. Shared library support now works by default
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000174 on ELF-based x86 Linux systems. (Note: when you change the
175 status of a module from static to shared, you must remove its
176 .o file or do a "make clean".)
177
Fred Drake61280911997-12-08 14:10:40 +0000178 Under RedHat Linux 5.0, if upgraded from a previous version,
179 remove the LinuxThreads packages. This is needed because
180 LinuxThreads conflicts with the new thread support provided by
181 glibc. Before running Python's configure script, use the
182 following commands as root (version numbers may differ; these
183 are from a stock 4.2 install):
184
185 % rpm -qa | grep ^linuxthread
186 linuxthreads-0.5-1
187 linuxthreads-devel-0.5-1
188 % rpm -e linuxthreads linuxthreads-devel
189
190 While Python only needs this to be done to allow thread
191 support to be included, the conflicts these packages create
192 with the new glibc may cause other packages which use threads
193 to fail as well, so their removal is a good idea regardless of
194 how you configure python.
195
196 Also under RedHat Linux 5.0, the crypt module now needs the
197 -lcrypt option. Uncomment this flag in Modules/Setup, or
198 comment out the crypt module in the same file.
199
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000200DEC Unix: When enabling threads, use --with-dec-threads, not
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000201 --with-thread. When using GCC, it is possible to get an
202 internal compiler error if optimization is used. This was
203 reported for GCC 2.7.2.3 on selectmodule.c. Manually compile
204 the affected file without optimization to solve the problem.
Guido van Rossum8eca2c21996-02-14 18:37:46 +0000205
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000206AIX: A complete overhaul of the shared library support is now in
Guido van Rossumcbfcb171997-10-20 22:57:00 +0000207 place. See Misc/AIX-NOTES for some notes on how it's done.
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000208 (The optimizer bug reported at this place in previous releases
209 has been worked around by a minimal code change.)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000210
Guido van Rossum2094e041998-05-14 15:47:35 +0000211HP-UX: Please read the file Misc/HPUX-NOTES.
212
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000213Minix: When using ack, use "CC=cc AR=aal RANLIB=: ./configure"!
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000214
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000215SCO: The following only apply to SCO 3; Python builds out of the box
216 on SCO 5 (or so I've heard).
217
218 1) Everything works much better if you add -U__STDC__ to the
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000219 defs. This is because all the SCO header files are broken.
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000220 Anything that isn't mentioned in the C standard is
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000221 conditionally excluded when __STDC__ is defined.
222
223 2) Due to the U.S. export restrictions, SCO broke the crypt
224 stuff out into a separate library, libcrypt_i.a so the LIBS
225 needed be set to:
226
227 LIBS=' -lsocket -lcrypt_i'
228
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000229SunOS 4.x: When using the standard "cc" compiler, certain modules may
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000230 not be compilable because they use non-K&R syntax. You should
231 be able to get a basic Python interpreter by commenting out
232 such modules in the Modules/Setup file, but I really recommend
233 using gcc.
234
235 When using the SunPro C compiler, you may want to use the
236 '-Xa' option instead of '-Xc', to enable some needed non-ANSI
237 Sunisms.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000238
Guido van Rossumcc55c2d1996-10-21 15:14:27 +0000239NeXT: To build fat binaries, use the --with-next-archs switch
240 described below.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000241
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000242QNX: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
243 configure works best if you use GNU bash; a port is available on
244 ftp.qnx.com in /usr/free. I used the following process to build,
Guido van Rossumd4493421998-12-22 16:37:01 +0000245 test and install Python 1.5.x under QNX:
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000246
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000247 1) CONFIG_SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash CC=cc RANLIB=: \
248 ./configure --verbose --without-gcc --with-libm=""
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000249
250 2) copy Modules/Setup.in to Modules/Setup; edit Modules/Setup to
251 activate everything that makes sense for your system... tested
252 here at QNX with the following modules:
253
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000254 array, audioop, binascii, cPickle, cStringIO, cmath,
255 crypt, curses, errno, fcntl, gdbm, grp, imageop,
256 _locale, math, md5, new, operator, parser, pcre,
257 posix, pwd, readline, regex, reop, rgbimg, rotor,
258 select, signal, socket, soundex, strop, struct,
Guido van Rossumd4493421998-12-22 16:37:01 +0000259 syslog, termios, time, timing, zlib, audioop, imageop, rgbimg
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000260
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000261 3) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash
262
263 or, if you feel the need for speed:
264
265 make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash OPT="-5 -Oil+nrt"
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000266
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000267 4) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash test
268
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000269 Using GNU readline 2.2 seems to behave strangely, but I
270 think that's a problem with my readline 2.2 port. :-\
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000271
272 5) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash install
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000273
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000274 If you get SIGSEGVs while running Python (I haven't yet, but
275 I've only run small programs and the test cases), you're
276 probably running out of stack; the default 32k could be a
277 little tight. To increase the stack size, edit the Makefile
278 in the Modules directory to read: LDFLAGS = -N 48k
Guido van Rossum40d63581997-08-14 19:45:30 +0000279
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000280BeOS: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
281 See BeOS/README for notes about compiling/installing Python on
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000282 BeOS R3 or later. Note that only the PowerPC platform is
Guido van Rossumd4493421998-12-22 16:37:01 +0000283 supported for R3; both PowerPC and x86 are supported for R4.
