| \section{\module{optparse} --- |
| Powerful parser for command line options.} |
| |
| \declaremodule{standard}{optparse} |
| \moduleauthor{Greg Ward}{gward@python.net} |
| \sectionauthor{Johannes Gijsbers}{jlgijsbers@users.sf.net} |
| \sectionauthor{Greg Ward}{gward@python.net} |
| |
| \modulesynopsis{Powerful, flexible, extensible, easy-to-use command-line |
| parsing library.} |
| |
| \versionadded{2.3} |
| |
| The \module{optparse} module is a powerful, flexible, extensible, |
| easy-to-use command-line parsing library for Python. Using |
| \module{optparse}, you can add intelligent, sophisticated handling of |
| command-line options to your scripts with very little overhead. |
| |
| Here's an example of using \module{optparse} to add some command-line |
| options to a simple script: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| from optparse import OptionParser |
| |
| parser = OptionParser() |
| parser.add_option("-f", "--file", dest="filename", |
| help="write report to FILE", metavar="FILE") |
| parser.add_option("-q", "--quiet", |
| action="store_false", dest="verbose", default=1, |
| help="don't print status messages to stdout") |
| |
| (options, args) = parser.parse_args() |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| With these few lines of code, users of your script can now do the |
| "usual thing" on the command-line: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| $ <yourscript> -f outfile --quiet |
| $ <yourscript> -qfoutfile |
| $ <yourscript> --file=outfile -q |
| $ <yourscript> --quiet --file outfile |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| (All of these result in \code{options.filename == "outfile"} and |
| \code{options.verbose == 0} ...just as you might expect.) |
| |
| Even niftier, users can run one of |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| $ <yourscript> -h |
| $ <yourscript> --help |
| \end{verbatim} |
| and \module{optparse} will print out a brief summary of your script's |
| options: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| usage: <yourscript> [options] |
| |
| options: |
| -h, --help show this help message and exit |
| -fFILE, --file=FILE write report to FILE |
| -q, --quiet don't print status messages to stdout |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| That's just a taste of the flexibility \module{optparse} gives you in |
| parsing your command-line. |
| |
| \subsection{The Tao of Option Parsing\label{optparse-tao}} |
| |
| \module{optparse} is an implementation of what I have always |
| considered the most obvious, straightforward, and user-friendly way to |
| design a user interface for command-line programs. In short, I have |
| fairly firm ideas of the Right Way (and the many Wrong Ways) to do |
| argument parsing, and \module{optparse} reflects many of those ideas. |
| This section is meant to explain this philosophy, which in turn is |
| heavily influenced by the \UNIX{} and GNU toolkits. |
| |
| \subsubsection{Terminology\label{optparse-terminology}} |
| |
| First, we need to establish some terminology. |
| |
| \begin{definitions} |
| \term{argument} |
| a chunk of text that a user enters on the command-line, and that the |
| shell passes to \cfunction{execl()} or \cfunction{execv()}. In |
| Python, arguments are elements of |
| \var{sys.argv[1:]}. (\var{sys.argv[0]} is the name of the program |
| being executed; in the context of parsing arguments, it's not very |
| important.) \UNIX{} shells also use the term ``word''. |
| |
| It's occasionally desirable to substitute an argument list other |
| than \var{sys.argv[1:]}, so you should read ``argument'' as ``an element of |
| \var{sys.argv[1:]}, or of some other list provided as a substitute for |
| \var{sys.argv[1:]}''. |
| |
| \term{option} |
| an argument used to supply extra information to guide or customize |
| the execution of a program. There are many different syntaxes for |
| options; the traditional \UNIX{} syntax is \programopt{-} followed by a |
| single letter, e.g. \programopt{-x} or \programopt{-F}. Also, |
| traditional \UNIX{} syntax allows multiple options to be merged into a |
| single argument, e.g. \programopt{-x -F} is equivalent to |
| \programopt{-xF}. The GNU project introduced \longprogramopt{} |
| followed by a series of hyphen-separated words, |
| e.g. \longprogramopt{file} or \longprogramopt{dry-run}. These are |
| the only two option syntaxes provided by \module{optparse}. |
| |
| Some other option syntaxes that the world has seen include: |
| |
| \begin{itemize} |
| \item a hyphen followed by a few letters, e.g. \programopt{-pf} (this is |
| *not* the same as multiple options merged into a single |
| argument.) |
| \item a hyphen followed by a whole word, e.g. \programopt{-file} (this is |
| technically equivalent to the previous syntax, but they aren't |
| usually seen in the same program.) |
| \item a plus sign followed by a single letter, or a few letters, |
| or a word, e.g. \programopt{+f}, \programopt{+rgb}. |
| \item a slash followed by a letter, or a few letters, or a word, e.g. |
| \programopt{/f}, \programopt{/file}. |
| \end{itemize} |
| |
| These option syntaxes are not supported by \module{optparse}, and they |
| never will be. (If you really want to use one of those option |
| syntaxes, you'll have to subclass OptionParser and override all the |
| difficult bits. But please don't! \module{optparse} does things the |
| traditional \UNIX/GNU way deliberately; the first three are |
| non-standard anywhere, and the last one makes sense only if you're |
| exclusively targeting MS-DOS/Windows and/or VMS.) |
| |
| \term{option argument} |
| an argument that follows an option, is closely associated with that |
| option, and is consumed from the argument list when the option is. |
| Often, option arguments may also be included in the same argument as |
| the option, e.g. : |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| ["-f", "foo"] |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| may be equivalent to: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| ["-ffoo"] |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| (\module{optparse} supports this syntax.) |
| |
| Some options never take an argument. Some options always take an |
| argument. Lots of people want an ``optional option arguments'' feature, |
| meaning that some options will take an argument if they see it, and |
| won't if they don't. This is somewhat controversial, because it makes |
| parsing ambiguous: if \programopt{-a} takes an optional argument and |
| \programopt{-b} is another option entirely, how do we interpret |
| \programopt{-ab}? \module{optparse} does not currently support this. |
| |
| \term{positional argument} |
| something leftover in the argument list after options have been |
| parsed, ie. after options and their arguments have been parsed and |
| removed from the argument list. |
| |
| \term{required option} |
| an option that must be supplied on the command-line; the phrase |
| ``required option'' is an oxymoron and is usually considered poor UI |
| design. \module{optparse} doesn't prevent you from implementing |
| required options, but doesn't give you much help with it either. See |
| ``Extending Examples'' (section~\ref{optparse-extending-examples}) for |
| two ways to implement required options with \module{optparse}. |
| |
| \end{definitions} |
| |
| For example, consider this hypothetical command-line: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| prog -v --report /tmp/report.txt foo bar |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| \programopt{-v} and \longprogramopt{report} are both options. Assuming |
| the \longprogramopt{report} option takes one argument, |
| ``/tmp/report.txt'' is an option argument. ``foo'' and ``bar'' are |
| positional arguments. |
| |
| \subsubsection{What are options for?\label{optparse-options}} |
| |
| Options are used to provide extra information to tune or customize the |
| execution of a program. In case it wasn't clear, options are usually |
| \emph{optional}. A program should be able to run just fine with no |
| options whatsoever. (Pick a random program from the \UNIX{} or GNU |
| toolsets. Can it run without any options at all and still make sense? |
| The only exceptions I can think of are \program{find}, \program{tar}, |
| and \program{dd} --- all of which are mutant oddballs that have been |
| rightly criticized for their non-standard syntax and confusing |
| interfaces.) |
| |
| Lots of people want their programs to have ``required options''. |
| Think about it. If it's required, then it's \emph{not optional}! If |
| there is a piece of information that your program absolutely requires |
| in order to run successfully, that's what positional arguments are |
| for. (However, if you insist on adding ``required options'' to your |
| programs, look in ``Extending Examples'' |
| (section~\ref{optparse-extending-examples}) for two ways of |
| implementing them with \module{optparse}.) |
| |
