diff --git a/Lib/decimal.py b/Lib/decimal.py
index faf9bf7..7842cb2 100644
--- a/Lib/decimal.py
+++ b/Lib/decimal.py
@@ -214,10 +214,10 @@
     def handle(self, context, *args):
         if args:
             if args[0] == 1:  # sNaN, must drop 's' but keep diagnostics
-                ans = Decimal((args[1]._sign, args[1]._int, 'n'))
+                ans = _dec_from_triple(args[1]._sign, args[1]._int, 'n', True)
                 return ans._fix_nan(context)
             elif args[0] == 2:
-                return Decimal( (args[1], args[2], 'n') )
+                return _dec_from_triple(args[1], args[2], 'n', True)
         return NaN
 
 
@@ -350,13 +350,13 @@
         if sign == 0:
             if context.rounding == ROUND_CEILING:
                 return Infsign[sign]
-            return Decimal((sign, (9,)*context.prec,
-                            context.Emax-context.prec+1))
+            return _dec_from_triple(sign, '9'*context.prec,
+                            context.Emax-context.prec+1)
         if sign == 1:
             if context.rounding == ROUND_FLOOR:
                 return Infsign[sign]
-            return Decimal( (sign, (9,)*context.prec,
-                             context.Emax-context.prec+1))
+            return _dec_from_triple(sign, '9'*context.prec,
+                             context.Emax-context.prec+1)
 
 
 class Underflow(Inexact, Rounded, Subnormal):
@@ -531,13 +531,21 @@
         Decimal("314")
         """
 
+        # Note that the coefficient, self._int, is actually stored as
+        # a string rather than as a tuple of digits.  This speeds up
+        # the "digits to integer" and "integer to digits" conversions
+        # that are used in almost every arithmetic operation on
+        # Decimals.  This is an internal detail: the as_tuple function
+        # and the Decimal constructor still deal with tuples of
+        # digits.
+
         self = object.__new__(cls)
         self._is_special = False
 
         # From an internal working value
         if isinstance(value, _WorkRep):
             self._sign = value.sign
-            self._int = tuple(map(int, str(value.int)))
+            self._int = str(value.int)
             self._exp = int(value.exp)
             return self
 
@@ -556,7 +564,7 @@
             else:
                 self._sign = 1
             self._exp = 0
-            self._int = tuple(map(int, str(abs(value))))
+            self._int = str(abs(value))
             return self
 
         # tuple/list conversion (possibly from as_tuple())
@@ -573,7 +581,7 @@
             self._sign = value[0]
             if value[2] == 'F':
                 # infinity: value[1] is ignored
-                self._int = (0,)
+                self._int = '0'
                 self._exp = value[2]
                 self._is_special = True
             else:
@@ -590,12 +598,12 @@
                                          "0 through 9.")
                 if value[2] in ('n', 'N'):
                     # NaN: digits form the diagnostic
-                    self._int = tuple(digits)
+                    self._int = ''.join(map(str, digits))
                     self._exp = value[2]
                     self._is_special = True
                 elif isinstance(value[2], int):
                     # finite number: digits give the coefficient
-                    self._int = tuple(digits or [0])
+                    self._int = ''.join(map(str, digits or [0]))
                     self._exp = value[2]
                     self._is_special = False
                 else:
@@ -608,38 +616,46 @@
             raise TypeError("Cannot convert float to Decimal.  " +
                             "First convert the float to a string")
 
-        # Other argument types may require the context during interpretation
-        if context is None:
-            context = getcontext()
-
         # From a string
         # REs insist on real strings, so we can too.
         if isinstance(value, str):
-            if _isinfinity(value):
-                self._exp = 'F'
-                self._int = (0,)
-                self._is_special = True
-                if _isinfinity(value) == 1:
-                    self._sign = 0
-                else:
-                    self._sign = 1
-                return self
-            if _isnan(value):
-                sig, sign, diag = _isnan(value)
-                self._is_special = True
-                if sig == 1:
-                    self._exp = 'n'  # qNaN
-                else:  # sig == 2
-                    self._exp = 'N'  # sNaN
-                self._sign = sign
-                self._int = tuple(map(int, diag))  # Diagnostic info
-                return self
-            try:
-                self._sign, self._int, self._exp = _string2exact(value)
-            except ValueError:
-                self._is_special = True
+            m = _parser(value)
+            if m is None:
+                if context is None:
+                    context = getcontext()
                 return context._raise_error(ConversionSyntax,
-                                   "Invalid literal for Decimal: %r" % value)
+                                "Invalid literal for Decimal: %r" % value)
+
+            if m.group('sign') == "-":
+                self._sign = 1
+            else:
+                self._sign = 0
+            intpart = m.group('int')
+            if intpart is not None:
+                # finite number
+                fracpart = m.group('frac')
+                exp = int(m.group('exp') or '0')
+                if fracpart is not None:
+                    self._int = (intpart+fracpart).lstrip('0') or '0'
+                    self._exp = exp - len(fracpart)
+                else:
+                    self._int = intpart.lstrip('0') or '0'
+                    self._exp = exp
+                self._is_special = False
+            else:
+                diag = m.group('diag')
+                if diag is not None:
+                    # NaN
+                    self._int = diag.lstrip('0')
+                    if m.group('signal'):
+                        self._exp = 'N'
+                    else:
+                        self._exp = 'n'
+                else:
+                    # infinity
+                    self._int = '0'
+                    self._exp = 'F'
+                self._is_special = True
             return self
 
         raise TypeError("Cannot convert %r to Decimal" % value)
@@ -709,7 +725,7 @@
 
         NaNs and infinities are considered nonzero.
         """
-        return self._is_special or self._int[0] != 0
+        return self._is_special or self._int != '0'
 
     def __cmp__(self, other):
         other = _convert_other(other)
@@ -743,8 +759,8 @@
         self_adjusted = self.adjusted()
         other_adjusted = other.adjusted()
         if self_adjusted == other_adjusted:
-            self_padded = self._int + (0,)*(self._exp - other._exp)
-            other_padded = other._int + (0,)*(other._exp - self._exp)
+            self_padded = self._int + '0'*(self._exp - other._exp)
+            other_padded = other._int + '0'*(other._exp - self._exp)
             return cmp(self_padded, other_padded) * (-1)**self._sign
         elif self_adjusted > other_adjusted:
             return (-1)**self._sign
@@ -827,7 +843,7 @@
 
         To show the internals exactly as they are.
         """
-        return (self._sign, self._int, self._exp)
+        return (self._sign, tuple(map(int, self._int)), self._exp)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         """Represents the number as an instance of Decimal."""
@@ -843,10 +859,10 @@
         if self._is_special:
             if self._isnan():
                 minus = '-'*self._sign
-                if self._int == (0,):
+                if self._int == '0':
                     info = ''
                 else:
-                    info = ''.join(map(str, self._int))
+                    info = self._int
                 if self._isnan() == 2:
                     return minus + 'sNaN' + info
                 return minus + 'NaN' + info
@@ -857,7 +873,7 @@
         if context is None:
             context = getcontext()
 
-        tmp = list(map(str, self._int))
+        tmp = list(self._int)
         numdigits = len(self._int)
         leftdigits = self._exp + numdigits
         if eng and not self:  # self = 0eX wants 0[.0[0]]eY, not [[0]0]0eY
@@ -1030,7 +1046,7 @@
             sign = min(self._sign, other._sign)
             if negativezero:
                 sign = 1
-            ans = Decimal( (sign, (0,), exp))
+            ans = _dec_from_triple(sign, '0', exp)
             if shouldround:
                 ans = ans._fix(context)
             return ans
@@ -1055,7 +1071,7 @@
         if op1.sign != op2.sign:
             # Equal and opposite
             if op1.int == op2.int:
-                ans = Decimal((negativezero, (0,), exp))
+                ans = _dec_from_triple(negativezero, '0', exp)
                 if shouldround:
                     ans = ans._fix(context)
                 return ans
@@ -1121,7 +1137,7 @@
         For example:
         Decimal('5.624e10')._increment() == Decimal('5.625e10')
         """
-        L = list(self._int)
+        L = list(map(int, self._int))
         L[-1] += 1
         spot = len(L)-1
         while L[spot] == 10:
@@ -1131,7 +1147,7 @@
                 break
             L[spot-1] += 1
             spot -= 1
-        return Decimal((self._sign, L, self._exp))
+        return _dec_from_triple(self._sign, "".join(map(str, L)), self._exp)
 
     def __mul__(self, other, context=None):
         """Return self * other.
@@ -1167,20 +1183,20 @@
 
         # Special case for multiplying by zero
         if not self or not other:
-            ans = Decimal((resultsign, (0,), resultexp))
+            ans = _dec_from_triple(resultsign, '0', resultexp)
             if shouldround:
                 # Fixing in case the exponent is out of bounds
                 ans = ans._fix(context)
             return ans
 
         # Special case for multiplying by power of 10
-        if self._int == (1,):
-            ans = Decimal((resultsign, other._int, resultexp))
+        if self._int == '1':
+            ans = _dec_from_triple(resultsign, other._int, resultexp)
             if shouldround:
                 ans = ans._fix(context)
             return ans
-        if other._int == (1,):
-            ans = Decimal((resultsign, self._int, resultexp))
+        if other._int == '1':
+            ans = _dec_from_triple(resultsign, self._int, resultexp)
             if shouldround:
                 ans = ans._fix(context)
             return ans
@@ -1188,9 +1204,7 @@
         op1 = _WorkRep(self)
         op2 = _WorkRep(other)
 
-        ans = Decimal((resultsign,
-                       tuple(map(int, str(op1.int * op2.int))),
-                       resultexp))
+        ans = _dec_from_triple(resultsign, str(op1.int * op2.int), resultexp)
         if shouldround:
             ans = ans._fix(context)
 
@@ -1221,7 +1235,7 @@
 
             if other._isinfinity():
                 context._raise_error(Clamped, 'Division by infinity')
-                return Decimal((sign, (0,), context.Etiny()))
+                return _dec_from_triple(sign, '0', context.Etiny())
 
         # Special cases for zeroes
         if not other:
@@ -1253,7 +1267,7 @@
                     coeff //= 10
                     exp += 1
 
-        ans = Decimal((sign, list(map(int, str(coeff))), exp))
+        ans = _dec_from_triple(sign, str(coeff), exp)
         return ans._fix(context)
 
     def _divide(self, other, context):
@@ -1270,7 +1284,7 @@
 
         expdiff = self.adjusted() - other.adjusted()
         if not self or other._isinfinity() or expdiff <= -2:
-            return (Decimal((sign, (0,), 0)),
+            return (_dec_from_triple(sign, '0', 0),
                     self._rescale(ideal_exp, context.rounding))
         if expdiff <= context.prec:
             op1 = _WorkRep(self)
@@ -1281,9 +1295,8 @@
                 op2.int *= 10**(op2.exp - op1.exp)
             q, r = divmod(op1.int, op2.int)
             if q < 10**context.prec:
-                return (Decimal((sign, list(map(int, str(q))), 0)),
-                        Decimal((self._sign, list(map(int, str(r))),
-                                ideal_exp)))
+                return (_dec_from_triple(sign, str(q), 0),
+                        _dec_from_triple(self._sign, str(r), ideal_exp))
 
         # Here the quotient is too large to be representable
         ans = context._raise_error(DivisionImpossible,
@@ -1411,7 +1424,7 @@
         # self = 0 -> remainder = self, with ideal exponent
         ideal_exponent = min(self._exp, other._exp)
         if not self:
-            ans = Decimal((self._sign, (0,), ideal_exponent))
+            ans = _dec_from_triple(self._sign, '0', ideal_exponent)
             return ans._fix(context)
 