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000284
Guido van Rossum1bf0bf41997-08-20 23:50:51 +0000285Cray T3E: Konrad Hinsen writes:
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000286 1) Don't use gcc. It compiles Python/graminit.c into something
287 that the Cray assembler doesn't like. Cray's cc seems to work
288 fine.
289 2) Uncomment modules md5 (won't compile) and audioop (will
290 crash the interpreter during the test suite).
291 If you run the test suite, two tests will fail (rotate and
292 binascii), but these are not the modules you'd expect to need
293 on a Cray.
Guido van Rossum1bf0bf41997-08-20 23:50:51 +0000294
Guido van Rossum0078aaf1997-08-21 03:05:11 +0000295SGI: SGI's standard "make" utility (/bin/make or /usr/bin/make)
296 does not check whether a command actually changed the file it
297 is supposed to build. This means that whenever you say "make"
298 it will redo the link step. The remedy is to use SGI's much
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000299 smarter "smake " utility (/usr/sbin/smake), or GNU make. If
300 you set the first line of the Makefile to #!/usr/sbin/smake
301 smake will be invoked by make (likewise for GNU make).
Guido van Rossum0078aaf1997-08-21 03:05:11 +0000302
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000303 A bug in the MIPSpro 7.1 compiler's optimizer seems to break
304 Modules/pypcre.c. The short term solution is to compile it
Guido van Rossum0dd010a1998-06-30 16:58:58 +0000305 without optimization. The bug is fixed in version 7.2.1 of
306 the compiler.
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000307
Guido van Rossumf5ade401999-01-11 16:45:44 +0000308 A bug in gcc-2.8.1 sets sys.maxint to -1 which *also* seems to
309 break Modules/pypcre.c. The egcs versions of gcc fix this
310 problem. (Raj Srinivasan)
311
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000312OS/2: If you are running Warp3 or Warp4 and have IBM's VisualAge C/C++
313 compiler installed, just change into the pc\os2vacpp directory
314 and type NMAKE. Threading and sockets are supported by default
315 in the resulting binaries of PYTHON15.DLL and PYTHON.EXE.
316
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000317
Guido van Rossumdc8a3cb1998-05-12 15:29:18 +0000318Configuring threads
319-------------------
320
321The main switch to configure threads is to run the configure script
322(see below) with the --with-thread switch (on DEC, use
323--with-dec-threads). Unfortunately, on some platforms, additional
324compiler and/or linker options are required. Below is a table of
325those options, collected by Bill Janssen. I would love to automate
326this process more, but the information below is not enough to write a
327patch for the configure.in file, so manual intervention is required.
328If you patch the configure.in file and are confident that the patch
329works, please send me the patch. (Don't bother patching the configure
330script itself -- it is regenerated each the configure.in file
331changes.)
332
333Compiler switches for threads
334.............................
335
336 OS/Compiler/threads Switches for use with threads
337 (POSIX is draft 10, DCE is draft 4) (1) compile only (2) compile & link
338
339 SunOS 5.{1-5}/{gcc,SunPro cc}/solaris (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -mt
340 SunOS 5.5/{gcc,SunPro cc}/POSIX (1) -D_REENTRANT
341 DEC OSF/1 3.x/cc/DCE (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -threads
342 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
343 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/DCE (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -threads
344 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
345 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/POSIX (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -pthread
346 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
347 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r/d7 (nothing)
348 (buhrt@iquest.net)
349 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r4/DCE (nothing)
350 (buhrt@iquest.net)
351 IRIX 6.2/cc/POSIX (nothing)
352 (robertl@cwi.nl)
353
354
355Linker (ld) libraries and flags for threads
356...........................................