| Consider the humble \program{cp} utility, for copying files. It |
| doesn't make much sense to try to copy files without supplying a |
| destination and at least one source. Hence, \program{cp} fails if you |
| run it with no arguments. However, it has a flexible, useful syntax |
| that does not rely on options at all: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| $ cp SOURCE DEST |
| $ cp SOURCE ... DEST-DIR |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| You can get pretty far with just that. Most \program{cp} |
| implementations provide a bunch of options to tweak exactly how the |
| files are copied: you can preserve mode and modification time, avoid |
| following symlinks, ask before clobbering existing files, etc. But |
| none of this distracts from the core mission of \program{cp}, which is |
| to copy one file to another, or N files to another directory. |
| |
| \subsubsection{What are positional arguments for? \label{optparse-positional-arguments}} |
| |
| In case it wasn't clear from the above example: positional arguments |
| are for those pieces of information that your program absolutely, |
| positively requires to run. |
| |
| A good user interface should have as few absolute requirements as |
| possible. If your program requires 17 distinct pieces of information in |
| order to run successfully, it doesn't much matter \emph{how} you get that |
| information from the user --- most people will give up and walk away |
| before they successfully run the program. This applies whether the user |
| interface is a command-line, a configuration file, a GUI, or whatever: |
| if you make that many demands on your users, most of them will just give |
| up. |
| |
| In short, try to minimize the amount of information that users are |
| absolutely required to supply --- use sensible defaults whenever |
| possible. Of course, you also want to make your programs reasonably |
| flexible. That's what options are for. Again, it doesn't matter if |
| they are entries in a config file, checkboxes in the ``Preferences'' |
| dialog of a GUI, or command-line options --- the more options you |
| implement, the more flexible your program is, and the more complicated |
| its implementation becomes. It's quite easy to overwhelm users (and |
| yourself!) with too much flexibility, so be careful there. |
| |
| \subsection{Basic Usage\label{optparse-basic-usage}} |
| |
| While \module{optparse} is quite flexible and powerful, you don't have |
| to jump through hoops or read reams of documentation to get it working |
| in basic cases. This document aims to demonstrate some simple usage |
| patterns that will get you started using \module{optparse} in your |
| scripts. |
| |
| To parse a command line with \module{optparse}, you must create an |
| \class{OptionParser} instance and populate it. Obviously, you'll have |
| to import the \class{OptionParser} classes in any script that uses |
| \module{optparse}: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| from optparse import OptionParser |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Early on in the main program, create a parser: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser = OptionParser() |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Then you can start populating the parser with options. Each option is |
| really a set of synonymous option strings; most commonly, you'll have |
| one short option string and one long option string --- |
| e.g. \programopt{-f} and \longprogramopt{file}: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser.add_option("-f", "--file", ...) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| The interesting stuff, of course, is what comes after the option |
| strings. In this document, we'll only cover four of the things you |
| can put there: \var{action}, \var{type}, \var{dest} (destination), and |
| \var{help}. |
| |
| \subsubsection{The "store" action\label{optparse-store-action}} |
| |
| The action tells \module{optparse} what to do when it sees one of the |
| option strings for this option on the command-line. For example, the |
| action \var{store} means: take the next argument (or the remainder of |
| the current argument), ensure that it is of the correct type, and |
| store it to your chosen destination. |
| |
| For example, let's fill in the "..." of that last option: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser.add_option("-f", "--file", |
| action="store", type="string", dest="filename") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Now let's make up a fake command-line and ask \module{optparse} to |
| parse it: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| args = ["-f", "foo.txt"] |
| (options, args) = parser.parse_args(args) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| (Note that if you don't pass an argument list to |
| \function{parse_args()}, it automatically uses \var{sys.argv[1:]}.) |
| |
| When \module{optparse} sees the \programopt{-f}, it sucks in the next |
| argument --- ``foo.txt'' --- and stores it in the \var{filename} |
| attribute of a special object. That object is the first return value |
| from \function{parse_args()}, so: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| print options.filename |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| will print ``foo.txt''. |
| |
| Other option types supported by \module{optparse} are ``int'' and |
| ``float''. Here's an option that expects an integer argument: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser.add_option("-n", type="int", dest="num") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Note that I didn't supply a long option, which is perfectly acceptable. |
| I also didn't specify the action --- it defaults to ``store''. |
| |
| Let's parse another fake command-line. This time, we'll jam the |
| option argument right up against the option --- \programopt{-n42} (one |
| argument) is equivalent to \programopt{-n 42} (two arguments). : |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| (options, args) = parser.parse_args(["-n42"]) |
| print options.num |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| will print ``42''. |
| |
| Trying out the ``float'' type is left as an exercise for the reader. |
| |
| If you don't specify a type, \module{optparse} assumes ``string''. |
| Combined with the fact that the default action is ``store'', that |
| means our first example can be a lot shorter: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser.add_option("-f", "--file", dest="filename") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| If you don't supply a destination, \module{optparse} figures out a |
| sensible default from the option strings: if the first long option |
| string is \longprogramopt{foo-bar}, then the default destination is |
| \var{foo_bar}. If there are no long option strings, |
| \module{optparse} looks at the first short option: the default |
| destination for \programopt{-f} is \var{f}. |
| |
| Adding types is fairly easy; please refer to |
| section~\ref{optparse-adding-types}, ``Adding new types.'' |
| |
| \subsubsection{Other "store_*" actions\label{optparse-other-store-actions}} |
| |
| Flag options --- set a variable to true or false when a particular |
| option is seen --- are quite common. \module{optparse} supports them |
| with two separate actions, ``store_true'' and ``store_false''. For |
| example, you might have a \var{verbose} flag that is turned on with |
| \programopt{-v} and off with \programopt{-q}: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser.add_option("-v", action="store_true", dest="verbose") |
| parser.add_option("-q", action="store_false", dest="verbose") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Here we have two different options with the same destination, which is |
| perfectly OK. (It just means you have to be a bit careful when setting |
| default values --- see below.) |
| |
| When \module{optparse} sees \programopt{-v} on the command line, it |
| sets the \var{verbose} attribute of the special {option values} |
| object to 1; when it sees \programopt{-q}, it sets \var{verbose} to |
| 0. |
| |
| \subsubsection{Setting default values\label{optparse-setting-default-values}} |
| |
| All of the above examples involve setting some variable (the |
| ``destination'') when certain command-line options are seen. What |
| happens if those options are never seen? Since we didn't supply any |
| defaults, they are all set to None. Sometimes, this is just fine |
| (which is why it's the default), but sometimes, you want more control. |
| To address that need, \module{optparse} lets you supply a default |
| value for each destination, which is assigned before the command-line |
| is parsed. |
| |
| First, consider the verbose/quiet example. If we want |
| \module{optparse} to set \var{verbose} to 1 unless \programopt{-q} is |
| seen, then we can do this: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser.add_option("-v", action="store_true", dest="verbose", default=1) |