         # catch most cases of large or small quotient
@@ -1448,7 +1461,7 @@
             sign = 1-sign
             r = -r
 
-        ans = Decimal((sign, list(map(int, str(r))), ideal_exponent))
+        ans = _dec_from_triple(sign, str(r), ideal_exponent)
         return ans._fix(context)
 
     def __floordiv__(self, other, context=None):
@@ -1500,9 +1513,9 @@
                 raise OverflowError("Cannot convert infinity to int")
         s = (-1)**self._sign
         if self._exp >= 0:
-            return s*int(''.join(map(str, self._int)))*10**self._exp
+            return s*int(self._int)*10**self._exp
         else:
-            return s*int(''.join(map(str, self._int))[:self._exp] or '0')
+            return s*int(self._int[:self._exp] or '0')
 
     def _fix_nan(self, context):
         """Decapitate the payload of a NaN to fit the context"""
@@ -1512,11 +1525,8 @@
         # precision-1 if _clamp=1.
         max_payload_len = context.prec - context._clamp
         if len(payload) > max_payload_len:
-            pos = len(payload)-max_payload_len
-            while pos < len(payload) and payload[pos] == 0:
-                pos += 1
-            payload = payload[pos:]
-            return Decimal((self._sign, payload, self._exp))
+            payload = payload[len(payload)-max_payload_len:].lstrip('0')
+            return _dec_from_triple(self._sign, payload, self._exp, True)
         return Decimal(self)
 
     def _fix(self, context):
@@ -1549,7 +1559,7 @@
             new_exp = min(max(self._exp, Etiny), exp_max)
             if new_exp != self._exp:
                 context._raise_error(Clamped)
-                return Decimal((self._sign, (0,), new_exp))
+                return _dec_from_triple(self._sign, '0', new_exp)
             else:
                 return Decimal(self)
 
@@ -1581,7 +1591,8 @@
                     # we get here only if rescaling rounds the
                     # cofficient up to exactly 10**context.prec
                     if ans._exp < Etop:
-                        ans = Decimal((ans._sign, ans._int[:-1], ans._exp+1))
+                        ans = _dec_from_triple(ans._sign,
+                                                   ans._int[:-1], ans._exp+1)
                     else:
                         # Inexact and Rounded have already been raised
                         ans = context._raise_error(Overflow, 'above Emax',
@@ -1591,8 +1602,8 @@
         # fold down if _clamp == 1 and self has too few digits
         if context._clamp == 1 and self._exp > Etop:
             context._raise_error(Clamped)
-            self_padded = self._int + (0,)*(self._exp - Etop)
-            return Decimal((self._sign, self_padded, Etop))
+            self_padded = self._int + '0'*(self._exp - Etop)
+            return _dec_from_triple(self._sign, self_padded, Etop)
 
         # here self was representable to begin with; return unchanged
         return Decimal(self)
@@ -1607,29 +1618,29 @@
     def _round_down(self, prec):
         """Also known as round-towards-0, truncate."""
         newexp = self._exp + len(self._int) - prec
-        return Decimal((self._sign, self._int[:prec] or (0,), newexp))
+        return _dec_from_triple(self._sign, self._int[:prec] or '0', newexp)
 
     def _round_up(self, prec):
         """Rounds away from 0."""
         newexp = self._exp + len(self._int) - prec
-        tmp = Decimal((self._sign, self._int[:prec] or (0,), newexp))
+        tmp = _dec_from_triple(self._sign, self._int[:prec] or '0', newexp)
         for digit in self._int[prec:]:
-            if digit != 0:
+            if digit != '0':
                 return tmp._increment()
         return tmp
 
     def _round_half_up(self, prec):
         """Rounds 5 up (away from 0)"""
-        if self._int[prec] >= 5:
+        if self._int[prec] in '56789':
             return self._round_up(prec)
         else:
             return self._round_down(prec)
 
     def _round_half_down(self, prec):
         """Round 5 down"""
-        if self._int[prec] == 5:
+        if self._int[prec] == '5':
             for digit in self._int[prec+1:]:
-                if digit != 0:
+                if digit != '0':
                     break
             else:
                 return self._round_down(prec)
@@ -1637,7 +1648,7 @@
 
     def _round_half_even(self, prec):
         """Round 5 to even, rest to nearest."""
-        if prec and self._int[prec-1] & 1:
+        if prec and self._int[prec-1] in '13579':
             return self._round_half_up(prec)
         else:
             return self._round_half_down(prec)
@@ -1658,7 +1669,7 @@
 
     def _round_05up(self, prec):
         """Round down unless digit prec-1 is 0 or 5."""
-        if prec == 0 or self._int[prec-1] in (0, 5):
+        if prec == 0 or self._int[prec-1] in '05':
             return self._round_up(prec)
         else:
             return self._round_down(prec)
@@ -1776,7 +1787,7 @@
             base = pow(base, 10, modulo)
         base = pow(base, exponent.int, modulo)
 
-        return Decimal((sign, list(map(int, str(base))), 0))
+        return _dec_from_triple(sign, str(base), 0)
 
     def _power_exact(self, other, p):
         """Attempt to compute self**other exactly.
@@ -1866,7 +1877,7 @@
                 zeros = min(exponent-ideal_exponent, p-1)
             else:
                 zeros = 0
-            return Decimal((0, (1,) + (0,)*zeros, exponent-zeros))
+            return _dec_from_triple(0, '1' + '0'*zeros, exponent-zeros)
 
         # case where y is negative: xc must be either a power
         # of 2 or a power of 5.
@@ -1927,7 +1938,7 @@
             if xc >= 10**p:
                 return None
             xe = -e-xe
-            return Decimal((0, list(map(int, str(xc))), xe))
+            return _dec_from_triple(0, str(xc), xe)
 
         # now y is positive; find m and n such that y = m/n
         if ye >= 0:
@@ -1989,7 +2000,7 @@
             zeros = min(xe-ideal_exponent, p-len(str_xc))
         else:
             zeros = 0
-        return Decimal((0, list(map(int, str_xc))+[0,]*zeros, xe-zeros))
+        return _dec_from_triple(0, str_xc+'0'*zeros, xe-zeros)
 
     def __pow__(self, other, modulo=None, context=None):
         """Return self ** other [ % modulo].
@@ -2050,12 +2061,12 @@
                     return context._raise_error(InvalidOperation,
                         'x ** y with x negative and y not an integer')
             # negate self, without doing any unwanted rounding
-            self = Decimal((0, self._int, self._exp))
+            self = self.copy_negate()
 
         # 0**(+ve or Inf)= 0; 0**(-ve or -Inf) = Infinity
         if not self:
             if other._sign == 0:
-                return Decimal((result_sign, (0,), 0))
+                return _dec_from_triple(result_sign, '0', 0)
             else:
                 return Infsign[result_sign]
 
@@ -2064,7 +2075,7 @@
             if other._sign == 0:
                 return Infsign[result_sign]
             else:
-                return Decimal((result_sign, (0,), 0))
+                return _dec_from_triple(result_sign, '0', 0)
 
         # 1**other = 1, but the choice of exponent and the flags
         # depend on the exponent of self, and on whether other is a
@@ -2091,7 +2102,7 @@
                 context._raise_error(Rounded)
                 exp = 1-context.prec
 
-            return Decimal((result_sign, (1,)+(0,)*-exp, exp))
+            return _dec_from_triple(result_sign, '1'+'0'*-exp, exp)
 
         # compute adjusted exponent of self
         self_adj = self.adjusted()
@@ -2100,7 +2111,7 @@
         # self ** -infinity is infinity if self < 1, 0 if self > 1
         if other._isinfinity():
             if (other._sign == 0) == (self_adj < 0):
-                return Decimal((result_sign, (0,), 0))
+                return _dec_from_triple(result_sign, '0', 0)
             else:
                 return Infsign[result_sign]
 
@@ -2118,19 +2129,19 @@
             # self > 1 and other +ve, or self < 1 and other -ve
             # possibility of overflow
             if bound >= len(str(context.Emax)):
-                ans = Decimal((result_sign, (1,), context.Emax+1))
+                ans = _dec_from_triple(result_sign, '1', context.Emax+1)
         else:
             # self > 1 and other -ve, or self < 1 and other +ve
             # possibility of underflow to 0
             Etiny = context.Etiny()
             if bound >= len(str(-Etiny)):
-                ans = Decimal((result_sign, (1,), Etiny-1))
+                ans = _dec_from_triple(result_sign, '1', Etiny-1)
 
         # try for an exact result with precision +1
         if ans is None:
             ans = self._power_exact(other, context.prec + 1)
             if ans is not None and result_sign == 1:
-                ans = Decimal((1, ans._int, ans._exp))
+                ans = _dec_from_triple(1, ans._int, ans._exp)
 
         # usual case: inexact result, x**y computed directly as exp(y*log(x))
         if ans is None:
@@ -2151,7 +2162,7 @@
                     break
                 extra += 3
 
-            ans = Decimal((result_sign, list(map(int, str(coeff))), exp))
+            ans = _dec_from_triple(result_sign, str(coeff), exp)
 
         # the specification says that for non-integer other we need to
         # raise Inexact, even when the result is actually exact.  In
@@ -2163,7 +2174,8 @@
             # pad with zeros up to length context.prec+1 if necessary
             if len(ans._int) <= context.prec:
                 expdiff = context.prec+1 - len(ans._int)
-                ans = Decimal((ans._sign, ans._int+(0,)*expdiff, ans._exp-expdiff))
+                ans = _dec_from_triple(ans._sign, ans._int+'0'*expdiff,
+                                       ans._exp-expdiff)
             if ans.adjusted() < context.Emin:
                 context._raise_error(Underflow)
 
@@ -2195,14 +2207,14 @@
             return dup
 
         if not dup:
-            return Decimal( (dup._sign, (0,), 0) )
+            return _dec_from_triple(dup._sign, '0', 0)
         exp_max = [context.Emax, context.Etop()][context._clamp]
         end = len(dup._int)
         exp = dup._exp
-        while dup._int[end-1] == 0 and exp < exp_max:
+        while dup._int[end-1] == '0' and exp < exp_max:
             exp += 1
             end -= 1
-        return Decimal( (dup._sign, dup._int[:end], exp) )
+        return _dec_from_triple(dup._sign, dup._int[:end], exp)
 
     def quantize(self, exp, rounding=None, context=None, watchexp=True):
         """Quantize self so its exponent is the same as that of exp.
@@ -2243,7 +2255,7 @@
                    'target exponent out of bounds in quantize')
 
         if not self:
-            ans = Decimal((self._sign, (0,), exp._exp))
+            ans = _dec_from_triple(self._sign, '0', exp._exp)
             return ans._fix(context)
 
         self_adjusted = self.adjusted()
@@ -2303,17 +2315,18 @@
         if self._is_special:
             return Decimal(self)
         if not self:
-            return Decimal((self._sign, (0,), exp))
+            return _dec_from_triple(self._sign, '0', exp)
 
         if self._exp >= exp:
             # pad answer with zeros if necessary
-            return Decimal((self._sign, self._int + (0,)*(self._exp - exp), exp))
+            return _dec_from_triple(self._sign,
+                                        self._int + '0'*(self._exp - exp), exp)
 
         # too many digits; round and lose data.  If self.adjusted() <
         # exp-1, replace self by 10**(exp-1) before rounding
         digits = len(self._int) + self._exp - exp
         if digits < 0:
-            self = Decimal((self._sign, (1,), exp-1))
+            self = _dec_from_triple(self._sign, '1', exp-1)
             digits = 0
         this_function = getattr(self, self._pick_rounding_function[rounding])
         return this_function(digits)
@@ -2336,7 +2349,7 @@
         if self._exp >= 0:
             return Decimal(self)
         if not self:
-            return Decimal((self._sign, (0,), 0))
+            return _dec_from_triple(self._sign, '0', 0)
         if context is None:
             context = getcontext()
         if rounding is None:
@@ -2378,7 +2391,7 @@
 
         if not self:
             # exponent = self._exp // 2.  sqrt(-0) = -0
-            ans = Decimal((self._sign, (0,), self._exp // 2))
+            ans = _dec_from_triple(self._sign, '0', self._exp // 2)
             return ans._fix(context)
 
         if context is None:
@@ -2455,7 +2468,7 @@
             if n % 5 == 0:
                 n += 1
 
-        ans = Decimal((0, list(map(int, str(n))), e))
+        ans = _dec_from_triple(0, str(n), e)
 