357
358 OS/threads Libraries/switches for use with threads
359
360 SunOS 5.{1-5}/solaris -lthread
361 SunOS 5.5/POSIX -lpthread
362 DEC OSF/1 3.x/DCE -lpthreads -lmach -lc_r -lc
363 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
364 Digital UNIX 4.x/DCE -lpthreads -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
365 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
366 Digital UNIX 4.x/POSIX -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
367 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
368 AIX 4.1.4/{draft7,DCE} (nothing)
369 (buhrt@iquest.net)
370 IRIX 6.2/POSIX -lpthread
371 (jph@emilia.engr.sgi.com)
372
373
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000374Configuring additional built-in modules
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000375---------------------------------------
Guido van Rossum19e0c261995-01-17 16:36:34 +0000376
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000377You can configure the interpreter to contain fewer or more built-in
378modules by editing the file Modules/Setup. This file is initially
379copied (when the toplevel Makefile makes Modules/Makefile for the
380first time) from Setup.in; if it does not exist yet, make a copy
381yourself. Never edit Setup.in -- always edit Setup. Read the
382comments in the file for information on what kind of edits you can
383make. When you have edited Setup, Makefile and config.c in Modules
384will automatically be rebuilt the next time you run make in the
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000385toplevel directory. (When working inside the Modules directory, use
386"make Makefile; make".)
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000387
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000388The default collection of modules should build on any Unix system, but
389many optional modules should work on all modern Unices (e.g. try dbm,
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000390nis, termios, timing, syslog, curses, new, soundex, parser). Often
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000391the quickest way to determine whether a particular module works or not
392is to see if it will build: enable it in Setup, then if you get
393compilation or link errors, disable it -- you're missing support.
394
395On SGI IRIX, there are modules that interface to many SGI specific
396system libraries, e.g. the GL library and the audio hardware.
397
398For SunOS and Solaris, enable module "sunaudiodev" to support the
399audio device.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000400
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000401In addition to the file Setup, you can also edit the file Setup.local.
402(the makesetup script processes both). You may find it more
403convenient to edit Setup.local and leave Setup alone. Then, when
404installing a new Python version, you can copy your old Setup.local
405file.
406
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000407
408Setting the optimization/debugging options
409------------------------------------------
410
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000411If you want or need to change the optimization/debugging options for
412the C compiler, assign to the OPT variable on the toplevel make
413command; e.g. "make OPT=-g" will build a debugging version of Python
414on most platforms. The default is OPT=-O; a value for OPT in the
415environment when the configure script is run overrides this default
416(likewise for CC; and the initial value for LIBS is used as the base
417set of libraries to link with).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000418
419
420Testing
421-------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000422
423To test the interpreter that you have just built, type "make test".
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000424This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with
425the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set
426produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about
427skipped tests due to an optional feature that can't be imported (if
428you want to test those modules, edit Modules/Setup to configure them).
429If a messages is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core
Guido van Rossum24df6841997-12-30 04:32:30 +0000430dump is produced, something's wrong. On some Linux systems (those
431that are not yet using glibc 6), test_strftime fails due to a
432non-standard-compliant implementation of strftime() in the C library.
433Please ignore this, or upgrade to glibc version 6.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000434
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000435IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report,
436*don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000437test that fails manually, as follows:
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000438
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000439 python ../Lib/test/test_whatever.py
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000440
441(substituting the top of the source tree for .. if you built in a
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000442different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000443
444
445Installing
446----------
447
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000448To install the Python binary, library modules, shared library modules
449(see below), include files, configuration files, and the manual page,
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000450just type
451
452 make install
453
454This will install all platform-independent files in subdirectories the
455directory given with the --prefix option to configure or the 'prefix'
456Make variable (default /usr/local), and all binary and other
457platform-specific files in subdirectories if the directory given by
458--exec-prefix or the 'exec_prefix' Make variable (defaults to the
459--prefix directory).