| parser.add_option("-q", action="store_false", dest="verbose") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Oddly enough, this is exactly equivalent: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser.add_option("-v", action="store_true", dest="verbose") |
| parser.add_option("-q", action="store_false", dest="verbose", default=1) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Those are equivalent because you're supplying a default value for the |
| option's \emph{destination}, and these two options happen to have the same |
| destination (the \var{verbose} variable). |
| |
| Consider this: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser.add_option("-v", action="store_true", dest="verbose", default=0) |
| parser.add_option("-q", action="store_false", dest="verbose", default=1) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Again, the default value for \var{verbose} will be 1: the last |
| default value supplied for any particular destination attribute is the |
| one that counts. |
| |
| \subsubsection{Generating help\label{optparse-generating-help}} |
| |
| The last feature that you will use in every script is |
| \module{optparse}'s ability to generate help messages. All you have |
| to do is supply a \var{help} value when you add an option. Let's |
| create a new parser and populate it with user-friendly (documented) |
| options: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| usage = "usage: %prog [options] arg1 arg2" |
| parser = OptionParser(usage=usage) |
| parser.add_option("-v", "--verbose", |
| action="store_true", dest="verbose", default=1, |
| help="make lots of noise [default]") |
| parser.add_option("-q", "--quiet", |
| action="store_false", dest="verbose", |
| help="be vewwy quiet (I'm hunting wabbits)") |
| parser.add_option("-f", "--file", dest="filename", |
| metavar="FILE", help="write output to FILE"), |
| parser.add_option("-m", "--mode", |
| default="intermediate", |
| help="interaction mode: one of 'novice', " |
| "'intermediate' [default], 'expert'") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| If \module{optparse} encounters either \programopt{-h} or |
| \longprogramopt{--help} on the command-line, or if you just call |
| \method{parser.print_help()}, it prints the following to stdout: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| usage: <yourscript> [options] arg1 arg2 |
| |
| options: |
| -h, --help show this help message and exit |
| -v, --verbose make lots of noise [default] |
| -q, --quiet be vewwy quiet (I'm hunting wabbits) |
| -fFILE, --file=FILE write output to FILE |
| -mMODE, --mode=MODE interaction mode: one of 'novice', 'intermediate' |
| [default], 'expert' |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| There's a lot going on here to help \module{optparse} generate the |
| best possible help message: |
| |
| \begin{itemize} |
| \item the script defines its own usage message: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| usage = "usage: %prog [options] arg1 arg2" |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| \module{optparse} expands "\%prog" in the usage string to the name of the |
| current script, ie. \code{os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])}. The |
| expanded string is then printed before the detailed option help. |
| |
| If you don't supply a usage string, \module{optparse} uses a bland but |
| sensible default: ``usage: \%prog [options]'', which is fine if your |
| script doesn't take any positional arguments. |
| |
| \item every option defines a help string, and doesn't worry about |
| line-wrapping --- \module{optparse} takes care of wrapping lines and |
| making the help output look good. |
| |
| \item options that take a value indicate this fact in their |
| automatically-generated help message, e.g. for the ``mode'' option: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| -mMODE, --mode=MODE |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Here, ``MODE'' is called the meta-variable: it stands for the argument |
| that the user is expected to supply to |
| \programopt{-m}/\longprogramopt{mode}. By default, \module{optparse} |
| converts the destination variable name to uppercase and uses that for |
| the meta-variable. Sometimes, that's not what you want --- for |
| example, the \var{filename} option explicitly sets |
| \code{metavar="FILE"}, resulting in this automatically-generated |
| option description: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| -fFILE, --file=FILE |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| This is important for more than just saving space, though: the |
| manually written help text uses the meta-variable ``FILE'', to clue |
| the user in that there's a connection between the formal syntax |
| ``-fFILE'' and the informal semantic description ``write output to |
| FILE''. This is a simple but effective way to make your help text a |
| lot clearer and more useful for end users. |
| \end{itemize} |
| |
| When dealing with many options, it is convenient to group these |
| options for better help output. An \class{OptionParser} can contain |
| several option groups, each of which can contain several options. |
| |
| Continuing with the parser defined above, adding an |
| \class{OptionGroup} to a parser is easy: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| group = OptionGroup(parser, "Dangerous Options", |
| "Caution: use these options at your own risk." |
| " It is believed that some of them bite.") |
| group.add_option("-g", action="store_true", help="Group option.") |
| parser.add_option_group(group) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| This would result in the following help output: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| usage: [options] arg1 arg2 |
| |
| options: |
| -h, --help show this help message and exit |
| -v, --verbose make lots of noise [default] |
| -q, --quiet be vewwy quiet (I'm hunting wabbits) |
| -fFILE, --file=FILE write output to FILE |
| -mMODE, --mode=MODE interaction mode: one of 'novice', 'intermediate' |
| [default], 'expert' |
| |
| Dangerous Options: |
| Caution: use of these options is at your own risk. It is believed that |
| some of them bite. |
| -g Group option. |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| |
| \subsubsection{Print a version number\label{optparse-print-version}} |
| |
| Similar to the brief usage string, \module{optparse} can also print a |
| version string for your program. You have to supply the string, as |
| the \var{version} argument to \class{OptionParser}: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser = OptionParser(usage="%prog [-f] [-q]", version="%prog 1.0") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Note that ``\%prog'' is expanded just like it is in \var{usage}. Apart from |
| that, \var{version} can contain anything you like. When you supply it, |
| \module{optparse} automatically adds a\ longprogramopt{version} option to your |
| parser. If it encounters this option on the command line, it expands |
| your \var{version} string (by replacing ``\%prog''), prints it to |
| stdout, and exits. |
| |
| For example, if your script is called /usr/bin/foo, a user might do: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| $ /usr/bin/foo --version |
| foo 1.0 |
| $ |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| \subsubsection{Error-handling\label{optparse-error-handling}} |
| |
| The one thing you need to know for basic usage is how |
| \module{optparse} behaves when it encounters an error on the |
| command-line --- e.g. \programopt{-n4x} where \programopt{-n} is an |
| integer-valued option. \module{optparse} prints your usage message to |
| stderr, followed by a useful and human-readable error message. Then |
| it terminates (calls \function{sys.exit()}) with a non-zero exit |
| status. |
| |
| If you don't like this, subclass \class{OptionParser} and override the |
| \method{error()} method. See section~\ref{optparse-extending}, |
| ``Extending \module{optparse}.'' |
| |
| \subsubsection{Putting it all together\label{optparse-basic-summary}} |
| |
| Here's what my \module{optparse}-based scripts usually look like: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| from optparse import OptionParser |
| |
| ... |
| |
| def main (): |
| usage = "usage: %prog [options] arg" |
| parser = OptionParser(usage) |
| parser.add_option("-f", "--file", type="string", dest="filename", |
| help="read data from FILENAME") |
| parser.add_option("-v", "--verbose", |
| action="store_true", dest="verbose") |
| parser.add_option("-q", "--quiet", |
| action="store_false", dest="verbose") |
| # more options ... |
| |
| (options, args) = parser.parse_args() |
| if len(args) != 1: |
| parser.error("incorrect number of arguments") |
| |
| if options.verbose: |
| print "reading %s..." % options.filename |
| |
| # go to work ... |
| |
| if __name__ == "__main__": |
| main() |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| \subsection{Advanced Usage\label{optparse-advanced-usage}} |
