diff --git a/Python/ast.c b/Python/ast.c
index ca832aa..b356192 100644
--- a/Python/ast.c
+++ b/Python/ast.c
@@ -2197,6 +2197,8 @@
             }
             else {
                 alias_ty a = alias_for_import_name(c, CHILD(n, 0));
+                if (!a)
+                    return NULL;
                 if (strcmp(STR(CHILD(n, 1)), "as") != 0) {
                     ast_error(n, "must use 'as' in import");
                     return NULL;
diff --git a/Python/bltinmodule.c b/Python/bltinmodule.c
index 8b92c87..9616394 100644
--- a/Python/bltinmodule.c
+++ b/Python/bltinmodule.c
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@
 	PyObject *d;
 
 	d = PyEval_GetGlobals();
-	Py_INCREF(d);
+	Py_XINCREF(d);
 	return d;
 }
 
@@ -1084,7 +1084,7 @@
 	PyObject *d;
 
 	d = PyEval_GetLocals();
-	Py_INCREF(d);
+	Py_XINCREF(d);
 	return d;
 }
 
diff --git a/Python/ceval.c b/Python/ceval.c
index 07dfdc2..b33c16b 100644
--- a/Python/ceval.c
+++ b/Python/ceval.c
@@ -2597,6 +2597,7 @@
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
+	assert(tstate != NULL);
 	assert(globals != NULL);
 	f = PyFrame_New(tstate, co, globals, locals);
 	if (f == NULL)
@@ -3589,6 +3590,7 @@
 		   PyFrame_New() that doesn't take locals, but does
 		   take builtins without sanity checking them.
 		*/
+		assert(tstate != NULL);
 		f = PyFrame_New(tstate, co, globals, NULL);
 		if (f == NULL)
 			return NULL;
@@ -3601,7 +3603,6 @@
 			fastlocals[i] = *stack++;
 		}
 		retval = PyEval_EvalFrameEx(f,0);
-		assert(tstate != NULL);
 		++tstate->recursion_depth;
 		Py_DECREF(f);
 		--tstate->recursion_depth;
@@ -3819,11 +3820,14 @@
 	if (v != NULL) {
 		Py_ssize_t x;
 		if (PyInt_Check(v)) {
-			x = PyInt_AsSsize_t(v);
+			/* XXX(nnorwitz): I think PyInt_AS_LONG is correct,
+			   however, it looks like it should be AsSsize_t.
+			   There should be a comment here explaining why.
+			*/
+			x = PyInt_AS_LONG(v);
 		}
-		else if (v->ob_type->tp_as_number &&
-			 v->ob_type->tp_as_number->nb_index) {
-			x = v->ob_type->tp_as_number->nb_index(v);
+		else if (PyIndex_Check(v)) {
+			x = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(v, NULL);
 			if (x == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
 				return 0;
 		}
@@ -3839,9 +3843,8 @@
 }
 
 #undef ISINDEX
-#define ISINDEX(x) ((x) == NULL || PyInt_Check(x) || PyLong_Check(x) || \
-		    ((x)->ob_type->tp_as_number && \
-		     (x)->ob_type->tp_as_number->nb_index))
+#define ISINDEX(x) ((x) == NULL || \
+		    PyInt_Check(x) || PyLong_Check(x) || PyIndex_Check(x))
 
 static PyObject *
 apply_slice(PyObject *u, PyObject *v, PyObject *w) /* return u[v:w] */
@@ -4081,6 +4084,11 @@
 			locals = PyEval_GetLocals();
 			plain = 1;
 		}
+		if (!globals || !locals) {
+			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
+					"globals and locals cannot be NULL");
+			return -1;
+		}
 	}
 	else if (locals == Py_None)
 		locals = globals;
diff --git a/Python/compile.c b/Python/compile.c
index 4464882..678a4de 100644
--- a/Python/compile.c
+++ b/Python/compile.c
@@ -204,8 +204,8 @@
 	const char *p, *name = PyString_AsString(ident);
 	char *buffer;
 	size_t nlen, plen;
-	if (privateobj == NULL || name == NULL || name[0] != '_' ||
-            name[1] != '_') {
+	if (privateobj == NULL || !PyString_Check(privateobj) ||
+	    name == NULL || name[0] != '_' || name[1] != '_') {
 		Py_INCREF(ident);
 		return ident;
 	}
@@ -394,608 +394,6 @@
 	return dest;
 }
 
-/* Begin: Peephole optimizations ----------------------------------------- */
-
-#define GETARG(arr, i) ((int)((arr[i+2]<<8) + arr[i+1]))
-#define UNCONDITIONAL_JUMP(op)	(op==JUMP_ABSOLUTE || op==JUMP_FORWARD)
-#define ABSOLUTE_JUMP(op) (op==JUMP_ABSOLUTE || op==CONTINUE_LOOP)
-#define GETJUMPTGT(arr, i) (GETARG(arr,i) + (ABSOLUTE_JUMP(arr[i]) ? 0 : i+3))
-#define SETARG(arr, i, val) arr[i+2] = val>>8; arr[i+1] = val & 255
-#define CODESIZE(op)  (HAS_ARG(op) ? 3 : 1)
-#define ISBASICBLOCK(blocks, start, bytes) \
-	(blocks[start]==blocks[start+bytes-1])
-
-/* Replace LOAD_CONST c1. LOAD_CONST c2 ... LOAD_CONST cn BUILD_TUPLE n
-   with	   LOAD_CONST (c1, c2, ... cn).
-   The consts table must still be in list form so that the
-   new constant (c1, c2, ... cn) can be appended.
-   Called with codestr pointing to the first LOAD_CONST.
-   Bails out with no change if one or more of the LOAD_CONSTs is missing. 
-   Also works for BUILD_LIST when followed by an "in" or "not in" test.
-*/
-static int
-tuple_of_constants(unsigned char *codestr, int n, PyObject *consts)
-{
-	PyObject *newconst, *constant;
-	Py_ssize_t i, arg, len_consts;
-
-	/* Pre-conditions */
-	assert(PyList_CheckExact(consts));
-	assert(codestr[n*3] == BUILD_TUPLE || codestr[n*3] == BUILD_LIST);
-	assert(GETARG(codestr, (n*3)) == n);
-	for (i=0 ; i<n ; i++)
-		assert(codestr[i*3] == LOAD_CONST);
-
-	/* Buildup new tuple of constants */
-	newconst = PyTuple_New(n);
-	if (newconst == NULL)
-		return 0;
-	len_consts = PyList_GET_SIZE(consts);
-	for (i=0 ; i<n ; i++) {
-		arg = GETARG(codestr, (i*3));
-		assert(arg < len_consts);
-		constant = PyList_GET_ITEM(consts, arg);
-		Py_INCREF(constant);
-		PyTuple_SET_ITEM(newconst, i, constant);
-	}
-
-	/* Append folded constant onto consts */
-	if (PyList_Append(consts, newconst)) {
-		Py_DECREF(newconst);
-		return 0;
-	}
-	Py_DECREF(newconst);
-
-	/* Write NOPs over old LOAD_CONSTS and
-	   add a new LOAD_CONST newconst on top of the BUILD_TUPLE n */
-	memset(codestr, NOP, n*3);
-	codestr[n*3] = LOAD_CONST;
-	SETARG(codestr, (n*3), len_consts);
-	return 1;
-}
-
-/* Replace LOAD_CONST c1. LOAD_CONST c2 BINOP
-   with	   LOAD_CONST binop(c1,c2)
-   The consts table must still be in list form so that the
-   new constant can be appended.