460
461All subdirectories created will have Python's version number in their
462name, e.g. the library modules are installed in
463"/usr/local/lib/python1.5/" by default. The Python binary is
464installed as "python1.5" and a hard link named "python" is created.
465The only file not installed with a version number in its name is the
466manual page, installed as "/usr/local/man/man1/python.1" by default.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000467
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000468If you have a previous installation of a pre-1.5 Python that you don't
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000469want to replace yet, use
470
471 make altinstall
472
473This installs the same set of files as "make install" except it
474doesn't create the hard link to "python1.5" named "python" and it
475doesn't install the manual page at all.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000476
477The only thing you may have to install manually is the Python mode for
478Emacs. (But then again, more recent versions of Emacs may already
479have it!) This is the file Misc/python-mode.el; follow the
480instructions that came with Emacs for installation of site specific
481files.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000482
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000483
484Configuration options and variables
485-----------------------------------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000486
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000487Some special cases are handled by passing options to the configure
488script.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000489
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000490WARNING: if you rerun the configure script with different options, you
491must run "make clean" before rebuilding. Exceptions to this rule:
492after changing --prefix or --exec-prefix, all you need to do is remove
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +0000493Modules/getpath.o.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000494
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000495--with(out)-gcc: The configure script uses gcc (the GNU C compiler) if
496 it finds it. If you don't want this, or if this compiler is
497 installed but broken on your platform, pass the option
498 --without-gcc. You can also pass "CC=cc" (or whatever the
499 name of the proper C compiler is) in the environment, but the
500 advantage of using --without-gcc is that this option is
501 remembered by the config.status script for its --recheck
502 option.
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000503
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000504--prefix, --exec-prefix: If you want to install the binaries and the
505 Python library somewhere else than in /usr/local/{bin,lib},
506 you can pass the option --prefix=DIRECTORY; the interpreter
507 binary will be installed as DIRECTORY/bin/python and the
508 library files as DIRECTORY/lib/python/*. If you pass
509 --exec-prefix=DIRECTORY (as well) this overrides the
510 installation prefix for architecture-dependent files (like the
511 interpreter binary). Note that --prefix=DIRECTORY also
512 affects the default module search path (sys.path), when
513 Modules/config.c is compiled. Passing make the option
514 prefix=DIRECTORY (and/or exec_prefix=DIRECTORY) overrides the
515 prefix set at configuration time; this may be more convenient
516 than re-running the configure script if you change your mind
517 about the install prefix...
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000518
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +0000519--with-readline: This option is no longer supported. To use GNU
520 readline, enable module "readline" in the Modules/Setup file.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000521
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000522--with-thread: On most Unix systems, you can now use multiple threads.
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000523 To enable this, pass --with-thread. (--with-threads is an
524 alias.) If the library required for threads lives in a
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +0000525 peculiar place, you can use --with-thread=DIRECTORY. NOTE:
526 you must also enable the thread module by uncommenting it in
527 the Modules/Setup file. (Threads aren't enabled automatically
528 because there are run-time penalties when support for them is
529 compiled in even if you don't use them.) IMPORTANT: run "make
530 clean" after changing (either enabling or disabling) this
Guido van Rossum0e13da91998-02-22 04:36:34 +0000531 option, or you will get link errors! Note: for DEC Unix use
532 --with-dec-threads instead.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000533
534--with-sgi-dl: On SGI IRIX 4, dynamic loading of extension modules is
535 supported by the "dl" library by Jack Jansen, which is
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000536 ftp'able from ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-1.6.tar.Z.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000537 This is enabled (after you've ftp'ed and compiled the dl
538 library!) by passing --with-sgi-dl=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY
539 is the absolute pathname of the dl library. (Don't bother on
540 IRIX 5, it already has dynamic linking using SunOS style
541 shared libraries.) Support for this feature is deprecated.
542
543--with-dl-dld: Dynamic loading of modules is rumoured to be supported
544 on some other systems: VAX (Ultrix), Sun3 (SunOS 3.4), Sequent
545 Symmetry (Dynix), and Atari ST. This is done using a
546 combination of the GNU dynamic loading package
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000547 (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-dld-1.1.tar.Z) and an
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000548 emulation of the SGI dl library mentioned above (the emulation
549 can be found at
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000550 ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dld-3.2.3.tar.Z). To
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000551 enable this, ftp and compile both libraries, then call the
552 configure passing it the option
553 --with-dl-dld=DL_DIRECTORY,DLD_DIRECTORY where DL_DIRECTORY is
554 the absolute pathname of the dl emulation library and
555 DLD_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the GNU dld library.
556 (Don't bother on SunOS 4 or 5, they already have dynamic
557 linking using shared libraries.) Support for this feature is
558 deprecated.