| |
| This is reference documentation. If you haven't read the basic |
| documentation in section~\ref{optparse-basic-usage}, do so now. |
| |
| \subsubsection{Creating and populating the |
| parser\label{optparse-creating-the-parser}} |
| |
| There are several ways to populate the parser with options. One way |
| is to pass a list of \class{Options} to the \class{OptionParser} |
| constructor: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser = OptionParser(option_list=[ |
| make_option("-f", "--filename", |
| action="store", type="string", dest="filename"), |
| make_option("-q", "--quiet", |
| action="store_false", dest="verbose")]) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| (\function{make_option()} is an alias for |
| the \class{Option} class, ie. this just calls the \class{Option} |
| constructor. A future version of \module{optparse} will probably |
| split \class{Option} into several classes, and |
| \function{make_option()} will become a factory function that picks the |
| right class to instantiate.) |
| |
| For long option lists, it's often more convenient/readable to create the |
| list separately: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| option_list = [make_option("-f", "--filename", |
| action="store", type="string", dest="filename"), |
| # 17 other options ... |
| make_option("-q", "--quiet", |
| action="store_false", dest="verbose")] |
| parser = OptionParser(option_list=option_list) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Or, you can use the \method{add_option()} method of |
| \class{OptionParser} to add options one-at-a-time: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser = OptionParser() |
| parser.add_option("-f", "--filename", |
| action="store", type="string", dest="filename") |
| parser.add_option("-q", "--quiet", |
| action="store_false", dest="verbose") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| This method makes it easier to track down exceptions raised by the |
| \class{Option} constructor, which are common because of the complicated |
| interdependencies among the various keyword arguments --- if you get it |
| wrong, \module{optparse} raises \exception{OptionError}. |
| |
| \method{add_option()} can be called in one of two ways: |
| |
| \begin{itemize} |
| \item pass it an \class{Option} instance (as returned by \function{make_option()}) |
| \item pass it any combination of positional and keyword arguments that |
| are acceptable to \function{make_option()} (ie., to the \class{Option} |
| constructor), and it will create the \class{Option} instance for you |
| (shown above). |
| \end{itemize} |
| |
| \subsubsection{Defining options\label{optparse-defining-options}} |
| |
| Each \class{Option} instance represents a set of synonymous |
| command-line options, ie. options that have the same meaning and |
| effect, but different spellings. You can specify any number of short |
| or long option strings, but you must specify at least one option |
| string. |
| |
| To define an option with only a short option string: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| make_option("-f", ...) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| And to define an option with only a long option string: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| make_option("--foo", ...) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| The ``...'' represents a set of keyword arguments that define |
| attributes of the \class{Option} object. Just which keyword args you |
| must supply for a given \class{Option} is fairly complicated (see the |
| various \method{_check_*()} methods in the \class{Option} class if you |
| don't believe me), but you always have to supply \emph{some}. If you |
| get it wrong, \module{optparse} raises an \exception{OptionError} |
| exception explaining your mistake. |
| |
| The most important attribute of an option is its action, ie. what to do |
| when we encounter this option on the command-line. The possible actions |
| are: |
| |
| \begin{definitions} |
| \term{store} [default] |
| store this option's argument. |
| \term{store_const} |
| store a constant value. |
| \term{store_true} |
| store a true value. |
| \term{store_false} |
| store a false value. |
| \term{append} |
| append this option's argument to a list. |
| \term{count} |
| increment a counter by one. |
| \term{callback} |
| call a specified function. |
| \term{help} |
| print a usage message including all options and the documentation for |
| them. |
| \end{definitions} |
| |
| (If you don't supply an action, the default is ``store''. For this |
| action, you may also supply \var{type} and \var{dest} keywords; see |
| below.) |
| |
| As you can see, most actions involve storing or updating a value |
| somewhere. \module{optparse} always creates a particular object (an |
| instance of the \class{Values} class) specifically for this |
| purpose. Option arguments (and various other values) are stored as |
| attributes of this object, according to the \var{dest} (destination) |
| argument to \function{make_option()}/\method{add_option()}. |
| |
| For example, when you call: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser.parse_args() |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| one of the first things \module{optparse} does is create a |
| \var{values} object: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| values = Values() |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| If one of the options in this parser is defined with: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| make_option("-f", "--file", action="store", type="string", dest="filename") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| and the command-line being parsed includes any of the following: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| -ffoo |
| -f foo |
| --file=foo |
| --file foo |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| then \module{optparse}, on seeing the \programopt{-f} or |
| \longprogramopt{file} option, will do the equivalent of this: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| values.filename = "foo" |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Clearly, the \var{type} and \var{dest} arguments are (usually) almost |
| as important as \var{action}. \var{action} is the only attribute that |
| is meaningful for *all* options, though, so it is the most important. |
| |
| \subsubsection{Option actions\label{optparse-option-actions}} |
| |
| The various option actions all have slightly different requirements |
| and effects. Except for the ``help'' action, you must supply at least |
| one other keyword argument when creating the \class{Option}; the exact |
| requirements for each action are listed here. |
| |
| \begin{definitions} |
| \term{store} [relevant: \var{type}, \var{dest}, \var{nargs}, \var{choices}] |
| |
| The option must be followed by an argument, which is converted to a |
| value according to \var{type} and stored in \var{dest}. If |
| \var{nargs} > 1, multiple arguments will be consumed from the command |
| line; all will be converted according to \var{type} and stored to |
| \var{dest} as a tuple. See section~\ref{optparse-option-types}, |
| ``Option types'' below. |
| |
| If \var{choices} is supplied (a list or tuple of strings), the type |
| defaults to ``choice''. |
| |
| If \var{type} is not supplied, it defaults to ``string''. |
| |
| If \var{dest} is not supplied, \module{optparse} derives a |
| destination from the first long option strings (e.g., |
| \longprogramopt{foo-bar} -> \var{foo_bar}). If there are no long |
| option strings, \module{optparse} derives a destination from the first |
| short option string (e.g., \programopt{-f} -> \var{f}). |
| |
| Example: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| make_option("-f") |
| make_option("-p", type="float", nargs=3, dest="point") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Given the following command line: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| -f foo.txt -p 1 -3.5 4 -fbar.txt |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| \module{optparse} will set: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| values.f = "bar.txt" |
| values.point = (1.0, -3.5, 4.0) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| (Actually, \member{values.f} will be set twice, but only the second |
| time is visible in the end.) |
| |
| \term{store_const} [required: \var{const}, \var{dest}] |
| |
| The \var{const} value supplied to the \class{Option} constructor is |
| stored in \var{dest}. |
| |
| Example: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| make_option("-q", "--quiet", |
| action="store_const", const=0, dest="verbose"), |
| make_option("-v", "--verbose", |
| action="store_const", const=1, dest="verbose"), |
| make_option(None, "--noisy", |
| action="store_const", const=2, dest="verbose"), |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| If \longprogramopt{noisy} is seen, \module{optparse} will set: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| values.verbose = 2 |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| \term{store_true} [required: \var{dest}] |