-   Called with codestr pointing to the first LOAD_CONST. 
-   Abandons the transformation if the folding fails (i.e.  1+'a').  
-   If the new constant is a sequence, only folds when the size
-   is below a threshold value.	That keeps pyc files from
-   becoming large in the presence of code like:	 (None,)*1000.
-*/
-static int
-fold_binops_on_constants(unsigned char *codestr, PyObject *consts)
-{
-	PyObject *newconst, *v, *w;
-	Py_ssize_t len_consts, size;
-	int opcode;
-
-	/* Pre-conditions */
-	assert(PyList_CheckExact(consts));
-	assert(codestr[0] == LOAD_CONST);
-	assert(codestr[3] == LOAD_CONST);
-
-	/* Create new constant */
-	v = PyList_GET_ITEM(consts, GETARG(codestr, 0));
-	w = PyList_GET_ITEM(consts, GETARG(codestr, 3));
-	opcode = codestr[6];
-	switch (opcode) {
-		case BINARY_POWER:
-			newconst = PyNumber_Power(v, w, Py_None);
-			break;
-		case BINARY_MULTIPLY:
-			newconst = PyNumber_Multiply(v, w);
-			break;
-		case BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE:
-			newconst = PyNumber_TrueDivide(v, w);
-			break;
-		case BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE:
-			newconst = PyNumber_FloorDivide(v, w);
-			break;
-		case BINARY_MODULO:
-			newconst = PyNumber_Remainder(v, w);
-			break;
-		case BINARY_ADD:
-			newconst = PyNumber_Add(v, w);
-			break;
-		case BINARY_SUBTRACT:
-			newconst = PyNumber_Subtract(v, w);
-			break;
-		case BINARY_SUBSCR:
-			newconst = PyObject_GetItem(v, w);
-			break;
-		case BINARY_LSHIFT:
-			newconst = PyNumber_Lshift(v, w);
-			break;
-		case BINARY_RSHIFT:
-			newconst = PyNumber_Rshift(v, w);
-			break;
-		case BINARY_AND:
-			newconst = PyNumber_And(v, w);
-			break;
-		case BINARY_XOR:
-			newconst = PyNumber_Xor(v, w);
-			break;
-		case BINARY_OR:
-			newconst = PyNumber_Or(v, w);
-			break;
-		default:
-			/* Called with an unknown opcode */
-			PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
-			     "unexpected binary operation %d on a constant",
-				     opcode);
-			return 0;
-	}
-	if (newconst == NULL) {
-		PyErr_Clear();
-		return 0;
-	}
-	size = PyObject_Size(newconst);
-	if (size == -1)
-		PyErr_Clear();
-	else if (size > 20) {
-		Py_DECREF(newconst);
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	/* Append folded constant into consts table */
-	len_consts = PyList_GET_SIZE(consts);
-	if (PyList_Append(consts, newconst)) {
-		Py_DECREF(newconst);
-		return 0;
-	}
-	Py_DECREF(newconst);
-
-	/* Write NOP NOP NOP NOP LOAD_CONST newconst */
-	memset(codestr, NOP, 4);
-	codestr[4] = LOAD_CONST;
-	SETARG(codestr, 4, len_consts);
-	return 1;
-}
-
-static int
-fold_unaryops_on_constants(unsigned char *codestr, PyObject *consts)
-{
-	PyObject *newconst=NULL, *v;
-	Py_ssize_t len_consts;
-	int opcode;
-
-	/* Pre-conditions */
-	assert(PyList_CheckExact(consts));
-	assert(codestr[0] == LOAD_CONST);
-
-	/* Create new constant */
-	v = PyList_GET_ITEM(consts, GETARG(codestr, 0));
-	opcode = codestr[3];
-	switch (opcode) {
-		case UNARY_NEGATIVE:
-			/* Preserve the sign of -0.0 */
-			if (PyObject_IsTrue(v) == 1)
-				newconst = PyNumber_Negative(v);
-			break;
-		case UNARY_CONVERT:
-			newconst = PyObject_Repr(v);
-			break;
-		case UNARY_INVERT:
-			newconst = PyNumber_Invert(v);
-			break;
-		default:
-			/* Called with an unknown opcode */
-			PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
-			     "unexpected unary operation %d on a constant",
-				     opcode);
-			return 0;
-	}
-	if (newconst == NULL) {
-		PyErr_Clear();
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	/* Append folded constant into consts table */
-	len_consts = PyList_GET_SIZE(consts);
-	if (PyList_Append(consts, newconst)) {
-		Py_DECREF(newconst);
-		return 0;
-	}
-	Py_DECREF(newconst);
-
-	/* Write NOP LOAD_CONST newconst */
-	codestr[0] = NOP;
-	codestr[1] = LOAD_CONST;
-	SETARG(codestr, 1, len_consts);
-	return 1;
-}
-
-static unsigned int *
-markblocks(unsigned char *code, int len)
-{
-	unsigned int *blocks = (unsigned int *)PyMem_Malloc(len*sizeof(int));
-	int i,j, opcode, blockcnt = 0;
-
-	if (blocks == NULL) {
-		PyErr_NoMemory();
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	memset(blocks, 0, len*sizeof(int));
-
-	/* Mark labels in the first pass */
-	for (i=0 ; i<len ; i+=CODESIZE(opcode)) {
-		opcode = code[i];
-		switch (opcode) {
-			case FOR_ITER:
-			case JUMP_FORWARD:
-			case JUMP_IF_FALSE:
-			case JUMP_IF_TRUE:
-			case JUMP_ABSOLUTE:
-			case CONTINUE_LOOP:
-			case SETUP_LOOP:
-			case SETUP_EXCEPT:
-			case SETUP_FINALLY:
-				j = GETJUMPTGT(code, i);
-				blocks[j] = 1;
-				break;
-		}
-	}
-	/* Build block numbers in the second pass */
-	for (i=0 ; i<len ; i++) {
-		blockcnt += blocks[i];	/* increment blockcnt over labels */
-		blocks[i] = blockcnt;
-	}
-	return blocks;
-}
-
-/* Perform basic peephole optimizations to components of a code object.
-   The consts object should still be in list form to allow new constants 
-   to be appended.
-
-   To keep the optimizer simple, it bails out (does nothing) for code
-   containing extended arguments or that has a length over 32,700.  That 
-   allows us to avoid overflow and sign issues.	 Likewise, it bails when
-   the lineno table has complex encoding for gaps >= 255.
-
-   Optimizations are restricted to simple transformations occuring within a
-   single basic block.	All transformations keep the code size the same or 
-   smaller.  For those that reduce size, the gaps are initially filled with 
-   NOPs.  Later those NOPs are removed and the jump addresses retargeted in 
-   a single pass.  Line numbering is adjusted accordingly. */
-
-static PyObject *
-optimize_code(PyObject *code, PyObject* consts, PyObject *names,
-              PyObject *lineno_obj)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t i, j, codelen;
-	int nops, h, adj;
-	int tgt, tgttgt, opcode;
-	unsigned char *codestr = NULL;
-	unsigned char *lineno;
-	int *addrmap = NULL;
-	int new_line, cum_orig_line, last_line, tabsiz;
-	int cumlc=0, lastlc=0;	/* Count runs of consecutive LOAD_CONSTs */
-	unsigned int *blocks = NULL;
-	char *name;
-
-	/* Bail out if an exception is set */
-	if (PyErr_Occurred())
-		goto exitUnchanged;
-
-	/* Bypass optimization when the lineno table is too complex */
-	assert(PyString_Check(lineno_obj));
-	lineno = (unsigned char*)PyString_AS_STRING(lineno_obj);
-	tabsiz = PyString_GET_SIZE(lineno_obj);
-	if (memchr(lineno, 255, tabsiz) != NULL)
-		goto exitUnchanged;
-
-	/* Avoid situations where jump retargeting could overflow */
-	assert(PyString_Check(code));
-	codelen = PyString_Size(code);
-	if (codelen > 32700)
-		goto exitUnchanged;
-
-	/* Make a modifiable copy of the code string */
-	codestr = (unsigned char *)PyMem_Malloc(codelen);
-	if (codestr == NULL)
-		goto exitUnchanged;
-	codestr = (unsigned char *)memcpy(codestr, 
-                                        PyString_AS_STRING(code), codelen);
-
-	/* Verify that RETURN_VALUE terminates the codestring.	This allows
-	   the various transformation patterns to look ahead several
-	   instructions without additional checks to make sure they are not
-	   looking beyond the end of the code string.