         # round, and fit to current context
         context = context._shallow_copy()
@@ -2552,13 +2565,13 @@
         if self._exp >= 0:
             return True
         rest = self._int[self._exp:]
-        return rest == (0,)*len(rest)
+        return rest == '0'*len(rest)
 
     def _iseven(self):
         """Returns True if self is even.  Assumes self is an integer."""
         if not self or self._exp > 0:
             return True
-        return self._int[-1+self._exp] & 1 == 0
+        return self._int[-1+self._exp] in '02468'
 
     def adjusted(self):
         """Return the adjusted exponent of self"""
@@ -2680,18 +2693,19 @@
 
     def copy_abs(self):
         """Returns a copy with the sign set to 0. """
-        return Decimal((0, self._int, self._exp))
+        return _dec_from_triple(0, self._int, self._exp, self._is_special)
 
     def copy_negate(self):
         """Returns a copy with the sign inverted."""
         if self._sign:
-            return Decimal((0, self._int, self._exp))
+            return _dec_from_triple(0, self._int, self._exp, self._is_special)
         else:
-            return Decimal((1, self._int, self._exp))
+            return _dec_from_triple(1, self._int, self._exp, self._is_special)
 
     def copy_sign(self, other):
         """Returns self with the sign of other."""
-        return Decimal((other._sign, self._int, self._exp))
+        return _dec_from_triple(other._sign, self._int,
+                                self._exp, self._is_special)
 
     def exp(self, context=None):
         """Returns e ** self."""
@@ -2730,16 +2744,16 @@
         # larger exponent the result either overflows or underflows.
         if self._sign == 0 and adj > len(str((context.Emax+1)*3)):
             # overflow
-            ans = Decimal((0, (1,), context.Emax+1))
+            ans = _dec_from_triple(0, '1', context.Emax+1)
         elif self._sign == 1 and adj > len(str((-context.Etiny()+1)*3)):
             # underflow to 0
-            ans = Decimal((0, (1,), context.Etiny()-1))
+            ans = _dec_from_triple(0, '1', context.Etiny()-1)
         elif self._sign == 0 and adj < -p:
             # p+1 digits; final round will raise correct flags
-            ans = Decimal((0, (1,) + (0,)*(p-1) + (1,), -p))
+            ans = _dec_from_triple(0, '1' + '0'*(p-1) + '1', -p)
         elif self._sign == 1 and adj < -p-1:
             # p+1 digits; final round will raise correct flags
-            ans = Decimal((0, (9,)*(p+1), -p-1))
+            ans = _dec_from_triple(0, '9'*(p+1), -p-1)
         # general case
         else:
             op = _WorkRep(self)
@@ -2757,7 +2771,7 @@
                     break
                 extra += 3
 
-            ans = Decimal((0, list(map(int, str(coeff))), exp))
+            ans = _dec_from_triple(0, str(coeff), exp)
 
         # at this stage, ans should round correctly with *any*
         # rounding mode, not just with ROUND_HALF_EVEN
@@ -2822,7 +2836,7 @@
 
     def is_zero(self):
         """Return True if self is a zero; otherwise return False."""
-        return not self._is_special and self._int[0] == 0
+        return not self._is_special and self._int == '0'
 
     def _ln_exp_bound(self):
         """Compute a lower bound for the adjusted exponent of self.ln().
@@ -2891,7 +2905,7 @@
             if coeff % (5*10**(len(str(abs(coeff)))-p-1)):
                 break
             places += 3
-        ans = Decimal((int(coeff<0), list(map(int, str(abs(coeff)))), -places))
+        ans = _dec_from_triple(int(coeff<0), str(abs(coeff)), -places)
 
         context = context._shallow_copy()
         rounding = context._set_rounding(ROUND_HALF_EVEN)
@@ -2954,7 +2968,7 @@
                                         'log10 of a negative value')
 
         # log10(10**n) = n
-        if self._int[0] == 1 and self._int[1:] == (0,)*(len(self._int) - 1):
+        if self._int[0] == '1' and self._int[1:] == '0'*(len(self._int) - 1):
             # answer may need rounding
             ans = Decimal(self._exp + len(self._int) - 1)
         else:
@@ -2972,8 +2986,7 @@
                 if coeff % (5*10**(len(str(abs(coeff)))-p-1)):
                     break
                 places += 3
-            ans = Decimal((int(coeff<0), list(map(int, str(abs(coeff)))),
-                          -places))
+            ans = _dec_from_triple(int(coeff<0), str(abs(coeff)), -places)
 
         context = context._shallow_copy()
         rounding = context._set_rounding(ROUND_HALF_EVEN)
@@ -3020,19 +3033,19 @@
         if self._sign != 0 or self._exp != 0:
             return False
         for dig in self._int:
-            if dig not in (0, 1):
+            if dig not in '01':
                 return False
         return True
 
     def _fill_logical(self, context, opa, opb):
         dif = context.prec - len(opa)
         if dif > 0:
-            opa = (0,)*dif + opa
+            opa = '0'*dif + opa
         elif dif < 0:
             opa = opa[-context.prec:]
         dif = context.prec - len(opb)
         if dif > 0:
-            opb = (0,)*dif + opb
+            opb = '0'*dif + opb
         elif dif < 0:
             opb = opb[-context.prec:]
         return opa, opb
@@ -3048,22 +3061,15 @@
         (opa, opb) = self._fill_logical(context, self._int, other._int)
 
         # make the operation, and clean starting zeroes
-        result = [a&b for a,b in zip(opa,opb)]
-        for i,d in enumerate(result):
-            if d == 1:
-                break
-        result = tuple(result[i:])
-
-        # if empty, we must have at least a zero
-        if not result:
-            result = (0,)
-        return Decimal((0, result, 0))
+        result = "".join([str(int(a)&int(b)) for a,b in zip(opa,opb)])
+        return _dec_from_triple(0, result.lstrip('0') or '0', 0)
 
     def logical_invert(self, context=None):
         """Invert all its digits."""
         if context is None:
             context = getcontext()
-        return self.logical_xor(Decimal((0,(1,)*context.prec,0)), context)
+        return self.logical_xor(_dec_from_triple(0,'1'*context.prec,0),
+                                context)
 
     def logical_or(self, other, context=None):
         """Applies an 'or' operation between self and other's digits."""
@@ -3076,16 +3082,8 @@
         (opa, opb) = self._fill_logical(context, self._int, other._int)
 
         # make the operation, and clean starting zeroes
-        result = [a|b for a,b in zip(opa,opb)]
-        for i,d in enumerate(result):
-            if d == 1:
-                break
-        result = tuple(result[i:])
-
-        # if empty, we must have at least a zero
-        if not result:
-            result = (0,)
-        return Decimal((0, result, 0))
+        result = "".join(str(int(a)|int(b)) for a,b in zip(opa,opb))
+        return _dec_from_triple(0, result.lstrip('0') or '0', 0)
 
     def logical_xor(self, other, context=None):
         """Applies an 'xor' operation between self and other's digits."""
@@ -3098,16 +3096,8 @@
         (opa, opb) = self._fill_logical(context, self._int, other._int)
 
         # make the operation, and clean starting zeroes
-        result = [a^b for a,b in zip(opa,opb)]
-        for i,d in enumerate(result):
-            if d == 1:
-                break
-        result = tuple(result[i:])
-
-        # if empty, we must have at least a zero
-        if not result:
-            result = (0,)
-        return Decimal((0, result, 0))
+        result = "".join(str(int(a)^int(b)) for a,b in zip(opa,opb))
+        return _dec_from_triple(0, result.lstrip('0') or '0', 0)
 
     def max_mag(self, other, context=None):
         """Compares the values numerically with their sign ignored."""
@@ -3185,7 +3175,7 @@
         if self._isinfinity() == -1:
             return negInf
         if self._isinfinity() == 1:
-            return Decimal((0, (9,)*context.prec, context.Etop()))
+            return _dec_from_triple(0, '9'*context.prec, context.Etop())
 
         context = context.copy()
         context._set_rounding(ROUND_FLOOR)
@@ -3193,7 +3183,8 @@
         new_self = self._fix(context)
         if new_self != self:
             return new_self
-        return self.__sub__(Decimal((0, (1,), context.Etiny()-1)), context)
+        return self.__sub__(_dec_from_triple(0, '1', context.Etiny()-1),
+                            context)
 
     def next_plus(self, context=None):
         """Returns the smallest representable number larger than itself."""
@@ -3207,7 +3198,7 @@
         if self._isinfinity() == 1:
             return Inf
         if self._isinfinity() == -1:
-            return Decimal((1, (9,)*context.prec, context.Etop()))
+            return _dec_from_triple(1, '9'*context.prec, context.Etop())
 
         context = context.copy()
         context._set_rounding(ROUND_CEILING)
@@ -3215,7 +3206,8 @@
         new_self = self._fix(context)
         if new_self != self:
             return new_self
-        return self.__add__(Decimal((0, (1,), context.Etiny()-1)), context)
+        return self.__add__(_dec_from_triple(0, '1', context.Etiny()-1),
+                            context)
 
     def next_toward(self, other, context=None):
         """Returns the number closest to self, in the direction towards other.
@@ -3237,7 +3229,7 @@
 
         comparison = self.__cmp__(other)
         if comparison == 0:
-            return Decimal((other._sign, self._int, self._exp))
+            return self.copy_sign(other)
 
         if comparison == -1:
             ans = self.next_plus(context)
@@ -3331,19 +3323,12 @@
         rotdig = self._int
         topad = context.prec - len(rotdig)
         if topad:
-            rotdig = ((0,)*topad) + rotdig
+            rotdig = '0'*topad + rotdig
 
         # let's rotate!
         rotated = rotdig[torot:] + rotdig[:torot]
-
-        # clean starting zeroes
-        for i,d in enumerate(rotated):
-            if d != 0:
-                break
-        rotated = rotated[i:]
-
-        return Decimal((self._sign, rotated, self._exp))
-
+        return _dec_from_triple(self._sign,
+                                rotated.lstrip('0') or '0', self._exp)
 
     def scaleb (self, other, context=None):
         """Returns self operand after adding the second value to its exp."""
@@ -3364,7 +3349,7 @@
         if self._isinfinity():
             return Decimal(self)
 
-        d = Decimal((self._sign, self._int, self._exp + int(other)))
+        d = _dec_from_triple(self._sign, self._int, self._exp + int(other))
         d = d._fix(context)
         return d
 
@@ -3392,26 +3377,17 @@
         rotdig = self._int
         topad = context.prec - len(rotdig)
         if topad:
-            rotdig = ((0,)*topad) + rotdig
+            rotdig = '0'*topad + rotdig
 
         # let's shift!
         if torot < 0:
             rotated = rotdig[:torot]
         else:
-            rotated = (rotdig + ((0,) * torot))
+            rotated = rotdig + '0'*torot
             rotated = rotated[-context.prec:]
 
-        # clean starting zeroes
-        if rotated:
-            for i,d in enumerate(rotated):
-                if d != 0:
-                    break
-            rotated = rotated[i:]
-        else:
-            rotated = (0,)
-
-        return Decimal((self._sign, rotated, self._exp))
-
+        return _dec_from_triple(self._sign,
+                                    rotated.lstrip('0') or '0', self._exp)
 
     # Support for pickling, copy, and deepcopy
     def __reduce__(self):
@@ -3427,6 +3403,22 @@
             return self     # My components are also immutable
         return self.__class__(str(self))
 
+def _dec_from_triple(sign, coefficient, exponent, special=False):
+    """Create a decimal instance directly, without any validation,
+    normalization (e.g. removal of leading zeros) or argument
+    conversion.
+
+    This function is for *internal use only*.
+    """
+
+    self = object.__new__(Decimal)
+    self._sign = sign
+    self._int = coefficient
+    self._exp = exponent
+    self._is_special = special
+
+    return self
+
 ##### Context class #######################################################
 
 
@@ -4775,10 +4767,7 @@
             self.exp = None
         elif isinstance(value, Decimal):
             self.sign = value._sign
-            cum = 0
-            for digit  in value._int:
-                cum = cum * 10 + digit
-            self.int = cum
+            self.int = int(value._int)
             self.exp = value._exp
         else:
             # assert isinstance(value, tuple)
@@ -5175,53 +5164,6 @@
         raise TypeError("Unable to convert %s to Decimal" % other)
     return NotImplemented
 
-_infinity_map = {
-    'inf' : 1,
-    'infinity' : 1,
-    '+inf' : 1,
-    '+infinity' : 1,
-    '-inf' : -1,
-    '-infinity' : -1
-}
-
-def _isinfinity(num):
-    """Determines whether a string or float is infinity.
-
-    +1 for negative infinity; 0 for finite ; +1 for positive infinity
-    """
-    num = str(num).lower()
-    return _infinity_map.get(num, 0)
-
-def _isnan(num):
-    """Determines whether a string or float is NaN
-
-    (1, sign, diagnostic info as string) => NaN
-    (2, sign, diagnostic info as string) => sNaN
-    0 => not a NaN
-    """
-    num = str(num).lower()
-    if not num:
-        return 0
-
-    # Get the sign, get rid of trailing [+-]
-    sign = 0
-    if num[0] == '+':
-        num = num[1:]
-    elif num[0] == '-':  # elif avoids '+-nan'
-        num = num[1:]
-        sign = 1
-
-    if num.startswith('nan'):
-        if len(num) > 3 and not num[3:].isdigit():  # diagnostic info
-            return 0
-        return (1, sign, num[3:].lstrip('0'))
-    if num.startswith('snan'):
-        if len(num) > 4 and not num[4:].isdigit():
-            return 0
-        return (2, sign, num[4:].lstrip('0'))
-    return 0
-
-
 ##### Setup Specific Contexts ############################################
 