| |
| A special case of ``store_const'' that stores a true value |
| (specifically, the integer 1) to \var{dest}. |
| |
| \term{store_false} [required: \var{dest}] |
| |
| Like ``store_true'', but stores a false value (the integer 0). |
| |
| Example: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| make_option(None, "--clobber", action="store_true", dest="clobber") |
| make_option(None, "--no-clobber", action="store_false", dest="clobber") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| \term{append} [relevant: \var{type}, \var{dest}, \var{nargs}, \var{choices}] |
| |
| The option must be followed by an argument, which is appended to the |
| list in \var{dest}. If no default value for \var{dest} is supplied |
| (ie. the default is None), an empty list is automatically created when |
| \module{optparse} first encounters this option on the command-line. |
| If \samp{nargs > 1}, multiple arguments are consumed, and a tuple of |
| length \var{nargs} is appended to \var{dest}. |
| |
| The defaults for \var{type} and \var{dest} are the same as for the |
| ``store'' action. |
| |
| Example: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| make_option("-t", "--tracks", action="append", type="int") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| If \programopt{-t3} is seen on the command-line, \module{optparse} does the equivalent of: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| values.tracks = [] |
| values.tracks.append(int("3")) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| If, a little later on, \samp{--tracks=4} is seen, it does: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| values.tracks.append(int("4")) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| See ``Error handling'' (section~\ref{optparse-error-handling}) for |
| information on how \module{optparse} deals with something like |
| \samp{--tracks=x}. |
| |
| \term{count} [required: \var{dest}] |
| |
| Increment the integer stored at \var{dest}. \var{dest} is set to zero |
| before being incremented the first time (unless you supply a default |
| value). |
| |
| Example: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| make_option("-v", action="count", dest="verbosity") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| The first time \programopt{-v} is seen on the command line, |
| \module{optparse} does the equivalent of: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| values.verbosity = 0 |
| values.verbosity += 1 |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Every subsequent occurrence of \programopt{-v} results in: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| values.verbosity += 1 |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| \term{callback} [required: \var{'callback'}; |
| relevant: \var{type}, \var{nargs}, \var{callback_args}, |
| \var{callback_kwargs}] |
| |
| Call the function specified by \var{callback}. The signature of |
| this function should be: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| func(option : Option, |
| opt : string, |
| value : any, |
| parser : OptionParser, |
| *args, **kwargs) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Callback options are covered in detail in |
| section~\ref{optparse-callback-options} ``Callback Options.'' |
| |
| \term{help} [required: none] |
| |
| Prints a complete help message for all the options in the current |
| option parser. The help message is constructed from the \var{usage} |
| string passed to \class{OptionParser}'s constructor and the \var{help} |
| string passed to every option. |
| |
| If no \var{help} string is supplied for an option, it will still be |
| listed in the help message. To omit an option entirely, use the |
| special value \constant{optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP}. |
| |
| Example: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| from optparse import Option, OptionParser, SUPPRESS_HELP |
| |
| usage = "usage: %prog [options]" |
| parser = OptionParser(usage, option_list=[ |
| make_option("-h", "--help", action="help"), |
| make_option("-v", action="store_true", dest="verbose", |
| help="Be moderately verbose") |
| make_option("--file", dest="filename", |
| help="Input file to read data from"), |
| make_option("--secret", help=SUPPRESS_HELP) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| If \module{optparse} sees either \longprogramopt{-h} or \longprogramopt{help} on |
| the command line, it will print something like the following help |
| message to stdout: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| usage: <yourscript> [options] |
| |
| options: |
| -h, --help Show this help message and exit |
| -v Be moderately verbose |
| --file=FILENAME Input file to read data from |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| After printing the help message, \module{optparse} terminates your process |
| with \code{sys.exit(0)}. |
| |
| \term{version} [required: none] |
| |
| Prints the version number supplied to the \class{OptionParser} to |
| stdout and exits. The version number is actually formatted and |
| printed by the \method{print_version()} method of |
| \class{OptionParser}. Generally only relevant if the \var{version} |
| argument is supplied to the \class{OptionParser} constructor. |
| \end{definitions} |
| |
| \subsubsection{Option types\label{optparse-option-types}} |
| |
| \module{optparse} supports six option types out of the box: \dfn{string}, |
| \dfn{int}, \dfn{long}, \dfn{choice}, \dfn{float} and \dfn{complex}. |
| (Of these, string, int, float, and choice are the most commonly used |
| -- long and complex are there mainly for completeness.) It's easy to |
| add new option types by subclassing the \class{Option} class; see |
| section~\ref{optparse-extending}, ``Extending \module{optparse}.'' |
| |
| Arguments to string options are not checked or converted in any way: |
| the text on the command line is stored in the destination (or passed |
| to the callback) as-is. |
| |
| Integer arguments are passed to \function{int()} to convert them to |
| Python integers. If \function{int()} fails, so will |
| \module{optparse}, although with a more useful error message. |
| Internally, \module{optparse} raises \exception{OptionValueError} in |
| \function{optparse.check_builtin()}; at a higher level (in |
| \class{OptionParser}) this is caught and \module{optparse} terminates |
| your program with a useful error message. |
| |
| Likewise, float arguments are passed to \function{float()} for |
| conversion, long arguments to \function{long()}, and complex arguments |
| to \function{complex()}. Apart from that, they are handled |
| identically to integer arguments. |
| |
| Choice options are a subtype of string options. A master list or |
| tuple of choices (strings) must be passed to the option constructor |
| (\function{make_option()} or \method{OptionParser.add_option()}) as |
| the ``choices'' keyword argument. Choice option arguments are |
| compared against this master list in |
| \function{optparse.check_choice()}, and \exception{OptionValueError} |
| is raised if an unknown string is given. |
| |
| \subsubsection{Querying and manipulating your option parser\label{optparse-querying-and-manipulating}} |
| |
| Sometimes, it's useful to poke around your option parser and see what's |
| there. \class{OptionParser} provides a couple of methods to help you out: |
| |
| \begin{methoddesc}{has_option}{opt_str} |
| Given an option string such as \programopt{-q} or |
| \longprogramopt{verbose}, returns true if the \class{OptionParser} |
| has an option with that option string. |
| \end{methoddesc} |
| |
| \begin{methoddesc}{get_option}{opt_str} |
| Returns the \class{Option} instance that implements the option |
| string you supplied, or None if no options implement it. |
| \end{methoddesc} |
| |
| \begin{methoddesc}{remove_option}{opt_str} |
| If the \class{OptionParser} has an option corresponding to |
| \var{opt_str}, that option is removed. If that option provided |
| any other option strings, all of those option strings become |
| invalid. |
| |
| If \var{opt_str} does not occur in any option belonging to this |
| \class{OptionParser}, raises \exception{ValueError}. |
| \end{methoddesc} |
| |
| \subsubsection{Conflicts between options\label{optparse-conflicts}} |
| |
| If you're not careful, it's easy to define conflicting options: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser.add_option("-n", "--dry-run", ...) |
| ... |
| parser.add_option("-n", "--noisy", ...) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| (This is even easier to do if you've defined your own |
| \class{OptionParser} subclass with some standard options.) |
| |
| On the assumption that this is usually a mistake, \module{optparse} |
| raises an exception (\exception{OptionConflictError}) by default when |
| this happens. Since this is an easily-fixed programming error, you |