-	*/
-	if (codestr[codelen-1] != RETURN_VALUE)
-		goto exitUnchanged;
-
-	/* Mapping to new jump targets after NOPs are removed */
-	addrmap = (int *)PyMem_Malloc(codelen * sizeof(int));
-	if (addrmap == NULL)
-		goto exitUnchanged;
-
-	blocks = markblocks(codestr, codelen);
-	if (blocks == NULL)
-		goto exitUnchanged;
-	assert(PyList_Check(consts));
-
-	for (i=0 ; i<codelen ; i += CODESIZE(codestr[i])) {
-		opcode = codestr[i];
-
-		lastlc = cumlc;
-		cumlc = 0;
-
-		switch (opcode) {
-
-			/* Replace UNARY_NOT JUMP_IF_FALSE POP_TOP with 
-			   with	   JUMP_IF_TRUE POP_TOP */
-			case UNARY_NOT:
-				if (codestr[i+1] != JUMP_IF_FALSE  ||
-				    codestr[i+4] != POP_TOP  ||
-				    !ISBASICBLOCK(blocks,i,5))
-					continue;
-				tgt = GETJUMPTGT(codestr, (i+1));
-				if (codestr[tgt] != POP_TOP)
-					continue;
-				j = GETARG(codestr, i+1) + 1;
-				codestr[i] = JUMP_IF_TRUE;
-				SETARG(codestr, i, j);
-				codestr[i+3] = POP_TOP;
-				codestr[i+4] = NOP;
-				break;
-
-				/* not a is b -->  a is not b
-				   not a in b -->  a not in b
-				   not a is not b -->  a is b
-				   not a not in b -->  a in b
-				*/
-			case COMPARE_OP:
-				j = GETARG(codestr, i);
-				if (j < 6  ||  j > 9  ||
-				    codestr[i+3] != UNARY_NOT  || 
-				    !ISBASICBLOCK(blocks,i,4))
-					continue;
-				SETARG(codestr, i, (j^1));
-				codestr[i+3] = NOP;
-				break;
-
-				/* Replace LOAD_GLOBAL/LOAD_NAME None
-                                   with LOAD_CONST None */
-			case LOAD_NAME:
-			case LOAD_GLOBAL:
-				j = GETARG(codestr, i);
-				name = PyString_AsString(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(names, j));
-				if (name == NULL  ||  strcmp(name, "None") != 0)
-					continue;
-				for (j=0 ; j < PyList_GET_SIZE(consts) ; j++) {
-					if (PyList_GET_ITEM(consts, j) == Py_None) {
-						codestr[i] = LOAD_CONST;
-						SETARG(codestr, i, j);
-						cumlc = lastlc + 1;
-						break;
-					}
-				}
-				break;
-
-				/* Skip over LOAD_CONST trueconst
-                                   JUMP_IF_FALSE xx  POP_TOP */
-			case LOAD_CONST:
-				cumlc = lastlc + 1;
-				j = GETARG(codestr, i);
-				if (codestr[i+3] != JUMP_IF_FALSE  ||
-				    codestr[i+6] != POP_TOP  ||
-				    !ISBASICBLOCK(blocks,i,7)  ||
-				    !PyObject_IsTrue(PyList_GET_ITEM(consts, j)))
-					continue;
-				memset(codestr+i, NOP, 7);
-				cumlc = 0;
-				break;
-
-				/* Try to fold tuples of constants (includes a case for lists
-				   which are only used for "in" and "not in" tests).
-				   Skip over BUILD_SEQN 1 UNPACK_SEQN 1.
-				   Replace BUILD_SEQN 2 UNPACK_SEQN 2 with ROT2.
-				   Replace BUILD_SEQN 3 UNPACK_SEQN 3 with ROT3 ROT2. */
-			case BUILD_TUPLE:
-			case BUILD_LIST:
-				j = GETARG(codestr, i);
-				h = i - 3 * j;
-				if (h >= 0  &&
-				    j <= lastlc	 &&
-				    ((opcode == BUILD_TUPLE && 
-				      ISBASICBLOCK(blocks, h, 3*(j+1))) ||
-				     (opcode == BUILD_LIST && 
-				      codestr[i+3]==COMPARE_OP && 
-				      ISBASICBLOCK(blocks, h, 3*(j+2)) &&
-				      (GETARG(codestr,i+3)==6 ||
-				       GETARG(codestr,i+3)==7))) &&
-				    tuple_of_constants(&codestr[h], j, consts)) {
-					assert(codestr[i] == LOAD_CONST);
-					cumlc = 1;
-					break;
-				}
-				if (codestr[i+3] != UNPACK_SEQUENCE  ||
-				    !ISBASICBLOCK(blocks,i,6) ||
-				    j != GETARG(codestr, i+3))
-					continue;
-				if (j == 1) {
-					memset(codestr+i, NOP, 6);
-				} else if (j == 2) {
-					codestr[i] = ROT_TWO;
-					memset(codestr+i+1, NOP, 5);
-				} else if (j == 3) {
-					codestr[i] = ROT_THREE;
-					codestr[i+1] = ROT_TWO;
-					memset(codestr+i+2, NOP, 4);
-				}
-				break;
-
-				/* Fold binary ops on constants.
-				   LOAD_CONST c1 LOAD_CONST c2 BINOP -->  LOAD_CONST binop(c1,c2) */
-			case BINARY_POWER:
-			case BINARY_MULTIPLY:
-			case BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE:
-			case BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE:
-			case BINARY_MODULO:
-			case BINARY_ADD:
-			case BINARY_SUBTRACT:
-			case BINARY_SUBSCR:
-			case BINARY_LSHIFT:
-			case BINARY_RSHIFT:
-			case BINARY_AND:
-			case BINARY_XOR:
-			case BINARY_OR:
-				if (lastlc >= 2	 &&
-				    ISBASICBLOCK(blocks, i-6, 7)  &&
-				    fold_binops_on_constants(&codestr[i-6], consts)) {
-					i -= 2;
-					assert(codestr[i] == LOAD_CONST);
-					cumlc = 1;
-				}
-				break;
-
-				/* Fold unary ops on constants.
-				   LOAD_CONST c1  UNARY_OP -->	LOAD_CONST unary_op(c) */
-			case UNARY_NEGATIVE:
-			case UNARY_CONVERT:
-			case UNARY_INVERT:
-				if (lastlc >= 1	 &&
-				    ISBASICBLOCK(blocks, i-3, 4)  &&
-				    fold_unaryops_on_constants(&codestr[i-3], consts))	{
-					i -= 2;
-					assert(codestr[i] == LOAD_CONST);
-					cumlc = 1;
-				}
-				break;
-
-				/* Simplify conditional jump to conditional jump where the
-				   result of the first test implies the success of a similar
-				   test or the failure of the opposite test.