 # The default context prototype used by Context()
@@ -5255,6 +5197,47 @@
 )
 
 
+##### crud for parsing strings #############################################
+import re
+
+# Regular expression used for parsing numeric strings.  Additional
+# comments:
+#
+# 1. Uncomment the two '\s*' lines to allow leading and/or trailing
+# whitespace.  But note that the specification disallows whitespace in
+# a numeric string.
+#
+# 2. For finite numbers (not infinities and NaNs) the body of the
+# number between the optional sign and the optional exponent must have
+# at least one decimal digit, possibly after the decimal point.  The
+# lookahead expression '(?=\d|\.\d)' checks this.
+#
+# As the flag UNICODE is not enabled here, we're explicitly avoiding any
+# other meaning for \d than the numbers [0-9].
+
+import re
+_parser = re.compile(r"""     # A numeric string consists of:
+#    \s*
+    (?P<sign>[-+])?           # an optional sign, followed by either...
+    (
+        (?=\d|\.\d)           # ...a number (with at least one digit)
+        (?P<int>\d*)          # consisting of a (possibly empty) integer part
+        (\.(?P<frac>\d*))?    # followed by an optional fractional part
+        (E(?P<exp>[-+]?\d+))? # followed by an optional exponent, or...
+    |
+        Inf(inity)?           # ...an infinity, or...
+    |
+        (?P<signal>s)?        # ...an (optionally signaling)
+        NaN                   # NaN
+        (?P<diag>\d*)         # with (possibly empty) diagnostic information.
+    )
+#    \s*
+    $
+""", re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE).match
+
+del re
+
+
 ##### Useful Constants (internal use only) ################################
 
 # Reusable defaults
@@ -5271,76 +5254,6 @@
 Infsign = (Inf, negInf)
 
 
-##### crud for parsing strings #############################################
-import re
-
-# There's an optional sign at the start, and an optional exponent
-# at the end.  The exponent has an optional sign and at least one
-# digit.  In between, must have either at least one digit followed
-# by an optional fraction, or a decimal point followed by at least
-# one digit.  Yuck.
-
-_parser = re.compile(r"""
-#    \s*
-    (?P<sign>[-+])?
-    (
-        (?P<int>\d+) (\. (?P<frac>\d*))?
-    |
-        \. (?P<onlyfrac>\d+)
-    )
-    ([eE](?P<exp>[-+]? \d+))?
-#    \s*
-    $
-""", re.VERBOSE).match  # Uncomment the \s* to allow leading or trailing spaces.
-
-del re
-
-def _string2exact(s):
-    """Return sign, n, p s.t.
-
-    Float string value == -1**sign * n * 10**p exactly
-    """
-    m = _parser(s)
-    if m is None:
-        raise ValueError("invalid literal for Decimal: %r" % s)
-
-    if m.group('sign') == "-":
-        sign = 1
-    else:
-        sign = 0
-
-    exp = m.group('exp')
-    if exp is None:
-        exp = 0
-    else:
-        exp = int(exp)
-
-    intpart = m.group('int')
-    if intpart is None:
-        intpart = ""
-        fracpart = m.group('onlyfrac')
-    else:
-        fracpart = m.group('frac')
-        if fracpart is None:
-            fracpart = ""
-
-    exp -= len(fracpart)
-
-    mantissa = intpart + fracpart
-    tmp = list(map(int, mantissa))
-    backup = tmp
-    while tmp and tmp[0] == 0:
-        del tmp[0]
-
-    # It's a zero
-    if not tmp:
-        if backup:
-            return (sign, tuple(backup), exp)
-        return (sign, (0,), exp)
-    mantissa = tuple(tmp)
-
-    return (sign, mantissa, exp)
-
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     import doctest, sys
diff --git a/Lib/doctest.py b/Lib/doctest.py
index eee2f51..5b18073 100644
--- a/Lib/doctest.py
+++ b/Lib/doctest.py
@@ -315,8 +315,21 @@
     """
     def __init__(self, out):
         self.__out = out
+        self.__debugger_used = False
         pdb.Pdb.__init__(self, stdout=out)
 
+    def set_trace(self, frame=None):
+        self.__debugger_used = True
+        if frame is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe().f_back
+        pdb.Pdb.set_trace(self, frame)
+
+    def set_continue(self):
+        # Calling set_continue unconditionally would break unit test
+        # coverage reporting, as Bdb.set_continue calls sys.settrace(None).
+        if self.__debugger_used:
+            pdb.Pdb.set_continue(self)
+
     def trace_dispatch(self, *args):
         # Redirect stdout to the given stream.
         save_stdout = sys.stdout
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/abs.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/abs.decTest
index ed4c46e..39f2dca 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/abs.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/abs.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests primarily tests the existence of the operator.
 -- Additon, subtraction, rounding, and more overflows are tested
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/add.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/add.decTest
index 3460aa4..8db222a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/add.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/add.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   9
 rounding:    half_up
@@ -1122,6 +1122,15 @@
 addx1117 add -1e-4 +1e-383   -> -0.00009999999999999999  Rounded Inexact
 addx1118 add -1e-5 +1e-383   -> -0.000009999999999999999  Rounded Inexact
 addx1119 add -1e-6 +1e-383   -> -9.999999999999999E-7  Rounded Inexact
+addx1120 add +1e-383 -1e+2   -> -99.99999999999999 Rounded Inexact
+addx1121 add +1e-383 -1e+1   -> -9.999999999999999  Rounded Inexact
+addx1123 add +1e-383    -1   -> -0.9999999999999999  Rounded Inexact
+addx1124 add +1e-383 -1e-1   -> -0.09999999999999999  Rounded Inexact
+addx1125 add +1e-383 -1e-2   -> -0.009999999999999999  Rounded Inexact
+addx1126 add +1e-383 -1e-3   -> -0.0009999999999999999  Rounded Inexact
+addx1127 add +1e-383 -1e-4   -> -0.00009999999999999999  Rounded Inexact
+addx1128 add +1e-383 -1e-5   -> -0.000009999999999999999  Rounded Inexact
+addx1129 add +1e-383 -1e-6   -> -9.999999999999999E-7  Rounded Inexact
 
 rounding:     down
 precision:    7
@@ -1658,17 +1667,19 @@
 addx6057 add '1E+2' '1E+4' -> '1.01E+4'
 
 -- from above
-addx6061 add 1 '0.1' -> '1.1'
-addx6062 add 1 '0.01' -> '1.01'
-addx6063 add 1 '0.001' -> '1.001'
-addx6064 add 1 '0.0001' -> '1.0001'
-addx6065 add 1 '0.00001' -> '1.00001'
-addx6066 add 1 '0.000001' -> '1.000001'
-addx6067 add 1 '0.0000001' -> '1.0000001'
-addx6068 add 1 '0.00000001' -> '1.00000001'
+addx6060 add 1 '0.1' -> '1.1'
+addx6061 add 1 '0.01' -> '1.01'
+addx6062 add 1 '0.001' -> '1.001'
+addx6063 add 1 '0.0001' -> '1.0001'
+addx6064 add 1 '0.00001' -> '1.00001'
+addx6065 add 1 '0.000001' -> '1.000001'
+addx6066 add 1 '0.0000001' -> '1.0000001'
+addx6067 add 1 '0.00000001' -> '1.00000001'
 
 -- cancellation to integer
-addx6069 add 99999999999999123456789 -99999999999999E+9 -> 123456789
+addx6068 add 99999999999999123456789 -99999999999999E+9 -> 123456789
+-- similar from FMA fun
+addx6069 add "-1234567890123455.234567890123454" "1234567890123456" -> 0.765432109876546
 
 -- some funny zeros [in case of bad signum]
 addx6070 add 1  0    -> 1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/and.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/and.decTest
index 18ba881..90490a5 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/and.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/and.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/base.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/base.decTest
index de0b813..58ce91c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/base.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/base.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 extended:    1
 
 -- This file tests base conversions from string to a decimal number
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/clamp.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/clamp.decTest
index eca0cfb..48e27c0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/clamp.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/clamp.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests uses the same limits as the 8-byte concrete
 -- representation, but applies clamping without using format-specific
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/class.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/class.decTest
index 77a22e3..61ad548 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/class.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/class.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- [New 2006.11.27]
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/compare.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/compare.decTest
index 2d5e664..979cc52 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/compare.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/compare.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Note that we cannot assume add/subtract tests cover paths adequately,
 -- here, because the code might be quite different (comparison cannot
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/comparetotal.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/comparetotal.decTest
index 737293f..ef2914f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/comparetotal.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/comparetotal.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Note that we cannot assume add/subtract tests cover paths adequately,
 -- here, because the code might be quite different (comparison cannot
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/comparetotmag.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/comparetotmag.decTest
index a12e614..4a51d7f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/comparetotmag.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/comparetotmag.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Note that it cannot be assumed that add/subtract tests cover paths
 -- for this operation adequately, here, because the code might be
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copy.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copy.decTest
index 5d4065d..e6edac5 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copy.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copy.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copyabs.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copyabs.decTest
index 7457552..4479888 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copyabs.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copyabs.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copynegate.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copynegate.decTest
index 3e502be..7cf124c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copynegate.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copynegate.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copysign.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copysign.decTest
index 6b20fda..ed60893 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copysign.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/copysign.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddAbs.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddAbs.decTest
index 4da662c..58b7902 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddAbs.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddAbs.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddAdd.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddAdd.decTest
index 49d89d4..38d511b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddAdd.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddAdd.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests are for decDoubles only; all arguments are
 -- representable in a decDouble
@@ -1029,6 +1029,16 @@
 ddadd71707 add 130E-2   -1E0    -> 0.30
 ddadd71708 add 1E2      -1E4    -> -9.9E+3
 
+-- query from Vincent Kulandaisamy
+rounding: ceiling
+ddadd71801  add  7.8822773805862E+277    -5.1757503820663E-21 -> 7.882277380586200E+277 Inexact Rounded
+ddadd71802  add  7.882277380586200E+277  12.341               -> 7.882277380586201E+277 Inexact Rounded
+ddadd71803  add  7.882277380586201E+277  2.7270545046613E-31  -> 7.882277380586202E+277 Inexact Rounded
+
+ddadd71811  add                   12.341 -5.1757503820663E-21 -> 12.34100000000000      Inexact Rounded
+ddadd71812  add        12.34100000000000 2.7270545046613E-31  -> 12.34100000000001      Inexact Rounded
+ddadd71813  add        12.34100000000001 7.8822773805862E+277 -> 7.882277380586201E+277 Inexact Rounded
+
 -- Gappy coefficients; check residue handling even with full coefficient gap
 rounding: half_even
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddAnd.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddAnd.decTest
index e5fa38d..850da17 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddAnd.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddAnd.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddBase.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddBase.decTest
index 431bce1..ddc8185 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddBase.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddBase.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This file tests base conversions from string to a decimal number
 -- and back to a string (in Scientific form)
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCanonical.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCanonical.decTest
index 308b9ff..4d659b0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCanonical.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCanonical.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This file tests that copy operations leave uncanonical operands
 -- unchanged, and vice versa
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddClass.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddClass.decTest
index 0b1d1f3..8a38f4a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddClass.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddClass.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- [New 2006.11.27]
 precision:   16
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompare.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompare.decTest
index b225d0d..5f6fba5 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompare.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompare.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Note that we cannot assume add/subtract tests cover paths adequately,
 -- here, because the code might be quite different (comparison cannot
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompareSig.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompareSig.decTest
index 388a656..b4895da 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompareSig.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompareSig.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Note that we cannot assume add/subtract tests cover paths adequately,
 -- here, because the code might be quite different (comparison cannot
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompareTotal.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompareTotal.decTest
index a8bf477..b86b8df 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompareTotal.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompareTotal.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Note that we cannot assume add/subtract tests cover paths adequately,
 -- here, because the code might be quite different (comparison cannot
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompareTotalMag.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompareTotalMag.decTest
index b19cf64..e93a749 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompareTotalMag.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCompareTotalMag.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Note that we cannot assume add/subtract tests cover paths adequately,
 -- here, because the code might be quite different (comparison cannot
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopy.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopy.decTest
index 49c6824..9d82db7 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopy.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopy.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decDoubles.
 precision:   16
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopyAbs.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopyAbs.decTest
index b65f063..c60cc38 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopyAbs.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopyAbs.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decDoubles.
 precision:   16
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopyNegate.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopyNegate.decTest
index b111c9b..c2c6098 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopyNegate.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopyNegate.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decDoubles.
 precision:   16
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopySign.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopySign.decTest
index 7c83416..36b060e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopySign.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddCopySign.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decDoubles.
 precision:   16
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddDivide.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddDivide.decTest
index 1a953f7..9069894 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddDivide.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddDivide.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddDivideInt.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddDivideInt.decTest
index 782fe8d..7116841 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddDivideInt.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddDivideInt.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddEncode.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddEncode.decTest
index 16264fc..3fa434c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddEncode.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddEncode.decTest
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- [Previously called decimal64.decTest]
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests is for the eight-byte concrete representation.
 -- Its characteristics are:
@@ -485,3 +485,6 @@
 decd829 apply  #2238000115afb55b ->  4294967295
 decd830 apply  #2238000115afb57a ->  4294967296
 decd831 apply  #2238000115afb57b ->  4294967297
+
+-- for narrowing
+decd840 apply  #2870000000000000 ->  2.000000000000000E-99
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddFMA.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddFMA.decTest
index 946d680..bc44b6a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddFMA.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddFMA.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
@@ -1663,6 +1663,34 @@
 ddfma375088 fma  1  12345678 1E-34                   -> 12345678.00000001 Inexact Rounded
 ddfma375089 fma  1  12345678 1E-35                   -> 12345678.00000001 Inexact Rounded
 