| shouldn't try to catch this exception --- fix your mistake and get on |
| with life. |
| |
| Sometimes, you want newer options to deliberately replace the option |
| strings used by older options. You can achieve this by calling: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser.set_conflict_handler("resolve") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| which instructs \module{optparse} to resolve option conflicts |
| intelligently. |
| |
| Here's how it works: every time you add an option, \module{optparse} |
| checks for conflicts with previously-added options. If it finds any, |
| it invokes the conflict-handling mechanism you specify either to the |
| \class{OptionParser} constructor: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser = OptionParser(..., conflict_handler="resolve") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| or via the \method{set_conflict_handler()} method. |
| |
| The default conflict-handling mechanism is ``error''. The only other |
| one is ``ignore'', which restores the (arguably broken) behaviour of |
| \module{optparse} 1.1 and earlier. |
| |
| Here's an example: first, define an \class{OptionParser} set to |
| resolve conflicts intelligently: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser = OptionParser(conflict_handler="resolve") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Now add all of our options: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser.add_option("-n", "--dry-run", ..., help="original dry-run option") |
| ... |
| parser.add_option("-n", "--noisy", ..., help="be noisy") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| At this point, \module{optparse} detects that a previously-added option is already |
| using the \programopt{-n} option string. Since \code{conflict_handler |
| == "resolve"}, it resolves the situation by removing \programopt{-n} |
| from the earlier option's list of option strings. Now, |
| \longprogramopt{dry-run} is the only way for the user to activate that |
| option. If the user asks for help, the help message will reflect |
| that, e.g.: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| options: |
| --dry-run original dry-run option |
| ... |
| -n, --noisy be noisy |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Note that it's possible to whittle away the option strings for a |
| previously-added option until there are none left, and the user has no |
| way of invoking that option from the command-line. In that case, |
| \module{optparse} removes that option completely, so it doesn't show |
| up in help text or anywhere else. E.g. if we carry on with our |
| existing \class{OptionParser}: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser.add_option("--dry-run", ..., help="new dry-run option") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| At this point, the first \programopt{-n}/\longprogramopt{dry-run} |
| option is no longer accessible, so \module{optparse} removes it. If |
| the user asks for help, they'll get something like this: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| options: |
| ... |
| -n, --noisy be noisy |
| --dry-run new dry-run option |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| \subsection{Callback Options\label{optparse-callback-options}} |
| |
| If \module{optparse}'s built-in actions and types just don't fit the |
| bill for you, but it's not worth extending \module{optparse} to define |
| your own actions or types, you'll probably need to define a callback |
| option. Defining callback options is quite easy; the tricky part is |
| writing a good callback (the function that is called when |
| \module{optparse} encounters the option on the command line). |
| |
| \subsubsection{Defining a callback option\label{optparse-defining-callback-option}} |
| |
| As always, you can define a callback option either by directly |
| instantiating the \class{Option} class, or by using the |
| \method{add_option()} method of your \class{OptionParser} object. The |
| only option attribute you must specify is \var{callback}, the function |
| to call: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser.add_option("-c", callback=my_callback) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Note that you supply a function object here --- so you must have |
| already defined a function \function{my_callback()} when you define |
| the callback option. In this simple case, \module{optparse} knows |
| nothing about the arguments the \programopt{-c} option expects to |
| take. Usually, this means that the option doesn't take any arguments |
| -- the mere presence of \programopt{-c} on the command-line is all it |
| needs to know. In some circumstances, though, you might want your |
| callback to consume an arbitrary number of command-line arguments. |
| This is where writing callbacks gets tricky; it's covered later in |
| this document. |
| |
| There are several other option attributes that you can supply when you |
| define an option attribute: |
| |
| \begin{definitions} |
| \term{type} |
| has its usual meaning: as with the ``store'' or ``append'' actions, it |
| instructs \module{optparse} to consume one argument that must be |
| convertible to \var{type}. Rather than storing the value(s) anywhere, |
| though, \module{optparse} converts it to \var{type} and passes it to |
| your callback function. |
| |
| \term{nargs} |
| also has its usual meaning: if it is supplied and \samp{nargs > 1}, |
| \module{optparse} will consume \var{nargs} arguments, each of which |
| must be convertible to \var{type}. It then passes a tuple of |
| converted values to your callback. |
| |
| \term{callback_args} |
| a tuple of extra positional arguments to pass to the callback. |
| |
| \term{callback_kwargs} |
| a dictionary of extra keyword arguments to pass to the callback. |
| \end{definitions} |
| |
| \subsubsection{How callbacks are called\label{optparse-callbacks-called}} |
| |
| All callbacks are called as follows: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| func(option, opt, value, parser, *args, **kwargs) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| where |
| |
| \begin{definitions} |
| \term{option} |
| is the \class{Option} instance that's calling the callback. |
| |
| \term{opt} |
| is the option string seen on the command-line that's triggering the |
| callback. (If an abbreviated long option was used, \var{opt} will be |
| the full, canonical option string --- e.g. if the user puts |
| \longprogramopt{foo} on the command-line as an abbreviation for |
| \longprogramopt{foobar}, then \var{opt} will be |
| \longprogramopt{foobar}.) |
| |
| \term{value} |
| is the argument to this option seen on the command-line. |
| \module{optparse} will only expect an argument if \var{type} is |
| set; the type of \var{value} will be the type implied by the |
| option's type (see~\ref{optparse-option-types}, ``Option types''). If |
| \var{type} for this option is None (no argument expected), then |
| \var{value} will be None. If \samp{nargs > 1}, \var{value} will |
| be a tuple of values of the appropriate type. |
| |
| \term{parser} |
| is the \class{OptionParser} instance driving the whole thing, mainly |
| useful because you can access some other interesting data through it, |
| as instance attributes: |
| |
| \begin{definitions} |
| \term{parser.rargs} |
| the current remaining argument list, ie. with \var{opt} (and |
| \var{value}, if any) removed, and only the arguments following |
| them still there. Feel free to modify \member{parser.rargs}, |
| e.g. by consuming more arguments. |
| |
| \term{parser.largs} |
| the current set of leftover arguments, ie. arguments that have been |
| processed but have not been consumed as options (or arguments to |
| options). Feel free to modify \member{parser.largs} e.g. by adding |
| more arguments to it. |
| |
| \term{parser.values} |
| the object where option values are by default stored. This is useful |
| because it lets callbacks use the same mechanism as the rest of |
| \module{optparse} for storing option values; you don't need to mess |
| around with globals or closures. You can also access the value(s) of |
| any options already encountered on the command-line. |
| \end{definitions} |
| |
| \term{args} |
| is a tuple of arbitrary positional arguments supplied via the |
| \var{callback}_args option attribute. |
| |
| \term{kwargs} |
| is a dictionary of arbitrary keyword arguments supplied via |
| \var{callback_kwargs}. |
| \end{definitions} |
| |
| Since \var{args} and \var{kwargs} are optional (they are only passed |
| if you supply \var{callback_args} and/or \var{callback_kwargs} when |
| you define your callback option), the minimal callback function is: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| def my_callback (option, opt, value, parser): |
| pass |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| \subsubsection{Error handling\label{optparse-callback-error-handling}} |
| |
| The callback function should raise \exception{OptionValueError} if |