-				   Arises in code like:
-				   "if a and b:"
-				   "if a or b:"
-				   "a and b or c"
-				   "(a and b) and c"
-				   x:JUMP_IF_FALSE y   y:JUMP_IF_FALSE z  -->  x:JUMP_IF_FALSE z
-				   x:JUMP_IF_FALSE y   y:JUMP_IF_TRUE z	 -->  x:JUMP_IF_FALSE y+3
-				   where y+3 is the instruction following the second test.
-				*/
-			case JUMP_IF_FALSE:
-			case JUMP_IF_TRUE:
-				tgt = GETJUMPTGT(codestr, i);
-				j = codestr[tgt];
-				if (j == JUMP_IF_FALSE	||  j == JUMP_IF_TRUE) {
-					if (j == opcode) {
-						tgttgt = GETJUMPTGT(codestr, tgt) - i - 3;
-						SETARG(codestr, i, tgttgt);
-					} else {
-						tgt -= i;
-						SETARG(codestr, i, tgt);
-					}
-					break;
-				}
-				/* Intentional fallthrough */  
-
-				/* Replace jumps to unconditional jumps */
-			case FOR_ITER:
-			case JUMP_FORWARD:
-			case JUMP_ABSOLUTE:
-			case CONTINUE_LOOP:
-			case SETUP_LOOP:
-			case SETUP_EXCEPT:
-			case SETUP_FINALLY:
-				tgt = GETJUMPTGT(codestr, i);
-				if (!UNCONDITIONAL_JUMP(codestr[tgt]))
-					continue;
-				tgttgt = GETJUMPTGT(codestr, tgt);
-				if (opcode == JUMP_FORWARD) /* JMP_ABS can go backwards */
-					opcode = JUMP_ABSOLUTE;
-				if (!ABSOLUTE_JUMP(opcode))
-					tgttgt -= i + 3;     /* Calc relative jump addr */
-				if (tgttgt < 0)		  /* No backward relative jumps */
-					continue;
-				codestr[i] = opcode;
-				SETARG(codestr, i, tgttgt);
-				break;
-
-			case EXTENDED_ARG:
-				goto exitUnchanged;
-
-				/* Replace RETURN LOAD_CONST None RETURN with just RETURN */
-			case RETURN_VALUE:
-				if (i+4 >= codelen  ||
-				    codestr[i+4] != RETURN_VALUE	 ||
-				    !ISBASICBLOCK(blocks,i,5))
-					continue;
-				memset(codestr+i+1, NOP, 4);
-				break;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/* Fixup linenotab */
-	for (i=0, nops=0 ; i<codelen ; i += CODESIZE(codestr[i])) {
-		addrmap[i] = i - nops;
-		if (codestr[i] == NOP)
-			nops++;
-	}
-	cum_orig_line = 0;
-	last_line = 0;
-	for (i=0 ; i < tabsiz ; i+=2) {
-		cum_orig_line += lineno[i];
-		new_line = addrmap[cum_orig_line];
-		assert (new_line - last_line < 255);
-		lineno[i] =((unsigned char)(new_line - last_line));
-		last_line = new_line;
-	}
-
-	/* Remove NOPs and fixup jump targets */
-	for (i=0, h=0 ; i<codelen ; ) {
-		opcode = codestr[i];
-		switch (opcode) {
-			case NOP:
-				i++;
-				continue;
-
-			case JUMP_ABSOLUTE:
-			case CONTINUE_LOOP:
-				j = addrmap[GETARG(codestr, i)];
-				SETARG(codestr, i, j);
-				break;
-
-			case FOR_ITER:
-			case JUMP_FORWARD:
-			case JUMP_IF_FALSE:
-			case JUMP_IF_TRUE:
-			case SETUP_LOOP:
-			case SETUP_EXCEPT:
-			case SETUP_FINALLY:
-				j = addrmap[GETARG(codestr, i) + i + 3] - addrmap[i] - 3;
-				SETARG(codestr, i, j);
-				break;
-		}
-		adj = CODESIZE(opcode);
-		while (adj--)
-			codestr[h++] = codestr[i++];
-	}
-	assert(h + nops == codelen);
-
-	code = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)codestr, h);
-	PyMem_Free(addrmap);
-	PyMem_Free(codestr);
-	PyMem_Free(blocks);
-	return code;
-
- exitUnchanged:
-	if (blocks != NULL)
-		PyMem_Free(blocks);
-	if (addrmap != NULL)
-		PyMem_Free(addrmap);
-	if (codestr != NULL)
-		PyMem_Free(codestr);
-	Py_INCREF(code);
-	return code;
-}
-
-/* End: Peephole optimizations ----------------------------------------- */
-
 /*
 
 Leave this debugging code for just a little longer.
@@ -1170,6 +568,7 @@
 	if (n >= 0) {
 		wrapper = PyList_GET_ITEM(c->c_stack, n);
 		c->u = (struct compiler_unit *)PyCObject_AsVoidPtr(wrapper);
+		assert(c->u);
 		/* we are deleting from a list so this really shouldn't fail */
 		if (PySequence_DelItem(c->c_stack, n) < 0)
 			Py_FatalError("compiler_exit_scope()");
@@ -4400,7 +3799,7 @@
 	if (flags < 0)
 		goto error;
 
-	bytecode = optimize_code(a->a_bytecode, consts, names, a->a_lnotab);
+	bytecode = PyCode_Optimize(a->a_bytecode, consts, names, a->a_lnotab);
 	if (!bytecode)
 		goto error;
 
diff --git a/Python/import.c b/Python/import.c
index ef37e8b..a05078e 100644
--- a/Python/import.c
+++ b/Python/import.c
@@ -934,7 +934,8 @@
 		if (Py_VerboseFlag)
 			PySys_WriteStderr("import %s # from %s\n",
 				name, pathname);
-		write_compiled_module(co, cpathname, mtime);
+		if (cpathname)
+			write_compiled_module(co, cpathname, mtime);
 	}
 	m = PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx(name, (PyObject *)co, pathname);
 	Py_DECREF(co);
@@ -1233,6 +1234,8 @@
 	for (i = 0; i < npath; i++) {
 		PyObject *copy = NULL;
 		PyObject *v = PyList_GetItem(path, i);
+		if (!v)
+			return NULL;
 #ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
 		if (PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
 			copy = PyUnicode_Encode(PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(v),
@@ -3045,6 +3048,8 @@
 	if (m == NULL)
 		goto failure;
 	d = PyModule_GetDict(m);
+	if (d == NULL)
+		goto failure;
 
 	if (setint(d, "SEARCH_ERROR", SEARCH_ERROR) < 0) goto failure;
 	if (setint(d, "PY_SOURCE", PY_SOURCE) < 0) goto failure;
diff --git a/Python/marshal.c b/Python/marshal.c
index 10a6c0c..c3bc87f 100644
--- a/Python/marshal.c
+++ b/Python/marshal.c
@@ -213,6 +213,10 @@
 			w_byte(TYPE_COMPLEX, p);
 			temp = (PyFloatObject*)PyFloat_FromDouble(
 				PyComplex_RealAsDouble(v));
+			if (!temp) {
+				p->error = 1;
+				return;
+			}
 			PyFloat_AsReprString(buf, temp);
 			Py_DECREF(temp);
 			n = strlen(buf);
@@ -220,6 +224,10 @@
 			w_string(buf, (int)n, p);
 			temp = (PyFloatObject*)PyFloat_FromDouble(
 				PyComplex_ImagAsDouble(v));
+			if (!temp) {
+				p->error = 1;
+				return;
+			}
 			PyFloat_AsReprString(buf, temp);
 			Py_DECREF(temp);
 			n = strlen(buf);
diff --git a/Python/peephole.c b/Python/peephole.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..836d398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Python/peephole.c
@@ -0,0 +1,610 @@
+/* Peehole optimizations for bytecode compiler. */
+
+#include "Python.h"
+
+#include "Python-ast.h"
+#include "node.h"
+#include "pyarena.h"
+#include "ast.h"
+#include "code.h"
+#include "compile.h"
+#include "symtable.h"
+#include "opcode.h"
+
+#define GETARG(arr, i) ((int)((arr[i+2]<<8) + arr[i+1]))
+#define UNCONDITIONAL_JUMP(op)	(op==JUMP_ABSOLUTE || op==JUMP_FORWARD)
+#define ABSOLUTE_JUMP(op) (op==JUMP_ABSOLUTE || op==CONTINUE_LOOP)
+#define GETJUMPTGT(arr, i) (GETARG(arr,i) + (ABSOLUTE_JUMP(arr[i]) ? 0 : i+3))
+#define SETARG(arr, i, val) arr[i+2] = val>>8; arr[i+1] = val & 255
+#define CODESIZE(op)  (HAS_ARG(op) ? 3 : 1)
+#define ISBASICBLOCK(blocks, start, bytes) \
+	(blocks[start]==blocks[start+bytes-1])
+
+/* Replace LOAD_CONST c1. LOAD_CONST c2 ... LOAD_CONST cn BUILD_TUPLE n
+   with	   LOAD_CONST (c1, c2, ... cn).
