bpo-33770: improve base64 exception message for encoded inputs of invalid length (GH-7416) (GH-7602)

(cherry picked from commit 1b85c71a2136d3fa6a1da05b27b1fe4e4b8ee45e)

Co-authored-by: Tal Einat <taleinat+github@gmail.com>
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_binascii.py b/Lib/test/test_binascii.py
index 8fa57cd..7418a9ce9 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_binascii.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_binascii.py
@@ -110,6 +110,34 @@
         # empty strings. TBD: shouldn't it raise an exception instead ?
         self.assertEqual(binascii.a2b_base64(self.type2test(fillers)), b'')
 
+    def test_base64errors(self):
+        # Test base64 with invalid padding
+        def assertIncorrectPadding(data):
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(binascii.Error, r'(?i)Incorrect padding'):
+                binascii.a2b_base64(self.type2test(data))
+
+        assertIncorrectPadding(b'ab')
+        assertIncorrectPadding(b'ab=')
+        assertIncorrectPadding(b'abc')
+        assertIncorrectPadding(b'abcdef')
+        assertIncorrectPadding(b'abcdef=')
+        assertIncorrectPadding(b'abcdefg')
+        assertIncorrectPadding(b'a=b=')
+        assertIncorrectPadding(b'a\nb=')
+
+        # Test base64 with invalid number of valid characters (1 mod 4)
+        def assertInvalidLength(data):
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(binascii.Error, r'(?i)invalid.+length'):
+                binascii.a2b_base64(self.type2test(data))
+
+        assertInvalidLength(b'a')
+        assertInvalidLength(b'a=')
+        assertInvalidLength(b'a==')
+        assertInvalidLength(b'a===')
+        assertInvalidLength(b'a' * 5)
+        assertInvalidLength(b'a' * (4 * 87 + 1))
+        assertInvalidLength(b'A\tB\nC ??DE')  # only 5 valid characters
+
     def test_uu(self):
         MAX_UU = 45
         for backtick in (True, False):