| there are any problems with the option or its |
| argument(s). \module{optparse} catches this and terminates the |
| program, printing the error message you supply to stderr. Your |
| message should be clear, concise, accurate, and mention the option at |
| fault. Otherwise, the user will have a hard time figuring out what he |
| did wrong. |
| |
| \subsubsection{Examples\label{optparse-callback-examples}} |
| |
| Here's an example of a callback option that takes no arguments, and |
| simply records that the option was seen: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| def record_foo_seen (option, opt, value, parser): |
| parser.saw_foo = 1 |
| |
| parser.add_option("--foo", action="callback", callback=record_foo_seen) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Of course, you could do that with the ``store_true'' action. Here's a |
| slightly more interesting example: record the fact that |
| \programopt{-a} is seen, but blow up if it comes after \programopt{-b} |
| in the command-line. |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| def check_order (option, opt, value, parser): |
| if parser.values.b: |
| raise OptionValueError("can't use -a after -b") |
| parser.values.a = 1 |
| ... |
| parser.add_option("-a", action="callback", callback=check_order) |
| parser.add_option("-b", action="store_true", dest="b") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| If you want to reuse this callback for several similar options (set a |
| flag, but blow up if \programopt{-b} has already been seen), it needs |
| a bit of work: the error message and the flag that it sets must be |
| generalized. |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| def check_order (option, opt, value, parser): |
| if parser.values.b: |
| raise OptionValueError("can't use %s after -b" % opt) |
| setattr(parser.values, option.dest, 1) |
| ... |
| parser.add_option("-a", action="callback", callback=check_order, dest='a') |
| parser.add_option("-b", action="store_true", dest="b") |
| parser.add_option("-c", action="callback", callback=check_order, dest='c') |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Of course, you could put any condition in there --- you're not limited |
| to checking the values of already-defined options. For example, if |
| you have options that should not be called when the moon is full, all |
| you have to do is this: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| def check_moon (option, opt, value, parser): |
| if is_full_moon(): |
| raise OptionValueError("%s option invalid when moon full" % opt) |
| setattr(parser.values, option.dest, 1) |
| ... |
| parser.add_option("--foo", |
| action="callback", callback=check_moon, dest="foo") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| (The definition of is_full_moon() is left as an exercise for the |
| reader.) |
| |
| \strong{Fixed arguments} |
| |
| Things get slightly more interesting when you define callback options |
| that take a fixed number of arguments. Specifying that a callback |
| option takes arguments is similar to defining a ``store'' or |
| ``append'' option: if you define \var{type}, then the option takes one |
| argument that must be convertible to that type; if you further define |
| \var{nargs}, then the option takes that many arguments. |
| |
| Here's an example that just emulates the standard ``store'' action: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| def store_value (option, opt, value, parser): |
| setattr(parser.values, option.dest, value) |
| ... |
| parser.add_option("--foo", |
| action="callback", callback=store_value, |
| type="int", nargs=3, dest="foo") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Note that \module{optparse} takes care of consuming 3 arguments and |
| converting them to integers for you; all you have to do is store them. |
| (Or whatever: obviously you don't need a callback for this example. |
| Use your imagination!) |
| |
| \strong{Variable arguments} |
| |
| Things get hairy when you want an option to take a variable number of |
| arguments. For this case, you have to write a callback; |
| \module{optparse} doesn't provide any built-in capabilities for it. |
| You have to deal with the full-blown syntax for conventional \UNIX{} |
| command-line parsing. (Previously, \module{optparse} took care of |
| this for you, but I got it wrong. It was fixed at the cost of making |
| this kind of callback more complex.) In particular, callbacks have to |
| worry about bare \longprogramopt{} and \programopt{-} arguments; the |
| convention is: |
| |
| \begin{itemize} |
| \item bare \longprogramopt{}, if not the argument to some option, |
| causes command-line processing to halt and the \longprogramopt{} |
| itself is lost. |
| |
| \item bare \programopt{-} similarly causes command-line processing to |
| halt, but the \programopt{-} itself is kept. |
| |
| \item either \longprogramopt{} or \programopt{-} can be option |
| arguments. |
| \end{itemize} |
| |
| If you want an option that takes a variable number of arguments, there |
| are several subtle, tricky issues to worry about. The exact |
| implementation you choose will be based on which trade-offs you're |
| willing to make for your application (which is why \module{optparse} |
| doesn't support this sort of thing directly). |
| |
| Nevertheless, here's a stab at a callback for an option with variable |
| arguments: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| def varargs (option, opt, value, parser): |
| assert value is None |
| done = 0 |
| value = [] |
| rargs = parser.rargs |
| while rargs: |
| arg = rargs[0] |
| |
| # Stop if we hit an arg like "--foo", "-a", "-fx", "--file=f", |
| # etc. Note that this also stops on "-3" or "-3.0", so if |
| # your option takes numeric values, you will need to handle |
| # this. |
| if ((arg[:2] == "--" and len(arg) > 2) or |
| (arg[:1] == "-" and len(arg) > 1 and arg[1] != "-")): |
| break |
| else: |
| value.append(arg) |
| del rargs[0] |
| |
| setattr(parser.values, option.dest, value) |
| |
| ... |
| parser.add_option("-c", "--callback", |
| action="callback", callback=varargs) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| The main weakness with this particular implementation is that negative |
| numbers in the arguments following \programopt{-c} will be interpreted |
| as further options, rather than as arguments to \programopt{-c}. |
| Fixing this is left as an exercise for the reader. |
| |
| \subsection{Extending \module{optparse}\label{optparse-extending}} |
| |
| Since the two major controlling factors in how \module{optparse} |
| interprets command-line options are the action and type of each |
| option, the most likely direction of extension is to add new actions |
| and new types. |
| |
| Also, the examples section includes several demonstrations of |
| extending \module{optparse} in different ways: eg. a case-insensitive |
| option parser, or two kinds of option parsers that implement |
| ``required options''. |
| |
| \subsubsection{Adding new types\label{optparse-adding-types}} |
| |
| To add new types, you need to define your own subclass of |
| \module{optparse}'s \class{Option} class. This class has a couple of |
| attributes that define \module{optparse}'s types: \member{TYPES} and |
| \member{TYPE_CHECKER}. |
| |
| \member{TYPES} is a tuple of type names; in your subclass, simply |
| define a new tuple \member{TYPES} that builds on the standard one. |
| |
| \member{TYPE_CHECKER} is a dictionary mapping type names to |
| type-checking functions. A type-checking function has the following |
| signature: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| def check_foo (option : Option, opt : string, value : string) |
| -> foo |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| You can name it whatever you like, and make it return any type you |
| like. The value returned by a type-checking function will wind up in |
| the \class{OptionValues} instance returned by |
| \method{OptionParser.parse_args()}, or be passed to callbacks as the |
| \var{value} parameter. |
| |
| Your type-checking function should raise \exception{OptionValueError} |
| if it encounters any problems. \exception{OptionValueError} takes a |
| single string argument, which is passed as-is to |
| \class{OptionParser}'s \method{error()} method, which in turn prepends |
| the program name and the string ``error:'' and prints everything to |
| stderr before terminating the process. |
| |
| Here's a silly example that demonstrates adding a ``complex'' option |
| type to parse Python-style complex numbers on the command line. (This |
| is even sillier than it used to be, because \module{optparse} 1.3 adds |
| built-in support for complex numbers [purely for completeness], but |
| never mind.) |
| |
| First, the necessary imports: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| from copy import copy |
| from optparse import Option, OptionValueError |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| You need to define your type-checker first, since it's referred to |