+   The consts table must still be in list form so that the
+   new constant (c1, c2, ... cn) can be appended.
+   Called with codestr pointing to the first LOAD_CONST.
+   Bails out with no change if one or more of the LOAD_CONSTs is missing. 
+   Also works for BUILD_LIST when followed by an "in" or "not in" test.
+*/
+static int
+tuple_of_constants(unsigned char *codestr, int n, PyObject *consts)
+{
+	PyObject *newconst, *constant;
+	Py_ssize_t i, arg, len_consts;
+
+	/* Pre-conditions */
+	assert(PyList_CheckExact(consts));
+	assert(codestr[n*3] == BUILD_TUPLE || codestr[n*3] == BUILD_LIST);
+	assert(GETARG(codestr, (n*3)) == n);
+	for (i=0 ; i<n ; i++)
+		assert(codestr[i*3] == LOAD_CONST);
+
+	/* Buildup new tuple of constants */
+	newconst = PyTuple_New(n);
+	if (newconst == NULL)
+		return 0;
+	len_consts = PyList_GET_SIZE(consts);
+	for (i=0 ; i<n ; i++) {
+		arg = GETARG(codestr, (i*3));
+		assert(arg < len_consts);
+		constant = PyList_GET_ITEM(consts, arg);
+		Py_INCREF(constant);
+		PyTuple_SET_ITEM(newconst, i, constant);
+	}
+
+	/* Append folded constant onto consts */
+	if (PyList_Append(consts, newconst)) {
+		Py_DECREF(newconst);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	Py_DECREF(newconst);
+
+	/* Write NOPs over old LOAD_CONSTS and
+	   add a new LOAD_CONST newconst on top of the BUILD_TUPLE n */
+	memset(codestr, NOP, n*3);
+	codestr[n*3] = LOAD_CONST;
+	SETARG(codestr, (n*3), len_consts);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/* Replace LOAD_CONST c1. LOAD_CONST c2 BINOP
+   with	   LOAD_CONST binop(c1,c2)
+   The consts table must still be in list form so that the
+   new constant can be appended.
+   Called with codestr pointing to the first LOAD_CONST. 
+   Abandons the transformation if the folding fails (i.e.  1+'a').  
+   If the new constant is a sequence, only folds when the size
+   is below a threshold value.	That keeps pyc files from
+   becoming large in the presence of code like:	 (None,)*1000.
+*/
+static int
+fold_binops_on_constants(unsigned char *codestr, PyObject *consts)
+{
+	PyObject *newconst, *v, *w;
+	Py_ssize_t len_consts, size;
+	int opcode;
+
+	/* Pre-conditions */
+	assert(PyList_CheckExact(consts));
+	assert(codestr[0] == LOAD_CONST);
+	assert(codestr[3] == LOAD_CONST);
+
+	/* Create new constant */
+	v = PyList_GET_ITEM(consts, GETARG(codestr, 0));
+	w = PyList_GET_ITEM(consts, GETARG(codestr, 3));
+	opcode = codestr[6];
+	switch (opcode) {
+		case BINARY_POWER:
+			newconst = PyNumber_Power(v, w, Py_None);
+			break;
+		case BINARY_MULTIPLY:
+			newconst = PyNumber_Multiply(v, w);
+			break;
+		case BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE:
+			newconst = PyNumber_TrueDivide(v, w);
+			break;
+		case BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE:
+			newconst = PyNumber_FloorDivide(v, w);
+			break;
+		case BINARY_MODULO:
+			newconst = PyNumber_Remainder(v, w);
+			break;
+		case BINARY_ADD:
+			newconst = PyNumber_Add(v, w);
+			break;
+		case BINARY_SUBTRACT:
+			newconst = PyNumber_Subtract(v, w);
+			break;
+		case BINARY_SUBSCR:
+			newconst = PyObject_GetItem(v, w);
+			break;
+		case BINARY_LSHIFT:
+			newconst = PyNumber_Lshift(v, w);
+			break;
+		case BINARY_RSHIFT:
+			newconst = PyNumber_Rshift(v, w);
+			break;
+		case BINARY_AND:
+			newconst = PyNumber_And(v, w);
+			break;
+		case BINARY_XOR:
+			newconst = PyNumber_Xor(v, w);
+			break;
+		case BINARY_OR:
+			newconst = PyNumber_Or(v, w);
+			break;
+		default:
+			/* Called with an unknown opcode */
+			PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
+			     "unexpected binary operation %d on a constant",
+				     opcode);
+			return 0;
+	}
+	if (newconst == NULL) {
+		PyErr_Clear();
+		return 0;
+	}
+	size = PyObject_Size(newconst);
+	if (size == -1)
+		PyErr_Clear();
+	else if (size > 20) {
+		Py_DECREF(newconst);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* Append folded constant into consts table */
+	len_consts = PyList_GET_SIZE(consts);
+	if (PyList_Append(consts, newconst)) {
+		Py_DECREF(newconst);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	Py_DECREF(newconst);
+
+	/* Write NOP NOP NOP NOP LOAD_CONST newconst */
+	memset(codestr, NOP, 4);
+	codestr[4] = LOAD_CONST;
+	SETARG(codestr, 4, len_consts);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int
+fold_unaryops_on_constants(unsigned char *codestr, PyObject *consts)
+{
+	PyObject *newconst=NULL, *v;
+	Py_ssize_t len_consts;
+	int opcode;
+
+	/* Pre-conditions */
+	assert(PyList_CheckExact(consts));
+	assert(codestr[0] == LOAD_CONST);
+
+	/* Create new constant */
+	v = PyList_GET_ITEM(consts, GETARG(codestr, 0));
+	opcode = codestr[3];
+	switch (opcode) {
+		case UNARY_NEGATIVE:
+			/* Preserve the sign of -0.0 */
+			if (PyObject_IsTrue(v) == 1)
+				newconst = PyNumber_Negative(v);
+			break;
+		case UNARY_CONVERT:
+			newconst = PyObject_Repr(v);
+			break;
+		case UNARY_INVERT:
+			newconst = PyNumber_Invert(v);
+			break;
+		default:
+			/* Called with an unknown opcode */
+			PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
+			     "unexpected unary operation %d on a constant",
+				     opcode);
+			return 0;
+	}
+	if (newconst == NULL) {
+		PyErr_Clear();
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* Append folded constant into consts table */
+	len_consts = PyList_GET_SIZE(consts);
+	if (PyList_Append(consts, newconst)) {
+		Py_DECREF(newconst);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	Py_DECREF(newconst);
+
+	/* Write NOP LOAD_CONST newconst */
+	codestr[0] = NOP;
+	codestr[1] = LOAD_CONST;
+	SETARG(codestr, 1, len_consts);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static unsigned int *
+markblocks(unsigned char *code, int len)
+{