+-- desctructive subtraction (from remainder tests)
+
+-- +++ some of these will be off-by-one remainder vs remainderNear
+
+ddfma4000  fma  -1234567890123454   1.000000000000001    1234567890123456  ->  0.765432109876546
+ddfma4001  fma  -1234567890123443    1.00000000000001    1234567890123456  ->  0.65432109876557
+ddfma4002  fma  -1234567890123332     1.0000000000001    1234567890123456  ->  0.5432109876668
+ddfma4003  fma   -308641972530863   4.000000000000001    1234567890123455  ->  2.691358027469137
+ddfma4004  fma   -308641972530863   4.000000000000001    1234567890123456  ->  3.691358027469137
+ddfma4005  fma   -246913578024696     4.9999999999999    1234567890123456  ->  0.6913578024696
+ddfma4006  fma   -246913578024691    4.99999999999999    1234567890123456  ->  3.46913578024691
+ddfma4007  fma   -246913578024691   4.999999999999999    1234567890123456  ->  1.246913578024691
+ddfma4008  fma   -246913578024691   5.000000000000001    1234567890123456  ->  0.753086421975309
+ddfma4009  fma   -246913578024690    5.00000000000001    1234567890123456  ->  3.53086421975310
+ddfma4010  fma   -246913578024686     5.0000000000001    1234567890123456  ->  1.3086421975314
+ddfma4011  fma  -1234567890123455   1.000000000000001    1234567890123456  ->  -0.234567890123455
+ddfma4012  fma  -1234567890123444    1.00000000000001    1234567890123456  ->  -0.34567890123444
+ddfma4013  fma  -1234567890123333     1.0000000000001    1234567890123456  ->  -0.4567890123333
+ddfma4014  fma   -308641972530864   4.000000000000001    1234567890123455  ->  -1.308641972530864
+ddfma4015  fma   -308641972530864   4.000000000000001    1234567890123456  ->  -0.308641972530864
+ddfma4016  fma   -246913578024696     4.9999999999999    1234567890123456  ->  0.6913578024696
+ddfma4017  fma   -246913578024692    4.99999999999999    1234567890123456  ->  -1.53086421975308
+ddfma4018  fma   -246913578024691   4.999999999999999    1234567890123456  ->  1.246913578024691
+ddfma4019  fma   -246913578024691   5.000000000000001    1234567890123456  ->  0.753086421975309
+ddfma4020  fma   -246913578024691    5.00000000000001    1234567890123456  ->  -1.46913578024691
+ddfma4021  fma   -246913578024686     5.0000000000001    1234567890123456  ->  1.3086421975314
+
+
 -- Null tests
 ddfma39990 fma  1  10  # -> NaN Invalid_operation
 ddfma39991 fma  1   # 10 -> NaN Invalid_operation
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddInvert.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddInvert.decTest
index 2697f59..b4ae744 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddInvert.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddInvert.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddLogB.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddLogB.decTest
index f18fd5e..99a3843 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddLogB.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddLogB.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMax.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMax.decTest
index 5fe600f..515f79a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMax.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMax.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- we assume that base comparison is tested in compare.decTest, so
 -- these mainly cover special cases and rounding
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMaxMag.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMaxMag.decTest
index dbabc99..c43c460 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMaxMag.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMaxMag.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- we assume that base comparison is tested in compare.decTest, so
 -- these mainly cover special cases and rounding
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMin.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMin.decTest
index 4ba27f7..c77a71e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMin.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMin.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- we assume that base comparison is tested in compare.decTest, so
 -- these mainly cover special cases and rounding
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMinMag.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMinMag.decTest
index cc5ccec0..9291abc 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMinMag.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMinMag.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- we assume that base comparison is tested in compare.decTest, so
 -- these mainly cover special cases and rounding
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMinus.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMinus.decTest
index 9fe196b..07dfa7a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMinus.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMinus.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decDoubles.
 precision:   16
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMultiply.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMultiply.decTest
index 01e0ffe..f506ea2 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMultiply.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddMultiply.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests are for decDoubles only; all arguments are
 -- representable in a decDouble
@@ -454,9 +454,92 @@
 -- hugest
 ddmul909 multiply  9999999999999999 9999999999999999 -> 9.999999999999998E+31 Inexact Rounded
 
+-- power-of-ten edge cases
+ddmul1001 multiply  1      10               -> 10
+ddmul1002 multiply  1      100              -> 100
+ddmul1003 multiply  1      1000             -> 1000
+ddmul1004 multiply  1      10000            -> 10000
+ddmul1005 multiply  1      100000           -> 100000
+ddmul1006 multiply  1      1000000          -> 1000000
+ddmul1007 multiply  1      10000000         -> 10000000
+ddmul1008 multiply  1      100000000        -> 100000000
+ddmul1009 multiply  1      1000000000       -> 1000000000
+ddmul1010 multiply  1      10000000000      -> 10000000000
+ddmul1011 multiply  1      100000000000     -> 100000000000
+ddmul1012 multiply  1      1000000000000    -> 1000000000000
+ddmul1013 multiply  1      10000000000000   -> 10000000000000
+ddmul1014 multiply  1      100000000000000  -> 100000000000000
+ddmul1015 multiply  1      1000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000
+ddmul1021 multiply  10     1                -> 10
+ddmul1022 multiply  10     10               -> 100
+ddmul1023 multiply  10     100              -> 1000
+ddmul1024 multiply  10     1000             -> 10000
+ddmul1025 multiply  10     10000            -> 100000
+ddmul1026 multiply  10     100000           -> 1000000
+ddmul1027 multiply  10     1000000          -> 10000000
+ddmul1028 multiply  10     10000000         -> 100000000
+ddmul1029 multiply  10     100000000        -> 1000000000
+ddmul1030 multiply  10     1000000000       -> 10000000000
+ddmul1031 multiply  10     10000000000      -> 100000000000
+ddmul1032 multiply  10     100000000000     -> 1000000000000
+ddmul1033 multiply  10     1000000000000    -> 10000000000000
+ddmul1034 multiply  10     10000000000000   -> 100000000000000
+ddmul1035 multiply  10     100000000000000  -> 1000000000000000
+ddmul1041 multiply  100    0.1              -> 10.0
+ddmul1042 multiply  100    1                -> 100
+ddmul1043 multiply  100    10               -> 1000
+ddmul1044 multiply  100    100              -> 10000
+ddmul1045 multiply  100    1000             -> 100000
+ddmul1046 multiply  100    10000            -> 1000000
+ddmul1047 multiply  100    100000           -> 10000000
+ddmul1048 multiply  100    1000000          -> 100000000
+ddmul1049 multiply  100    10000000         -> 1000000000
+ddmul1050 multiply  100    100000000        -> 10000000000
+ddmul1051 multiply  100    1000000000       -> 100000000000
+ddmul1052 multiply  100    10000000000      -> 1000000000000
+ddmul1053 multiply  100    100000000000     -> 10000000000000
+ddmul1054 multiply  100    1000000000000    -> 100000000000000
+ddmul1055 multiply  100    10000000000000   -> 1000000000000000
+ddmul1061 multiply  1000   0.01             -> 10.00
+ddmul1062 multiply  1000   0.1              -> 100.0
+ddmul1063 multiply  1000   1                -> 1000
+ddmul1064 multiply  1000   10               -> 10000
+ddmul1065 multiply  1000   100              -> 100000
+ddmul1066 multiply  1000   1000             -> 1000000
+ddmul1067 multiply  1000   10000            -> 10000000
+ddmul1068 multiply  1000   100000           -> 100000000
+ddmul1069 multiply  1000   1000000          -> 1000000000
+ddmul1070 multiply  1000   10000000         -> 10000000000
+ddmul1071 multiply  1000   100000000        -> 100000000000
+ddmul1072 multiply  1000   1000000000       -> 1000000000000
+ddmul1073 multiply  1000   10000000000      -> 10000000000000
+ddmul1074 multiply  1000   100000000000     -> 100000000000000
+ddmul1075 multiply  1000   1000000000000    -> 1000000000000000
+ddmul1081 multiply  10000  0.001            -> 10.000
+ddmul1082 multiply  10000  0.01             -> 100.00
+ddmul1083 multiply  10000  0.1              -> 1000.0
+ddmul1084 multiply  10000  1                -> 10000
+ddmul1085 multiply  10000  10               -> 100000
+ddmul1086 multiply  10000  100              -> 1000000
+ddmul1087 multiply  10000  1000             -> 10000000
+ddmul1088 multiply  10000  10000            -> 100000000
+ddmul1089 multiply  10000  100000           -> 1000000000
+ddmul1090 multiply  10000  1000000          -> 10000000000
+ddmul1091 multiply  10000  10000000         -> 100000000000
+ddmul1092 multiply  10000  100000000        -> 1000000000000
+ddmul1093 multiply  10000  1000000000       -> 10000000000000
+ddmul1094 multiply  10000  10000000000      -> 100000000000000
+ddmul1095 multiply  10000  100000000000     -> 1000000000000000
+
+ddmul1097 multiply  10000   99999999999     ->  999999999990000
+ddmul1098 multiply  10000   99999999999     ->  999999999990000
+
+
+
+
 -- Null tests
-ddmul990 multiply 10  # -> NaN Invalid_operation
-ddmul991 multiply  # 10 -> NaN Invalid_operation
+ddmul9990 multiply 10  # -> NaN Invalid_operation
+ddmul9991 multiply  # 10 -> NaN Invalid_operation
 
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddNextMinus.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddNextMinus.decTest
index 97c3b09..b9b0de5 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddNextMinus.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddNextMinus.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decDoubles.
 precision:   16
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddNextPlus.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddNextPlus.decTest
index d01f3c3..2bb2641 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddNextPlus.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddNextPlus.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decDoubles.
 precision:   16
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddNextToward.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddNextToward.decTest
index e00751b..80e4ac6 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddNextToward.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddNextToward.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decDoubles.
 precision:   16
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddOr.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddOr.decTest
index 3a8cdd6..903ced0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddOr.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddOr.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddPlus.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddPlus.decTest
index 962a656..0a2b838 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddPlus.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddPlus.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decDoubles.
 precision:   16
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddQuantize.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddQuantize.decTest
index 234db92..8cd5287 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddQuantize.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddQuantize.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Most of the tests here assume a "regular pattern", where the
 -- sign and coefficient are +1.
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddReduce.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddReduce.decTest
index 71c82e1..545beeb 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddReduce.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddReduce.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddRemainder.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddRemainder.decTest
index c7ea762..d805a48 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddRemainder.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddRemainder.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
@@ -581,6 +581,19 @@
 ddrem1057 remainder -1e-277  1e+311 -> -1E-277
 ddrem1058 remainder -1e-277 -1e+311 -> -1E-277
 