559
560--with-libm, --with-libc: It is possible to specify alternative
561 versions for the Math library (default -lm) and the C library
562 (default the empty string) using the options
563 --with-libm=STRING and --with-libc=STRING, respectively. E.g.
564 if your system requires that you pass -lc_s to the C compiler
565 to use the shared C library, you can pass --with-libc=-lc_s.
566 These libraries are passed after all other libraries, the C
567 library last.
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +0000568
569--with-next-archs='arch1 arch2': Under NEXTSTEP, this will build
570 all compiled binaries with the architectures listed. Includes
571 correctly setting the target architecture specific resource
Guido van Rossumcc55c2d1996-10-21 15:14:27 +0000572 directory. (This option is not supported on other platforms.)
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000573
Guido van Rossumd02ba451996-07-31 17:36:01 +0000574--with-libs='libs': Add 'libs' to the LIBS that the python
575 linked against.
576
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000577
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000578Building for multiple architectures (using the VPATH feature)
579-------------------------------------------------------------
580
581If your file system is shared between multiple architectures, it
582usually is not necessary to make copies of the sources for each
583architecture you want to support. If the make program supports the
584VPATH feature, you can create an empty build directory for each
585architecture, and in each directory run the configure script (on the
586appropriate machine with the appropriate options). This creates the
587necessary subdirectories and the Makefiles therein. The Makefiles
588contain a line VPATH=... which points to directory containing the
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000589actual sources. (On SGI systems, use "smake -J1" instead of "make" if
590you use VPATH -- don't try gnumake.)
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000591
592For example, the following is all you need to build a minimal Python
593in /usr/tmp/python (assuming ~guido/src/python is the toplevel
594directory and you want to build in /usr/tmp/python):
595
596 $ mkdir /usr/tmp/python
597 $ cd /usr/tmp/python
598 $ ~guido/src/python/configure
599 [...]
600 $ make
601 [...]
602 $
603
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000604Note that Modules/Makefile copies the original Setup file to the build
605directory if it finds no Setup file there. This means that you can
606edit the Setup file for each architecture independently. For this
607reason, subsequent changes to the original Setup file are not tracked
608automatically, as they might overwrite local changes. To force a copy
609of a changed original Setup file, delete the target Setup file. (The
610makesetup script supports multiple input files, so if you want to be
611fancy you can change the rules to create an empty Setup.local if it
612doesn't exist and run it with arguments $(srcdir)/Setup Setup.local;
613however this assumes that you only need to add modules.)
614
615
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000616Building on non-UNIX systems
617----------------------------
618
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000619Building Python for a PC is now a piece of cake!
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000620
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000621Enter the directory "PC" and read the file "readme.txt". Most popular
622non-Unix PC platforms and compilers are supported (Unix ports to the
623PC such as Linux, FreeBSD or Solaris-x86 of course use the standard
624Unix build instructions).
625
626For the Mac, a separate source distribution will be made available,
627for use with the CodeWarrior compiler. If you are interested in Mac
628development, join the PythonMac Special Interest Group
629(http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/, or send email to
630pythonmac-sig-request@python.org).
631
632Of course, there are also binary distributions available for these
633platforms -- see http://www.python.org/python/.
634
635To port Python to a new non-UNIX system, you will have to fake the
636effect of running the configure script manually (for Mac and PC, this
637has already been done for you). A good start is to copy the file
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000638config.h.in to config.h and edit the latter to reflect the actual
639configuration of your system. Most symbols must simply be defined as
6401 only if the corresponding feature is present and can be left alone
641otherwise; however RETSIGTYPE must always be defined, either as int or
642as void, and the *_t type symbols must be defined as some variant of
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000643int if they need to be defined at all.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000644
645
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000646
647Miscellaneous issues
648====================
649
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000650Documentation
651-------------
652
653All documentation is provided in the subdirectory Doc in the form of
654LaTeX files. In order of importance for new users: Tutorial (tut),
655Library Reference (lib), Language Reference (ref), Extending (ext).