+	unsigned int *blocks = (unsigned int *)PyMem_Malloc(len*sizeof(int));
+	int i,j, opcode, blockcnt = 0;
+
+	if (blocks == NULL) {
+		PyErr_NoMemory();
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	memset(blocks, 0, len*sizeof(int));
+
+	/* Mark labels in the first pass */
+	for (i=0 ; i<len ; i+=CODESIZE(opcode)) {
+		opcode = code[i];
+		switch (opcode) {
+			case FOR_ITER:
+			case JUMP_FORWARD:
+			case JUMP_IF_FALSE:
+			case JUMP_IF_TRUE:
+			case JUMP_ABSOLUTE:
+			case CONTINUE_LOOP:
+			case SETUP_LOOP:
+			case SETUP_EXCEPT:
+			case SETUP_FINALLY:
+				j = GETJUMPTGT(code, i);
+				blocks[j] = 1;
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+	/* Build block numbers in the second pass */
+	for (i=0 ; i<len ; i++) {
+		blockcnt += blocks[i];	/* increment blockcnt over labels */
+		blocks[i] = blockcnt;
+	}
+	return blocks;
+}
+
+/* Perform basic peephole optimizations to components of a code object.
+   The consts object should still be in list form to allow new constants 
+   to be appended.
+
+   To keep the optimizer simple, it bails out (does nothing) for code
+   containing extended arguments or that has a length over 32,700.  That 
+   allows us to avoid overflow and sign issues.	 Likewise, it bails when
+   the lineno table has complex encoding for gaps >= 255.
+
+   Optimizations are restricted to simple transformations occuring within a
+   single basic block.	All transformations keep the code size the same or 
+   smaller.  For those that reduce size, the gaps are initially filled with 
+   NOPs.  Later those NOPs are removed and the jump addresses retargeted in 
+   a single pass.  Line numbering is adjusted accordingly. */
+
+PyObject *
+PyCode_Optimize(PyObject *code, PyObject* consts, PyObject *names,
+                PyObject *lineno_obj)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t i, j, codelen;
+	int nops, h, adj;
+	int tgt, tgttgt, opcode;
+	unsigned char *codestr = NULL;
+	unsigned char *lineno;
+	int *addrmap = NULL;
+	int new_line, cum_orig_line, last_line, tabsiz;
+	int cumlc=0, lastlc=0;	/* Count runs of consecutive LOAD_CONSTs */
+	unsigned int *blocks = NULL;
+	char *name;
+
+	/* Bail out if an exception is set */
+	if (PyErr_Occurred())
+		goto exitUnchanged;
+
+	/* Bypass optimization when the lineno table is too complex */
+	assert(PyString_Check(lineno_obj));
+	lineno = (unsigned char*)PyString_AS_STRING(lineno_obj);
+	tabsiz = PyString_GET_SIZE(lineno_obj);
+	if (memchr(lineno, 255, tabsiz) != NULL)
+		goto exitUnchanged;
+
+	/* Avoid situations where jump retargeting could overflow */
+	assert(PyString_Check(code));
+	codelen = PyString_Size(code);
+	if (codelen > 32700)
+		goto exitUnchanged;
+
+	/* Make a modifiable copy of the code string */
+	codestr = (unsigned char *)PyMem_Malloc(codelen);
+	if (codestr == NULL)
+		goto exitUnchanged;
+	codestr = (unsigned char *)memcpy(codestr, 
+                                        PyString_AS_STRING(code), codelen);
+
+	/* Verify that RETURN_VALUE terminates the codestring.	This allows
+	   the various transformation patterns to look ahead several
+	   instructions without additional checks to make sure they are not
+	   looking beyond the end of the code string.
+	*/
+	if (codestr[codelen-1] != RETURN_VALUE)
+		goto exitUnchanged;
+
+	/* Mapping to new jump targets after NOPs are removed */
+	addrmap = (int *)PyMem_Malloc(codelen * sizeof(int));
+	if (addrmap == NULL)
+		goto exitUnchanged;
+
+	blocks = markblocks(codestr, codelen);
+	if (blocks == NULL)
+		goto exitUnchanged;
+	assert(PyList_Check(consts));
+
+	for (i=0 ; i<codelen ; i += CODESIZE(codestr[i])) {
+		opcode = codestr[i];
+
+		lastlc = cumlc;
+		cumlc = 0;
+
+		switch (opcode) {
+
+			/* Replace UNARY_NOT JUMP_IF_FALSE POP_TOP with 
+			   with	   JUMP_IF_TRUE POP_TOP */
+			case UNARY_NOT:
+				if (codestr[i+1] != JUMP_IF_FALSE  ||
+				    codestr[i+4] != POP_TOP  ||
+				    !ISBASICBLOCK(blocks,i,5))
+					continue;
+				tgt = GETJUMPTGT(codestr, (i+1));
+				if (codestr[tgt] != POP_TOP)
+					continue;
+				j = GETARG(codestr, i+1) + 1;
+				codestr[i] = JUMP_IF_TRUE;
+				SETARG(codestr, i, j);
+				codestr[i+3] = POP_TOP;
+				codestr[i+4] = NOP;
+				break;
+
+				/* not a is b -->  a is not b
+				   not a in b -->  a not in b
+				   not a is not b -->  a is b
+				   not a not in b -->  a in b
+				*/
+			case COMPARE_OP:
+				j = GETARG(codestr, i);
+				if (j < 6  ||  j > 9  ||
+				    codestr[i+3] != UNARY_NOT  || 
+				    !ISBASICBLOCK(blocks,i,4))
+					continue;
+				SETARG(codestr, i, (j^1));
+				codestr[i+3] = NOP;
+				break;
+
+				/* Replace LOAD_GLOBAL/LOAD_NAME None
+                                   with LOAD_CONST None */
+			case LOAD_NAME:
+			case LOAD_GLOBAL:
+				j = GETARG(codestr, i);
+				name = PyString_AsString(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(names, j));
+				if (name == NULL  ||  strcmp(name, "None") != 0)
+					continue;
+				for (j=0 ; j < PyList_GET_SIZE(consts) ; j++) {
+					if (PyList_GET_ITEM(consts, j) == Py_None) {
+						codestr[i] = LOAD_CONST;
+						SETARG(codestr, i, j);
+						cumlc = lastlc + 1;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+				break;
+
+				/* Skip over LOAD_CONST trueconst
+                                   JUMP_IF_FALSE xx  POP_TOP */
+			case LOAD_CONST:
+				cumlc = lastlc + 1;
+				j = GETARG(codestr, i);
+				if (codestr[i+3] != JUMP_IF_FALSE  ||
+				    codestr[i+6] != POP_TOP  ||
+				    !ISBASICBLOCK(blocks,i,7)  ||
+				    !PyObject_IsTrue(PyList_GET_ITEM(consts, j)))
+					continue;
+				memset(codestr+i, NOP, 7);
+				cumlc = 0;
+				break;
+
+				/* Try to fold tuples of constants (includes a case for lists
+				   which are only used for "in" and "not in" tests).