+-- destructive subtract
+ddrem1101 remainder  1234567890123456  1.000000000000001  ->  0.765432109876546
+ddrem1102 remainder  1234567890123456   1.00000000000001  ->   0.65432109876557
+ddrem1103 remainder  1234567890123456    1.0000000000001  ->    0.5432109876668
+ddrem1104 remainder  1234567890123455  4.000000000000001  ->  2.691358027469137
+ddrem1105 remainder  1234567890123456  4.000000000000001  ->  3.691358027469137
+ddrem1106 remainder  1234567890123456    4.9999999999999  ->    0.6913578024696
+ddrem1107 remainder  1234567890123456   4.99999999999999  ->   3.46913578024691
+ddrem1108 remainder  1234567890123456  4.999999999999999  ->  1.246913578024691
+ddrem1109 remainder  1234567890123456  5.000000000000001  ->  0.753086421975309
+ddrem1110 remainder  1234567890123456   5.00000000000001  ->   3.53086421975310
+ddrem1111 remainder  1234567890123456    5.0000000000001  ->    1.3086421975314
+
 -- Null tests
 ddrem1000 remainder 10  # -> NaN Invalid_operation
 ddrem1001 remainder  # 10 -> NaN Invalid_operation
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddRemainderNear.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddRemainderNear.decTest
index 1f3bafd..dfcd3eb 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddRemainderNear.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddRemainderNear.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
@@ -599,6 +599,7 @@
 
 ddrmn980 remaindernear 123e1 1000E299 -> 1.23E+3  -- 123E+1 internally
 
+
 -- overflow and underflow tests [from divide]
 ddrmn1051 remaindernear  1e+277  1e-311 ->  NaN Division_impossible
 ddrmn1052 remaindernear  1e+277 -1e-311 ->  NaN Division_impossible
@@ -609,6 +610,19 @@
 ddrmn1057 remaindernear -1e-277  1e+311 -> -1E-277
 ddrmn1058 remaindernear -1e-277 -1e+311 -> -1E-277
 
+-- destructive subtract
+ddrmn1100 remainderNear  1234567890123456  1.000000000000001  ->  -0.234567890123455
+ddrmn1101 remainderNear  1234567890123456   1.00000000000001  ->   -0.34567890123444
+ddrmn1102 remainderNear  1234567890123456    1.0000000000001  ->    -0.4567890123333
+ddrmn1103 remainderNear  1234567890123455  4.000000000000001  ->  -1.308641972530864
+ddrmn1104 remainderNear  1234567890123456  4.000000000000001  ->  -0.308641972530864
+ddrmn1115 remainderNear  1234567890123456    4.9999999999999  ->     0.6913578024696
+ddrmn1116 remainderNear  1234567890123456   4.99999999999999  ->   -1.53086421975308
+ddrmn1117 remainderNear  1234567890123456  4.999999999999999  ->   1.246913578024691
+ddrmn1118 remainderNear  1234567890123456  5.000000000000001  ->   0.753086421975309
+ddrmn1119 remainderNear  1234567890123456   5.00000000000001  ->   -1.46913578024691
+ddrmn1110 remainderNear  1234567890123456    5.0000000000001  ->     1.3086421975314
+
 -- Null tests
 ddrmn1000 remaindernear 10  # -> NaN Invalid_operation
 ddrmn1001 remaindernear  # 10 -> NaN Invalid_operation
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddRotate.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddRotate.decTest
index 473f2f6..e6294b3 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddRotate.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddRotate.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddSameQuantum.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddSameQuantum.decTest
index a396cd1..6f7db15 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddSameQuantum.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddSameQuantum.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decDoubles.
 precision:   16
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddScaleB.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddScaleB.decTest
index 4091f86..d0b92b5 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddScaleB.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddScaleB.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddShift.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddShift.decTest
index 2cbe06a..f2e80b3 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddShift.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddShift.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddSubtract.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddSubtract.decTest
index 89895e9..b10f5e4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddSubtract.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddSubtract.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests are for decDoubles only; all arguments are
 -- representable in a decDouble
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddToIntegral.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddToIntegral.decTest
index 1e3e573..438d347 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddToIntegral.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddToIntegral.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests tests the extended specification 'round-to-integral
 -- value-exact' operations (from IEEE 854, later modified in 754r).
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddXor.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddXor.decTest
index 783fc2b..78e9750 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddXor.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ddXor.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 precision:   16
 maxExponent: 384
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/decDouble.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/decDouble.decTest
index d5205b7..bdbf678 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/decDouble.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/decDouble.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- decDouble tests
 dectest: ddAbs
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/decQuad.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/decQuad.decTest
index 4d10069..e9ec663 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/decQuad.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/decQuad.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- decQuad tests
 dectest: dqAbs
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/decSingle.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/decSingle.decTest
index c661fe4..aae9b37 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/decSingle.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/decSingle.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- decSingle tests
 dectest: dsBase
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/divide.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/divide.decTest
index 1cb82b4..ae2bc08 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/divide.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/divide.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/divideint.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/divideint.decTest
index dfa17ca..1c940f5 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/divideint.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/divideint.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqAbs.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqAbs.decTest
index 01d1f30..df010ac 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqAbs.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqAbs.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqAdd.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqAdd.decTest
index 72238d3..256bc98 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqAdd.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqAdd.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests are for decQuads only; all arguments are
 -- representable in a decQuad
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqAnd.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqAnd.decTest
index be3fb34..e00d44d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqAnd.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqAnd.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqBase.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqBase.decTest
index 6cf2f7f..3f2569b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqBase.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqBase.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This file tests base conversions from string to a decimal number
 -- and back to a string (in Scientific form)
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCanonical.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCanonical.decTest
index a6b801a..e13c347 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCanonical.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCanonical.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This file tests that copy operations leave uncanonical operands
 -- unchanged, and vice versa
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqClass.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqClass.decTest
index 185fbfc..a4703f7 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqClass.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqClass.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- [New 2006.11.27]
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompare.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompare.decTest
index 8947280..7fccdf1 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompare.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompare.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Note that we cannot assume add/subtract tests cover paths adequately,
 -- here, because the code might be quite different (comparison cannot
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompareSig.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompareSig.decTest
index 43833ea..36d5e9b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompareSig.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompareSig.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Note that we cannot assume add/subtract tests cover paths adequately,
 -- here, because the code might be quite different (comparison cannot
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompareTotal.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompareTotal.decTest
index d4a7c5a..f5cec06 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompareTotal.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompareTotal.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Note that we cannot assume add/subtract tests cover paths adequately,
 -- here, because the code might be quite different (comparison cannot
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompareTotalMag.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompareTotalMag.decTest
index 9461d6b..76c1089 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompareTotalMag.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCompareTotalMag.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Note that we cannot assume add/subtract tests cover paths adequately,
 -- here, because the code might be quite different (comparison cannot
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopy.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopy.decTest
index b833776..b768801 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopy.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopy.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decQuads.
 extended:    1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopyAbs.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopyAbs.decTest
index 91f4a68..427e6dd 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopyAbs.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopyAbs.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decQuads.
 extended:    1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopyNegate.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopyNegate.decTest
index 22ac89c..34a6f3c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopyNegate.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopyNegate.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decQuads.
 extended:    1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopySign.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopySign.decTest
index 8f275cd..902c937 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopySign.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqCopySign.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decQuads.
 extended:    1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqDivide.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqDivide.decTest
index a84e1d0..1ea6d31 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqDivide.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqDivide.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqDivideInt.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqDivideInt.decTest
index 953c1e0..b5eec63 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqDivideInt.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqDivideInt.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqEncode.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqEncode.decTest
index ed3f328..fcb512b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqEncode.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqEncode.decTest
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- [Previously called decimal128.decTest]
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests is for the sixteen-byte concrete representation.
 -- Its characteristics are:
@@ -468,3 +468,10 @@
 decq829 apply  #22080000000000000000000115afb55b ->  4294967295
 decq830 apply  #22080000000000000000000115afb57a ->  4294967296
 decq831 apply  #22080000000000000000000115afb57b ->  4294967297
+
+-- VG testcase
+decq840 apply    #2080000000000000F294000000172636 -> 8.81125000000001349436E-1548
+decq841 apply    #20800000000000008000000000000000 -> 8.000000000000000000E-1550
+decq842 apply    #1EF98490000000010F6E4E0000000000 -> 7.049000000000010795488000000000000E-3097
+decq843 multiply #20800000000000008000000000000000 #2080000000000000F294000000172636 -> #1EF98490000000010F6E4E0000000000 Rounded
+
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqFMA.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqFMA.decTest
index 37d7749..f68fdf9 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqFMA.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqFMA.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
@@ -1754,6 +1754,31 @@
 dqadd375088 fma  1  12398765432112345678945678 1E-34                   -> 12398765432112345678945678.00000001 Inexact Rounded
 dqadd375089 fma  1  12398765432112345678945678 1E-35                   -> 12398765432112345678945678.00000001 Inexact Rounded
 
+-- Destructive subtract (from remainder tests)
+
+-- +++ some of these will be off-by-one remainder vs remainderNear
+
+dqfma4000  fma  -1234567890123456789012345678901233   1.000000000000000000000000000000001    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  -0.234567890123456789012345678901233
+dqfma4001  fma  -1234567890123456789012345678901222    1.00000000000000000000000000000001    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  -0.34567890123456789012345678901222
+dqfma4002  fma  -1234567890123456789012345678901111     1.0000000000000000000000000000001    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  -0.4567890123456789012345678901111
+dqfma4003  fma   -308641972530864197253086419725314   4.000000000000000000000000000000001    1234567890123456789012345678901255  ->  -1.308641972530864197253086419725314
+dqfma4004  fma   -308641972530864197253086419725308   4.000000000000000000000000000000001    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  1.691358027469135802746913580274692
+dqfma4005  fma   -246913578024691357802469135780252     4.9999999999999999999999999999999    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  -1.3086421975308642197530864219748
+dqfma4006  fma   -246913578024691357802469135780247    4.99999999999999999999999999999999    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  1.46913578024691357802469135780247
+dqfma4007  fma   -246913578024691357802469135780247   4.999999999999999999999999999999999    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  -0.753086421975308642197530864219753
+dqfma4008  fma   -246913578024691357802469135780247   5.000000000000000000000000000000001    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  -1.246913578024691357802469135780247
+dqfma4009  fma   -246913578024691357802469135780246    5.00000000000000000000000000000001    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  1.53086421975308642197530864219754
+dqfma4010  fma   -246913578024691357802469135780242     5.0000000000000000000000000000001    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  -0.6913578024691357802469135780242
+dqfma4011  fma  -1234567890123456789012345678901232   1.000000000000000000000000000000001    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  0.765432109876543210987654321098768
+dqfma4012  fma  -1234567890123456789012345678901221    1.00000000000000000000000000000001    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  0.65432109876543210987654321098779
+dqfma4013  fma  -1234567890123456789012345678901110     1.0000000000000000000000000000001    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  0.5432109876543210987654321098890
+dqfma4014  fma   -308641972530864197253086419725313   4.000000000000000000000000000000001    1234567890123456789012345678901255  ->  2.691358027469135802746913580274687
+dqfma4015  fma   -308641972530864197253086419725308   4.000000000000000000000000000000001    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  1.691358027469135802746913580274692
+dqfma4016  fma   -246913578024691357802469135780251     4.9999999999999999999999999999999    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  3.6913578024691357802469135780251
+dqfma4017  fma   -246913578024691357802469135780247    4.99999999999999999999999999999999    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  1.46913578024691357802469135780247
+dqfma4018  fma   -246913578024691357802469135780246   4.999999999999999999999999999999999    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  4.246913578024691357802469135780246
+dqfma4019  fma   -246913578024691357802469135780241     5.0000000000000000000000000000001    1234567890123456789012345678901234  ->  4.3086421975308642197530864219759
+
 -- Null tests
 dqadd39990 fma  1  10  # -> NaN Invalid_operation
 dqadd39991 fma  1   # 10 -> NaN Invalid_operation
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqInvert.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqInvert.decTest
index 94ba93c..19161c2 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqInvert.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqInvert.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqLogB.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqLogB.decTest
index baa6d1e..d6cf831 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqLogB.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqLogB.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMax.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMax.decTest
index a00ec1c..a3ba64c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMax.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMax.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- we assume that base comparison is tested in compare.decTest, so
 -- these mainly cover special cases and rounding
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMaxMag.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMaxMag.decTest
index 53eb82c..01b2793 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMaxMag.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMaxMag.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- we assume that base comparison is tested in compare.decTest, so
 -- these mainly cover special cases and rounding
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMin.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMin.decTest
index 9e34694..1b82be2 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMin.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMin.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- we assume that base comparison is tested in compare.decTest, so
 -- these mainly cover special cases and rounding
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMinMag.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMinMag.decTest
index 733acfd..6d5e4b5 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMinMag.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMinMag.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- we assume that base comparison is tested in compare.decTest, so
 -- these mainly cover special cases and rounding
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMinus.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMinus.decTest
index 50ac85a..bf69938 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMinus.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMinus.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decQuads.
 extended:    1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMultiply.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMultiply.decTest
index a6f85e0..c87cc8f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMultiply.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqMultiply.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests are for decQuads only; all arguments are
 -- representable in a decQuad
@@ -456,18 +456,134 @@
 
