[3.8] bpo-37409: fix relative import with no parent (GH-14956) (GH-15913)

Relative imports use resolve_name to get the absolute target name,
which first seeks the current module's absolute package name from the globals:
If __package__ (and __spec__.parent) are missing then
import uses __name__, truncating the last segment if
the module is a submodule rather than a package __init__.py
(which it guesses from whether __path__ is defined).

The __name__ attempt should fail if there is no parent package (top level modules),
if __name__ is '__main__' (-m entry points), or both (scripts).
That is, if both __name__ has no subcomponents and the module does not seem
to be a package __init__ module then import should fail..
(cherry picked from commit 92420b3e679959a7d0ce875875601a4cee45231e)

Co-authored-by: Ben Lewis <benjimin@users.noreply.github.com>
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
index 1100c49..0bd4772 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
@@ -160,6 +160,10 @@
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, __import__, 1, 2, 3, 4)
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, __import__, '')
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, __import__, 'sys', name='sys')
+        # Relative import outside of a package with no __package__ or __spec__ (bpo-37409).
+        self.assertRaises(ImportError, __import__, '',
+                          {'__package__': None, '__spec__': None, '__name__': '__main__'},
+                          locals={}, fromlist=('foo',), level=1)
         # embedded null character
         self.assertRaises(ModuleNotFoundError, __import__, 'string\x00')
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_import/__init__.py b/Lib/test/test_import/__init__.py
index 7c24f0e..f037821 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_import/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_import/__init__.py
@@ -774,6 +774,11 @@
         ns = dict(__package__=object())
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, check_relative)
 
+    def test_parentless_import_shadowed_by_global(self):
+        # Test as if this were done from the REPL where this error most commonly occurs (bpo-37409).
+        script_helper.assert_python_failure('-W', 'ignore', '-c',
+            "foo = 1; from . import foo")
+
     def test_absolute_import_without_future(self):
         # If explicit relative import syntax is used, then do not try
         # to perform an absolute import in the face of failure.