+				   Skip over BUILD_SEQN 1 UNPACK_SEQN 1.
+				   Replace BUILD_SEQN 2 UNPACK_SEQN 2 with ROT2.
+				   Replace BUILD_SEQN 3 UNPACK_SEQN 3 with ROT3 ROT2. */
+			case BUILD_TUPLE:
+			case BUILD_LIST:
+				j = GETARG(codestr, i);
+				h = i - 3 * j;
+				if (h >= 0  &&
+				    j <= lastlc	 &&
+				    ((opcode == BUILD_TUPLE && 
+				      ISBASICBLOCK(blocks, h, 3*(j+1))) ||
+				     (opcode == BUILD_LIST && 
+				      codestr[i+3]==COMPARE_OP && 
+				      ISBASICBLOCK(blocks, h, 3*(j+2)) &&
+				      (GETARG(codestr,i+3)==6 ||
+				       GETARG(codestr,i+3)==7))) &&
+				    tuple_of_constants(&codestr[h], j, consts)) {
+					assert(codestr[i] == LOAD_CONST);
+					cumlc = 1;
+					break;
+				}
+				if (codestr[i+3] != UNPACK_SEQUENCE  ||
+				    !ISBASICBLOCK(blocks,i,6) ||
+				    j != GETARG(codestr, i+3))
+					continue;
+				if (j == 1) {
+					memset(codestr+i, NOP, 6);
+				} else if (j == 2) {
+					codestr[i] = ROT_TWO;
+					memset(codestr+i+1, NOP, 5);
+				} else if (j == 3) {
+					codestr[i] = ROT_THREE;
+					codestr[i+1] = ROT_TWO;
+					memset(codestr+i+2, NOP, 4);
+				}
+				break;
+
+				/* Fold binary ops on constants.
+				   LOAD_CONST c1 LOAD_CONST c2 BINOP -->  LOAD_CONST binop(c1,c2) */
+			case BINARY_POWER:
+			case BINARY_MULTIPLY:
+			case BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE:
+			case BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE:
+			case BINARY_MODULO:
+			case BINARY_ADD:
+			case BINARY_SUBTRACT:
+			case BINARY_SUBSCR:
+			case BINARY_LSHIFT:
+			case BINARY_RSHIFT:
+			case BINARY_AND:
+			case BINARY_XOR:
+			case BINARY_OR:
+				if (lastlc >= 2	 &&
+				    ISBASICBLOCK(blocks, i-6, 7)  &&
+				    fold_binops_on_constants(&codestr[i-6], consts)) {
+					i -= 2;
+					assert(codestr[i] == LOAD_CONST);
+					cumlc = 1;
+				}
+				break;
+
+				/* Fold unary ops on constants.
+				   LOAD_CONST c1  UNARY_OP -->	LOAD_CONST unary_op(c) */
+			case UNARY_NEGATIVE:
+			case UNARY_CONVERT:
+			case UNARY_INVERT:
+				if (lastlc >= 1	 &&
+				    ISBASICBLOCK(blocks, i-3, 4)  &&
+				    fold_unaryops_on_constants(&codestr[i-3], consts))	{
+					i -= 2;
+					assert(codestr[i] == LOAD_CONST);
+					cumlc = 1;
+				}
+				break;
+
+				/* Simplify conditional jump to conditional jump where the
+				   result of the first test implies the success of a similar
+				   test or the failure of the opposite test.
+				   Arises in code like:
+				   "if a and b:"
+				   "if a or b:"
+				   "a and b or c"
+				   "(a and b) and c"
+				   x:JUMP_IF_FALSE y   y:JUMP_IF_FALSE z  -->  x:JUMP_IF_FALSE z
+				   x:JUMP_IF_FALSE y   y:JUMP_IF_TRUE z	 -->  x:JUMP_IF_FALSE y+3
+				   where y+3 is the instruction following the second test.
+				*/
+			case JUMP_IF_FALSE:
+			case JUMP_IF_TRUE:
+				tgt = GETJUMPTGT(codestr, i);
+				j = codestr[tgt];
+				if (j == JUMP_IF_FALSE	||  j == JUMP_IF_TRUE) {
+					if (j == opcode) {
+						tgttgt = GETJUMPTGT(codestr, tgt) - i - 3;
+						SETARG(codestr, i, tgttgt);
+					} else {
+						tgt -= i;
+						SETARG(codestr, i, tgt);
+					}
+					break;
+				}
+				/* Intentional fallthrough */  
+
+				/* Replace jumps to unconditional jumps */
+			case FOR_ITER:
+			case JUMP_FORWARD:
+			case JUMP_ABSOLUTE:
+			case CONTINUE_LOOP:
+			case SETUP_LOOP:
+			case SETUP_EXCEPT:
+			case SETUP_FINALLY:
+				tgt = GETJUMPTGT(codestr, i);
+				if (!UNCONDITIONAL_JUMP(codestr[tgt]))
+					continue;
+				tgttgt = GETJUMPTGT(codestr, tgt);
+				if (opcode == JUMP_FORWARD) /* JMP_ABS can go backwards */
+					opcode = JUMP_ABSOLUTE;
+				if (!ABSOLUTE_JUMP(opcode))
+					tgttgt -= i + 3;     /* Calc relative jump addr */
+				if (tgttgt < 0)		  /* No backward relative jumps */
+					continue;
+				codestr[i] = opcode;
+				SETARG(codestr, i, tgttgt);
+				break;
+
+			case EXTENDED_ARG:
+				goto exitUnchanged;
+
+				/* Replace RETURN LOAD_CONST None RETURN with just RETURN */
+			case RETURN_VALUE:
+				if (i+4 >= codelen  ||
+				    codestr[i+4] != RETURN_VALUE	 ||
+				    !ISBASICBLOCK(blocks,i,5))
+					continue;
+				memset(codestr+i+1, NOP, 4);
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Fixup linenotab */
+	for (i=0, nops=0 ; i<codelen ; i += CODESIZE(codestr[i])) {
+		addrmap[i] = i - nops;
+		if (codestr[i] == NOP)
+			nops++;
+	}
+	cum_orig_line = 0;
+	last_line = 0;
+	for (i=0 ; i < tabsiz ; i+=2) {
+		cum_orig_line += lineno[i];
+		new_line = addrmap[cum_orig_line];
+		assert (new_line - last_line < 255);
+		lineno[i] =((unsigned char)(new_line - last_line));
+		last_line = new_line;
+	}
+
+	/* Remove NOPs and fixup jump targets */
+	for (i=0, h=0 ; i<codelen ; ) {
+		opcode = codestr[i];
+		switch (opcode) {
+			case NOP:
+				i++;
+				continue;
+
+			case JUMP_ABSOLUTE:
+			case CONTINUE_LOOP:
+				j = addrmap[GETARG(codestr, i)];
+				SETARG(codestr, i, j);
+				break;
+
+			case FOR_ITER:
+			case JUMP_FORWARD:
+			case JUMP_IF_FALSE:
+			case JUMP_IF_TRUE:
+			case SETUP_LOOP:
+			case SETUP_EXCEPT:
+			case SETUP_FINALLY:
+				j = addrmap[GETARG(codestr, i) + i + 3] - addrmap[i] - 3;
+				SETARG(codestr, i, j);
+				break;
+		}
+		adj = CODESIZE(opcode);
+		while (adj--)
+			codestr[h++] = codestr[i++];
+	}
+	assert(h + nops == codelen);
+
+	code = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)codestr, h);
+	PyMem_Free(addrmap);
+	PyMem_Free(codestr);
+	PyMem_Free(blocks);
+	return code;
+
+ exitUnchanged:
+	if (blocks != NULL)
+		PyMem_Free(blocks);
+	if (addrmap != NULL)
+		PyMem_Free(addrmap);
+	if (codestr != NULL)
+		PyMem_Free(codestr);
+	Py_INCREF(code);
+	return code;
+}
diff --git a/Python/pystate.c b/Python/pystate.c
index 3fae85b..f591a59 100644
--- a/Python/pystate.c
+++ b/Python/pystate.c
@@ -342,28 +342,43 @@
 /* Asynchronously raise an exception in a thread.