 -- hugest
 dqmul909 multiply 9999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999 -> 9.999999999999999999999999999999998E+67 Inexact Rounded
+-- VG case
+dqmul910 multiply 8.81125000000001349436E-1548 8.000000000000000000E-1550 -> 7.049000000000010795488000000000000E-3097 Rounded
 
 -- Examples from SQL proposal (Krishna Kulkarni)
 precision:   34
 rounding:    half_up
 maxExponent: 6144
 minExponent: -6143
-dqmul1001  multiply 130E-2  120E-2 -> 1.5600
-dqmul1002  multiply 130E-2  12E-1  -> 1.560
-dqmul1003  multiply 130E-2  1E0    -> 1.30
-dqmul1004  multiply 1E2     1E4    -> 1E+6
+dqmul911  multiply 130E-2  120E-2 -> 1.5600
+dqmul912  multiply 130E-2  12E-1  -> 1.560
+dqmul913  multiply 130E-2  1E0    -> 1.30
+dqmul914  multiply 1E2     1E4    -> 1E+6
+
+-- power-of-ten edge cases
+dqmul1001 multiply  1      10               -> 10
+dqmul1002 multiply  1      100              -> 100
+dqmul1003 multiply  1      1000             -> 1000
+dqmul1004 multiply  1      10000            -> 10000
+dqmul1005 multiply  1      100000           -> 100000
+dqmul1006 multiply  1      1000000          -> 1000000
+dqmul1007 multiply  1      10000000         -> 10000000
+dqmul1008 multiply  1      100000000        -> 100000000
+dqmul1009 multiply  1      1000000000       -> 1000000000
+dqmul1010 multiply  1      10000000000      -> 10000000000
+dqmul1011 multiply  1      100000000000     -> 100000000000
+dqmul1012 multiply  1      1000000000000    -> 1000000000000
+dqmul1013 multiply  1      10000000000000   -> 10000000000000
+dqmul1014 multiply  1      100000000000000  -> 100000000000000
+dqmul1015 multiply  1      1000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000
+
+dqmul1016 multiply  1      1000000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000
+dqmul1017 multiply  1      100000000000000000000000000 -> 100000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1018 multiply  1      1000000000000000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1019 multiply  1      10000000000000000000000000000 -> 10000000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1020 multiply  1      1000000000000000000000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000000000000000000
+
+dqmul1021 multiply  10     1                -> 10
+dqmul1022 multiply  10     10               -> 100
+dqmul1023 multiply  10     100              -> 1000
+dqmul1024 multiply  10     1000             -> 10000
+dqmul1025 multiply  10     10000            -> 100000
+dqmul1026 multiply  10     100000           -> 1000000
+dqmul1027 multiply  10     1000000          -> 10000000
+dqmul1028 multiply  10     10000000         -> 100000000
+dqmul1029 multiply  10     100000000        -> 1000000000
+dqmul1030 multiply  10     1000000000       -> 10000000000
+dqmul1031 multiply  10     10000000000      -> 100000000000
+dqmul1032 multiply  10     100000000000     -> 1000000000000
+dqmul1033 multiply  10     1000000000000    -> 10000000000000
+dqmul1034 multiply  10     10000000000000   -> 100000000000000
+dqmul1035 multiply  10     100000000000000  -> 1000000000000000
+
+dqmul1036 multiply  10     100000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000
+dqmul1037 multiply  10     10000000000000000000000000 -> 100000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1038 multiply  10     100000000000000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1039 multiply  10     1000000000000000000000000000 -> 10000000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1040 multiply  10     100000000000000000000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000000000000000000
+
+dqmul1041 multiply  100    0.1              -> 10.0
+dqmul1042 multiply  100    1                -> 100
+dqmul1043 multiply  100    10               -> 1000
+dqmul1044 multiply  100    100              -> 10000
+dqmul1045 multiply  100    1000             -> 100000
+dqmul1046 multiply  100    10000            -> 1000000
+dqmul1047 multiply  100    100000           -> 10000000
+dqmul1048 multiply  100    1000000          -> 100000000
+dqmul1049 multiply  100    10000000         -> 1000000000
+dqmul1050 multiply  100    100000000        -> 10000000000
+dqmul1051 multiply  100    1000000000       -> 100000000000
+dqmul1052 multiply  100    10000000000      -> 1000000000000
+dqmul1053 multiply  100    100000000000     -> 10000000000000
+dqmul1054 multiply  100    1000000000000    -> 100000000000000
+dqmul1055 multiply  100    10000000000000   -> 1000000000000000
+
+dqmul1056 multiply  100    10000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000
+dqmul1057 multiply  100    1000000000000000000000000 -> 100000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1058 multiply  100    10000000000000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1059 multiply  100    100000000000000000000000000 -> 10000000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1060 multiply  100    10000000000000000000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000000000000000000
+
+dqmul1061 multiply  1000   0.01             -> 10.00
+dqmul1062 multiply  1000   0.1              -> 100.0
+dqmul1063 multiply  1000   1                -> 1000
+dqmul1064 multiply  1000   10               -> 10000
+dqmul1065 multiply  1000   100              -> 100000
+dqmul1066 multiply  1000   1000             -> 1000000
+dqmul1067 multiply  1000   10000            -> 10000000
+dqmul1068 multiply  1000   100000           -> 100000000
+dqmul1069 multiply  1000   1000000          -> 1000000000
+dqmul1070 multiply  1000   10000000         -> 10000000000
+dqmul1071 multiply  1000   100000000        -> 100000000000
+dqmul1072 multiply  1000   1000000000       -> 1000000000000
+dqmul1073 multiply  1000   10000000000      -> 10000000000000
+dqmul1074 multiply  1000   100000000000     -> 100000000000000
+dqmul1075 multiply  1000   1000000000000    -> 1000000000000000
+
+dqmul1076 multiply  1000   1000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000
+dqmul1077 multiply  1000   100000000000000000000000 -> 100000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1078 multiply  1000   1000000000000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1079 multiply  1000   10000000000000000000000000 -> 10000000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1080 multiply  1000   1000000000000000000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000000000000000000
+
+dqmul1081 multiply  10000  0.001            -> 10.000
+dqmul1082 multiply  10000  0.01             -> 100.00
+dqmul1083 multiply  10000  0.1              -> 1000.0
+dqmul1084 multiply  10000  1                -> 10000
+dqmul1085 multiply  10000  10               -> 100000
+dqmul1086 multiply  10000  100              -> 1000000
+dqmul1087 multiply  10000  1000             -> 10000000
+dqmul1088 multiply  10000  10000            -> 100000000
+dqmul1089 multiply  10000  100000           -> 1000000000
+dqmul1090 multiply  10000  1000000          -> 10000000000
+dqmul1091 multiply  10000  10000000         -> 100000000000
+dqmul1092 multiply  10000  100000000        -> 1000000000000
+dqmul1093 multiply  10000  1000000000       -> 10000000000000
+dqmul1094 multiply  10000  10000000000      -> 100000000000000
+dqmul1095 multiply  10000  100000000000     -> 1000000000000000
+
+dqmul1096 multiply  10000  100000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000
+dqmul1097 multiply  10000  10000000000000000000000 -> 100000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1098 multiply  10000  100000000000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1099 multiply  10000  1000000000000000000000000 -> 10000000000000000000000000000
+dqmul1100 multiply  10000  100000000000000000000000000000 -> 1000000000000000000000000000000000
+
+dqmul1107 multiply  10000   99999999999     ->  999999999990000
+dqmul1108 multiply  10000   99999999999     ->  999999999990000
 
 -- Null tests
-dqmul990 multiply 10  # -> NaN Invalid_operation
-dqmul991 multiply  # 10 -> NaN Invalid_operation
+dqmul9990 multiply 10  # -> NaN Invalid_operation
+dqmul9991 multiply  # 10 -> NaN Invalid_operation
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqNextMinus.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqNextMinus.decTest
index 4880816..e1e3b06 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqNextMinus.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqNextMinus.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decQuads.
 extended:    1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqNextPlus.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqNextPlus.decTest
index 8c0ac45..973c8eb 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqNextPlus.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqNextPlus.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decQuads.
 extended:    1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqNextToward.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqNextToward.decTest
index e534951..0eb6770 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqNextToward.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqNextToward.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decQuads.
 extended:    1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqOr.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqOr.decTest
index 60470ea..093edcb 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqOr.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqOr.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqPlus.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqPlus.decTest
index 5dc5a68..ad5b7be 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqPlus.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqPlus.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decQuads.
 extended:    1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqQuantize.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqQuantize.decTest
index aa8cf2e..4c3e1ea 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqQuantize.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqQuantize.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Most of the tests here assume a "regular pattern", where the
 -- sign and coefficient are +1.
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqReduce.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqReduce.decTest
index 183e9dc..c069040 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqReduce.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqReduce.decTest
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqRemainder.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqRemainder.decTest
index e30fde7..14c358c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqRemainder.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqRemainder.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
@@ -580,6 +580,17 @@
 -- Gyuris example
 dqrem1070 remainder 8.336804418094040989630006819881709E-6143 8.336804418094040989630006819889000E-6143 -> 8.336804418094040989630006819881709E-6143
 
+-- destructive subtract
+dqrem1120  remainder  1234567890123456789012345678901234  1.000000000000000000000000000000001  ->  0.765432109876543210987654321098768
+dqrem1121  remainder  1234567890123456789012345678901234   1.00000000000000000000000000000001  ->   0.65432109876543210987654321098779
+dqrem1122  remainder  1234567890123456789012345678901234    1.0000000000000000000000000000001  ->    0.5432109876543210987654321098890
+dqrem1123  remainder  1234567890123456789012345678901255  4.000000000000000000000000000000001  ->  2.691358027469135802746913580274687
+dqrem1124  remainder  1234567890123456789012345678901234  4.000000000000000000000000000000001  ->  1.691358027469135802746913580274692
+dqrem1125  remainder  1234567890123456789012345678901234    4.9999999999999999999999999999999  ->    3.6913578024691357802469135780251
+dqrem1126  remainder  1234567890123456789012345678901234   4.99999999999999999999999999999999  ->   1.46913578024691357802469135780247
+dqrem1127  remainder  1234567890123456789012345678901234  4.999999999999999999999999999999999  ->  4.246913578024691357802469135780246
+dqrem1128  remainder  1234567890123456789012345678901234    5.0000000000000000000000000000001  ->    4.3086421975308642197530864219759
+
 -- Null tests
 dqrem1000 remainder 10  # -> NaN Invalid_operation
 dqrem1001 remainder  # 10 -> NaN Invalid_operation
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqRemainderNear.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqRemainderNear.decTest
index b62b79f..9074ec4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqRemainderNear.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqRemainderNear.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
@@ -612,6 +612,19 @@
 -- Gyuris example
 dqrmn1070 remainder 8.336804418094040989630006819881709E-6143 8.336804418094040989630006819889000E-6143 -> 8.336804418094040989630006819881709E-6143
 