| later (in the \member{TYPE_CHECKER} class attribute of your |
| \class{Option} subclass): |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| def check_complex (option, opt, value): |
| try: |
| return complex(value) |
| except ValueError: |
| raise OptionValueError( |
| "option %s: invalid complex value: %r" % (opt, value)) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Finally, the \class{Option} subclass: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| class MyOption (Option): |
| TYPES = Option.TYPES + ("complex",) |
| TYPE_CHECKER = copy(Option.TYPE_CHECKER) |
| TYPE_CHECKER["complex"] = check_complex |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| (If we didn't make a \function{copy()} of |
| \member{Option.TYPE_CHECKER}, we would end up modifying the |
| \member{TYPE_CHECKER} attribute of \module{optparse}'s Option class. |
| This being Python, nothing stops you from doing that except good |
| manners and common sense.) |
| |
| That's it! Now you can write a script that uses the new option type |
| just like any other \module{optparse}-based script, except you have to |
| instruct your \class{OptionParser} to use \class{MyOption} instead of |
| \class{Option}: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| parser = OptionParser(option_class=MyOption) |
| parser.add_option("-c", action="store", type="complex", dest="c") |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Alternately, you can build your own option list and pass it to |
| \class{OptionParser}; if you don't use \method{add_option()} in the |
| above way, you don't need to tell \class{OptionParser} which option |
| class to use: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| option_list = [MyOption("-c", action="store", type="complex", dest="c")] |
| parser = OptionParser(option_list=option_list) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| \subsubsection{Adding new actions\label{optparse-adding-actions}} |
| |
| Adding new actions is a bit trickier, because you have to understand |
| that \module{optparse} has a couple of classifications for actions: |
| |
| \begin{definitions} |
| \term{"store" actions} |
| actions that result in \module{optparse} storing a value to an attribute |
| of the OptionValues instance; these options require a 'dest' |
| attribute to be supplied to the Option constructor |
| \term{"typed" actions} |
| actions that take a value from the command line and expect it to be |
| of a certain type; or rather, a string that can be converted to a |
| certain type. These options require a 'type' attribute to the |
| Option constructor. |
| \end{definitions} |
| |
| Some default ``store'' actions are ``store'', ``store_const'', |
| ``append'', and ``count''. The default ``typed'' actions are |
| ``store'', ``append'', and ``callback''. |
| |
| When you add an action, you need to decide if it's a ``store'' action, |
| a ``typed'', neither, or both. Three class attributes of |
| \class{Option} (or your \class{Option} subclass) control this: |
| |
| \begin{memberdesc}{ACTIONS} |
| All actions must be listed as strings in ACTIONS. |
| \end{memberdesc} |
| \begin{memberdesc}{STORE_ACTIONS} |
| "store" actions are additionally listed here. |
| \end{memberdesc} |
| \begin{memberdesc}{TYPED_ACTIONS} |
| "typed" actions are additionally listed here. |
| \end{memberdesc} |
| |
| In order to actually implement your new action, you must override |
| \class{Option}'s \method{take_action()} method and add a case that |
| recognizes your action. |
| |
| For example, let's add an ``extend'' action. This is similar to the |
| standard ``append'' action, but instead of taking a single value from |
| the command-line and appending it to an existing list, ``extend'' will |
| take multiple values in a single comma-delimited string, and extend an |
| existing list with them. That is, if \longprogramopt{names} is an |
| ``extend'' option of type string, the command line: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| --names=foo,bar --names blah --names ding,dong |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| would result in a list: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| ["foo", "bar", "blah", "ding", "dong"] |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Again we define a subclass of \class{Option}: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| class MyOption (Option): |
| |
| ACTIONS = Option.ACTIONS + ("extend",) |
| STORE_ACTIONS = Option.STORE_ACTIONS + ("extend",) |
| TYPED_ACTIONS = Option.TYPED_ACTIONS + ("extend",) |
| |
| def take_action (self, action, dest, opt, value, values, parser): |
| if action == "extend": |
| lvalue = value.split(",") |
| values.ensure_value(dest, []).extend(lvalue) |
| else: |
| Option.take_action( |
| self, action, dest, opt, value, values, parser) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| |
| Features of note: |
| |
| \begin{itemize} |
| \item ``extend'' both expects a value on the command-line and stores that |
| value somewhere, so it goes in both \member{STORE_ACTIONS} and |
| \member{TYPED_ACTIONS}. |
| |
| \item \method{MyOption.take_action()} implements just this one new |
| action, and passes control back to \method{Option.take_action()} for |
| the standard \module{optparse} actions. |
| |
| \item \var{values} is an instance of the \class{Values} class, which |
| provides the very useful \method{ensure_value()} |
| method. \method{ensure_value()} is essentially \function{getattr()} |
| with a safety valve; it is called as: |
| |
| \begin{verbatim} |
| values.ensure_value(attr, value) |
| \end{verbatim} |
| \end{itemize} |
| |
| If the \member{attr} attribute of \var{values} doesn't exist or is |
| None, then \method{ensure_value()} first sets it to \var{value}, and |
| then returns \var{value}. This is very handy for actions like |
| ``extend'', ``append'', and ``count'', all of which accumulate data in |
| a variable and expect that variable to be of a certain type (a list |
| for the first two, an integer for the latter). Using |
| \method{ensure_value()} means that scripts using your action don't |
| have to worry about setting a default value for the option |
| destinations in question; they can just leave the default as None and |
| \method{ensure_value()} will take care of getting it right when it's |
| needed. |
| |
| \subsubsection{Other reasons to extend \module{optparse}\label{optparse-extending-other-reasons}} |
| |
| Adding new types and new actions are the big, obvious reasons why you |
| might want to extend \module{optparse}. I can think of at least two |
| other areas to play with. |
| |
| First, the simple one: \class{OptionParser} tries to be helpful by |
| calling \function{sys.exit()} when appropriate, ie. when there's an |
| error on the command-line or when the user requests help. In the |
| former case, the traditional course of letting the script crash with a |
| traceback is unacceptable; it will make users think there's a bug in |
| your script when they make a command-line error. In the latter case, |
| there's generally not much point in carrying on after printing a help |
| message. |
| |
| If this behaviour bothers you, it shouldn't be too hard to ``fix'' it. |
| You'll have to |
| |
| \begin{enumerate} |
| \item subclass OptionParser and override the error() method |
| \item subclass Option and override the take_action() method --- you'll |
| need to provide your own handling of the "help" action that |
| doesn't call sys.exit() |
| \end{enumerate} |
| |
| The second, much more complex, possibility is to override the |
| command-line syntax implemented by \module{optparse}. In this case, |
| you'd leave the whole machinery of option actions and types alone, but |
| rewrite the code that processes \var{sys.argv}. You'll need to |
| subclass \class{OptionParser} in any case; depending on how radical a |
| rewrite you want, you'll probably need to override one or all of |
| \method{parse_args()}, \method{_process_long_opt()}, and |
| \method{_process_short_opts()}. |
| |
| Both of these are left as an exercise for the reader. I have not |
| tried to implement either myself, since I'm quite happy with |
| \module{optparse}'s default behaviour (naturally). |
| |
| Happy hacking, and don't forget: Use the Source, Luke. |
| |
| \subsubsection{Examples\label{optparse-extending-examples}} |
| |
| Here are a few examples of extending the \module{optparse} module. |
| |
| First, let's change the option-parsing to be case-insensitive: |
| |
| \verbatiminput{caseless.py} |
| |
| And two ways of implementing ``required options'' with |
| \module{optparse}. |
| |
| Version 1: Add a method to \class{OptionParser} which applications |
| must call after parsing arguments: |
| |
| \verbatiminput{required_1.py} |
| |
| Version 2: Extend \class{Option} and add a \member{required} |
| attribute; extend \class{OptionParser} to ensure that required options |
| are present after parsing: |
| |
| \verbatiminput{required_2.py} |