    Requested by Just van Rossum and Alex Martelli.
    To prevent naive misuse, you must write your own extension
-   to call this.  Must be called with the GIL held.
-   Returns the number of tstates modified; if it returns a number
-   greater than one, you're in trouble, and you should call it again
-   with exc=NULL to revert the effect.  This raises no exceptions. */
+   to call this, or use ctypes.  Must be called with the GIL held.
+   Returns the number of tstates modified (normally 1, but 0 if `id` didn't
+   match any known thread id).  Can be called with exc=NULL to clear an
+   existing async exception.  This raises no exceptions. */
 
 int
 PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc(long id, PyObject *exc) {
 	PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
 	PyInterpreterState *interp = tstate->interp;
 	PyThreadState *p;
-	int count = 0;
+
+	/* Although the GIL is held, a few C API functions can be called
+	 * without the GIL held, and in particular some that create and
+	 * destroy thread and interpreter states.  Those can mutate the
+	 * list of thread states we're traversing, so to prevent that we lock
+	 * head_mutex for the duration.
+	 */
 	HEAD_LOCK();
 	for (p = interp->tstate_head; p != NULL; p = p->next) {
-		if (p->thread_id != id)
-			continue;
-		Py_CLEAR(p->async_exc);
-		Py_XINCREF(exc);
-		p->async_exc = exc;
-		count += 1;
+		if (p->thread_id == id) {
+			/* Tricky:  we need to decref the current value
+			 * (if any) in p->async_exc, but that can in turn
+			 * allow arbitrary Python code to run, including
+			 * perhaps calls to this function.  To prevent
+			 * deadlock, we need to release head_mutex before
+			 * the decref.
+			 */
+			PyObject *old_exc = p->async_exc;
+			Py_XINCREF(exc);
+			p->async_exc = exc;
+			HEAD_UNLOCK();
+			Py_XDECREF(old_exc);
+			return 1;
+		}
 	}
 	HEAD_UNLOCK();
-	return count;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 
diff --git a/Python/pythonrun.c b/Python/pythonrun.c
index 555c39d..e170090 100644
--- a/Python/pythonrun.c
+++ b/Python/pythonrun.c
@@ -199,12 +199,16 @@
 	if (bimod == NULL)
 		Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't initialize __builtin__");
 	interp->builtins = PyModule_GetDict(bimod);
+	if (interp->builtins == NULL)
+		Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't initialize builtins dict");
 	Py_INCREF(interp->builtins);
 
 	sysmod = _PySys_Init();
 	if (sysmod == NULL)
 		Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't initialize sys");
 	interp->sysdict = PyModule_GetDict(sysmod);
+	if (interp->sysdict == NULL)
+		Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't initialize sys dict");
 	Py_INCREF(interp->sysdict);
 	_PyImport_FixupExtension("sys", "sys");
 	PySys_SetPath(Py_GetPath());
diff --git a/Python/symtable.c b/Python/symtable.c
index 439a243..05d504c 100644
--- a/Python/symtable.c
+++ b/Python/symtable.c
@@ -221,8 +221,8 @@
 		return st;
 	st->st_filename = filename;
 	st->st_future = future;
-	if (!symtable_enter_block(st, GET_IDENTIFIER(top), ModuleBlock, 
-			     (void *)mod, 0)) {
+	if (!GET_IDENTIFIER(top) ||
+	    !symtable_enter_block(st, top, ModuleBlock, (void *)mod, 0)) {
 		PySymtable_Free(st);
 		return NULL;
 	}
@@ -915,6 +915,8 @@
 	PyOS_snprintf(tmpname, sizeof(tmpname), "_[%d]",
 		      ++st->st_cur->ste_tmpname);
 	tmp = PyString_InternFromString(tmpname);
+	if (!tmp)
+		return 0;
 	if (!symtable_add_def(st, tmp, DEF_LOCAL))
 		return 0;
 	Py_DECREF(tmp);
@@ -1121,12 +1123,13 @@
 		VISIT(st, expr, e->v.UnaryOp.operand);
 		break;
         case Lambda_kind: {
-		if (!symtable_add_def(st, GET_IDENTIFIER(lambda), DEF_LOCAL))
+		if (!GET_IDENTIFIER(lambda) ||
+		    !symtable_add_def(st, lambda, DEF_LOCAL))
 			return 0;
 		if (e->v.Lambda.args->defaults)
 			VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, e->v.Lambda.args->defaults);
 		/* XXX how to get line numbers for expressions */
-		if (!symtable_enter_block(st, GET_IDENTIFIER(lambda),
+		if (!symtable_enter_block(st, lambda,
                                           FunctionBlock, (void *)e, 0))
 			return 0;
 		VISIT_IN_BLOCK(st, arguments, e->v.Lambda.args, (void*)e);
@@ -1323,8 +1326,11 @@
 	PyObject *name = (a->asname == NULL) ? a->name : a->asname;
 	const char *base = PyString_AS_STRING(name);
 	char *dot = strchr(base, '.');
-	if (dot)
+	if (dot) {
 		store_name = PyString_FromStringAndSize(base, dot - base);
+		if (!store_name)
+			return 0;
+	}
 	else {
 		store_name = name;
 		Py_INCREF(store_name);
@@ -1399,8 +1405,8 @@
 	/* Outermost iterator is evaluated in current scope */
 	VISIT(st, expr, outermost->iter);
 	/* Create generator scope for the rest */
-	if (!symtable_enter_block(st, GET_IDENTIFIER(genexpr),
-				  FunctionBlock, (void *)e, 0)) {
+	if (!GET_IDENTIFIER(genexpr) ||
+	    !symtable_enter_block(st, genexpr, FunctionBlock, (void *)e, 0)) {
 		return 0;
 	}
 	st->st_cur->ste_generator = 1;
@@ -1414,7 +1420,5 @@
 	VISIT_SEQ_TAIL_IN_BLOCK(st, comprehension,
 				e->v.GeneratorExp.generators, 1, (void*)e);
 	VISIT_IN_BLOCK(st, expr, e->v.GeneratorExp.elt, (void*)e);
-	if (!symtable_exit_block(st, (void *)e))
-		return 0;
-	return 1;
+	return symtable_exit_block(st, (void *)e);
 }