656Especially the Library Reference is of immense value since much of
657Python's power (including the built-in data types and functions!) is
658described here.
659
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000660To print the documentation from the LaTeX files, chdir into the Doc
661subdirectory, type "make" (let's hope you have LaTeX installed!), and
662send the four resulting PostScript files (tut.ps, lib.ps, ref.ps, and
663ext.ps) to the printer. See the README file there. If you don't have
664LaTeX, you can ftp the PostScript files from the ftp archives (see
665below).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000666
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000667All documentation is also available on-line via the Python web site
668(http://www.python.org/, see below). It can also be downloaded
669separately from the ftp archives (see below) in Emacs INFO, HTML or
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000670PostScript form -- see the web site or the FAQ
671(http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
672http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for more info.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000673
674
675Emacs mode
676----------
677
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000678There's an excellent Emacs editing mode for Python code; see the file
679Misc/python-mode.el. Originally written by the famous Tim Peters, it
680is now maintained by the equally famous Barry Warsaw
Barry Warsawfe216b71998-05-29 20:56:34 +0000681<bwarsaw@cnri.reston.va.us>. The latest version, along with various
682other contributed Python-related Emacs goodies, is online at
683<http://www.python.org/emacs/python-mode>. And if you are planning to
684edit the Python C code, please pick up the latest version of CC Mode
685<http://www.python.org/emacs/cc-mode>; it contains a "python" style
686used throughout most of the Python C source files.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000687
688
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000689Web site
690--------
691
692Python's own web site has URL http://www.python.org/. Come visit us!
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000693There are a number of mirrors, and a list of mirrors is accessible
694from the home page -- try a mirror that's close you you.
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000695
696
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000697Ftp site
698--------
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000699
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000700Python's own ftp site is ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/. There are
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000701numerous mirrors; the list of mirrors is accessible from
702http://www.python.org/.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000703
704
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000705Newsgroups
706----------
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000707
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000708Read comp.lang.python, a high-volume discussion newsgroup about
709Python, or comp.lang.python.announce, a low-volume moderated newsgroup
710for Python-related announcements. These are also accessible as
711mailing lists, see the next item.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000712
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000713Archives are accessible via Deja News; the Python website has a
714query form for the archives at http://www.python.org/search/.
715
716
717Mailing lists
718-------------
719
720See http://www.python.org/psa/MailingLists.html for an overview of the
721many Python related mailing lists.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000722
723
724Bug reports
725-----------
726
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000727Bugs are best reported to the comp.lang.python newsgroup (or the
728Python mailing list) -- see the section "Newsgroups" above. Before
729posting, check the newsgroup archives (see above) to see if your bug
730has already been reported! If you don't want to go public, send them
731to me: <guido@python.org>.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000732
733
734Questions
735---------
736
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000737For help, if you can't find it in the manuals or on the web site, it's
738best to post to the comp.lang.python or the Python mailing list (see
739above). If you specifically don't want to involve the newsgroup or
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000740mailing list, send questions to <python-help@python.org> (a group of
741volunteers which does *not* include me). Because of my work and email
742volume, I'm often be slow in answering questions sent to me directly;
743I prefer to answer questions posted to the newsgroup.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000744
745
746The Tk interface
747----------------
748
749Tk (the user interface component of John Ousterhout's Tcl language) is
750also usable from Python. Since this requires that you first build and
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000751install Tcl/Tk, the Tk interface is not enabled by default. Python
752supports all Tcl/Tk versions from version 7.5/4.1 through 8.0 (and it
753is expected that it will also work with newer versions). Tcl/Tk
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +00007547.4/4.0 is no longer supported. 8.0 or any later non-alpha non-beta
755release is recommended.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000756
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000757See http://sunscript.sun.com/ for more info on Tcl/Tk, including the
758on-line manual pages.
759
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000760
761To enable the Python/Tk interface, once you've built and installed
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000762Tcl/Tk, load the file Modules/Setup in your favorite text editor and
763search for the string "_tkinter". Then follow the instructions found
764there. If you have installed Tcl/Tk or X11 in unusual places, you
765will have to edit the first line to fix or add -I and -L options.