+-- destructive subtract
+dqrmn1101  remaindernear  1234567890123456789012345678901234  1.000000000000000000000000000000001  ->  -0.234567890123456789012345678901233
+dqrmn1102  remaindernear  1234567890123456789012345678901234   1.00000000000000000000000000000001  ->   -0.34567890123456789012345678901222
+dqrmn1103  remaindernear  1234567890123456789012345678901234    1.0000000000000000000000000000001  ->    -0.4567890123456789012345678901111
+dqrmn1104  remaindernear  1234567890123456789012345678901255  4.000000000000000000000000000000001  ->  -1.308641972530864197253086419725314
+dqrmn1105  remaindernear  1234567890123456789012345678901234  4.000000000000000000000000000000001  ->   1.691358027469135802746913580274692
+dqrmn1106  remaindernear  1234567890123456789012345678901234    4.9999999999999999999999999999999  ->    -1.3086421975308642197530864219748
+dqrmn1107  remaindernear  1234567890123456789012345678901234   4.99999999999999999999999999999999  ->    1.46913578024691357802469135780247
+dqrmn1108  remaindernear  1234567890123456789012345678901234  4.999999999999999999999999999999999  ->  -0.753086421975308642197530864219753
+dqrmn1109  remaindernear  1234567890123456789012345678901234  5.000000000000000000000000000000001  ->  -1.246913578024691357802469135780247
+dqrmn1110  remaindernear  1234567890123456789012345678901234   5.00000000000000000000000000000001  ->    1.53086421975308642197530864219754
+dqrmn1111  remaindernear  1234567890123456789012345678901234    5.0000000000000000000000000000001  ->    -0.6913578024691357802469135780242
+
 -- Null tests
 dqrmn1000 remaindernear 10  # -> NaN Invalid_operation
 dqrmn1001 remaindernear  # 10 -> NaN Invalid_operation
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqRotate.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqRotate.decTest
index f21813c..671cd95 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqRotate.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqRotate.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqSameQuantum.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqSameQuantum.decTest
index e7264cb..acf7266 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqSameQuantum.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqSameQuantum.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- All operands and results are decQuads.
 extended:    1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqScaleB.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqScaleB.decTest
index 88a3f9d..7355cf0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqScaleB.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqScaleB.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqShift.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqShift.decTest
index e728ec5..33df91f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqShift.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqShift.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqSubtract.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqSubtract.decTest
index 923742c..d2df184 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqSubtract.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqSubtract.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests are for decQuads only; all arguments are
 -- representable in a decQuad
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqToIntegral.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqToIntegral.decTest
index ac50a4a..449dead 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqToIntegral.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqToIntegral.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests tests the extended specification 'round-to-integral
 -- value-exact' operations (from IEEE 854, later modified in 754r).
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqXor.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqXor.decTest
index 61bdbe2..d9e9af6 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqXor.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dqXor.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 clamp:       1
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dsBase.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dsBase.decTest
index d0632fd..e2fb4ba 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dsBase.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dsBase.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This file tests base conversions from string to a decimal number
 -- and back to a string (in Scientific form)
@@ -1058,4 +1058,5 @@
 dsbas1107 toSci +1E-383 ->  0E-101 Inexact Rounded Subnormal Underflow Clamped
 dsbas1108 toSci +9.999999999999999E+384 ->  Infinity Overflow Inexact Rounded
 
-
+-- narrowing case
+dsbas1110 toSci 2.000000000000000E-99 -> 2.00E-99 Rounded Subnormal
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dsEncode.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dsEncode.decTest
index 185ddc7..7e72d4b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dsEncode.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/dsEncode.decTest
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- [Previously called decimal32.decTest]
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests is for the four-byte concrete representation.
 -- Its characteristics are:
@@ -367,3 +367,6 @@
 decs786 apply   #225002ff       -> 999
 decs787 apply   #225003ff       -> 999
 
+-- narrowing case
+decs790 apply 2.00E-99 -> #00000100 Subnormal
+decs791 apply #00000100 -> 2.00E-99 Subnormal
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/exp.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/exp.decTest
index c07ed5a..97256e4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/exp.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/exp.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Tests of the exponential funtion.  Currently all testcases here
 -- show results which are correctly rounded (within <= 0.5 ulp).
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/fma.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/fma.decTest
index aa4c0ba..d7caa26 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/fma.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/fma.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/inexact.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/inexact.decTest
index b61c85a..896e6c8 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/inexact.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/inexact.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/invert.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/invert.decTest
index 19fdeeb..7bccb1f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/invert.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/invert.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ln.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ln.decTest
index 44ae4d2..16e247e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ln.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/ln.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   16
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/log10.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/log10.decTest
index 9841acb..bb033a8 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/log10.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/log10.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This emphasises the testing of notable cases, as they will often
 -- have unusual paths (especially the 10**n results).
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/logb.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/logb.decTest
index 577f7a4..a672206 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/logb.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/logb.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This emphasises the testing of notable cases, as they will often
 -- have unusual paths (especially the 10**n results).
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/max.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/max.decTest
index 88d0b5e..d7a6a94 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/max.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/max.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- we assume that base comparison is tested in compare.decTest, so
 -- these mainly cover special cases and rounding
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/maxmag.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/maxmag.decTest
index b14d015..0129766 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/maxmag.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/maxmag.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- we assume that base comparison is tested in compare.decTest, so
 -- these mainly cover special cases and rounding
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/min.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/min.decTest
index 345e3eb..b695079 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/min.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/min.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- we assume that base comparison is tested in compare.decTest, so
 -- these mainly cover special cases and rounding
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/minmag.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/minmag.decTest
index fa9d927..547ccff 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/minmag.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/minmag.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- we assume that base comparison is tested in compare.decTest, so
 -- these mainly cover special cases and rounding
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/minus.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/minus.decTest
index e9afc3a..f911286 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/minus.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/minus.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests primarily tests the existence of the operator.
 -- Subtraction, rounding, and more overflows are tested elsewhere.
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/multiply.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/multiply.decTest
index 71f591a..a6c7ebe 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/multiply.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/multiply.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/nextminus.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/nextminus.decTest
index 200580d..be33158 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/nextminus.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/nextminus.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/nextplus.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/nextplus.decTest
index 01815ee..6cee16a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/nextplus.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/nextplus.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/nexttoward.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/nexttoward.decTest
index cb60f57..aa1891a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/nexttoward.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/nexttoward.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/or.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/or.decTest
index 928939e..ace901b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/or.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/or.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/plus.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/plus.decTest
index 9af4c0e..1df3dfe 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/plus.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/plus.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests primarily tests the existence of the operator.
 -- Addition and rounding, and most overflows, are tested elsewhere.
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/power.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/power.decTest
index 78c1e07..69e8644 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/power.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/power.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- In addition to the power operator testcases here, see also the file
 -- powersqrt.decTest which includes all the tests from
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/powersqrt.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/powersqrt.decTest
index 36e5cbb..6f79f6c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/powersqrt.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/powersqrt.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- These testcases are taken from squareroot.decTest but are
 -- evaluated using the power operator.  The differences in results
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/quantize.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/quantize.decTest
index a60f1bf..1e5511f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/quantize.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/quantize.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- Most of the tests here assume a "regular pattern", where the
 -- sign and coefficient are +1.
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/randomBound32.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/randomBound32.decTest
index 7f115ad..0d5881d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/randomBound32.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/randomBound32.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.55
+version: 2.57
 
 -- These testcases test calculations at precisions 31, 32, and 33, to
 -- exercise the boundaries around 2**5
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/randoms.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/randoms.decTest
index 1529aec..a03b8d5 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/randoms.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/randoms.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 maxexponent: 999999999
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/reduce.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/reduce.decTest
index ddce0c9..189a687 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/reduce.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/reduce.decTest
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- [This used to be called normalize.]
 
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/remainder.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/remainder.decTest
index 4c92d0c..1a51c26 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/remainder.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/remainder.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/remainderNear.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/remainderNear.decTest
index cfca91b..fdc1bd8 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/remainderNear.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/remainderNear.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.55
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
@@ -413,6 +413,18 @@
 rmnx606 remaindernear  31.5 3  -> 1.5    -- i=10
 rmnx607 remaindernear  34.5 3  -> -1.5   -- i=11
 
+-- zero signs
+rmnx650 remaindernear  1  1 ->  0
+rmnx651 remaindernear -1  1 -> -0
+rmnx652 remaindernear  1 -1 ->  0
+rmnx653 remaindernear -1 -1 -> -0
+rmnx654 remaindernear  0  1 ->  0
+rmnx655 remaindernear -0  1 -> -0
+rmnx656 remaindernear  0 -1 ->  0
+rmnx657 remaindernear -0 -1 -> -0
+rmnx658 remaindernear  0.00  1  ->  0.00
+rmnx659 remaindernear -0.00  1  -> -0.00
+
 -- Specials
 rmnx680 remaindernear  Inf  -Inf   ->  NaN Invalid_operation
 rmnx681 remaindernear  Inf  -1000  ->  NaN Invalid_operation
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/rescale.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/rescale.decTest
index 30597db..882f570 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/rescale.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/rescale.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- [obsolete]   Quantize.decTest has the improved version
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/rotate.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/rotate.decTest
index c5ced59..32dbd53 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/rotate.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/rotate.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/rounding.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/rounding.decTest
index d24fbfb..82ca1b0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/rounding.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/rounding.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- These tests require that implementations take account of residues in
 -- order to get correct results for some rounding modes.  Rather than
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/samequantum.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/samequantum.decTest
index 0b1efff..3fa6cff 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/samequantum.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/samequantum.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/scaleb.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/scaleb.decTest
index 0761dea..e77d938 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/scaleb.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/scaleb.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/shift.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/shift.decTest
index c2a40cc..397024e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/shift.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/shift.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/squareroot.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/squareroot.decTest
index 2ccff5a..8d7b26e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/squareroot.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/squareroot.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/subtract.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/subtract.decTest
index 338a09c..a1eca31 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/subtract.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/subtract.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/testall.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/testall.decTest
index 1cbc20e..673aaa4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/testall.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/testall.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- core tests (using Extended: 1) --------------------------------------
 dectest: base
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/tointegral.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/tointegral.decTest
index ad25e6b..340515c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/tointegral.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/tointegral.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests tests the extended specification 'round-to-integral
 -- value' operation (from IEEE 854, later modified in 754r).
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/tointegralx.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/tointegralx.decTest
index d9bc9f3..381216d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/tointegralx.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/tointegralx.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 -- This set of tests tests the extended specification 'round-to-integral
 -- value' operation (from IEEE 854, later modified in 754r).
diff --git a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/xor.decTest b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/xor.decTest
index 2ac1b37..1f3b03b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/xor.decTest
+++ b/Lib/test/decimaltestdata/xor.decTest
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 --   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         --
 --   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   --
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-version: 2.56
+version: 2.57
 
 extended:    1
 precision:   9
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_decimal.py b/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
index 98b9479..3c64e64 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
@@ -464,6 +464,7 @@
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 3, 4, None, 1), 2) )
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, -3, 4, 9, 1), 2) )
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 10, 4, 9, 1), 2) )
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Decimal, (1, (4, 3, 4, 'a', 1), 2) )
 
     def test_explicit_from_Decimal(self):
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_doctest.py b/Lib/test/test_doctest.py
index 3b89097..02034b4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_doctest.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_doctest.py
@@ -1916,6 +1916,7 @@
        provided.
 
          >>> import unittest, pkgutil, test
+         >>> added_loader = False
          >>> if not hasattr(test, '__loader__'):
          ...     test.__loader__ = pkgutil.get_loader(test)
          ...     added_loader = True
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_funcattrs.py b/Lib/test/test_funcattrs.py
index bd9caff..b9b2e6e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_funcattrs.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_funcattrs.py
@@ -215,6 +215,17 @@
     verify(c[0].__class__.__name__ == "cell") # don't have a type object handy
     cantset(f, "__closure__", c)
 
+def test_empty_cell():
+    def f(): print(a)
+    try:
+        f.__closure__[0].cell_contents
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise TestFailed("shouldn't be able to read an empty cell")
+
+    a = 12
+
 def test_func_doc():
     def f(): pass
     verify(f.__doc__ is None)
@@ -339,6 +350,7 @@
 
 def testmore():
     test_func_closure()
+    test_empty_cell()
     test_func_doc()
     test_func_globals()
     test_func_name()
diff --git a/Lib/trace.py b/Lib/trace.py
index 645517a..f6da026 100644
--- a/Lib/trace.py
+++ b/Lib/trace.py
@@ -282,6 +282,8 @@
             # skip some "files" we don't care about...
             if filename == "<string>":
                 continue
+            if filename.startswith("<doctest "):
+                continue
 
             if filename.endswith((".pyc", ".pyo")):
                 filename = filename[:-1]