766(Also see the general instructions at the top of that file.)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000767
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000768There is little documentation on how to use Tkinter; however most of
769the Tk manual pages apply quite straightforwardly. Begin with
770fetching the "Tk Lifesaver" document,
771e.g. ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/doc/tkinter-doc.tar.gz (a gzipped
772tar file containing a PostScript file) or the on-line version
773http://www.python.org/doc/life-preserver/index.html. Reading the
774Tkinter.py source will reveal most details on how Tkinter calls are
775translated into Tcl code.
776
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000777A more recent introduction to Tkinter programming, by Fredrik Lundh,
778is at http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/index.htm.
779
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000780There are demos in the Demo/tkinter directory, in the subdirectories
781guido, matt and www (the matt and guido subdirectories have been
782overhauled to use more recent Tkinter coding conventions).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000783
784Note that there's a Python module called "Tkinter" (capital T) which
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000785lives in Lib/tkinter/Tkinter.py, and a C module called "_tkinter"
786(lower case t and leading underscore) which lives in
787Modules/_tkinter.c. Demos and normal Tk applications only import the
788Python Tkinter module -- only the latter uses the C _tkinter module
789directly. In order to find the C _tkinter module, it must be compiled
790and linked into the Python interpreter -- the _tkinter line in the
791Setup file does this. In order to find the Python Tkinter module,
792sys.path must be set correctly -- the TKPATH assignment in the Setup
793file takes care of this, but only if you install Python properly
794("make install libinstall"). (You can also use dynamic loading for
795the C _tkinter module, in which case you must manually fix up sys.path
796or set $PYTHONPATH for the Python Tkinter module.)
Guido van Rossum84c8c7f1995-08-28 02:44:24 +0000797
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000798
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000799Distribution structure
800----------------------
801
802Most subdirectories have their own README file. Most files have
803comments.
804
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000805Demo/ Demonstration scripts, modules and programs
806Doc/ Documentation (LaTeX sources)
807Grammar/ Input for the parser generator
808Include/ Public header files
809Lib/ Python library modules
810Makefile.in Source from which config.status creates Makefile
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000811Misc/ Miscellaneous useful files
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000812Modules/ Implementation of most built-in modules
813Objects/ Implementation of most built-in object types
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000814PC/ PC porting files (DOS, Windows, OS/2)
815PCbuild/ Directory where you should build for Windows NT/95
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000816Parser/ The parser and tokenizer and their input handling
817Python/ The "compiler" and interpreter
818README The file you're reading now
819Tools/ Some useful programs written in Python
820acconfig.h Additional input for the autoheader program
821config.h.in Source from which config.status creates config.h
822configure Configuration shell script (GNU autoconf output)
823configure.in Configuration specification (GNU autoconf input)
824install-sh Shell script used to install files
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000825
826The following files will (may) be created in the toplevel directory by
827the configuration and build processes:
828
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000829Makefile Build rules
830config.cache cache of configuration variables
831config.h Configuration header
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000832config.log Log from last configure run
833config.status Status from last run of configure script
834libpython1.5.a The library archive
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000835python The executable interpreter
836tags, TAGS Tags files for vi and Emacs
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000837
838
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000839Author's address
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000840================
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000841
842Guido van Rossum
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000843CNRI
8441895 Preston White Drive
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000845Reston, VA 20191
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000846USA
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000847
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000848E-mail: guido@cnri.reston.va.us or guido@python.org
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000849
850
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000851
852Copyright notice
853================
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000854
855The Python source is copyrighted, but you can freely use and copy it
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000856as long as you don't change or remove the copyright notice:
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000857
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000858----------------------------------------------------------------------
Guido van Rossumaf5b83e1995-01-04 19:02:35 +0000859Copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam,
860The Netherlands.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000861
862 All Rights Reserved
863
Guido van Rossumc561e5d1994-08-23 13:52:46 +0000864Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
865documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000866provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
Guido van Rossumc561e5d1994-08-23 13:52:46 +0000867both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000868supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000869Centrum or CWI or Corporation for National Research Initiatives or
870CNRI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
871distribution of the software without specific, written prior
872permission.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000873
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000874While CWI is the initial source for this software, a modified version
875is made available by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives
876(CNRI) at the Internet address ftp://ftp.python.org.
877
878STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM AND CNRI DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH
879REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
880MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH
881CENTRUM OR CNRI BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
882DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
883PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
884TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
885PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000886----------------------------------------------------------------------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000887
888
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000889--Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/)